WO2000071235A1 - Systeme melangeur pour liquides - Google Patents
Systeme melangeur pour liquides Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2000071235A1 WO2000071235A1 PCT/GB2000/001755 GB0001755W WO0071235A1 WO 2000071235 A1 WO2000071235 A1 WO 2000071235A1 GB 0001755 W GB0001755 W GB 0001755W WO 0071235 A1 WO0071235 A1 WO 0071235A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- mixer
- fluid
- gas
- angle
- tank
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
- B01F23/00—Mixing according to the phases to be mixed, e.g. dispersing or emulsifying
- B01F23/40—Mixing liquids with liquids; Emulsifying
- B01F23/45—Mixing liquids with liquids; Emulsifying using flow mixing
- B01F23/454—Mixing liquids with liquids; Emulsifying using flow mixing by injecting a mixture of liquid and gas
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
- B01F25/00—Flow mixers; Mixers for falling materials, e.g. solid particles
- B01F25/20—Jet mixers, i.e. mixers using high-speed fluid streams
- B01F25/21—Jet mixers, i.e. mixers using high-speed fluid streams with submerged injectors, e.g. nozzles, for injecting high-pressure jets into a large volume or into mixing chambers
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
- B01F23/00—Mixing according to the phases to be mixed, e.g. dispersing or emulsifying
- B01F23/20—Mixing gases with liquids
- B01F23/23—Mixing gases with liquids by introducing gases into liquid media, e.g. for producing aerated liquids
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
- B01F33/00—Other mixers; Mixing plants; Combinations of mixers
- B01F33/80—Mixing plants; Combinations of mixers
- B01F33/81—Combinations of similar mixers, e.g. with rotary stirring devices in two or more receptacles
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F3/02—Aerobic processes
- C02F3/12—Activated sludge processes
- C02F3/20—Activated sludge processes using diffusers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F3/00—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F3/28—Anaerobic digestion processes
- C02F3/286—Anaerobic digestion processes including two or more steps
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W10/00—Technologies for wastewater treatment
- Y02W10/10—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
Definitions
- This invention relates to a fluid mixing system and to a method of mixing fluid material, particularly, but not limited to, a fluid mixing system for use in waste water treatment and a method of mixing waste water.
- waste water typically in the form of sewage
- digesters In waste water treatment systems, waste water, typically in the form of sewage, is processed in tanks known as digesters. In a digester the sewage is broken down and processed by microbial action.
- a further problem with existing digesters is that the tank "grits-up" when grit in the material settles to the bottom and must be dug out periodically. This leads to undesirable down time of the digester.
- a fluid mixing system for a tank containing fluid material comprises at least one pneumatic mixer operable to be located within said fluid material and arranged to eject gas supplied to the or each mixer at an angle to the vertical to thereby entrain a flow of fluid material within the tank to cause mixing of said fluid material.
- the system may be a waste fluid mixing system.
- the tank may contain a mixture of fluid material and solid material, the mixture may be waste water or sewage.
- the or each mixer may be operable to entrain a flow of a fluid and solid mixture.
- the angle of ejection of gas to the vertical may result in a flow component of the material in the tank around a substantially vertical axis, preferably an axis which is substantially centrally located in said tank.
- the angle of ejection of gas to the vertical may result in a substantially columnar flow of material.
- the angle of ejection of gas may result in a spiral flow of material.
- the angle of ejection of gas may be between about 65° and 85° to the vertical.
- the angle of ejection of gas is between about 70° and 80° to the vertical, most preferably about 75° to the vertical.
- the or each mixing device may be arranged to eject gas at an angle to a substantially radial line from the centre of the tank to an edge thereof. Said angle may be between about 35° and 55°. Preferably, the angle is between about 40° and 50°, most preferably about 45°.
- the or each mixer may entrain a flow which increases in volume as the flow approaches the surface of the material in the tank.
- the increase in volume may be caused by a reduction in hydrostatic pressure as the gas bubbles rise through the material and expand.
- the expanding bubbles may divide and thereby increase the disturbance to the material.
- the or each mixer may be located towards the base of the tank, preferably substantially at the bottom thereof.
- the or each pneumatic mixer may have a gas supply which is located externally to the tank.
- the gas is preferably supplied to the mixer under pressure.
- the or each pneumatic mixer may have a tubular form.
- the or each mixer may eject gas into the interior of tube.
- the gas may be ejected in a forwards direction towards a first end of the tube.
