Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
  • A01N25/30—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests characterised by the surfactants
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N57/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic phosphorus compounds
  • A01N57/18—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic phosphorus compounds having phosphorus-to-carbon bonds
  • A01N57/20—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic phosphorus compounds having phosphorus-to-carbon bonds containing acyclic or cycloaliphatic radicals

Definitions

• the present invention relates to aqueous concentrate formulations containing a water- soluble pesticide or plant growth regulator useful in agriculture and other situations.
• pesticide is used for brevity to include plant growth regulators.
• the present invention more particularly relates to such formulations further containing a surfactant of the etheramine class that enhances efficacy of the pesticide but that imparts to the aqueous concentrate an undesirable degree of injuriousness in the event of accidental contact with the skin and/or eyes of a person handling the aqueous concentrate.
• the present invention reduces or overcomes such injuriousness while at least maintaining the high degree of efficacy imparted to the pesticide by the etheramine surfactant.
• Water-soluble pesticides including without restriction herbicides, fungicides, insecticides, acaricides, nematicides and plant growth regulators, are conveniently formulated as aqueous concentrates, wherein the pesticidal active ingredient is present in concentrated aqueous solution.
• a “concentrate” herein is a composition having an active ingredient concentration greater than about 50 g/1, up to the limit of solubility of the active ingredient in water; where the active ingredient is a salt of a pesticidally active acid, the lower limit of about 50 g/1 is to be understood to relate to the concentration of the active ingredient expressed as acid equivalent (a.e.).
• aqueous concentrate herein is a liquid concentrate having a single phase that is an aqueous solution of the pesticide, or having a continuous phase that is an aqueous solution of the pesticide and one or more discontinuous phases that are other than aqueous, e.g., an oil-in-water emulsion, an aqueous suspension concentrate or a suspoemulsion.
• Aqueous concentrates are diluted in a suitable volume of water by the end-user and the resulting diluted composition is applied most commonly by spraying.
• the aqueous concentrate may contain one or more surfactants.
• Surfactants assist in retention on the foliage of droplets of the applied spray, adhesion of the spray droplets to the foliar surface and penetration of the water-soluble pesticide through the hydrophobic cuticle that covers the foliar surface, by these means and possibly in other ways enhancing biological effectiveness of the pesticide.
• a particularly useful class of surfactants providing enhanced biological effectiveness is described herein by the generic term "etheramine". Compositions of certain etheramine surfactants with the herbicide glyphosate or its salts are disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,750,468 to Wright.
• Etheramine surfactants are compounds having, when present in an aqueous medium at a pH of about 4, the chemical formula (I)
• R 1 is a C 6- 2 linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbyl group
• R 2 and R 3 groups are independently C 2 . alkylidene groups
• m is an average number of 1 to about 5
• x and y are average numbers such that x+y is an average number of 0 to about 60
• R 4 groups are independently hydrogen, C ⁇ -4 alkyl or benzyl groups
• R 5 is hydrogen, a C 1-4 alkyl or benzyl group or an anionic moiety selected from oxide (-O " ) and -R 6 -COO " groups wherein R 6 is C 1- alkylidene, t is 1 or 2, A t_ is a suitable anion, and v is 1 except where R 5 is an anionic moiety in which case v is 0.
• Etheramine surfactants of formula (I) above in which R 5 is hydrogen are herein generally referred to as "tertiary etheramines" (an exception is where x and y are 0 and each R 4 group is hydrogen, giving a primary etheramine).
• tertiary etheramines an exception is where x and y are 0 and each R 4 group is hydrogen, giving a primary etheramine.
• the nitrogen atom of such a tertiary etheramine is typically non-protonated and the tertiary etheramine, having no anion A 1" associated with it, can be described by the chemical formula (II)
• R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , m, x and y are as defined for formula (I) above.
• Etheramine surfactants of formula (I) above in which R 5 is a C ⁇ -4 alkyl or benzyl group are herein generally referred to as "quaternary etheramines" (an exception is where x and y are 0 and each R 4 group is hydrogen, giving a secondary etheramine).
