WO2000059855A1 - Ether compounds, compositions, and uses thereof - Google Patents

Ether compounds, compositions, and uses thereof Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2000059855A1
WO2000059855A1 PCT/US2000/008788 US0008788W WO0059855A1 WO 2000059855 A1 WO2000059855 A1 WO 2000059855A1 US 0008788 W US0008788 W US 0008788W WO 0059855 A1 WO0059855 A1 WO 0059855A1
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Prior art keywords
dimethyl
diethyl
ethyl
hydroxy
heptyloxy
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PCT/US2000/008788
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Jean-Louis H. Dasseux
Carmen D. Oniciu
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Esperion Therapeutics, Inc.
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Priority to IL14571200A priority Critical patent/IL145712A0/xx
Priority to CA2369074A priority patent/CA2369074C/en
Priority to AU41901/00A priority patent/AU779784B2/en
Priority to JP2000609370A priority patent/JP2002541129A/ja
Priority to EP00921608A priority patent/EP1204626B1/en
Priority to DE60037818T priority patent/DE60037818D1/de
Priority to BR0009520-6A priority patent/BR0009520A/pt
Priority to MXPA01009893A priority patent/MXPA01009893A/es
Publication of WO2000059855A1 publication Critical patent/WO2000059855A1/en
Priority to HK02108505.9A priority patent/HK1047082B/zh
Priority to IL178952A priority patent/IL178952A0/en

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D233/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings
    • C07D233/54—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D233/66—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D233/72—Two oxygen atoms, e.g. hydantoin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
    • A61P1/18—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for pancreatic disorders, e.g. pancreatic enzymes
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P13/00—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system
    • A61P13/12—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system of the kidneys
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P15/00—Drugs for genital or sexual disorders; Contraceptives
    • A61P15/10—Drugs for genital or sexual disorders; Contraceptives for impotence
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/28—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, e.g. nootropic agents, cognition enhancers, drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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    • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/04—Anorexiants; Antiobesity agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/06—Antihyperlipidemics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
    • A61P3/10—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis for hyperglycaemia, e.g. antidiabetics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P7/00—Drugs for disorders of the blood or the extracellular fluid
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P7/00—Drugs for disorders of the blood or the extracellular fluid
    • A61P7/02—Antithrombotic agents; Anticoagulants; Platelet aggregation inhibitors
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A61P9/12—Antihypertensives
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C311/00—Amides of sulfonic acids, i.e. compounds having singly-bound oxygen atoms of sulfo groups replaced by nitrogen atoms, not being part of nitro or nitroso groups
    • C07C311/01—Sulfonamides having sulfur atoms of sulfonamide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
    • C07C311/02—Sulfonamides having sulfur atoms of sulfonamide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of an acyclic saturated carbon skeleton
    • C07C311/03—Sulfonamides having sulfur atoms of sulfonamide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of an acyclic saturated carbon skeleton having the nitrogen atoms of the sulfonamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms
    • C07C311/04—Sulfonamides having sulfur atoms of sulfonamide groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of an acyclic saturated carbon skeleton having the nitrogen atoms of the sulfonamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms to acyclic carbon atoms of hydrocarbon radicals substituted by singly-bound oxygen atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C43/00—Ethers; Compounds having groups, groups or groups
    • C07C43/02—Ethers
    • C07C43/03—Ethers having all ether-oxygen atoms bound to acyclic carbon atoms
    • C07C43/04—Saturated ethers
    • C07C43/13—Saturated ethers containing hydroxy or O-metal groups
    • C07C43/132—Saturated ethers containing hydroxy or O-metal groups both carbon chains being substituted by hydroxy or O-metal groups
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C59/00—Compounds having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms and containing any of the groups OH, O—metal, —CHO, keto, ether, groups, groups, or groups
    • C07C59/125—Saturated compounds having only one carboxyl group and containing ether groups, groups, groups, or groups
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
    • C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic System
    • C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
    • C07F9/06—Phosphorus compounds without P—C bonds
    • C07F9/08—Esters of oxyacids of phosphorus
    • C07F9/09—Esters of phosphoric acids
    • C07F9/091—Esters of phosphoric acids with hydroxyalkyl compounds with further substituents on alkyl

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to ether compounds and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof; methods for synthesizing the ether compounds; compositions comprising an ether compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and methods for treating or preventing a disease or disorder selected from the group consisting of a cardiovascular disease, dyslipidemia, dyslipoproteinemia, a disorder of glucose metabolism, Alzheimer's Disease, Syndrome X, a peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-associated disorder, septicemia, a thrombotic disorder, obesity, pancreatitis, hypertension, renal disease, cancer, inflammation, and impotence, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising an ether compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the ether compounds and compositions of the invention may also be used to reduce the fat content of meat in livestock and reduce the cholesterol content of eggs.
  • LDL Low density lipoprotein
  • HDL high density lipoprotein
  • LDL Low density lipoprotein
  • HDL high density lipoprotein
  • reverse cholesterol transport describes the transport of cholesterol from extrahepatic tissues to the liver, where it is catabolized and eliminated. It is believed that plasma HDL particles play a major role in the reverse transport process, acting as scavengers of tissue cholesterol. HDL is also responsible for the removal non-cholesterol lipid, oxidized cholesterol and other oxidized products from the bloodstream.
  • Atherosclerosis for example, is a slowly progressive disease characterized by the accumulation of cholesterol within the arterial wall. Compelling evidence supports the belief that lipids deposited in atherosclerotic lesions are derived primarily from plasma apolipoprotein B (apo B)-containing lipoproteins, which include chylomicrons, CLDL, IDL and LDL. The apo B-containing lipoprotein, and in particular LDL, has popularly become known as the "bad" cholesterol. In contrast, HDL serum levels correlate inversely with coronary heart disease. Indeed, high serum levels of HDL is regarded as a negative risk factor.
  • apo B plasma apolipoprotein B
  • HDL has popularly become known as the "good" cholesterol.
  • the fat-transport system can be divided into two pathways: an exogenous one for cholesterol and triglycerides absorbed from the intestine and an endogenous one for cholesterol and triglycerides entering the bloodstream from the liver and other non-hepatic tissue.
  • chylomicrons In the exogenous pathway, dietary fats are packaged into lipoprotein particles called chylomicrons, which enter the bloodstream and deliver their triglycerides to adipose tissue for storage and to muscle for oxidation to supply energy.
  • the remnant of the chylomicron, which contains cholesteryl esters, is removed from the circulation by a specific receptor found only on liver cells. This cholesterol then becomes available again for cellular metabolism or for recycling to extrahepatic tissues as plasma lipoproteins.
  • the liver secretes a large, very-low-density lipoprotein particle (NLDL) into the bloodstream.
  • NLDL very-low-density lipoprotein particle
  • the core of NLDL consists mostly of triglycerides synthesized in the liver, with a smaller amount of cholesteryl esters either synthesized in the liver or recycled from chylomicrons.
  • Two predominant proteins are displayed on the surface of VLDL, apolipoprotein B-100 (apo B-100) and apolipoprotein E (apo E), although other apolipoproteins are present, such as apolipoprotein CIII (apo CHI) and apolipoprotein CII (apo CII).
  • IDL intermediate-density lipoprotein
  • NLDL remnant a new kind of particle called intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL) or NLDL remnant, decreased in size and enriched in cholesteryl esters relative to a VLDL, but retaining its two apoproteins.
  • IDL particles bind tightly to liver cells, which extract IDL cholesterol to make new NLDL and bile acids.
  • the IDL not taken up by the liver is catabolized by the hepatic lipase, an enzyme bound to the proteoglycan on liver cells.
  • Apo E dissociates from IDL as it is transformed to LDL.
  • Apo B-100 is the sole protein of LDL.
  • the liver takes up and degrades circulating cholesterol to bile acids, which are the end products of cholesterol metabolism.
  • the uptake of cholesterol- containing particles is mediated by LDL receptors, which are present in high concentrations on hepatocytes.
  • the LDL receptor binds both apo E and apo B-100 and is responsible for binding and removing both IDL and LDL from the circulation.
  • remnant receptors are responsible for clearing chylomicrons and VLDL remnants i.e., IDL).
  • the affinity of apo E for the LDL receptor is greater than that of apo B-100.
  • the LDL particles have a much longer circulating life span than IDL particles; LDL circulates for an average of two and a half days before binding to the LDL receptors in the liver and other tissues.
  • High serum levels of LDL, the "bad" cholesterol, are positively associated with coronary heart disease.
  • cholesterol derived from circulating LDL accumulates in the walls of arteries. This accumulation forms bulky plaques that inhibit the flow of blood until a clot eventually forms, obstructing an artery and causing a heart attack or stroke.
  • the amount of intracellular cholesterol liberated from the LDL controls cellular cholesterol metabolism.
  • the accumulation of cellular cholesterol derived from VLDL and LDL controls three processes. First, it reduces the cell's ability to make its own cholesterol by turning off the synthesis of HMGCoA reductase, a key enzyme in the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway. Second, the incoming LDL-derived cholesterol promotes storage of cholesterol by the action of AC AT, the cellular enzyme that converts cholesterol into cholesteryl esters that are deposited in storage droplets. Third, the accumulation of cholesterol within the cell drives a feedback mechanism that inhibits cellular synthesis of new LDL receptors.
  • LDL can also be complexed to a high molecular weight glycoprotein called apolipoprotein(a), also known as apo(a), through a disulfide bridge.
  • the LDL-apo(a) complex is known as Lipoprotein(a) or Lp(a). Elevated levels of Lp(a) are detrimental, having been associated with atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, myocardial infarcation, stroke, cerebral infarction, and restenosis following angioplasty.
  • Peripheral (non-hepatic) cells predominantly obtain their cholesterol from a combination of local synthesis and uptake of preformed sterol from VLDL and LDL.
  • Cells expressing scavenger receptors, such as macrophages and smooth muscle cells can also obtain cholesterol from oxidized apo B-containing lipoproteins.
  • reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) is the pathway by which peripheral cell cholesterol can be returned to the liver for recycling to extrahepatic tissues, hepatic storage, or excretion into the intestine in bile.
  • the RCT pathway represents the only means of eliminating cholesterol from most extrahepatic tissues and is crucial to maintenance of the structure and function of most cells in the body.
  • LCAT lecithin holesterol acyltransferase
  • CETP Cholesterol ester transfer protein
  • PLTP phospholipid transfer protein
  • PLTP supplies lecithin to HDL
  • CETP can move cholesteryl ester made by LCAT to other lipoproteins, particularly apoB -containing lipoproteins, such as VLDL.
