WO2000039256A1 - Composition d'huile lubrifiante haute temperature - Google Patents
Composition d'huile lubrifiante haute temperature Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2000039256A1 WO2000039256A1 PCT/JP1999/007202 JP9907202W WO0039256A1 WO 2000039256 A1 WO2000039256 A1 WO 2000039256A1 JP 9907202 W JP9907202 W JP 9907202W WO 0039256 A1 WO0039256 A1 WO 0039256A1
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- lubricating oil
- oil composition
- weight
- antioxidant
- base oil
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- C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
- C10M169/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by containing as components a mixture of at least two types of ingredient selected from base-materials, thickeners or additives, covered by the preceding groups, each of these compounds being essential
- C10M169/04—Mixtures of base-materials and additives
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- C10M105/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a non-macromolecular organic compound
- C10M105/08—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a non-macromolecular organic compound containing oxygen
- C10M105/32—Esters
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- C10M107/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a macromolecular compound
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- C10M135/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium
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- C10M2205/00—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions
- C10M2205/02—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers
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- C10M2205/02—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers
- C10M2205/022—Ethene
- C10M2205/0225—Ethene used as base material
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- C10M2205/02—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers
- C10M2205/026—Butene
- C10M2205/0265—Butene used as base material
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- C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
- C10N2030/08—Resistance to extreme temperature
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a high-temperature lubricating oil composition, and more particularly, to a high-temperature lubricating oil composition used for chains, mouth latches, chain conveyors, bearings, and the like.
- Lubricating oil used for chains, roller chains, chain conveyors, bearings, etc. is exposed to high temperatures, and the amount of evaporation of the lubricating oil has a significant effect on the life of the equipment. Under these high-temperature conditions, lubricating oil loses its conventional viscosity and becomes a thin film, and evaporation must be controlled under more severe conditions.
- Conventional high-temperature lubricating oils used high-molecular, high-viscosity oils to suppress evaporation. However, such oils have a small amount of evaporation, but have a large power loss, and are not preferable in terms of the overall performance of the lubricating oil.
- the present invention has been made from the above viewpoints, and has an object to provide a high-temperature lubricating oil composition in which a thin film, an amount of evaporation at a high temperature is suppressed, and fluidity is maintained for a long time. is there. Disclosure of the invention
- the gist of the present invention is as follows.
- R 1 represents an alkyl group having 6 to 16 carbon atoms, and n represents an integer of 1 to 6.
- a base oil composition comprising 20 to 100% by weight of an aromatic ester compound represented by the formula (b) and 0 to 80% by weight of another base oil, based on the total amount of the lubricating oil composition,
- the aromatic ester compound is selected from an alkyl ester of trimellitate and an alkyl ester of pyromellitic acid.
- the high-temperature lubricating oil composition according to (1) or (2).
- the other base oil is one or more kinds selected from monoolefin oligomers, ethylene monoolefin oligomers, polybutenes and hydrides thereof.
- the lubricating oil composition for high temperature described in any one of the above.
- (_5) (c) The high-temperature lubricating oil composition according to any one of the above (1) to (4), wherein the antioxidant contains sulfur and Z or phosphorus in the molecule.
- the base oil composition constituting the high-temperature lubricating oil composition of the present invention comprises: (a) 20 to 100% by weight of an aromatic ester compound represented by the general formula (I); Base oil consists of 0-80% by weight.
- the number of carboxylic acids bonded to benzene is preferably 3 or 4, and among them, trimellitic acid and pyromellitic acid are preferable.
- the aliphatic alcohol used for the aromatic carboxylic acid ester a linear or branched alcohol having 6 to 16 carbon atoms is preferable.
- the aromatic carboxylic acid esters may be used alone or in combination of two or more. Further, a partial ester may be contained in the full ester.
- base oils that are used as base oils for ordinary equipment oils can be used regardless of whether they are mineral oils or synthetic oils.