• Etheramine surfactants of formula (I) above in which R 5 is an anionic moiety and v is 0 are herein generally referred to as “amphoteric etheramines” and include “etheramine oxides” (where R is -O " ) and “etherbetaines” (where R 5 is -CH 2 -COO " ).
• U.S. Patent No. 5,703,015 to Berger et al. discloses that eye irritancy of an aqueous concentrate pesticide composition due to presence therein of a polyoxyalkylene alkylamine surfactant can be reduced by inclusion in the composition of an acidic surfactant having a C 8-2 o alkyl or alkylphenyl group.
• acidic surfactants disclosed to be useful are polyoxyalkylene alkylphenol sulfates, alcohol sulfates, polyoxyalkylene alcohol sulfates, mono- and dialcohol phosphates, mono- and di(polyoxyalkylene alcohol) phosphates, mono- and di(polyoxyalkylene alkylphenol) phosphates, polyoxyalkylene alkylphenol carboxylates and polyoxyalkylene alcohol carboxylates.
• the amount of acidic surfactant relative to the amount of polyoxyalkylene alkylamine surfactant appeared to have a strong bearing on the degree of eye irritancy reduction.
• etheramine surfactants can impart to an aqueous concentrate composition comprising a water-soluble pesticide an undesirable level of injuriousness to skin and/or eyes.
• This injuriousness can take the form of one or more of several adverse effects, including eye irritation, skin irritation and skin sensitization.
• an aqueous concentrate pesticidal composition comprising (a) a water-soluble pesticide in an amount of about 50 to about 500 g/1; (b) an etheramine surfactant of formula (I) in an amount sufficient, if it were the sole surfactant present, to increase the level of injuriousness of the composition to skin and/or eyes; and (c) an anionic surfactant having the chemical formula (III) R 7 -(0-R 8 ) n -0-X where R 7 is a C 4-22 linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic hydrocarbyl or a (C 8- ⁇ 2 alkyl)phenyl group, R 8 groups are independently C -4 alkylidene groups, n is 0 to about 60 and X is an anionic radical selected from carboxylate, ether carboxylate, sulfate and phosphate; the weight ratio
• a method of reducing the injuriousness to skin and/or eyes of an aqueous concentrate pesticidal composition that comprises (a) a water-soluble pesticide in an amount of about 50 to about 600 g/1, and (b) an etheramine surfactant of formula (I); said method comprising addition to the composition of an anionic surfactant of formula (III) in a weight ratio of the anionic surfactant to the etheramine surfactant of about 1 : 10 to about 1 :1.
• the etheramine surfactant is a tertiary etheramine of formula (II).
• the anionic surfactant is a mono(polyoxyethylene alkyl or alkylphenyl ether) phosphate, alternatively described as a phosphate mono(polyoxyethylene alkyl or alkylphenyl) ester, optionally accompanied by the corresponding phosphate diester.
• a composition of the invention exhibits a lower degree of eye irritation, skin irritation and/or skin sensitization than a corresponding composition having the same total surfactant concentration but having none of the anionic surfactant.
• a preferred composition of the invention exhibits a lower degree of eye irritation, skin irritation and/or skin sensitization than a corresponding composition having the same concentration of the etheramine surfactant but wherein the anionic surfactant is replaced entirely with water.
• the invention has been found to be of particular utility where the water-soluble pesticide is a salt of the herbicide glyphosate. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
• the present invention relates to aqueous concentrate compositions, including formulations known in the art as soluble concentrates (SL), oil-in- water emulsions (EW), water- based suspension concentrates (SC) and suspoemulsions (SE).
• a water-soluble pesticide is present in solution in an aqueous phase of the composition.
• the concentration of the water-soluble pesticide is expressed herein on an active ingredient (a.i.) basis except where the active ingredient is a salt of a biologically active acid, in which case the concentration is expressed on an acid equivalent (a.e.) basis.
• the concentration of pesticide (a.i. or a.e. as appropriate) in the composition as a whole ranges from about 50 to about 600 g/1; preferred compositions have a pesticide concentration of about 360 to about 540 g/1.
• a "water-soluble” pesticide herein including a salt or other water-soluble derivative of a pesticide, is one having a solubility in deionized water at 20°C of not less than about 50 g/1, more preferably not less than about 200 g/1.