  • HDL triglyceride can be catabolized by the extracellular hepatic triglyceride lipase, and lipoprotein cholesterol is removed by the liver via several mechanisms.
  • Each HDL particle contains at least one molecule, and usually two to four molecules, of apolipoprotein (apo A-I).
  • Apo A-I is synthesized by the liver and small intestine as preproapolipoprotein which is secreted as a proprotein that is rapidly cleaved to generate a mature polypeptide having 243 amino acid residues.
  • Apo A-I consists mainly of a 22 amino acid repeating segment, spaced with helix-breaking proline residues.
  • Apo A-I forms three types of stable structures with lipids: small, lipid-poor complexes referred to as pre-beta-1 HDL; flattened discoidal particles, referred to as pre-beta-2 HDL, which contain only polar lipids (e.g., phospholipid and cholesterol); and spherical particles containing both polar and nonpolar lipids, referred to as spherical or mature HDL (HDL 3 and HDL 2 ).
  • Most HDL in the circulating population contains both apo A-I and apo A-II, a second major HDL protein. This apo A-I- and apo A-II-containing fraction is referred to herein as the AI/AII- HDL fraction of HDL.
  • AI-HDL fraction the fraction of HDL containing only apo A-I, referred to herein as the AI-HDL fraction, appears to be more effective in RCT.
  • pre-beta-1 HDL lipid-poor complex
  • pre-beta-1 HDL is the preferred acceptor for cholesterol transferred from peripheral tissue involved in RCT.
  • Cholesterol newly transferred to pre-beta-1 HDL from the cell surface rapidly appears in the discoidal pre-beta-2 HDL.
  • PLTP may increase the rate of disc formation (Lagrost et al, 1996, J. Biol. Chem. 27J . J9058-19065), but data indicating a role for PLTP in RCT is lacking.
  • LCAT reacts preferentially with discoidal and spherical HDL, transferring the 2-acyl group of lecithin or phosphatidylethanolamine to the free hydroxyl residue of fatty alcohols, particularly cholesterol, to generate cholesteryl esters (retained in the HDL) and lysolecithin.
  • the LCAT reaction requires an apoliprotein such apo A-I or apo A-IV as an activator.
  • ApoA-I is one of the natural cofactors for LCAT.
  • the conversion of cholesterol to its HDL-sequestered ester prevents re-entry of cholesterol into the cell, resulting in the ultimate removal of cellular cholesterol.
  • HDL receptors include HB1 and HB2 (Hidaka and Fidge, 1992, Biochem J. 15J61-7; Kurata et al, 1998, J. Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis 4:112-7).
  • HDL Reverse transport of other lipids
  • HDL is not only involved in the reverse transport of cholesterol, but also plays a role in the reverse transport of other lipids, i.e., the transport of lipids from cells, organs, and tissues to the liver for catabolism and excretion.
  • lipids include sphingomyelin, oxidized lipids, and lysophophatidylcholine.
  • Robins and Fasulo (1997, J. Clin. Invest. 99:380-384) have shown that HDL stimulates the transport of plant sterol by the liver into bile secretions.
  • Peroxisome proliferators are a structurally diverse group of compounds that, when administered to rodents, elicit dramatic increases in the size and number of hepatic and renal peroxisomes, as well as concomitant increases in the capacity of peroxisomes to metabolize fatty acids via increased expression of the enzymes required for the ⁇ -oxidation cycle (Lazarow and Fujiki, 1985, Ann. Rev. Cell Biol. 1:489-530; Vamecq and Draye, 1989, Essays Biochem. 24:1115-225; and Nelali et al, 1988, Cancer Res. 48:5316-5324). Chemicals included in this group are the fibrate class of hypolipidermic drugs, herbicides, and phthalate plasticizers (Reddy and Lalwani, 1983, Crit. Rev. Toxicol 2J-58).
  • Peroxisome proliferation can also be elicited by dietary or physiological factors, such as a high-fat diet and cold acclimatization.
  • PPAR ⁇ peroxisome proliferator activated receptor ⁇
  • PPAR 0 activates transcription by binding to DNA sequence elements, termed peroxisome proliferator response elements (PPRE), in the form of a heterodimer with the retinoid X receptor (RXR).
  • RXR is activated by 9-cis retinoic acid (see Kliewer et al, 1992, Nature 358:771-774; Gearing et al, 1993, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:1440-1444, Keller et al, 1993, Proc. Natl. Acad.
  • PPAR ⁇ additional isoforms of PPAR have been identified, e.g., PPAR p , PPAR ⁇ and PPAR ⁇ , which are have similar functions and are similarly regulated.
  • PPREs have been identified in the enhancers of a number of genes encoding proteins that regulate lipid metabolism.
  • proteins include the three enzymes required for peroxisomal ⁇ -oxidation of fatty acids; apolipoprotein A-I; medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, a key enzyme in mitochondrial ⁇ -oxidation; and aP2, a lipid binding protein expressed exclusively in adipocytes (reviewed in Keller and Whali, 1993, TEM, 4:291-296; see also Staels and Auwerx, 1998, Atherosclerosis 137 Suppl: SI 9-23 " ).
  • the nature of the PPAR target genes coupled with the activation of PPARs by fatty acids and hypolipidemic drugs suggests a physiological role for the PPARs in lipid homeostasis.
  • Pioglitazone an antidiabetic compound of the thiazolidinedione class
  • a chimeric gene containing the enhancer/promoter of the lipid-binding protein aP2 upstream of the chloroamphenicol acetyl transferase reporter gene (Harris and Kletzien, 1994, Mol. Pharmacol. 45:439-445).
  • Deletion analysis led to the identification of an approximately 30 bp region responsible for pioglitazone responsiveness.
  • this 30 bp fragment was shown to contain a PPRE (Tontonoz et al, 1994, Nucleic Acids Res. 22:5628-5634).
  • PPRE Tontonoz et al, 1994, Nucleic Acids Res. 22:5628-5634
  • Bile-acid-binding resins are a class of drugs that interrupt the recycling of bile acids from the intestine to the liver.
  • bile-acid-binding resins are cholestyramine (QUESTRAN LIGHT, Bristol-Myers Squibb), and colestipol hydrochloride (COLESTID, Pharmacia & Upjohn Company). When taken orally, these positively charged resins bind to negatively charged bile acids in the intestine. Because the resins cannot be absorbed from the intestine, they are excreted, carrying the bile acids with them. The use of such resins, however, at best only lowers serum cholesterol levels by about 20%. Moreover, their use is associated with gastrointestinal side-effects, including constipation and certain vitamin deficiencies.
  • statins are inhibitors of cholesterol synthesis.
  • statins are used in combination therapy with bile-acid-binding resins.
  • Lovastatin (MEVACOR, Merck & Co., Inc.), a natural product derived from a strain of Aspergillus; pravastatin (PRAVACHOL, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co.); and atorvastatin (LIPITOR, Warner Lambert) block cholesterol synthesis by inhibiting HMGCoA, the key enzyme involved in the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway.
  • Lovastatin significantly reduces serum cholesterol and LDL-serum levels. It also slows progression of coronary atherosclerosis. However, serum HDL levels are only slightly increased following lovastatin administration.
  • the mechanism of the LDL-lowering effect may involve both reduction of VLDL concentration and induction of cellular expression of LDL-receptor, leading to reduced production and/or increased catabolism of LDL. Side effects, including liver and kidney dysfunction are associated with the use of these drugs.
  • Niacin also known as nicotinic acid, is a water-soluble vitamin B-complex used as a dietary supplement and antihyperlipidemic agent. Niacin diminishes production of VLDL and is effective at lowering LDL. It is used in combination with bile-acid-binding resins. Niacin can increase HDL when administered at therapeutically effective doses; however, its usefulness is limited by serious side effects.
  • Fibrates are a class of lipid-lowering drugs used to treat various forms of hyperlipidemia, elevated serum triglycerides, which may also be associated with hypercholesterolemia. Fibrates appear to reduce the VLDL fraction and modestly increase HDL; however, the effects of these drugs on serum cholesterol is variable. In the United States, fibrates have been approved for use as antilipidemic drugs, but have not received approval as hypercholesterolemia agents. For example, clofibrate (ATROMID-S, Wyeth- Ayerst Laboratories) is an antilipidemic agent that acts to lower serum triglycerides by reducing the VLDL fraction.
  • ATROMID-S Wyeth- Ayerst Laboratories
  • ATROMID-S may reduce serum cholesterol levels in certain patient subpopulations, the biochemical response to the drug is variable, and is not always possible to predict which patients will obtain favorable results.
  • ATROMID-S has not been shown to be effective for prevention of coronary heart disease.
  • LOPID also increases HDL cholesterol, particularly the HDL 2 and HDL 3 subtractions, as well as both the AI/AII-HDL fraction.
  • the lipid response to LOPID is heterogeneous, especially among different patient populations.
  • Oral estrogen replacement therapy may be considered for moderate hypercholesterolemia in post-menopausal women.
  • increases in HDL may be accompanied with an increase in triglycerides.
  • Estrogen treatment is, of course, limited to a specific patient population, postmenopausal women, and is associated with serious side effects, including induction of malignant neoplasms; gall bladder disease; thromboembolic disease; hepatic adenoma; elevated blood pressure; glucose intolerance; and hypercalcemia.
  • U.S. Patent No. 4,689,344 discloses ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ ', ⁇ '-tetrasubstituted- ⁇ , ⁇ - alkanedioic acids that are optionally substituted at their ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ ', ⁇ ' positions, and alleges that they are useful for treating obesity, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes. According to this reference, both triglycerides and cholesterol are lowered significantly by compounds such as 3,3J4J4-tetramethylhexadecaneJJ6-dioic acid. U.S. Patent No. 4,689,344 further discloses that the ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ ', ⁇ '-tetramethyl-alkanediols of U.S. Patent No. 3,930,024 also are not useful for treating hypercholesterolemia or obesity.
  • U.S. Patent No. 4,287,200 discloses azolidinedione derivatives with anti- diabetic, hypolipidemic, and anti-hypertensive properties. However, these administration of these compounds to patients can produce side effects such as bone marrow depression, and both liver and cardiac cytotoxicity. Further, the compounds disclosed by U.S. Patent No. 4,287,200 stimulate weight gain in obese patients.