- the gas may be ejected from an annular portion located within the tube.
- the gas may be ejected from first and second regions of the mixer, which regions may be annular.
- the first region may eject gas at an angle to a radial line extending from the first region to the longitudinal axis of the mixer.
- the gas may be ejected from a series of internal openings in the mixer, all of said openings making substantially the same angle, of preferably 29° to 31°, with a radial line extending from a respective opening to the longitudinal axis of the mixer.
- the gas may additionally be ejected with a forward component to its motion, by the openings making an angle of preferably about 60° to 70°, a cross-sectional plane of the mixer.
- the first region may impart a rotary motion to the ejected gas, and any material entrained therein.
- the second region may eject gas at an angle, of preferably 60° to 70°, to a cross-sectional plane of the mixer, to thereby preferably impart a forward motion to the gas.
- the first region may be located behind the second region.
- the mixer may be supplied with gas via a feed pipe of at least 1.5 cm diameter, preferably at least 2 cm diameter, most preferably at least 3 cm.
- the ejection of the gas may cause material in the tank to be pulled into a second, rear end of the tube and out of the first end of the tube with the gas.
- the flow of material into the tube may also entrain a sympathetic flow of material around the exterior of the tube from the second end towards the first end.
- the mixing system comprises a plurality of pneumatic mixers .
- the mixers may be arranged in a perimeter region of the tank, preferably spaced from the edge of the tank.
- the mixers may be spaced from the edge of the tank by approximately 10% of the width of the tank.
- the mixers may be evenly spaced around the perimeter region.
- the number of mixers may be chosen so that a majority of the surface is disturbed by the action of the ejected gas entraining a fluid flow from the mixers to the surface of the material in the tank.
- Each mixer may create a spiral flow of material. The spiral flows may intersect as the flow increases in volume as it rises.
- All of the mixers may make substantially the same angle with the vertical and/or with a radial line passing through the mixer.
- the invention extends to a waste water digester tank fitted with a mixing system according to the above aspect.
- a method of mixing fluid material in a tank comprises supplying gas to at least one fluid mixer and ejecting said gas from said mixer at an angle to the vertical to thereby entrain a flow of fluid material within the tank to cause mixing of the fluid material.
- a fluid powered mixer comprises an inlet portion, a body portion and an outlet portion which define a conduit, in which the body portion is operable to direct a pressurised driving fluid into the conduit towards the outlet portion to thereby entrain a flow of material to be mixed through the conduit, in which the exterior of the mixer is shaped to enhance a sympathetic flow of material to be mixed around the exterior of the mixer from the inlet portion, over the body portion and to the outlet, wherein a first region of the body portion is operable to direct the driving fluid at an angle to a radial line extending from the first region to a longitudinal axis of the mixer, and a second region of the body portion is operable to direct the driving fluid at an angle to a cross-sectional plane of the mixer.
- the first region may impart a rotary motion to the driving fluid.
- the second region may impart a forward motion to the driving fluid.
- the sympathetic flow is a smooth, non- turbulent flow.
- the angle made between exterior surfaces of adjacent portions of the mixer may be greater than 120°, preferably greater than 130°, most preferably 135° or greater.
- the mixer may have a tubular lateral cross-section.
- the body portion may have an exterior surface that curves between the inlet and outlet portions, preferably with a convex curve.
- the body portion may have an exterior surface with a diameter which increases from a first diameter to a second diameter and decreases to the first diameter along its length.
- the first diameter may be a diameter of the inlet and/or the outlet portion.
- the second diameter may be the maximum diameter of the mixer.
- the exterior surface of the body portion may have a constant radius of curvature.
- the exterior surface may have a radius of curvature that is greater than a maximum diameter of the mixer.
- the mixer may have an exterior surface which is substantially free of projections on which solid material for mixing could snag.
- the mixer may have a welded construction.
- the inlet, body and outlet portions may be welded together .
- Figure 1 is a schematic top view showing the layout of a fluidic mixing system in a digester tank
- Figure 2 is a partial schematic side view of the fluidic mixing system
- Figure 3 is a schematic side view of a pneumatic mixer used with the system
- Figure 4 is a schematic cross-sectional side view of an alternative embodiment of mixer
- Figure 5 is a schematic cross-sectional side view of the mixer along the line II in Figure 4.
- Figure 6 is similar to Figure 5 except is taken along line III in Figure 4.
- a fluid mixing system 10 is arranged for use in a typical digester tank 11 measuring 25 metres in diameter and 30 metres in depth.