• Water-soluble fungicides and bactericides useful in compositions of the invention illustratively include borax, sec-butylamine, calcium polysulfide, copper sulfate, fosetyl, guazatine, hydroxyquinoline sulfate, iminoctadine, kasugamycin, mercuric chloride, metam, nabam, polyoxin B, propamocarb and validamycin and/or water-soluble salts thereof.
• Water- soluble insecticides, acaricides and nematicides useful in compositions of the invention illustratively include acephate, butoxycarboxim, cartap, dicrotophos, formetanate, hydrogen cyanide, methamidophos, methomyl, mevinphos, monocrotophos, nicotine, nitenpyram, omethoate, oxamyl, oxydemeton-methyl, phosphamidon, thiocyclam, trichlorfon and vamidothion and/or water-soluble salts thereof.
• Water-soluble plant growth regulators useful in compositions of the invention illustratively include chlormequat, chlorphonium, clofencet, cloxyfonac, cyanamide, daminozide, dikegulac, ethephon and mepiquat and/or water-soluble salts thereof.
• the water-soluble pesticide is a herbicide or an agriculturally acceptable salt thereof, including without restriction salts of acifluorfen, asulam, benazolin, bentazon, bialaphos, bromacil, bromoxynil, chloramben, clopyralid, 2,4-D, 2,4-DB, dalapon, dicamba, dichlorprop, diclofop, difenzoquat, diquat, endothall, fenac, fenoxaprop, flamprop, fluazifop, fluoroglycofen, fomesafen, fosamine, glufosinate, glyphosate, haloxyfop, imazameth, imazamethabenz, imazamox, imazapic, imazapyr, imazaquin, imazethapyr, ioxynil, MCPA, MCPB. mecoprop, methylarsonic acid, naptalam, nonanoic
• Preferred water-soluble herbicides are salts of acid compounds whose molecular structure comprises at least one of each of amine, carboxylate, and either phosphonate or phosphinate functional groups.
• This category includes salts of the herbicides N-phosphonomethylglycine (glyphosate) and DL-homoalanin-4-yl(methyl)phosphinate (glufosinate).
• Another preferred group of herbicides are salts of compounds of the imidazolinone class, including imazameth, imazamethabenz, imazamox, imazapic, imazapyr, imazaquin and imazethapyr.
• suitable counterions forming an agriculturally acceptable salt illustratively include chloride, bromide, iodide, sulfate, phosphate, acetate and succinate anions.
• suitable counterions forming an agriculturally acceptable salt illustratively include sodium, potassium, ammonium, organic ammonium and organic sulfonium cations, wherein organic ammonium or organic sulfonium cations have from 1 to about 16 carbon atoms.
• Preferred organic ammonium cations are dimethylammonium, monoethanolammonium, n-propylammonium and isopropylammonium cations.
• Preferred organic sulfonium cations are trimethylsulfonium cations.
• a composition of the invention can contain, in addition to one or more water-soluble pesticides, one or more pesticides of lower water solubility. If present, a pesticide of low water solubility is typically located primarily in a discontinuous non- aqueous phase of the composition, for example an oil phase of an oil-in-water emulsion or a solid particulate phase of a suspension concentrate.
• composition of the invention contains an etheramine surfactant having, when in an aqueous medium at a pH of 4, the chemical formula (I)
• R. 11 iiss aa CC --2222 lliinneeaarr oorr bbrraanncchheedd,, ssaattuurra; ted or unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbyl group
• R 2 and R 3 groups are independently C -4 alkylidene groups
• m is an average number of 1 to about 5
• x and y are average numbers such that x+y is an average number of 0 to about 60
• R 4 groups are independently hydrogen, Cj -4 alkyl or benzyl groups
• R 5 is hydrogen, a C 1-4 alkyl or benzyl group or an anionic moiety selected from oxide (-O " ) and -R 6 -COO " groups wherein R 6 is C 1-4 alkylidene, t is 1 or 2,
• a t_ is a suitable anion
• v is 1 except where R 5 is an anionic moiety in which case v is 0.
• R 1 has at least about 8, more preferably about 12 to about 18 carbon atoms.