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are independently selected from the group consisting of (C,-C 6 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl, phenyl, and benzyl; or R 1 , R 2 , and the carbon to which they are attached are taken together to form a (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl group; or R 3 , R 4 , and the carbon to which they are attached are taken together to form a (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl group; or R 1 , R 2 , and the carbon to which they are attached are taken together to form a (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl group and R 3 , R 4 , and the carbon to which they are attached are taken together to form a (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl group, with the proviso that none of R 1 , R 2 , R 3
  • K 1 and K 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of-CH 2 OH, -C(O)OH, -CHO, -C(O)OR 5 , -OC(O)R 5 , -SO 3 H,
  • R 5 is selected from the group consisting of (C,-C 6 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl, phenyl, and benzyl;
  • each R 6 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, (C,-C 6 )alkyl,
  • R 7 is selected from the group consisting of H, (C,-C 6 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl, and (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl;
  • the invention provides novel compounds having the general formula I, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein:
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are independently selected from the group consisting of ( -C ⁇ alkyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl, phenyl, and benzyl; or R 1 , R 2 , and the carbon to which they are attached are taken together to form a (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl group; or R 3 , R 4 , and the carbon to which they are attached are taken together to form a (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl group; or R 1 , R 2 , and the carbon to which they are attached are taken together to form a (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl group and R 3 , R 4 , and the carbon to which they are attached are taken together to form a (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl group, with the proviso that none of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , or R
  • n and m are independent integers ranging from 0 to 4.
  • K 1 and K 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of-CH 2 OH,
  • R 5 is selected from the group consisting of (C,-C 6 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl, phenyl, and benzyl;
  • each R 6 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, (C,-C 6 )alkyl,
  • R 7 is selected from the group consisting of H, (C,-C 6 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl, and (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl; and with the proviso that when n and m are both 1 or both 0, then K 1 and K 2 are not both X, wherein X is selected from the group consisting of -COOH, -C(O)OR 5 ,
  • the invention provides novel compounds having the general formula I, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein:
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are independently selected from the group consisting of (C,-C 6 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl, phenyl, and benzyl; or R 1 , R 2 , and the carbon to which they are attached are taken together to form a (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl group; or R 3 , R 4 , and the carbon to which they are attached are taken together to form a (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl group; or R 1 , R 2 , and the carbon to which they are attached are taken together to form a (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl group and R 3 , R 4 , and the carbon to which they are attached are taken together to form a (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl group, with the proviso that none of R 1 , R 2 , R 3
  • n and m are independent integers ranging from 0 to 4.
  • K 1 is selected from the group consisting of -CH 2 OH, -OC(O)R 5 , -CHO, -SO 3 H,
  • K 2 is selected from the group consisting of-CH 2 OH, -C(O)OH, -CHO, -C(O)OR 5 , -OC(O)R 5 , -SO 3 H,
  • R 5 is selected from the group consisting of (C,-C 6 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl, phenyl, and benzyl;
  • each R 6 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, (C -C 6 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl, and (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl;
  • R 7 is selected from the group consisting of H, (C,-C 6 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl, and (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl;
  • O O O II II II • 0— P— NH 2 - P— NH 2 and -S— NH 2 II
  • the invention provides novel compounds having the general formula I and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein: R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are independently selected from the group consisting of (C,-C 6 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl, phenyl, and benzyl; or R 1 , R 2 , and the carbon to which they are attached are taken together to form a (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl group; or R 3 , R 4 , and the carbon to which they are attached are taken together to form a (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl group; or R 1 , R 2 , and the carbon to which they are attached are taken together to form a (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl group and R 3 , R 4 , and the carbon to which they are attached are taken together to form a (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl
  • n and m are independent integers ranging from 0 to 4.
  • K 1 and K 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of-CH 2 OH,
  • R 5 is selected from the group consisting of ( -C alkyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl,
  • each R 6 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, (C -C 6 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl, and (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl;
  • R 7 is selected from the group consisting of H, (C -C 6 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl, and (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl;
  • the invention provides novel compounds having the general formula I, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein:
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are independently selected from the group consisting of ( -C ⁇ alkyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl, phenyl, and benzyl; or R 1 , R 2 , and the carbon to which they are attached are taken together to form a (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl group; or R 3 , R 4 , and the carbon to which they are attached are taken together to form a (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl group; or R 1 , R 2 , and the carbon to which they are attached are taken together to form a (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl group and R 3 , R 4 , and the carbon to which they are attached are taken together to form a (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl group, with the proviso that none of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , or R
  • n and m are independent integers ranging from 0 to 4.
  • K' and K 2 are independently -CH 2 OH or -OC(O)R 5 ;
  • R 5 is selected from the group consisting of (C j -C ⁇ alkyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl, phenyl, and benzyl.
  • the compounds of formula I and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof are useful for treating or preventing cardiovascular diseases, dyslipidemias, dyslipoproteinemias, disorders of glucose metabolism, Alzheimer's Disease, Syndrome X, PPAR-associated disorders, septicemia, thrombotic disorders, obesity, pancreatitis, hypertension, renal diseases, cancer, inflammation, or impotence.
  • the invention comprises a compound of the formula
  • n is an integer ranging from 1 to 4.
  • K 1 selected from the group consisting of-CH 2 OH, -C(O)OH, -CHO, -C(O)OR 5 ,
  • R 1 , and R 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of (C,-C 6 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl, phenyl, and benzyl; or R 1 , R 2 , and the carbon to which they are attached are taken together to form a (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl group; or R 3 , R 4 , and the carbon to which they are attached are taken together to form a (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl group; or R 1 , R 2 , and the carbon to which they are attached are taken together to form a (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl group and R 3 , R 4 , and the carbon to which they are attached are taken together to form a (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl group, with the proviso that none of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , or R 4 is - ⁇
  • R 5 is selected from the group consisting of (C,-C 6 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl,
  • each R 6 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, (C,-C 6 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl, and (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl;
  • R 7 is selected from the group consisting of H, (C ] -C 6 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl, and (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl;
  • W is selected from the group consisting of H, (C,-C 6 )alkyl, and a hydroxy protecting group.
  • the invention provides a compound of the formula
  • n is an integer ranging from 1 to 4.
  • K 1 selected from the group consisting of-CH 2 OH, -C(O)OH, -CHO, -C(O)OR 5 , -OC(O)R 5 , -SO 3 H,
  • R 3 , and R 4 are independently selected from the group consisting of (C,-C 6 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl, phenyl, and benzyl; or R 1 , R 2 , and the carbon to which they are attached are taken together to form a (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl group; or R 3 , R 4 , and the carbon to which they are attached are taken together to form a (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl group; or R 1 , R 2 , and the carbon to which they are attached are taken together to form a (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl group and R 3 , R 4 , and the carbon to which they are attached are taken together to form a (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl group, with the proviso that none of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , or R 4 is -(
  • R 5 is selected from the group consisting of (C,-C 6 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl, phenyl, and benzyl;
  • each R 6 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, (C,-C 6 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl, and (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl;
  • R 7 is selected from the group consisting of H, (C,-C 6 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl, and (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl;
  • Hal is selected from the group consisting of chloro, bromo, and iodo.
  • the compounds of formulas IV and V are useful as intermediates for synthesizing the compounds of formula I.
  • the invention provides a method for the synthesis of a compound of a formula II:
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are independently selected from the group consisting of ( -C alkyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl, phenyl, and benzyl; or R 1 , R 2 , and the carbon to which they are attached are taken together to form a (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl group; or R 3 , R 4 , and the carbon to which they are attached are taken together to form a (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl group; or R 1 , R 2 , and the carbon to which they are attached are taken together to form a (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl group and R 3 , R 4 , and the carbon to which they are attached are taken together to form a (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl group, with the proviso that none of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , or R 4
  • PG is a hydroxy protecting group
  • the invention provides a method for the synthesis of a compound of formula III:
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are independently selected from the group consisting of ( -C ⁇ alkyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl, phenyl, and benzyl; or R 1 , R 2 , and the carbon to which they are attached are taken together to form a (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl group; or R 3 , R 4 , and the carbon to which they are attached are taken together to form a (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl group; or R 1 , R 2 , and the carbon to which they are attached are taken together to form a (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl group and R 3 , R 4 , and the carbon to which they are attached are taken together to form a (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl group, with the proviso that none of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , or R
  • n and m are independent integers ranging from 0 to 4.
  • compositions comprising a compound of the formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle.
  • These compositions are useful for treating or preventing a disease or disorder selected from the group consisting of a cardiovascular disease, dyslipidemia, dyslipoproteinemia, a disorder of glucose metabolism, Alzheimer's Disease, Syndrome X, a PPAR-associated disorder, septicemia, a thrombotic disorder, obesity, pancreatitis, hypertension, a renal disease, cancer, inflammation, and impotence.
  • a disease or disorder selected from the group consisting of a cardiovascular disease, dyslipidemia, dyslipoproteinemia, a disorder of glucose metabolism, Alzheimer's Disease, Syndrome X, a PPAR-associated disorder, septicemia, a thrombotic disorder, obesity, pancreatitis, hypertension, a renal disease, cancer, inflammation, and impotence.
  • These composition are also useful for reducing the fat content of meat in livestock and reducing the cholesterol content of eggs.
  • the present invention provides a method for treating or preventing a cardiovascular disease, dyslipidemia, dyslipoproteinemia, a disorder of glucose metabolism, Alzheimer's Disease, Syndrome X, a PPAR-associated disorder, septicemia, a thrombotic disorder, obesity, pancreatitis, hypertension, a renal disease, cancer, inflammation, and impotence, comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment or prevention a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a compound of formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle.
  • the present invention further provides a method for reducing the fat content of meat in livestock comprising administering to livestock in need of such fat-content reduction a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle.
  • the present invention provides a method for reducing the cholesterol content of a fowl egg comprising administering to a fowl species a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle.
  • FIG. 1 shows the serum cholesterol profiles of Male Sprague-Dawley rats following one week of treatment with Compound A.
  • FIG. 2 shows the lipid and lipoprotein levels of Male Sprague-Dawley rats following one week of treatment with Compound A.
  • FIG. 3 shows the apolipoprotein levels of Male Sprague-Dawley rats following one week of treatment with Compound A.
  • FIG. 4 shows the percentage weight gain of Male Sprague-Dawley rats following one week of treatment with Compound A.
  • FIG. 5 shows the effect on serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels in obese female Zucker rats following one week of treatment with Compound A or troglitazone.
  • FIG. 6 shows the effect on serum lipoprotein cholesterol profile in obese female Zucker rats following one week of treatment with Compound A or troglitazone.
  • FIG. 7 shows the total VLDL and LDL, total HDL, and the HDL:(VLDL+LDL) ratio following one week of Compound A or troglitazone treatment of obese female Zucker rats.
  • FIG. 8 shows serum glucose and non-esterified fatty acid levels of obese female Zucker rats following one week of Compound A or troglitazone treatment.
  • FIG. 9 shows the percentage weight gain of obese female Zucker rats following one week of Compound A or troglitazone treatment.
  • FIG. 10 shows the amount and percentage reduction of serum triglycerides in obese female Zucker rats following 1- and 2-week treatment with Compound A or troglitazone.