- An array of pneumatic fluid mixers 12 are located on the base of the tank 11.
- the mixers 12 are directional jet mixers, which are directed at approximately 45° from a radial alignment and approximately 15° above the horizontal.
- Bio-gas (such as methane, NO x and/or SO x gases) is supplied to the mixers 12 from an external supply (not shown) .
- Gas ejected from the mixers 12 entrains a flow of the waste material, which results in effective mixing thereof.
- fluidic mixers are already known from, for instance, UK patent 2 242 370 in the name of Donovan Graham Ellam and UK patent application 2 313 410, in the same name. However their use in this application is unique.
- Figure 3 shows a schematic drawing of one of the fluidic mixers 12.
- Gas from a gas supply (not shown) is ejected from a perforated annulus 14 in the direction indicated by arrows A.
- the forward flowing gas pulls material from the rear 16 of the mixer 12, as shown by arrow B.
- the material and gas mixture is then forced from a front end 18 of the mixer 12, as shown by arrow C.
- Gas is supplied from an exterior source through a base section 20 and support 22 to the annulus 14.
- the mixers 12 have a bore of 150mm and the front end 18 is located approximately 800mm from the base of the tank 11.
- Each mixer 12 is supplied with gas from a pipe 24 which runs down the side of the tank 11 (only one pipe 24 is shown in figure 2) .
- there are eight fluidic mixers 12 which are spaced evenly around the base of the tank 11, each mixer being approximately 3 metres from the edge of the tank 11.
- Each mixer 12 makes an angle of approximately 15° with the horizontal and an angle of approximately 45° with an imaginary line running from the mixer to the centre of the tank.
- Both the compressed gas and gas biproducts are under pressure at the base of the tank, due to the weight of the contents above. As the gas rises through the material, the pressure reduces and thus the bubble size increases. The increase in bubble size causes greater disturbance as the gases pass up towards the surface of the tank.
- the pressure at the base of the tank may be 4 bar, with a typical volume of 12.5m 3 transferred each minute.
- each mixer 12 will result in a disturbance of up to 4 metres in diameter on the surface of the material in the tank 11.
- the mixing system 10 described herein is suitable for retro fitting to an existing tank 11, because the mixers 12 can simply be secured to the base of the tank 11 by non-invasive means, such as adhesives or magnets.
- the system 10 has very low maintenance costs, because the mixers and supply are very simple in construction, with no moving parts which require maintenance .
- the use of the fluid mixers described herein can result in increases in efficiency of a digester tank of up to 35% over existing methods. This results in efficiency reduces the time taken to process a tank of material, which thereby results in increased capacity of the amount of material which a single tank can be used to process.
- the system described herein ensures that no crust forms on the top of the contents, thereby increasing efficiency.
- the mixer 100 comprises a mixing chamber 101 having an inlet end 102 and an outlet end 103. Gas from a gas supply is directed to a chamber 107, from which it enters the mixing chamber 101 via a first perforated annulus 104 and a second perforated annulus 105.
- the chamber 107 has a bulbous housing 106 which has a smooth exterior profile.
- the first perforated annulus 104 comprises a ring of openings in the body of the mixing chamber 101.
- the openings are angled in a forwards direction, making the angle "a" with the cross-sectional plane of the mixing chamber 101.
- the axis 111 of the openings 117 of the first perforated annulus 104, as well as being inclined in a forwards direction, also make an angle with a radial line of the cross-sectional plane of the mixing chamber 101.
- Each of the openings 117 makes the same angle with the radial line passing from the opening 117 to the central axis of the mixing chamber 101.
- the angle may be in the range of 25° to 35° to the said radial line.
- the provision of the angled openings 117 allows air issuing from the openings 117 to take up a vortex type movement, as will be described below.
- the second perforated annulus 105 has openings 118 (see figure 6) which are angled forwards by the angle "a" as are the openings 117.
- the openings 118 are not however angled in relation to radial lines from the openings 118 to the central axis of the mixing chamber 101. Consequently, the second perforated annulus 105 provides air having only a forward motion.
- the mixer 100 is supplied with a driving gas, typically air, from an external source (not shown) .
- a driving gas typically air
- Air is supplied to the chamber 107 and issues from the first perforated annulus 104 and the second perforated annulus 105. Air issuing from the first perforated annulus 105 will have a forward and spiral type motion. When the air, and fluid entrained by the air, travelling in the spiral path passes the second perforated annulus 105 the fluid and air mixture is accelerated to increase its forward speed.