- mineral base oils include solvent removal, solvent extraction, and hydrogen removal from lubricating oil fractions obtained by atmospheric or reduced pressure distillation of paraffinic, intermediate, and naphthenic crudes.
- Refined oils purified according to ordinary methods such as chemical decomposition, solvent dewaxing, catalytic dewaxing, hydrorefining, sulfuric acid washing, and clay treatment can be used.
- Examples of synthetic base oils include ⁇ -olefin oligomers, ethylene- ⁇ -oligomer, polybutene, dibasic acid ester, polyalkyleneglycol monohydrate, hindered esterenole, alkynolebenzene, annalequinole naphthalene, and polyether.
- ⁇ -olefin oligomer, ethylene- ⁇ -oligomer, polybutene, or a hydride thereof is preferred because the fluidity can be maintained for a long period of time.
- the component (b) may be one kind or a mixture of two or more kinds, and mineral oil and synthetic oil may be used in combination.
- the ratio of (a) the aromatic carboxylic acid ester compound to (b) the other base oil is such that the component (a) is 20 to 100% by weight and the component (b) is 0 to 80% by weight, preferably (a) a component 3 0-8 0 by weight 0/0 (b) component 2 0-7 0% by weight. If the component (a) is less than 20% by weight, the effects of the present invention cannot be obtained.
- amine-based antioxidants and funinol-based antioxidants can also be used as the antioxidant of component (c) to be blended with the base oil, but sulfur, Z or phosphorus are included in the molecule in terms of effectiveness. Are preferred.
- amine antioxidants examples include monoalkyldiphenylamines such as monooctyldiphenylamine; monononyldiphenylamine;
- alpha-Nafuchiruamin phenyl one ⁇ one Nafuchiruamin; Buchirufue two Lou alpha-Nafuchiruamin; Penchirufu Eninore monument one Nafuchinoreamin; to Kishinorefue two Norre one ⁇ one Nafuchinoreamin; to Puchinorefue two Lou alpha-Nafuchiruamin; Okuchinorefue two / Leh monument one naphthoquinone Chinoreamin; No-no-re-fu-no-re- ⁇ -Nafuchi It can be mentioned naphth / Reami emissions systems such as Reamin.
- phenolic antioxidants include monophenols such as 2,6-di-tert-butynole 4-methinolephenol; 2,6-di-tert-butynole 4-ethyl phenol, and 4,4-methylene bis (2,6 Diphenyl phenols such as 2,2 -'- methylenebis (4- ethynole 6-tert- petit / lephenone).
- An antioxidant containing sulfur, Z, or phosphorus in the molecule is an additive that contains sulfur, Z, or phosphorus in the molecule and has an antioxidant ability, and is added for another purpose. In some cases, it may not.
- antioxidants containing sulfur in the molecule are described, for example, sulfurized fats and oils, sulfurized mineral oils, sulfurized fatty acids, sulfurized esters, olefins, dihydrocanolevir polysulfides, thiadiazole compounds, alkylthio compounds rubamoyl compounds, triazines Compounds, thioterpene compounds, dialkyl thiodipropionate compounds and the like can be mentioned.
- sulfurized oils and fats are sulfur and sulfur-containing compounds and oils and fats (lard oil, whale oil, Vegetable oil, fish oil, etc.).
- the sulfur content is not particularly limited, but generally 5 to 30% by weight is suitable.
- Specific examples include lard sulfide, rapeseed rapeseed oil, sulfide castor oil, sulfide soybean oil, and sulfide rice bran oil.
- the sulfurized fatty acid include sulfurized oleic acid and the like, and examples of the sulfurized ester include methyl sulfide oleic acid, rice sulfide bran, and octyl fatty acid.