  • FIG. 11 shows the effect of Compound A or troglitazone treatment of obese female Zucker rats on HDL, LDL and total serum total cholesterol.
  • FIG. 12 shows the effect of Compound A or troglitazone on the blood glucose of obese female Zucker rats.
  • FIG. 13 shows the effect of Compound A or troglitazone on the serum insulin levels of obese female Zucker.
  • FIG. 14 shows the effect of Compound A or troglitazone on the glucose to insulin ratio in obese female Zucker rats.
  • FIG. 15 shows the weekly percent weight gain in the Zucker rats during treatment with Compound A or troglitazone.
  • FIG. 16 shows the percent liver to body weight ratio in obese female Zucker rats after two weeks of treatment with Compound A or troglitazone.
  • FIG. 17 shows the effect on the serum lipoprotein cholesterol profile of LDL receptor deficient mice following seven daily treatments with Compound A.
  • FIG. 18 shows the rates of synthesis of non-saponified and saponified lipid in primary rat hepatocytes upon treatment with Compound A, Compound B, Compound D, Compound E, Compound F, or lovastatin.
  • FIG. 19 shows the ratio of LDH leakage in primary rat hepatocytes contacted in vitro with increasing concentrations of Compounds A, B, C, or D during a 24 hr period.
  • FIG. 20 shows the insulin sensitizing effects of Compound A on cultured preadipocytes.
  • the present invention provides novel compounds having the general formula
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are independently selected from the group consisting of (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl, phenyl, and benzyl; or R 1 , R 2 , and the carbon to which they are attached are taken together to form a (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl group; or R 3 , R 4 , and the carbon to which they are attached are taken together to form a (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl group; or R 1 , R 2 , and the carbon to which they are attached are taken together to form a (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl group and R 3 , R 4 , and the carbon to which they are attached are taken together to form a (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl group, with the proviso that none of R 1 , R 2 , R 3
  • n and m are independent integers ranging from 0 to 4.
  • K 1 and K 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of -CH 2 OH,
  • R 5 is selected from the group consisting of (C j -C ⁇ alkyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl, phenyl, and benzyl; each R 6 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, (C ] -C 6 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl, and (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl;
  • R 7 is selected from the group consisting of H, (C,-C 6 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl, and
  • the compounds of formula I and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof are useful for treating or preventing cardiovascular diseases, dyslipidemias, dyslipoproteinemias, disorders of glucose metabolism, Alzheimer's Disease, Syndrome X, PPAR-associated disorders, septicemia, thrombotic disorders, obesity, pancreatitis, hypertension, renal diseases, cancer, inflammation, or impotence.
  • the compounds of formula I are particularly useful when incorporated in a composition.
  • a composition of the invention need not contain an ingredient, including an exicpient, other than a compound of the invention. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the compositions of the invention can omit a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle.
  • the present invention provides methods for treating or preventing cardiovascular diseases, dyslipidemias, dyslipoproteinemias, disorders of glucose metabolism, Alzheimer's Disease, Syndrome X, PPAR-associated disorders, septicemia, thrombotic disorders, obesity, pancreatitis, hypertension, renal diseases, cancer, inflammation, or impotence, comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a composition comprising a compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle.
  • a compound of formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered in combination with another therapeutic agent.
  • the other therapeutic agent provides additive or synergistic value relative to the administration of a compound of formula I alone.
  • the therapeutic agent can be a statin; a PPAR agonist, e.g., a thiazolidinedione or fibrate; a bile-acid-binding-resin; a niacin; a RXR agonist; an anti-obesity drug; a hormone; a tyrophostine; a sulfonylurea- based drug; a biguanide; an -glucosidase inhibitor; an apolipoprotein A-I agonist; apolipoprotein E; a cardiovascular drug; an HDL-raising drug; an HDL enhancer; or a regulator of the apolipoprotein A-I, apolipoprotein A-IV and/or apolipoprotein
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are independently selected from the group consisting of (C,-C 6 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl, phenyl, and benzyl; or R 1 , R 2 , and the carbon to which they are attached are taken together to form a (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl group; or R 3 , R 4 , and the carbon to which they are attached are taken together to form a (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl group; or R 1 , R 2 , and the carbon to which they are attached are taken together to form a (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl group and R 3 , R 4 , and the carbon to which they are attached are taken together to form a (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl group, with the proviso that none of R 1 , R 2 , R 3
  • n and m are independent integers ranging from 0 to 4.
  • K 1 and K 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of-CH 2 OH, -C(O)OH, -CHO, -C(O)OR 5 , -OC(O)R 5 , -SO 3 H,
  • R 5 is selected from the group consisting of (C,-C 6 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl, phenyl, and benzyl;
  • each R 6 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, (C,-C 6 )alkyl,
  • R 7 is selected from the group consisting of H, (C [ -C 6 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl, and (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl; and with the proviso that when n and m are both 1 or both 0, then K 1 and K 2 are not both rein X is selected from the group consisting of -COOH, -C(O)OR 5 ,
  • the compounds of formula I and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof are those wherein:
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are independently selected from the group consisting of
  • n and m are independent integers ranging from 0 to 4.
  • K 1 is selected from the group consisting of-CH 2 OH, -OC(O)R 5 , -CHO, -SO 3 H,
  • K 2 is selected from the group consisting of-CH 2 OH, -C(O)OH, -CHO, -C(O)OR 5 , -OC(O)R 5 , -SO 3 H,
  • R 5 is selected from the group consisting of (C,-C 6 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl, phenyl, and benzyl;
  • each R 6 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, ( -C ⁇ alkyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl, and (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl;
  • R 7 is selected from the group consisting of H, (C,-C 6 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl, and (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl;
  • the compounds of formula I and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof are those wherein: R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are independently selected from the group consisting of (C,-C 6 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl, phenyl, and benzyl; or R 1 , R 2 , and the carbon to which they are attached are taken together to form a (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl group; or R 3 , R 4 , and the carbon to which they are attached are taken together to form a (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl group; or R 1 , R 2 , and the carbon to which they are attached are taken together to form a (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl group and R 3 , R 4 , and the carbon to which they are attached are taken together to form a (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl group;
  • n and m are independent integers ranging from 0 to 4.
  • K 1 and K 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of-CH 2 OH, -OC(O)R 5 , -CHO, -SO 3 H,
  • R 5 is selected from the group consisting of (C,-C 6 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl,
  • each R 6 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, (C,-C 6 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl, and (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl;
  • R 7 is selected from the group consisting of H, (C,-C 6 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl, and (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl;
  • the compounds of formula I and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof are those wherein:
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are independently selected from the group consisting of
  • n and m are independent integers ranging from 0 to 4.
  • K 1 and K 2 are independently -CH 2 OH or -OC(O)R 5 ;
  • R 5 is selected from the group consisting of (C,-C 6 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl, (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl, phenyl, and benzyl.
  • Preferred compounds of formula I are selected from the group consisting of:
  • the compound of the invention is 6-(6-Hydroxy- 5 ,5 -dimethyl-hexyloxy)-2,2-dimethyl-hexan- 1 -o 1 ; phosphoric acid mono-(l,l-dimethyl-5-(5-methyl-5-phosphonooxy-hexyloxy)- pentyl) ester sodium salt; phosphoric acid dibenzyl ester 5-(5-(bis-benzyloxy-phosphoryloxy)-5-methyl- hexyloxy)- 1 , 1 -dimethyl-pentyl ester; phosphoric acid mono-( 1 , 1 -dimethyl-4-(4-methyl-4-phosphonooxy-pentyloxy)- butyl) ester sodium salt; phosphoric acid dibenzyl ester 4-(4-(bis-benzyloxy-phosphoryloxy)-4-methyl- pentyloxy)-lJ -dimethyl-butyl ester; or
  • FCH Familial combined hyperlipidemia
  • GDM Gestational diabetes mellitus
  • HDL High density lipoprotein
  • IDL Intermediate density lipoprotein IDDM: Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
  • LDH Lactate dehdyrogenase LDL: Low density lipoprotein Lp(a): Lipoprotein (a)
  • NIDDM Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
  • PPAR Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor
  • RXR Retinoid X receptor
  • VLDL Very low density lipoprotein
  • the term "compounds of the invention” means, collectively, the compounds of formulas I, XL, XLI, and XLII and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • the compounds of the invention are identified herein by their chemical structure and/or chemical name. Where a compound is referred to by both a chemical structure and a chemical name, and that chemical structure and chemical name conflict, the chemical structure is determinative of the compound's identity.
  • the compounds of the invention may contain one or more chiral centers and/or double bonds and, therefore, exist as stereoisomers, such as double-bond isomers (i.e., geometric isomers), enantiomers, or diastereomers.
  • the chemical structures depicted herein, and therefore the compounds of the invention encompass all of the corresponding compound's enantiomers and stereoisomers, that is, both the stereomerically pure form (e.g., geometrically pure, enantiomerically pure, or diastereomerically pure) and enantiomeric and stereoisomeric mixtures.
  • Enantiomeric and stereoisomeric mixtures can be resolved into their component enantiomers or stereoisomers by well known methods, such as chiral-phase gas chromatography, chiral-phase high performance liquid chromatography, crystallizing the compound as a chiral salt complex, or crystallizing the compound in a chiral solvent.
  • Enantiomers and stereoisomers can also be obtained from stereomerically- or enantiomerically-pure intermediates, reagents, and catalysts by well known asymmetric synthetic methods.
  • the compounds of the invention When administered to a patient, e.g., to an animal for veterinary use or for improvement of livestock, or to a human for clinical use, the compounds of the invention are administered in isolated form.
  • isolated means that the compounds of the invention are separated from other components of either (a) a natural source, such as a plant or cell, preferably bacterial culture, or (b) a synthetic organic chemical reaction mixture.
  • the compounds of the invention are purified.
  • purified means that when isolated, the isolate contains at least 95%, preferably at least 98%, of a single ether compound of the invention by weight of the isolate.
  • phrases "pharmaceutically acceptable salt(s),” as used herein includes but are not limited to salts of acidic or basic groups that may be present in compounds used in the present compositions.
  • Compounds included in the present compositions that are basic in nature are capable of forming a wide variety of salts with various inorganic and organic acids.
  • the acids that may be used to prepare pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts of such basic compounds are those that form non-toxic acid addition salts, i.e., salts containing pharmacologically acceptable anions, including but not limited to sulfuric, citric, maleic, acetic, oxalic, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, nitrate, sulfate, bisulfate, phosphate, acid phosphate, isonicotinate, acetate, lactate, salicylate, citrate, acid citrate, tartrate, oleate, tannate, pantothenate, bitartrate, ascorbate, succinate, maleate, gentisinate, fumarate, gluconate, glucaronate, saccharate, formate, benzoate, glutamate, methanesulfonate, ethanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate and pam
  • Compounds included in the present compositions that include an amino moiety may form pharmaceutically acceptable salts with various amino acids, in addition to the acids mentioned above.