• All of the m (O-R 2 ) units are preferably alike and are preferably ethylene oxide, isopropylene oxide or n-propylene oxide units. Where the (O-R 2 ) units are ethylene oxide or propylene oxide units, m is preferably 1 to 5, most preferably 3 in the case of ethylene oxide units and most preferably 2 in the case of isopropylene oxide units. Where (O-R 2 ) is n-propylene oxide, m is preferably 1.
• All of the x+y (R -O) units are preferably ethylene oxide, each of x and y is preferably at least 1, and x+y is preferably 2 to about 15, more preferably 2 to about 7.
• R 4 groups are preferably hydrogen, except where x and y are 0, in which case R 4 groups are preferably C ⁇ alkyl, more preferably methyl, groups.
• R 3 is a C 1-4 alkyl or benzyl group
• the surfactant is a quaternary etheramine, more correctly a quaternary etherammonium salt. In quaternary etheramines R 3 is preferably a methyl group.
• the anion A 1" accompanying one or two etherammonium cations is preferably selected from chloride, bromide, iodide, sulfate, ethosulfate, phosphate, acetate, propionate, succinate, lactate, citrate and tartrate anions and is most preferably chloride.
• suitable quaternary etheramines are disclosed in above-cited U.S. Patent No. 5,750,468.
• the surfactant is a tertiary etheramine corresponding to formula (I) wherein R 5 is hydrogen.
• formula (I) describes such a tertiary etheramine in its protonated form, as is typically present in an acidic aqueous medium.
• the tertiary etheramine is accompanied by an anion A -, which again can illustratively be chloride, bromide, iodide, sulfate, phosphate, acetate, succinate or tartrate, but which, in the presence of an acidic pesticide, can be an anion of that pesticide, for example a glyphosate anion.
• the tertiary etheramine is typically non- protonated and is more accurately described by the chemical formula (II)
• R . 1 , n R2 , ⁇ R> 3 , ⁇ R , m, x and y are as defined for formula (I) above.
• suitable tertiary etheramines are disclosed in above-cited U.S. Patent No. 5,750,468.
• the concentration of etheramine surfactant in a composition of the invention is not narrowly critical, but is sufficient, in the absence of an anionic surfactant of formula (III), to cause an increased level of skin and/or eye injuriousness by comparison with an otherwise similar composition in which the etheramine surfactant is replaced by water.
• the concentration of etheramine is sufficient to increase the level of at least one injurious effect selected from eye irritation, skin irritation and skin sensitization, especially eye irritation and skin sensitization. Skin irritancy is believed to be a relatively rare property of etheramine surfactants. Nonetheless, dermal and ocular safety is a very important consideration with any pesticide product.
• the present invention has utility for those compositions wherein the etheramine concentration is sufficiently high to have adverse impact on any aspect of such safety, even if such impact is slight.
• the concentration of etheramine surfactant is sufficient to provide substantially improved biological efficacy of the pesticide when the composition is diluted in a suitable volume of water and applied to foliage of plants.
• the weight ratio of etheramine surfactant to the water-soluble pesticide is about 1 :10 to about 2:1.
• the weight ratio of etheramine surfactant to glyphosate a.e. is preferably about 1 :9 to about 1:3.
• more than one etheramine surfactant can be present; in such a case amounts or concentrations given herein in relation to an etheramine surfactant are to be considered to apply to the total amount or concentration of etheramine surfactants present.
• R 7 -(0-R 8 ) n -X where R 7 is a C -2 2 linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic hydrocarbyl or a (C 8-12 alkyl)phenyl group, R 8 groups are independently C 2- alkylidene groups, n is 0 to about 60 and X is an anionic radical, selected from carboxylate (-COO " ), ether carboxylate (-OCH 2 COO " ), sulfate (-OSO 3 " ) and phosphate (-OPO3H “ and -OPO 3 " ).
• the anionic surfactant reduces the level of injuriousness of the composition to skin and/or eyes that is imparted by the etheramine surfactant.
• the etheramine surfactant imparts or contributes to injuriousness in the form of eye irritation or skin sensitization
• the injuriousness is moderated or eliminated by the presence of the anionic surfactant.