- olefin sulfide examples include the following general formula (II)
- R 2 represents an alkenyl group having 2 to 15 carbon atoms
- R 3 represents an alkyl group or an alkenyl group having 2 to 15 carbon atoms
- a represents an integer of 1 to 8
- This compound is obtained by reacting an olefin having 2 to 15 carbon atoms or its dimer to a tetramer with a sulfurizing agent such as sulfur or sulfur chloride, and the olefin is preferably propylene, isobutene, diisobutene or the like.
- dihydrocarbyl polysulfide is represented by the following general formula (III)
- 13 ⁇ 4 4 and 13 ⁇ 4 5 each represent an alkyl group or a cyclic alkyl group having a carbon number of 1-20, Ariru group with carbon number 6-2 0, alkyl ⁇ Li Ichiru group or C carbon atoms 7-2 0 And 7 to 20 are arylalkyl groups, which may be the same or different, and b represents an integer of 2 to 8).
- R 4 and R 5 are alkyl groups, they are referred to as alkyl sulfates.
- R 4 and R 5 in the above general formula (III) include a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, an isopropyl group, an n-butyl group, an isobutynole group, a sec-butyl group and a tert-butyl group.
- dihydrocarbyl polysulfide examples include dibenzyl polysulfide, Nc various dinonyl polysulfide, and various didodecyl.
- Polysulfides various dibutyl N-butyl polysulfides, various dioctyl polysulfides, diphenyl polysulfide, dicyclohexyl polysulfides, and
- Sulfide and the like are preferably mentioned.
- R 6 and R 7 each represent a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, and c and d each represent an integer of 0 to 8.
- 1,3,4-thiadiazole and 1,2,4-thiadiazole compounds represented by the following formulas are preferably used.
- thiadiazole compounds include 2,5-bis (n-hexyldithio) -1,3,4-thiadiazole and 2,5-bis (n-octyldithio) -1,1,3,4- Thiadiazole, 2,5-bis (n-nonyldithio) 1-1,3,4-thiadiazole, 2,5-bis (1,
- alkylthiolrubamoyl compound examples include the following general formula (V)
- RSR 11 represents an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, and e represents an integer of 1 to 8.
- alkylthiol-levamoyl compound examples include bis (dimethinoreti-canolebamoinole) monos ⁇ / feed, bis (dibutinoretino-force norrebamoinole) monosnolefide, and bis (dimethinorethiocanolebamoyl) disulfide. , Bis (dibutylthiocapillovamoyl) disnosulfide, bis (diaminoretiocanolevamoyl) disnorefide, and bis (dioctinoretiocanolevamoyl) disulfide.
- triazine compound examples include 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4- (4,6-bis (octylthio) -11,3,5-triazine-12-ylamino) phenol.
- Examples of the thioterpene compound include, for example, a reaction product of phosphorus pentasulfide and pinene, and examples of the dialkylthiodipropionate compound include, for example, diradirylthiodipropionate and distearyl thiodipropionate. And the like.
- those containing sulfur and metal include zinc dialkyldithiolbaluminate RRR RRRR (Zn-DTC), molybdenum dialkyldithiolbamate (Mo-D23423 iToC), lead dialkyldithiolbaluminate, Tin dialkyldithiocarbamate, sodium snolefonate, calcium sulfone o pl
- antioxidants containing phosphorus in the molecule typical examples are phosphate esters and their amine salts.
- the phosphates include phosphates, acid phosphates, phosphites, and acid phosphites represented by the following general formulas (VI) to (X).
- R 12 to R 14 represent an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkylaryl group or an arylalkyl group having 4 to 30 carbon atoms, and R 12 to R 1 4 may be the same or different.
- Examples of the phosphoric acid ester include triaryl phosphate, trialkyl phosphate, trialkyl aryl phosphate, trialkyl alkyl phosphate, and trialkenyl phosphate. Specifically, for example, triphenyl phosphate, tricresyl phosphate, benzene / resiphenylinolephosphite, etinoresifenii / rephosphate, tributinolephosphine, etinoresibutinolephosphate, etc.