  • Compounds, included in the present compositions, that are acidic in nature are capable of forming base salts with various pharmacologically acceptable cations.
  • Examples of such salts include alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salts and, particularly, calcium, magnesium, sodium lithium, zinc, potassium, and iron salts.
  • “Altering lipid metabolism” indicates an observable (measurable) change in at least one aspect of lipid metabolism, including but not limited to total blood lipid content, blood HDL cholesterol, blood LDL cholesterol, blood NLDL cholesterol, blood triglyceride, blood Lp(a), blood apo A-I, blood apo E and blood non-esterified fatty acids.
  • “Altering glucose metabolism” indicates an observable (measurable) change in at least one aspect of glucose metabolism, including but not limited to total blood glucose content, blood insulin, the blood insulin to blood glucose ratio, insulin sensitivity, and oxygen consumption.
  • a "therapeutically effective amount" of a composition of the invention is measured by the therapeutic effectiveness of a compound of the invention.
  • alkyl group means a saturated, monovalent unbranched or branched hydrocarbon chain.
  • alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, (C,-C 6 )alkyl groups, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, 2 -methyl- 1 -propyl, 2-methyl-2-propyl, 2-methyl-l -butyl, 3-methyl-l -butyl, 2-methyl-3 -butyl, 2,2-dimethyl-l- propyl, 2-methyl-l -pentyl, 3-methyl-l -pentyl, 4-methyl-l-pentyl, 2-methyl-2-pentyl, 3- methyl-2-pentyl, 4-methyl-2-pentyl, 2,2-dimethyl-l -butyl, 3,3-dimethyl-l-butyl, 2-ethyl-l- butyl, butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl,
  • alkyl group can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or two suitable substituents.
  • alkenyl group means a monovalent unbranched or branched hydrocarbon chain having one or more double bonds therein. The double bond of an alkenyl group can be unconjugated or conjugated to another unsaturated group.
  • Suitable alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to (C 2 -C 6 )alkenyl groups, such as vinyl, allyl, butenyl, pentenyl, hexenyl, butadienyl, pentadienyl, hexadienyl, 2-ethylhexenyl, 2-propyl- 2-butenyl, 4-(2-methyl-3-butene)-pentenyl.
  • An alkenyl group can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or two suitable substituents.
  • alkynyl group means monovalent unbranched or branched hydrocarbon chain having one or more triple bonds therein.
  • the triple bond of an alkynyl group can be unconjugated or conjugated to another unsaturated group.
  • Suitable alkynyl groups include, but are not limited to, (C 2 -C 6 )alkynyl groups, such as ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, pentynyl, hexynyl, methylpropynyl, 4-methyl-l -butynyl, 4-propyl-2-pentynyl, and 4-butyl-2-hexynyl.
  • An alkynyl group can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or two suitable substituents.
  • aryl group means a monocyclic or polycyclic-aromatic radical comprising carbon and hydrogen atoms.
  • suitable aryl groups include, but are not limited to, phenyl, tolyl, anthacenyl, fluorenyl, indenyl, azulenyl, and naphthyl, as well as benzo-fused carbocyclic moieties such as 5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthyl.
  • An aryl group can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or two suitable substituents.
  • the aryl group is a monocyclic ring, wherein the ring comprises 6 carbon atoms, referred to herein as "(C 6 )aryl".
  • heteroaryl group means a monocyclic- or polycyclic aromatic ring comprising carbon atoms, hydrogen atoms, and one or more heteroatoms, preferably 1 to 3 heteroatoms, independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.
  • heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidyl, pyrazyl, triazinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, (1,2,3,)- and (l,2,4)-triazolyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, tetrazolyl, furyl, thienyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, furyl, phienyl, isoxazolyl, and oxazolyl.
  • a heteroaryl group can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or two suitable substituents.
  • a heteroaryl group is a monocyclic ring, wherein the ring comprises 2 to 5 carbon atoms and 1 to 3 heteroatoms, referred to herein as "(C 2 -C 5 )heteroaryl".
  • a "cycloalkyl group” means a monocyclic or polycyclic saturated ring comprising carbon and hydrogen atoms and having no carbon-carbon multiple bonds.
  • cycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl groups, such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and cycloheptyl, and saturated cyclic and bicyclic te ⁇ enes.
  • a cycloalkyl group can be unsubstituted or substituted by one or two suitable substituents.
  • the cycloalkyl group is a monocyclic ring or bicyclic ring.
  • heterocycloalkyl group means a monocyclic or polycyclic ring comprising carbon and hydrogen atoms and at least one heteroatom, preferably, 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, and having no unsaturation.
  • heterocycloalkyl groups include pyrrolidinyl, pynolidino, piperidinyl, piperidino, piperazinyl, piperazino, morpholinyl, mo ⁇ holino, thiomo ⁇ holinyl, thiomo ⁇ holino, and pyranyl.
  • a heterocycloalkyl group can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or two suitable substituents.
  • the heterocycloalkyl group is a monocyclic or bicyclic ring, more preferably, a monocyclic ring, wherein the ring comprises from 3 to 6 carbon atoms and form 1 to 3 heteroatoms, referred to herein as (C [ -C 6 )heterocycloalkyl.
  • heterocyclic radical or “heterocyclic ring” means a heterocycloalkyl group or a heteroaryl group.
  • alkoxy group means an -O-alkyl group, wherein alkyl is as defined above.
  • An alkoxy group can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or two suitable substituents.
  • the alkyl chain of an alkyloxy group is from 1 to 6 carbon atoms in length, referred to herein as "(CX ⁇ alkoxy”.
  • aryloxy group means an -O-aryl group, wherein aryl is as defined above.
  • An aryloxy group can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or two suitable substituents.
  • the aryl ring of an aryloxy group is a monocyclic ring, wherein the ring comprises 6 carbon atoms, referred to herein as "(C 6 )aryloxy”.
  • benzyl means -CH 2 -phenyl.
  • phenyl means -C 6 H 5 .
  • a phenyl group can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or two suitable substituents.
  • hydrocarbyl group means a monovalent group selected from (C,- C 8 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 8 )alkenyl, and (C 2 -C 8 )alkynyl, optionally substituted with one or two suitable substituents.
  • the hydrocarbon chain of a hydrocarbyl group is from 1 to 6 carbon atoms in length, referred to herein as "(C,-C 6 )hydrocarbyl”.
  • a “carbonyl” group is a divalent group of the formula -C(O)-.
  • An “alkoxycarbonyl” group means a monovalent group of the formula -C(O)-alkoxy.
  • the hydrocarbon chain of an alkoxycarbonyl group is from 1 to 8 carbon atoms in length, referred to herein as a "lower alkoxycarbonyl” group.
  • a “carbamoyl” group means the radical -C(O)N(R') 2 , wherein R' is chosen from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, and aryl.
  • halogen means fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. Coreespondingly, the meaning of the terms “halo” and “Hal”encompass fluoro, chloro, bromo, and iodo.
  • a "suitable substituent” means a group that does not nullify the synthetic or pharmaceutical utility of the compounds of the invention or the intermediates useful for preparing them.
  • suitable substituents include, but are not limited to: (C,-C 8 )alkyl; (C,-C 8 )alkenyl; (C 1 -C 8 )alkynyl; (C 6 )aryl; (C 2 -C 5 )heteroaryl; (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl; (C -C 8 )alkoxy; (C 6 )aryloxy; -CN; -OH; oxo; halo, -CO 2 H; -NH 2 ; -NH((C -C 8 )alkyl); - ⁇ (C.-C ⁇ alkyl),; -NH((C 6 )aryl); -N((C 6 )aryl) 2 ; -CHO; -CO((C,--
  • the compounds of the invention can be obtained via the synthetic methodology illustrated in Schemes 1-9.
  • Starting materials useful for preparing the compounds of the invention and intermediates therefor, are commercially available or can be prepared by well known synthetic methods.
  • n is 0 or 1 XV, wherein n is an integer ranging from 0 to 5
  • n and m are identical and are integers ranging f rom 1 to 4 and
  • K 1 and K 2 are both -CH 2 OH
  • SCHEME 9 Synthesis of compounds of formula I. wherein K 1 and K 2 are both -CH 2 OH
  • Scheme 1 illustrates the synthesis of mono-protected diols of the formula X, wherein n is an integer ranging from 0 to 5 and R 1 and R 2 are as defined above.
  • Scheme 1 first outlines the synthesis of mono-protected diols X, wherein n is 0, where esters of formula VII are successively reacted with a first ((R') p -M) then a second ((R 2 ) p -M) organometallic reagent providing ketones of formula VIII and alcohols of formula IX, respectively.
  • M is a metal group and p is the metal's valency value (e.g., the valency of Li is 1 and that of Zn is 2).
  • Suitable metals include, but are not limited to, Zn, Na, Li, and - Mg-Hal, wherein Hal is a halide selected from iodo, bromo, or chloro.
  • M is -Mg-Hal, in which case the organometallic reagents, (R') p -Mg-Hal and (R 2 ) p -Mg-Hal, are known in the art as a Grignard reagents.
  • Esters of formula VII are available commercially (e.g., Aldrich Chemical Co., Milwaukee, Wisconsin) or can be prepared by well-known synthetic methods, for example, via esterification of the appropriate 5-halovaleric acid (commercially available, e.g., Aldrich Chemical Co., Milwaukee, Wisconsin).
  • Both (R') p -M and (R 2 ) p -M are available commercially (e.g., Aldrich Chemical Co., Milwaukee, Wisconsin) or can be prepared by well-known methods (see e.g., Kharasch et al, Grignard Reactions of Non-Metallic Substances; Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, pp.
  • reaction can be performed by adding an organic solution of (R') p -M (about 0.5 to about 1 equivalents) to a stirred, cooled (about 0°C to about -80°C) solution comprising esters VII, under an inert atmosphere (e.g., nitrogen) to give a reaction mixture comprising ketones VIII.
  • (R') p -M is added at a rate such that the reaction-mixture temperature remains within about one to two degrees of the initial reaction-mixture temperature.
  • the progress of the reaction can be followed by using an appropriate analytical method, such as thin-layer chromatography or high- performance-liquid chromatography.
  • an organic solution of (R 2 ) p -M (about 0.5 to about 1 equivalent) is added to the reaction mixture comprising ketones VIII in the same manner used to add (R') p -M.