• replacement of a minor portion (not more than about one half) of the etheramine surfactant by an equal weight of the anionic surfactant improves dermal and/or ocular safety of the composition.
• addition of the anionic surfactant without reduction in the amount of etheramine surfactant present improves dermal and/or ocular safety of the composition.
• the weight ratio of the anionic surfactant to the etheramine surfactant is not less than about 1 :10 and not greater than about 1 :1. Surprisingly, benefits in improved dermal and/or ocular safety are obtainable at low weight ratios of anionic surfactant to etheramine surfactant, for example about 1 : 10 to about 1 :4. Preferred weight ratios of anionic surfactant to etheramine surfactant are about 1 :8 to about 1:5.
• anionic surfactant can be present; in such a case amounts or concentrations given herein in relation to an anionic surfactant are to be considered to apply to the total amount or concentration of anionic surfactants present.
• Illustrative classes of anionic surfactant having utility in compositions of the invention include alkyl carboxylates such as fatty acids, polyoxyethylene alkyl ether carboxylates, polyoxyethylene alkylphenyl ether carboxylates, alkyl sulfates, polyoxyethylene alkyl ether sulfates, polyoxyethylene alkylphenyl ether sulfates (including those with ring sulfonation), mono- and dialkyl phosphates, mono- and di(polyoxyethylene alkyl ether) phosphates, mono- and di(polyoxyethylene alkylphenyl ether) phosphates, and salts thereof.
• alkyl carboxylates such as fatty acids
• polyoxyethylene alkyl ether carboxylates such as fatty acids
• polyoxyethylene alkyl ether carboxylates such as fatty acids
• polyoxyethylene alkylphenyl ether carboxylates such as fatty acids
• Suitable cationic counterions in the case of such salts illustratively include sodium, potassium, ammonium, dimethylammonium, isopropylammonium, monoethanolammonium and trimethylsulfonium cations.
• the etheramine surfactant, in the form of etherammonium cations, can also form a salt with the anionic surfactant.
• R 7 in formula (III) is a (C 8- ⁇ 2 alkyl)phenyl, e.g., octylphenyl, nonylphenyl or dodecylphenyl, or a C 8-22 , more preferably C 12-18 , linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, aliphatic hydrocarbyl group.
• Suitable aliphatic hydrocarbyl groups include without restriction lauryl, myristyl, cetyl, palmitoleyl, stearyl, oleyl, linoleyl, linolenyl and isotridecyl groups.
• such aliphatic hydrocarbyl groups can be derived from natural oils or fats and comprise mixtures of fatty alkyl chains such as cocoalkyl and tallowalkyl chains.
• alkyl as used in surfactant nomenclature does not necessarily indicate full saturation.
• (O-R 8 ) units in formula (III) are preferably ethylene oxide units.
• the number of such units (n) is preferably 0 to about 10.
• X in formula (III) is phosphate
• the anionic surfactant is a monoalkyl ether phosphate or a mono(alkylphenyl) ether phosphate.
• a phosphate monoester is generally accompanied by the corresponding diester; amounts or concentrations of phosphate ester surfactants recited herein are to be understood to apply to the total of mono- and diesters.
• the monoeste ⁇ diester weight ratio is greater than about 1 :1, more preferably greater than about 2:1.
• the phosphate surfactant can all be present as the monoester, but in practice it is difficult, and unnecessary, to ensure the absence of diester.
• ingredients other than water, the etheramine surfactant and the anionic surfactant can optionally be included in a composition of the invention.
• Such ingredients include surfactants other than those of formula (I) or formula (III), for example polyoxyethylene alkylamines, alkylammonium salts and nonionic surfactants such as polyoxyethylene alkylethers, polyoxyethylene alkylphenylethers, sorbitan esters and alkyl polyglycosides.
• excipient ingredients include oils, solvents, stabilizing agents, antifreeze agents and pour point depressants such as glycols, dyes, inorganic salts such as ammonium sulfate, fertilizers, foam moderating agents, thickeners, drift control agents, etc.
• the present invention is not limited by the method used to assess any aspect of injuriousness to skin or eyes, including eye irritation and skin sensitization.