- Examples of the acidic phosphoric acid ester include, for example, 2-ethylhexyl urea acid phosphate, ethyl acrylate acid phosphate, butyl acid acid phosphate, oreino acid acid phosphate, tetracosyl acid acid phosphate, isodesil acid acid phosphate, lauryl. Acid phosphate, tridecyl acid phosphate, stearyl acid phosphate, isostearyl acid phosphate and the like can be mentioned.
- phosphite examples include, for example, triethyl phosphite, tributyl phosphite, triphenyl phosphite, tritaresyl phosphite, tri (nonylphenyl) phosphite, and tri (2-ethylenoxyhexynole).
- Phosphite, tridecyl phosphite, trilaurino phosphite, triisooctyl phosphite, divinyl isodecyl phosphite, tristearyl phosphite, trioleyl phosphite and the like can be mentioned.
- acidic phosphite examples include dibutyl hydrogen phosphite, dilauryl hydrogen phosphite, zoleizole hydrogen phosphite, distary gly hydrogen phosphite, and diphenyl hydrogen phosphite. Can be mentioned.
- R 15 represents an alkyl group or alkenyl group having 3 to 30 carbon atoms, an aryl group or an arylalkyl group having 6 to 30 carbon atoms, or a hydroxyalkyl group having 2 to 30 carbon atoms.
- M represents 1, 2 or 3.
- R 1 5 there are a plurality the plurality of R 1 5 may be the same or different.
- Mono-substituted amines, di-substituted amines or tri-substituted amines Mono-substituted amines, di-substituted amines or tri-substituted amines.
- the alkyl group or alkenyl group having 3 to 30 carbon atoms in R 15 in the general formula (XI) may be any of linear, branched and cyclic.
- examples of monosubstituted amines include butyramine, ventilamine, hexylamine, cyclohexylamine, octylamine, laurylamine, stearylamine, oleylamine, benzylamine, and the like.
- examples of disubstituted amines include dibutylamine, dipentylamine, dihexylamine, dicyclohexylamine, dioctylamine, dilaurylamine, distearylamine, dioleylamine, dipendinoleamine, stearylino monoethanolamine.
- Examples thereof include noreamine, desinole monomonoethanolamine, hexinole 'monopropanolamine, benzyl' monoethanolanolamine, phenyl monoethanolamine, and trinolemonopropanol.
- Examples of tri-substituted amines include tributylamine, tripentylamine, trihexylamine, tricyclohexynoleamine, trioctylamine, trilaurinoleamine, tristearylamine, trioleylamine, triethylamine.
- Chlorinated phosphates can be mentioned as those containing phosphorus and halogen atoms.
- Antioxidants containing sulfur and phosphorus in the molecule include phosphorus sulfide oils, phosphorus sulfide olefins, thiophosphoric esters (thiophosphites, thiophos- phate) and the like. Among them, thiophosphite (alkyl type), thiophosphite Phosphates (alkylaryl type) are preferred.
- 2,6-tert-butynole 4- (4,6-bis (octylthio) -11,3,5-triazine-12-ylamino) phenol, Zn-DTP (alkyaryl type), thiophosphite (alkyl type), Thiophosphite (alkylaryl type) is preferred.
- the above antioxidants can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the preferred compounding amount of the above antioxidant is in the range of 0.1 to 0.1% by weight based on the total amount of the composition. If the amount is less than 0.1% by weight, the object of the present invention may not be sufficiently exhibited. If the amount exceeds 10% by weight, the effect may not be improved for the amount. In addition, the solubility in the base oil may decrease. A more preferred amount is in the range of 1 to 7% by weight.
- the high-temperature lubricating oil composition of the present invention may contain, if necessary, various known additives such as a fire retardant, a detergent / dispersant, a metal deactivator, and a defoaming agent within a range that does not impair the object of the present invention. They can be appropriately blended.
- antioxidant examples include metal sulfonates and succinic esters.
- detergent and dispersant examples include metal sulfonates, metal salicylates, metal phynates, and succinic acid imides.