  • the reaction mixture can be quenched and the product can be isolated by workup.
  • Suitable solvents for obtaining alcohols IX include, but are not limited to, dichloromethane, diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, benzene, toluene, xylene, hydrocarbon solvents (e.g., pentane, hexane, and heptane), and mixtures thereof.
  • the organic solvent is diethyl ether or tetrahydrofuran.
  • alcohols IX are converted to mono-protected diols X, wherein n is 0, using the well-known Williamson ether synthesis. This involves reacting alcohols IX with " O-PG, wherein -PG is a hydroxy-protecting group.
  • hydroxy- protecting group means a group that is reversibly attached to a hydroxy moiety that renders the hydroxy moiety unreactive during a subsequent reaction(s) and that can be selectively cleaved to regenerate the hydroxy moiety once its protecting purpose has been served. Examples of hydroxy-protecting groups are found in Greene, T.W., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3rd edition 17-237 (1999), incorporated herein by reference.
  • the hydroxy-protecting group is stable in a basic reaction medium, but can be cleaved by acid.
  • suitable base-stable acid-labile hydroxy-protecting groups suitable for use with the invention include, but are not limited to, ethers, such as methyl, methoxy methyl, methylthiomethyl, methoxyethoxymethyl, bts(2-chloroethoxy)methyl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, tetrahyrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiofuranyl, 1- ethoxyethyl, 1 -methyl- 1-methoxyethyl, t-butyl, allyl, benzyl, o-nitrobenzyl, triphenylmethyl, ⁇ -naphthyldiphenylmethyl, jp-methoxyphenyldiphenylmethyl, 9-(9- phenyl-10-oxo)anth
  • Ethers are preferred, particularly straight chain ethers, such as methyl ether, methoxymethyl ether, methylthiomethyl ether, methoxyethoxymethyl ether, bt-?(2-chloroethoxy)methyl ether.
  • -PG is methoxymethyl (CH 3 OCH 2 -).
  • Reaction of alcohols IX with ⁇ O-PG under the conditions of the Williamson ether synthesis involves adding a base to a stirred organic solution comprising HO-PG (e.g., methoxymethanol), maintained at a constant temperature within the range of about 0°C to about 80°C, preferably at about room temperature.
  • HO-PG e.g., methoxymethanol
  • the base is added at a rate such that the reaction-mixture temperature remains within about one to two degrees of the initial reaction-mixture temperature.
  • the base can be added as an organic solution or in undiluted form.
  • the base will have a base strength sufficient to deprotonate a proton, wherein the proton has a pK a of greater than about 15, preferably greater than about 20.
  • the acidity of an acid H-A is proportional to the stability of its conjugate base " A.
  • Suitable bases include, but are not limited to, alkylmetal bases such as methyllithium, «-butyllithium, tert-butyllithium, sec-butyllithium, phenyllithium, phenyl sodium, and phenyl potassium; metal amide bases such as lithium amide, sodium amide, potassium amide, lithium tetramethylpiperidide, lithium diisopropylamide, lithium diethylamide, lithium dicyclohexylamide, sodium hexamethyldisilazide, and lithium hexamethyldisilazide; and hydride bases such as sodium hydride and potassium hydride.
  • the preferred base is lithium diisopropylamide.
  • Solvents suitable for reacting alcohols IX with -OPG include, but are not limited, to dimethyl sulfoxide, dichloromethane, ethers, and mixtures thereof, preferably tetrahydrofuran.
  • the reaction mixture can be adjusted to within a temperature range of about 0°C to about room temperature and alcohols IX can be added, preferably at a rate such that the reaction- mixture temperature remains within about one to two degrees of the initial reaction-mixture temperature.
  • Alcohols of formula IX can be diluted in an organic solvent or added in their undiluted form.
  • the resulting reaction mixture is stirred until the reaction is substantially complete as determined by using an appropriate analytical method, preferably by gas chromatography, then the mono-protected diols X can be isolated by workup and purification.
  • Scheme 1 outlines a method useful for synthesizing mono-protected diols X, wherein n is 1.
  • compounds of formula XI wherein X is a suitable leaving group, are reacted with compounds of formula XII, wherein R 1 and R 2 are as defined above and R 8 is H, (C j -C ⁇ alkyl or (C 6 )aryl, providing compounds of formula XIII.
  • Compounds of formula XI are available commercially (e.g., Aldrich Chemical Co., Milwaukee, Wisconsin) or can be prepared by well-known methods such as halogenation or sulfonation of butanediol.
  • a suitable base will have a pK a of greater than about 25, more preferably greater than about 30.
  • Suitable bases include, but are not limited to, alkylmetal bases such as methyllithium, H-butyllithium, tert-butyllithium, .sec-butyllithium, phenyllithium, phenyl sodium, and phenyl potassium; metal amide bases such as lithium amide, sodium amide, potassium amide, lithium tetramethylpiperidide, lithium diisopropylamide, lithium diethylamide, lithium dicyclohexylamide, sodium hexamethyldisilazide, and lithium hexamethyldisilazide; hydride bases such as sodium hydride and potassium hydride.
  • Metal amide bases such as lithium diisopropylamide are preferred.
  • a solution of about 1 to about 2 equivalents of a suitable base is added to a stirred solution comprising esters of formula XII and a suitable organic solvent, under an inert atmosphere, the solution maintained at a constant temperature within the range of about -95 °C to about room temperature, preferably at about -78 °C to about -20°C.
  • the base is diluted in a suitable organic solvent before addition.
  • the base is added at a rate of about 1.5 moles per hour.
  • Organic solvents suitable for the reaction of compounds of formula XI with the compounds of formula XII include, but are not limited to, dichloromethane, diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, benzene, toluene, xylene, hydrocarbon solvents (e.g., pentane, hexane, and heptane), and mixtures thereof.
  • the reaction mixture is allowed to stir for about 1 to about 2 hours, and a compound of formula XI, preferably dissolved in a suitable organic solvent, is added, preferably at a rate such that the reaction-mixture temperature remains within about one to two degrees of the initial reaction-mixture temperature.
  • reaction- mixture temperature can be adjusted to within a temperature range of about -20 °C to about room temperature, preferably to about room temperature, and the reaction mixture is allowed to stir until the reaction is substantially complete as determined by using an appropriated analytical method, preferably thin-layer chromatography or high-performance liquid chromatography. Then the reaction mixture is quenched and compounds XIII, wherein n is 1 can be isolated by workup. Compounds XIV are then synthesized by reacting compounds XIII with " O-PG according to the protocol described above for reacting alcohols IX with " O-PG.
  • compounds XIV can be converted to mono- protected diols X, wherein n is 1, by reduction of the ester group of compounds XIV to an alcohol group with a suitable reducing agent.
  • a suitable reducing agent e.g., see M. Hudlicky, Reductions in Organic Chemistry, 2nd ed., 1996 pp. 212-217, incorporated by reference herein.
  • the reduction is effected with a hydride type reducing agent, for example, lithium aluminum hydride, lithium borohydride, lithium triethyl borohydride, diisobutylaluminum hydride, lithium trimethoxyaluminum hydride, or sodium bw(2-methoxy)aluminum hydride.
  • a hydride type reducing agent for example, lithium aluminum hydride, lithium borohydride, lithium triethyl borohydride, diisobutylaluminum hydride, lithium trimethoxyaluminum hydride, or sodium bw(2-methoxy)aluminum hydride.
  • the reduction is conducted by adding an organic solution of compounds XIV to a stirred mixture comprising a reducing agent, preferably lithium aluminum hydride, and an organic solvent.
  • a reducing agent preferably lithium aluminum hydride, and an organic solvent.
  • reaction mixture is maintained at a constant temperature within the range of about -20 °C to about 80 °C, preferably at about room temperature.
  • Organic solvents suitable for reacting XIII with -OPG include, but are not limited to, dichloromethane, diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran or mixtures thereof, preferably tetrahydrofuran.
  • the reaction mixture is stirred at a constant temperature within the range of about room temperature to about 60°C, until the reaction is substantially complete as determined by using an appropriate analytical method, preferably thin-layer chromatography or high-performance-liquid chromatography. Then the reaction mixture can be quenched and mono-protected diols X, wherein n is 1, can be isolated by workup and purification.
  • Scheme 1 next illustrates a three step synthetic sequence for homologating mono-protected diols X comprising: (a) halogenation ( converting -CH 2 OH to -CH 2 -Hal); (b) carbonylation (replacing -Hal with -CHO); and (c) reduction (converting -CHO to -CH 2 OH), wherein a reaction sequence of (a), (b), and (c) increases the value of n by 1.
  • step (a) protected halo-alcohols of formula XV wherein Hal is a halide selected from the group of chloro, bromo, or iodo, preferably iodo, can be prepared by halogenating mono- protected diols X, by using well-known methods (for a discussion of various methods for conversion of alcohols to halides see March, J. Advanced Organic Chemistry; Reactions Mechanisms, and Structure, 4th ed., 1992, pp. 431 -433, incorporated herein by reference).
  • protected iodo-alcohols XV can be synthesized starting from mono-protected diols X by treatment with Ph 3 /I 2 /imidazole (Garegg et al., 1980, J.C.S Perkin 72866 ); 1,2- dipheneylene phosphorochloridite/I 2 (Corey et al., 1961, J. Org. Chem. 82:4160); or preferably with Me 3 SiCl/NaI (Olah et al.,1919, J. Org. Chem. 44:8, 1247), all of which citations are incorporated by reference herein.
  • Protected halo- alcohols XV can be carbonylated with Li(BF 3 « Et 2 O)/HCONMe 2 using the procedure described in Maddaford et al., 1993, J. Org. Chem. 58:4132; Becker et al, 1982, J. Org. Chem.
  • Reduction step (c) useful for synthesizing mono-protected diols X from aldehydes of formula XVI can be accomplished by well-known methods in the art for reduction of aldehydes to the corresponding alcohols (for a discussion see M. Hudlicky, Reductions in Organic Chemistry, 2nd ed., 1996 pp 137-139), for example, by catalytic hydrogenation (see e.g., Carothers, 1949, J. Am. Chem .Soc.
  • aldehydes XVI with a hydride reducing agent, such as lithium aluminum hydride, lithium borohydride, sodium borohydride (see e.g., the procedures described in Chaikin et ⁇ /.J949, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 71:3245; Nystrom et al., 941, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 69:1197; and Nystrom et al., 949, J. Am. Chem. 71:3245, all of which are incorporated by reference herein). Reduction with lithium aluminum hydride is preferred.
  • Scheme 2 outlines methodology for the synthesis of protected alcohols of formula XVII, wherein K 1 , R 1 , R 2 , and n are defined as above, which protected alcohols can be converted to alcohols of formula XVIII by hydroxy-group deprotection.