• eye irritation can be assessed by means of the Draize test or a suitable modification thereof and skin sensitization by means of the Buehler test or a suitable modification thereof.
• Specific method protocols can be found in U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Pesticide Assessment Guidelines, Subdivision F, Guideline 81-4 (Draize test), and Guideline 81-6 (modified Buehler test).
• R 1 is C 12- ⁇ 4 alkyl
• (O-R 2 ) units are isopropylene oxide units
• m is 2
• (O-R 3 ) units are ethylene oxide units
• x+y is an average number of 5
• R 4 is hydrogen.
• This surfactant is referred to in the Examples as Etheramine I.
• compositions of the invention illustrated in Examples 1 and 2 further contain an anionic surfactant that is a mixture of phosphate mono- and diesters of polyoxyethylene (4) isotridecyl ether in a weight ratio of about 7 parts monoester to 3 parts diester.
• This surfactant is referred to in the Examples as Phosphate I.
• Composition A included in Examples 1 and 2 as a comparative reference, is a water- soluble concentrate formulation of glyphosate isopropylammonium salt. It is prepared from MON 0139, a concentrated aqueous solution of glyphosate isopropylammonium salt having an assay of 46% glyphosate acid equivalent (a.e.). Ingredients (all percentages are by weight) of Composition A are:
• the glyphosate a.e. concentration of Composition A is 40% by weight or 482 g/1.
• Composition A has a specific gravity (20/15.6°C) of 1.2053 and has a cloud point higher than 90°C, indicating excellent high temperature stability.
• Composition B is a composition of the present invention having the following ingredients (all percentages are by weight):
• Deionized water 2.04%
• the glyphosate a.e. concentration of Composition B is 40% by weight or 483 g/1.
• Composition B has a specific gravity (20/15.6°C) of 1.2086 and has a cloud point of 77°C, indicating excellent high temperature stability.
• Composition C is a composition of the present invention having the following ingredients (all percentages are by weight): MON 0139 (45.8% a.e.) 87.34%
• Composition C Deionized water 2.60%
• the glyphosate a.e. concentration of Composition C is 40% by weight or 483 g/1.
• Composition C has a specific gravity (20/15.6°C) of 1.2076 and has a cloud point of 80°C, indicating excellent high temperature stability.
• Composition D is a composition of the present invention having the following ingredients (all percentages are by weight):
• Deionized water 9.67%
• the glyphosate a.e. concentration of Composition D is 37% by weight or 442 g/1.
• Composition D has a specific gravity (20/15.6°C) of 1.1945 and has a cloud point of 74°C, indicating excellent high temperature stability.
• composition A In reading the Examples that follow, it should be understood that the eye irritation and skin sensitization effects evident for Composition A are entirely attributable to the surfactant component of that composition, MON 0139 itself being non-irritant to eyes and non-sensitizing to skin.
• compositions A-D were tested for eye irritation by the Draize test following Guideline 81-4 of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Pesticide Assessment Guidelines, Subdivision F. Compositions were administered in a single 0.1 ml dose, undiluted, to the conjunctival sac of the right eye of 6 New Zealand White rabbits. Corneal opacity, iris lesions and conjunctival redness, chemosis and discharge were each assessed at eight times after dose administration, on a standardized scale of 0-3, where 0 indicates no effect and 3 the most severe effect. Average scores were as shown in Tables 1-3. Table 1. Average corneal opacity scores
• compositions A and D were tested for dermal sensitization by the modified Buehler test following Guideline 81-6 of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Pesticide Assessment Guidelines, Subdivision F.
• An induction dose of 0.4 ml of each composition was administered undiluted to the clipped, intact skin of 10 albino guinea pigs using a Hilltop Chamber and occlusive dressing, once weekly for three weeks, for 6 hours each.
• a single challenge dose of 0.4 ml was administered undiluted to a naive skin site two weeks after the last induction dose, for 6 hours.
• a single rechallenge dose of 0.4 ml of a 50% dilution of the composition in deionized water was administered three weeks after the last induction dose, for 6 hours.
• composition A caused dermal sensitization, while Composition B did not cause dermal sensitization, in guinea pigs.

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