- metal deactivator examples include benzotriazole and thiadiazole.
- antifoaming agent examples include methyl silicone oil, fluorosilicone oil, polyacrylate and the like.
- the lubricating oil composition for high temperature of the present invention has a kinematic viscosity at 40 ° C of 10 to 50. Adjustment to 0 mm 2 Z s is preferable for achieving the purpose. Further preferred details, in the range of 50 ⁇ 320 mm 2 Z s.
- the high-temperature lubricating oil composition of the present invention is suitably used when the temperature exceeds 150 ° C. during 50% or more of the service period.
- an antioxidant was added to the base oil to prepare a lubricating oil composition.
- the viscosity of the composition the kinematic viscosity at 40 ° C was adjusted to 22 Omm by adjusting the viscosity of the ⁇ -olefin oligomer.
- the amount of the residue was measured at 200 ° C for 24 hours with the sample amount being 1 g. It was expressed as a percentage and was taken as the residue rate. During the measurement, air was constantly introduced at 10 liters.
- Example 1 Difficult example 3 H3 ⁇ 4Example 4 One-year-old reflex> —in oligomer “remaining residue remaining residue remaining distribution
- the present invention it is possible to provide a high-temperature lubricating oil composition in which a thin film, the amount of evaporation at a high temperature is suppressed, and the fluidity is maintained for a long time.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
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Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US10/703,025 USRE39382E1 (en) | 1998-12-25 | 1999-12-22 | Lubricating oil composition for high-temperature use |
US09/857,199 US6465400B1 (en) | 1998-12-25 | 1999-12-22 | Lubricating oil composition for high-temperature use |
EP99961304A EP1154011B1 (en) | 1998-12-25 | 1999-12-22 | Lubricating oil composition for high-temperature use |
DE69927293T DE69927293T2 (de) | 1998-12-25 | 1999-12-22 | Schmierölzusammensetzung für hochtemperaturverwendungen |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP10/370481 | 1998-12-25 | ||
JP37048198A JP4049916B2 (ja) | 1998-12-25 | 1998-12-25 | 高温用潤滑油組成物 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO2000039256A1 true WO2000039256A1 (fr) | 2000-07-06 |
Family
ID=18497023
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/JP1999/007202 WO2000039256A1 (fr) | 1998-12-25 | 1999-12-22 | Composition d'huile lubrifiante haute temperature |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (2) | US6465400B1 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP1154011B1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP4049916B2 (ja) |
KR (1) | KR100637961B1 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN1179024C (ja) |
DE (1) | DE69927293T2 (ja) |
TW (1) | TW531559B (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2000039256A1 (ja) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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WO2002064712A1 (en) * | 2001-02-15 | 2002-08-22 | Imperial Chemical Industries Plc | A metal working lubricant composition |
JP2014515412A (ja) * | 2011-05-26 | 2014-06-30 | クリューバー リュブリケーション ミュンヘン ソシエタス ヨーロピア ウント コンパニー コマンディートゲゼルシャフト | 高温用オイル |
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JP2001303086A (ja) * | 2000-04-18 | 2001-10-31 | Chevron Oronite Ltd | 潤滑油組成物および添加剤組成物 |