- the distance between the first annulus 104 and the second annulus 105 is selected in such a manner that the longitudinal axis 111 of the openings 107 contacts the wall of the mixing chamber 101 in the same cross-sectional plane of the mixing chamber 101 as a point at which the longitudinal axis of the openings 118 intersect.
- the thickness of the wall of the mixing chamber 101 in the region of the first perforated annulus 104 and the second perforated annulus 105 is equal to at least twice the diameter of one of the openings 117 and 118. It has been discovered that in this case the length of the channel prevents formation of local vortices in the fluid to be conveyed with the mixer 100.
- the mixing fluid (air) passing through the openings 117 acquires a rotary and forward motion and when it encounters the wall to the mixing chamber 101 forms a "high pressure ring" of the mixing fluid.
- the mixing fluid passing through the openings 118 which are inclined at approximately 60° to 70° to the cross-sectional plane of the mixing chamber acquires further forward motion, and owing to the arrangement of the channels ensuring the intersection of the jets of the mixing fluid at a single point 115 lying on the longitudinal axis of the mixing chamber 1 forms a "high pressure zone" along the longitudinal axis for the mixing chamber 1.
- the axis of the openings 117 and 118 are arranged in such a way that the high pressure ring and the high pressure zone lie in the same cross-sectional plane 116, which is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 12 of the mixing chamber 1.
- the functioning of the high pressure plane is reminiscent of an air piston which rotates and moves forwards towards the outlet end 103 of the mixing chamber 1, thus ensuring efficient suction from the inlet end 102 of the fluid to be mixed.
- gaseous mixing fluid e.g. slurry becomes aerated which reduces its specific weight.
- the mixer 100 has a steel outer casing, with the inlet end 102 and the outlet end 103, together with the outer casing 106 having a smooth outer surface.
- the chamber casing 106 forms a bulbous central portion with a surface which curves between the inlet and outlet sections 102 and 103 respectively.
- the casing 106 is generally circular in lateral cross-section, as shown in figures 5 and 6.
- the exterior surface of the casing 106 makes an angle of approximately 135° with the inlet section 102 and the outlet section 103, where each joins the outer casing 106.
- Both the exterior and interior surfaces of the mixer 100 are designed to offer a minimum amount of resistance, or surface features on which solid material can snag.
- a sympathetic flow of material is induced around the outside of the mixer 100, as shown by arrows f and g.
- the exterior and interior surfaces of the mixer 100 described herein have significant advantages over previous fluid driven mixers, in that the period of time over which a mixer can be run without maintenance is considerably increased, because there is a much reduced risk of the mixer suffering reduced efficiency due to partial blocking when material is snagged on a mixer.
- first perforated annular section 104 and a second perforated annular section 105 allows a significantly improved power delivery for the mixer, given the combination of rotary and forward motions imparted due to the orientation of the openings 117 and 118.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
Abstract
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AU49327/00A AU4932700A (en) | 1999-05-20 | 2000-05-08 | Fluid mixing system |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GBGB9911649.3A GB9911649D0 (en) | 1999-05-20 | 1999-05-20 | Fluid mixing system |
GB9911649.3 | 1999-05-20 | ||
GB9920840.7 | 1999-09-04 | ||
GBGB9920840.7A GB9920840D0 (en) | 1999-09-04 | 1999-09-04 | Fluid mixing system |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2000071235A1 true WO2000071235A1 (fr) | 2000-11-30 |
Family
ID=26315563
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/GB2000/001755 WO2000071235A1 (fr) | 1999-05-20 | 2000-05-08 | Systeme melangeur pour liquides |
Country Status (2)
Country | Link |
---|---|