  • Protected alcohols XVII, wherein K 1 is -C(O)OH can be synthesized by oxidizing mono-protected diols X with an agent suitable for oxidizing a primary alcohol to a carboxylic acid (for a discussion see M. Hudlicky, Oxidations in Organic Chemistry, ACS Monograph 186, 1990, pp. 127-130, incorporated by reference herein).
  • Suitable oxidizing agents include, but are not limited to, pyridinium dichromate (Corey et al., 1919, Tetrahedron Lett. 399 ); manganese dioxide (Ahrens et al., 1961, J. Heterocycl. Chem. 4:625); sodium permanganate monohydrate (Menger et al, 198 l,Tetrahedron Lett. 22: 1655); and potassium permanganate (Sam et al., 1912, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 94:4024), all of which citations are incorporated by reference herein.
  • the preferred oxidizing reagent is pyridinium dichromate.
  • protected alcohols XVII wherein K 1 is -C(O)OH
  • protected halo-alcohols XV wherein X is iodo
  • CO or CO 2 as described in Bailey et ⁇ /.J990, J. Org. Chem. 55:5404 and Yanagisawa et al, 1994, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 116:6130. the two of which citations are incorporated by reference herein.
  • Protected alcohols XVII wherein K 1 is -C(O)OR 5 , wherein R 5 is as defined above, can be synthesized by oxidation of mono-protected diols X in the presence of R 5 OH (see generally, March, j. Advanced Organic Chemistry; Reactions Mechanisms, and Structure, 4th ed., 1992, p. 1196).
  • An exemplary procedures for such an oxidation are described in Stevens et ⁇ /.J982, Tetrahedron Lett. 23:4647 (HOC1); Sundararaman et ⁇ /.J978, Tetrahedron Lett. 1627 (O 3 /KOH); Wilson et ⁇ /.J982, J. Org. Chem.
  • protected alcohols XVII wherein K 1 is -C(O)OR 5 are synthesized from the corresponding carboxylic acid (i.e., XVII, wherein K 1 is -C(O)OH) by esterification with R 5 OH (e.g., see March, ., Advanced Organic Chemistry; Reactions Mechanisms, and Structure, 4th ed., 1992, p. 393- 394, incorporated by reference herein).
  • protected alcohols XVII wherein K 1 is -C(O)OR 5
  • K 1 is -C(O)OR 5
  • protected halo-alcohols XV by carbonylation with transition metal complexes (see e.g., March, J. Advanced Organic Chemistry; Reactions Mechanisms, and Structure, 4th ed., 1992, p. 484-486; Urata et /.J991, Tetrahedron Lett. 32:36, 4733); and Ogata et ⁇ /.J969, J. Org. Chem. 3985. the three of which citations are incorporated by reference herein).
  • Protected alcohols XVII wherein K 1 is -OC(O)R 5 , wherein R 5 is as defined above, can be prepared by acylation of mono-protected diols X with a carboxylate equivalent such as an acyl halide (i.e., R 5 C(O)-Hal, wherein Hal is iodo, bromo, or chloro, see e.g., March, J. Advanced Organic Chemistry; Reactions Mechanisms, and Structure, 4th ed., 1992, p. 392 and Org. Synth. Coll. Vol. Ill, Wiley, NY, pp.
  • acyl halide i.e., R 5 C(O)-Hal, wherein Hal is iodo, bromo, or chloro
  • R 5 C(O)-O-(O)CR 5 see e.g., March, J. Advanced Organic Chemistry; Reactions Mechanisms, and Structure, 4th ed., 1992, p. 392-393 and Org. Synth. Coll Vol. Ill, Wiley, NY, pp. 11, 127, 141, 169, 237, 281, 428, 432, 690, and 833 (1955), all of which citations are incorporated herein by reference).
  • the reaction is conducted by adding a base to a solution comprising mono-protected diols X, a carboxylate equivalent, and an organic solvent, which solution is preferably maintained at a constant temperature within the range of 0°C to about room temperature.
  • Solvents suitable for reacting mono-protected diols X with a carboxylate equivalent include, but are not limited to, dichloromethane, toluene, and ether, preferably dichloromethane.
  • Suitable bases include, but are not limited to, hydroxide sources, such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, or potassium carbonate; or an amine such as triethylamine, pyridine, or dimethylaminopyridine, amines are preferred.
  • hydroxide sources such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, or potassium carbonate
  • amine such as triethylamine, pyridine, or dimethylaminopyridine, amines are preferred.
  • the progress of the reaction can be followed by using an appropriate analytical technique, such as thin layer chromatography or high performance liquid chromatography and when substantially complete, the product can be isolated by workup and purified if desired.
  • OR 6 ' OR 6 OR 6 ' OR 6 OR 6 OR 6 OR 6 wherein R 6 is defined as above, can be prepared by phosphorylation of mono-protected diols X according to well-known methods (for a general reviews, see Corbridge Phosphorus: An Outline of its Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Uses, Studies in Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd ed., pp. 357-395 (1985); Ramirez et al, 1978, Ace. Chem. Res. 11:239; and Kalckare Biological Phosphorylations, Prentice-Hall, New York (1969); J. B. Sweeny in Comprehensive Organic Functional Group Transformations, A.R. Katritzky, O. Meth- Cohn and C.W. Rees, Eds. Pergamon: Oxford, 1995, vol 2, pp. 104-109, the four of which are incorporated herein by reference).
  • R 6 is defined as above, can be prepared by treatment of mono-protected diol X with phosphorous oxychloride in a suitable solvent, such as xylene or toluene, at a constant temperature within the range of about 100°C to about 150°C for about 2 hours to about 24 hours. After the reaction is deemed substantially complete, by using an appropriate analytical method, the reaction mixture is hydrolyzed with R 6 -OH. Suitable procedures are referenced in Houben-Weyl, Methoden der Organische Chemie, Georg Thieme Nerlag Stuttgart 1964, vol. XII/2, pp. 143-210 and 872-879, incorporated by reference herein.
  • both R 6 when both R 6 are hydrogen, can be synthesized by reacting mono-protected diols X with silyl polyphosphate (Okamoto et al, 1985, Bull Chem. Soc. Jpn. 58:3393, incorporated herein by reference) or by hydrogenolysis of their benzyl or phenyl esters (Chen et ⁇ /.J998, J. Org. Chem. 63:6511, incorporated herein by reference).
  • the monophosphate esters can be prepared by reacting mono-protected diols X with appropriately substituted phophoramidites followed by oxidation of the intermediate with m-chloroperbenzoic acid (Yu et ⁇ /.J988, Tetrahedron Lett. 29:979, incorporated herein by reference) or by reacting mono-protected diols X with dialkyl or diaryl substituted phosphorochloridates (Pop, et ⁇ /,1997, Org. Prep, and Proc.
  • the phosphoramidites are commercially available (e.g., Aldrich Chemical Co., Milwaukee, Wisconsin) or readily prepared according to literature procedures (see e.g., Uhlmann et ⁇ /J986, Tetrahedron Lett. 27:1023 and Tanaka et al, 1988, Tetrahedron Lett. 29:199, both of which are incorporated herein by reference).
  • the phosphorochloridates are also commercially available (e.g., Aldrich Chemical Co., Milwaukee, Wisconsin) or prepared according to literature methods (e.g., Gajda et al, l995, Synthesis 25:4099.
  • protected alcohols XVII wherein K 1 is a monophosphate group and R 6 is alkyl or aryl, can be prepared by reacting IP + (OR 6 ) 3 with mono-protected diols X according to the procedure described in Stowell et al, 1995, Tetrahedron Lett. 36:11, 1825 or by alkylation of protected halo alcohols XV with the appropriate dialkyl or diaryl phosphates (see e.g., Okamoto, 1985, Bull Chem. Soc. Jpn. 58:3393, incorporated herein by reference).
  • Protected alcohols XVII wherein K 1 is a diphosphate group of the formula wherein R 6 is defined as above, can be synthesized by reacting protected alcohols XVII, of the formula:
  • protected alcohols XVII wherein K 1 is the triphosphate group can be prepared by reacting mono-protected diols X with salicyl phosphorochloridite and then pyrophosphate and subsequent cleavage of the adduct thus obtained with iodine in pyridine as described in Ludwig et ⁇ /.J989, J. Org. Chem. 54:631, incorporated herein by reference.
  • protected alcohols XVII can be synthesized by reacting protected halo-alcohols XV with sodium sulfite as described in Gilbert Sulfonation and Related Reactions; Wiley: New York, 1965, pp. 136-148 and pp. 161-163; Org. Synth. Coll. Vol. II, Wiley, NY, 558, 564 (1943); and Org. Synth. Coll. Vol. IV, Wiley, NY, 529 (1963), all three of which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • protected alcohols XVII can be prepared by reacting protected halo-alcohols XV with the corresponding heterocycle in the presence of a base.
  • the heterocycles are available commercially (e.g., Aldrich Chemical Co., Milwaukee, Wisconsin) or prepared by well- known synthetic methods (see the procedures described in Ware, 1950, Chem. Rev. 46:403- 470, incorporated herein by reference).
  • the reaction is conducted by stirring a mixture comprising XV, the heterocycle, and a solvent at a constant temperature within the range of about room temperature to about 100°C, preferably within the range of about 50°C to about 70°C for about 10 to about 48 hours.
  • Suitable bases include hydroxide bases such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, or potassium carbonate.
  • the solvent used in forming protected alcohols XVII is selected from dimethylformamide; formamide; dimethyl sulfoxide; alcohols, such as methanol or ethanol; and mixtures thereof.
  • the progress of the reaction can be followed by using an appropriate analytical technique, such as thin layer chromatography or high performance liquid chromatography and when substantially complete, the product can be isolated by workup and purified if desired.
  • heteroaryl rings can be prepared by metallating the suitable heteroaryl ring then reacting the resulting metallated heteroaryl ring with protected halo-alcohols XV (for a review, see Katritzky Handbook of Heterocyclic Chemistry, Pergamon Press: Oxford 1985).
  • the heteroaryl rings are available commercially or prepared by well-known synthetic methods (see e.g., Joule et al, Heterocyclic Chemistry, 3rd ed., 1995; De Sarlo et al, 91l, J. Chem. Soc. (C) 86; Oster et ⁇ /.J983, J. Org. Chem. 48:4307; Iwai et al, 1966, Chem. Pharm. Bull.
  • the term "metallating" means the forming of a carbon-metal bond, which bond may be substantially ionic in character.