US20030109389A1 (en) * | 2001-11-30 | 2003-06-12 | Wardlow Andrea Blandford | Synthetic industrial oils made with "tri-synthetic" base stocks |
US7309681B2 (en) * | 2003-05-02 | 2007-12-18 | Exxonmobil Research And Engineering Company | Ashless lubricating oil composition with long life |
CA2574922A1 (en) * | 2004-07-27 | 2006-02-09 | The Lubrizol Corporation | Lubricating compositions containing an ester of a polycarboxylic acylating agent |
US20060091044A1 (en) * | 2004-11-02 | 2006-05-04 | General Electric Company | High temperature corrosion inhibitor |
WO2006137928A2 (en) * | 2004-11-04 | 2006-12-28 | United Technologies Corporation | Lubricants containing multifunctional additive packages therein for improving load-carrying capacity, increasing surface fatigue life and reducing friction |
JP4999311B2 (ja) * | 2005-11-01 | 2012-08-15 | 出光興産株式会社 | 潤滑油組成物 |
JP5019740B2 (ja) | 2005-11-22 | 2012-09-05 | 協同油脂株式会社 | 等速ジョイント用グリース組成物及び等速ジョイント |
US7846884B2 (en) * | 2005-11-29 | 2010-12-07 | Chemtura Corporation | Lubricating oil compositions |
EP1981955B9 (en) * | 2006-01-30 | 2013-11-13 | Inolex Investment Corporation | Improved high temperature lubricant compositions |
JP5165887B2 (ja) * | 2006-12-28 | 2013-03-21 | 協同油脂株式会社 | 等速ジョイント用グリース組成物及び等速ジョイント |
JP5623765B2 (ja) * | 2010-03-19 | 2014-11-12 | 出光興産株式会社 | 高温用潤滑油組成物 |
CN103100660B (zh) * | 2013-03-01 | 2015-01-07 | 上海金兆节能科技有限公司 | 一种铝合金浇铸结晶器脱模剂及其制备方法 |
EP2975103A4 (en) * | 2013-03-14 | 2016-11-16 | Idemitsu Kosan Co | HIGH TEMPERATURE LUBRICATING COMPOSITION |
CN105247023A (zh) * | 2013-05-30 | 2016-01-13 | 路博润公司 | 抗振动工业齿轮油 |
CN105441164B (zh) * | 2014-07-25 | 2019-03-08 | 克鲁勃润滑产品(上海)有限公司 | 链条用润滑油及其制备方法 |
JP5898287B2 (ja) * | 2014-09-25 | 2016-04-06 | 出光興産株式会社 | 高温用潤滑油組成物 |
DE102014018719A1 (de) * | 2014-12-17 | 2016-06-23 | Klüber Lubrication München Se & Co. Kg | Hochtemperaturschmierstoff für die Lebensmittelindustrie |
DE102014018718A1 (de) * | 2014-12-17 | 2016-06-23 | Klüber Lubrication München Se & Co. Kg | Hochtemperaturschmierstoffe |
JP6822635B2 (ja) * | 2016-03-25 | 2021-01-27 | 出光興産株式会社 | 潤滑油組成物、及び潤滑油組成物の使用方法 |
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- 1999-12-22 CN CNB998150843A patent/CN1179024C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-12-22 US US09/857,199 patent/US6465400B1/en not_active Ceased
- 1999-12-22 KR KR1020017008120A patent/KR100637961B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-12-22 EP EP99961304A patent/EP1154011B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-12-22 WO PCT/JP1999/007202 patent/WO2000039256A1/ja active IP Right Grant
- 1999-12-22 DE DE69927293T patent/DE69927293T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
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JP2014515412A (ja) * | 2011-05-26 | 2014-06-30 | クリューバー リュブリケーション ミュンヘン ソシエタス ヨーロピア ウント コンパニー コマンディートゲゼルシャフト | 高温用オイル |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
KR100637961B1 (ko) | 2006-10-23 |
DE69927293T2 (de) | 2006-01-19 |
US6465400B1 (en) | 2002-10-15 |
JP4049916B2 (ja) | 2008-02-20 |
CN1332784A (zh) | 2002-01-23 |
EP1154011B1 (en) | 2005-09-14 |
TW531559B (en) | 2003-05-11 |
DE69927293D1 (de) | 2005-10-20 |
CN1179024C (zh) | 2004-12-08 |
EP1154011A1 (en) | 2001-11-14 |
KR20010110411A (ko) | 2001-12-13 |
EP1154011A9 (en) | 2002-05-15 |
USRE39382E1 (en) | 2006-11-07 |
JP2000192071A (ja) | 2000-07-11 |
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