AU (1) | AU4932700A (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2000071235A1 (fr) |
Cited By (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
NL1032428C2 (nl) * | 2006-09-05 | 2008-03-06 | Verstegen Holding B V | Menginrichting voor het mengen van een vloeibaar product met ten minste één ingredient. |
WO2011107762A1 (fr) | 2010-03-05 | 2011-09-09 | Airmix Technologies Ltd | Appareil et procédé de mélange |
US9004375B2 (en) | 2004-02-26 | 2015-04-14 | Tyco Fire & Security Gmbh | Method and apparatus for generating a mist |
US9010663B2 (en) | 2004-02-26 | 2015-04-21 | Tyco Fire & Security Gmbh | Method and apparatus for generating a mist |
US9239063B2 (en) | 2004-07-29 | 2016-01-19 | Pursuit Marine Drive Limited | Jet pump |
US9931648B2 (en) | 2006-09-15 | 2018-04-03 | Tyco Fire & Security Gmbh | Mist generating apparatus and method |
US10507480B2 (en) | 2004-02-26 | 2019-12-17 | Tyco Fire Products Lp | Method and apparatus for generating a mist |
Citations (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB1092871A (en) * | 1963-11-20 | 1967-11-29 | Knut Erich Asendore | Improvements in and relating to the treatment of activated sludge |
DE1275512B (de) * | 1962-01-08 | 1968-08-22 | Willi Walbersdorf Sondermaschb | Mischvorrichtung |
US3829070A (en) * | 1972-10-13 | 1974-08-13 | Crown Zellerbach Corp | Gasification system |
US4028009A (en) * | 1975-09-24 | 1977-06-07 | Nikolai Vasilievich Gudzenko | Jet pump |
DE2620139A1 (de) * | 1976-05-07 | 1977-11-24 | Strate Wilhelm Fa | Verteilsystem fuer fluessige und gasfoermige medienstroeme |
US4097026A (en) * | 1975-01-24 | 1978-06-27 | Vyzkumny Ustav Vodohospodarsky | Apparatus for mixing a basic liquid substance with other media |
WO1985003458A1 (fr) * | 1984-02-06 | 1985-08-15 | Parks Richard E | Procede et appareil de melange induit par un gaz |
FR2569575A1 (fr) * | 1984-09-03 | 1986-03-07 | Air Liquide | Procede et installation d'oxygenation en eau profonde |
-
2000
- 2000-05-08 WO PCT/GB2000/001755 patent/WO2000071235A1/fr active Application Filing
- 2000-05-08 AU AU49327/00A patent/AU4932700A/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE1275512B (de) * | 1962-01-08 | 1968-08-22 | Willi Walbersdorf Sondermaschb | Mischvorrichtung |
GB1092871A (en) * | 1963-11-20 | 1967-11-29 | Knut Erich Asendore | Improvements in and relating to the treatment of activated sludge |
US3829070A (en) * | 1972-10-13 | 1974-08-13 | Crown Zellerbach Corp | Gasification system |
US4097026A (en) * | 1975-01-24 | 1978-06-27 | Vyzkumny Ustav Vodohospodarsky | Apparatus for mixing a basic liquid substance with other media |
US4028009A (en) * | 1975-09-24 | 1977-06-07 | Nikolai Vasilievich Gudzenko | Jet pump |
DE2620139A1 (de) * | 1976-05-07 | 1977-11-24 | Strate Wilhelm Fa | Verteilsystem fuer fluessige und gasfoermige medienstroeme |
WO1985003458A1 (fr) * | 1984-02-06 | 1985-08-15 | Parks Richard E | Procede et appareil de melange induit par un gaz |
FR2569575A1 (fr) * | 1984-09-03 | 1986-03-07 | Air Liquide | Procede et installation d'oxygenation en eau profonde |
Cited By (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US9004375B2 (en) | 2004-02-26 | 2015-04-14 | Tyco Fire & Security Gmbh | Method and apparatus for generating a mist |
US9010663B2 (en) | 2004-02-26 | 2015-04-21 | Tyco Fire & Security Gmbh | Method and apparatus for generating a mist |
US10507480B2 (en) | 2004-02-26 | 2019-12-17 | Tyco Fire Products Lp | Method and apparatus for generating a mist |
US9239063B2 (en) | 2004-07-29 | 2016-01-19 | Pursuit Marine Drive Limited | Jet pump |
NL1032428C2 (nl) * | 2006-09-05 | 2008-03-06 | Verstegen Holding B V | Menginrichting voor het mengen van een vloeibaar product met ten minste één ingredient. |
EP1897608A1 (fr) | 2006-09-05 | 2008-03-12 | Verstegen Holding B.V. | Dispositif de mélange pour mélanger un produit liquide pourvu d'au moins un ingrédient |
US9931648B2 (en) | 2006-09-15 | 2018-04-03 | Tyco Fire & Security Gmbh | Mist generating apparatus and method |
WO2011107762A1 (fr) | 2010-03-05 | 2011-09-09 | Airmix Technologies Ltd | Appareil et procédé de mélange |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
AU4932700A (en) | 2000-12-12 |
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