  • Metallation can be accomplished by adding about 2 equivalents of strong organometallic base, preferably with a pK a of about 25 or more, more preferably with a pK-. of greater than about 35, to a mixture comprising a suitable organic solvent and the heterocycle. Two equivalents of base are required: one equivalent of the base deprotonates the -OH group or the -NH group, and the second equivalent metallates the heteroaryl ring.
  • the hydroxy group of the heteroaryl ring can be protected with a base-stable, acid-labile protecting group as described in Greene, T.W., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3rd edition 17-237 (1999), incorporated herein by reference. Where the hydroxy group is protected, only one equivalent of base is required.
  • Suitable base-stable, acid-labile hydroxyl-protecting groups include but are not limited to, ethers, such as methyl, methoxy methyl, methylthiomethyl, methoxyethoxymethyl, b/-?(2-chloroethoxy)methyl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, tetrahyrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiofuranyl, 1-ethoxyethyl, 1 -methyl- 1- methoxyethyl, t-butyl, allyl, benzyl, o-nitrobenzyl, triphenylmethyl, ⁇ - naphthyldiphenylmethyl, »-methoxyphenyldiphenylmethyl, 9-(9-phenyl- 10-oxo)anthranyl, trimethylsilyl, isopropyldimethylsilyl, t-butyldimethylsilyl, t-butyl
  • Ethers are preferred, particularly straight chain ethers, such as methyl ether, methoxymethyl ether, methylthiomethyl ether, methoxyethoxymethyl ether, bis(2- chloroethoxy)methyl ether.
  • the pK-. of the base is higher than the pK. of the proton of the heterocycle to be deprotonated.
  • Suitable bases include, but are not limited to, alkylmetal bases such as methyllithium, «-butyllithium, tert-butyllithium, ⁇ ec-butyllithium, phenyllithium, phenyl sodium, and phenyl potassium; metal amide bases such as lithium amide, sodium amide, potassium amide, lithium tetramethylpiperidide, lithium diisopropylamide, lithium diethylamide, lithium dicyclohexylamide, sodium hexamethyldisilazide, and lithium hexamethyldisilazide; and hydride bases such as sodium hydride and potassium hydride.
  • alkylmetal bases such as methyllithium, «-butyllithium, tert-butyllithium, ⁇ ec-butyllithium, phenyllithium, phenyl sodium, and phenyl potassium
  • metal amide bases such as lithium amide, sodium amide, potassium amide,
  • the organometallic base can be activated with a complexing agent, such as N,N,N',N -tetramethylefhylenediamine or hexamethylphosphoramide (1970, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 92:4664, incorporated by reference herein).
  • Solvents suitable for synthesizing protected alcohols XVII, wherein K 1 is a heteroaryl ring include, but are not limited to, diethyl ether; tetrahydrofuran; and hydrocarbons, such as pentane.
  • metallation occurs alpha to the heteroatom due to the inductive effect of the heteroatom, however, modification of conditions, such as the identity of the base and solvents, order of reagent addition, reagent addition times, and reaction and addition temperatures can be modified by one of skill in the art to achieve the desired metallation position (see e.g., Joule et al, Heterocyclic Chemistry, 3rd ed., 1995, pp.
  • the position of metallation can be controlled by use of a halogenated heteroaryl group, wherein the halogen is located on the position of the heteroaryl ring where metallation is desired (see e.g., Joule et al, Heterocyclic Chemistry, 3rd ed., 1995, p. 33 and Saulnier et al, 1982, J. Org. Chem. 47:757, the two of which citations are incorporated by reference herein).
  • Halogenated heteroaryl groups are available commercially (e.g., Aldrich Chemical Co., Milwaukee, Wisconsin) or can be prepared by well-known synthetic methods (see e.g., Joule et al, Heterocyclic Chemistry, 3rd ed., 1995, pp. 78, 85, 122, 193, 234, 261, 280, 308, incorporated by reference herein).
  • the reaction mixture comprising the metallated heteroaryl ring is adjusted to within a temperature range of about 0°C to about room temperature and protected halo-alcohols XV (diluted with a solvent or in undiluted form) are added, preferably at a rate such that the reaction-mixture temperature remains within about one to two degrees of the initial reaction-mixture temperature.
  • protected halo-alcohols XV the reaction mixture is stirred at a constant temperature within the range of about room temperature and about the solvent's boiling temperature and the reaction's progress can be monitored by the appropriate analytical technique, preferably thin-layer chromatography or high-performance liquid chromatography.
  • protected alcohols XVII can be isolated by workup and purification.
  • protected alcohols XVII can be prepared from aldehydes XVI and protected halo-alcohols XV, respectively, by a one-pot-addition-lactonization according to the procedure of Masamune et ⁇ /.J976, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 98:7874 and Danheiser et al, 1991 , J. Org. Chem. 56: 1176, both of which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • This one-pot-addition- lactonization methodology has been reviewed by Multzer in Comprehensive Organic Functional Group Transformations, A.R. Katritzky, O. Meth-Cohn and C.W. Rees, Eds. Pergamon: Oxford, 1995, vol 5, pp. 161, incorporated herein by reference
  • K 1 is a gamma- or delta-lactone of the formula:
  • protected alcohols XVII can be prepared from aldehydes XVI according to well known synthetic methodology.
  • aldehydes XVI can be treated with about 1 equivalent of a strong organometallic base, preferably with a pK, of about 25 or more, more preferably with a pK-. of greater than about 35, in a suitable organic solvent to give a reaction mixture.
  • Suitable bases include, but are not limited to, alkylmetal bases such as methyllithium, H-butyllithium, tert-butyllithium, -?ec-butyllithium, phenyllithium, phenyl sodium, and phenyl potassium; metal amide bases such as lithium amide, sodium amide, potassium amide, lithium tetramethylpiperidide, lithium diisopropylamide, lithium diethylamide, lithium dicyclohexylamide, sodium hexamethyldisilazide, and lithium hexamethyldisilazide; and hydride bases such as sodium hydride and potassium hydride, preferably lithium tetramethylpiperidide.
  • alkylmetal bases such as methyllithium, H-butyllithium, tert-butyllithium, -?ec-butyllithium, phenyllithium, phenyl sodium, and phenyl potassium
  • metal amide bases
  • Suitable solvents include, but are not limited to, diethyl ether and tetrahydrofuran.
  • the reaction-mixture temperature is adjusted to within the range of about 0°C to about 100°C, preferably about room temperature to about 50°C, and a halide of the formula:
  • protected alcohols XVII can be synthesized by deprotonating the respective lactone with a strong base providing the corresponding lactone enolate and reacting the enolate with protected halo-alcohols XV (for a detailed discussion of enolate formation of active methylene compounds such as lactones, see House Modern Synthetic Reactions; W. A.
  • Lactone-enolate formation can be accomplished by adding about 1 equivalent of a strong organometallic base, preferably with a pK, of about
  • Suitable bases include, but are not limited to, alkylmetal bases such as methyllithium, n-butyllithium, tert-butyllithium, sec-butyllithium, phenyllithium, phenyl sodium, and phenyl potassium; metal amide bases such as lithium amide, sodium amide, potassium amide, lithium tetramethylpiperidide,
  • Solvents suitable for lactone-enolate formation include, but are not limited to, diethyl ether and tetrahydrofuran.
  • the reaction-mixture temperature is adjusted to within the range of about -78°C to about room temperature, preferably about -50°C to about 0°C, and protected halo-alcohols XV (diluted with a solvent or in undiluted form) are added, preferably at a rate such that the reaction-mixture temperature remains within about one to two degrees of the initial reaction-mixture temperature.
  • the reaction mixture is stirred for a period of about 15 minutes to about 5 hours, during which time the reaction's progress can be followed by using an appropriate analytical technique, such as thin layer chromatography or high performance liquid chromatography.
  • protected alcohols XVII can be isolated by workup and purified if desired.
  • K 1 is a gamma- or delta-lactone of the formula:
  • gamma-lactone delta lactone protected alcohols XVII can be prepared according to a three step sequence.
  • the first step comprises base-mediated reaction of protected halo-alcohols XV with succinic acid esters (i.e., RO 2 CCH 2 CH 2 CO 2 R, wherein R is alkyl) or glutaric acid esters (i.e., RO 2 CCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CO 2 R, wherein R is alkyl) providing a diester intermediate of the formula:
  • reaction can be performed by adding about 1 equivalent of a strong organometallic base, preferably with a pK a of about 25 or more, more preferably with a pK a of greater than about 35, to a mixture comprising a suitable organic solvent and the succinic or glutaric acid ester.
  • Suitable bases include, but are not limited to, alkylmetal bases such as methyllithium, n-butyllithium, tert-butyllithium, sec-butyllithium, phenyllithium, phenyl sodium, and phenyl potassium; metal amide bases such as lithium amide, sodium amide, potassium amide, lithium tetramethylpiperidide, lithium diisopropylamide, lithium diethylamide, lithium dicyclohexylamide, sodium hexamethyldisilazide, and lithium hexamethyldisilazide; and hydride bases such as sodium hydride and potassium hydride, preferably lithium tetramethylpiperidide.
  • alkylmetal bases such as methyllithium, n-butyllithium, tert-butyllithium, sec-butyllithium, phenyllithium, phenyl sodium, and phenyl potassium
  • metal amide bases such as lithium amide,
  • Suitable solvents include, but are not limited to, diethyl ether and tetrahydrofuran.
  • the reaction-mixture temperature is adjusted to within the range of about -78°C to about room temperature, preferably about -50°C to about 0°C, and protected halo-alcohols XV (diluted with a solvent or in undiluted form) are added, preferably at a rate such that the reaction-mixture temperature remains within about one to two degrees of the initial reaction-mixture temperature.
  • the reaction mixture is stirred for a period of about 15 minutes to about 5 hours, during which time the reaction's progress can be followed by using an appropriate analytical technique, such as thin layer chromatography or high performance liquid chromatography.
  • the diester intermediate be isolated by workup and purified if desired.
  • the intermediate diester can be reduced, with a hydride reducing agent, to yield a diol of the formula:
  • the reduction can be performed according to the procedures referenced in March, J. Advanced Organic Chemistry; Reactions Mechanisms, and Structure, 4th ed., 1992, p. 1214, incorporated herein by reference).
  • Suitable reducing agents include, but are not limited to, lithium aluminum hydride, diisobutylaluminum hydride, sodium borohydride, and lithium borohydride).
  • the diol can be oxidatively cyclized with RuH 2 (PPh 3 ) 4 to the product lactones XVII according to the procedure of Yoshikawa et al, 1986, J. Org. Chem. 51:2034 and Yoshikawa et ⁇ /.J983, Tetrahedron Lett. 26:2677, both of which citations are incorporated herein by reference.
  • K 1 is a lactone of the formula:

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