Classifications

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  • C07D277/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings not condensed with other rings
  • C07D277/20—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D277/22—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
  • A61K31/425—Thiazoles
  • A61K31/427—Thiazoles not condensed and containing further heterocyclic rings
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  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
  • A61K31/4427—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof containing further heterocyclic ring systems
  • A61K31/4439—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof containing further heterocyclic ring systems containing a five-membered ring with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. omeprazole
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
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  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
  • A61K31/445—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine
  • A61K31/4523—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine containing further heterocyclic ring systems
  • A61K31/454—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine containing further heterocyclic ring systems containing a five-membered ring with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. pimozide, domperidone
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  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • A61K31/47—Quinolines; Isoquinolines
  • A61K31/4709—Non-condensed quinolines and containing further heterocyclic rings
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  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
  • A61K31/496—Non-condensed piperazines containing further heterocyclic rings, e.g. rifampin, thiothixene or sparfloxacin
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/535—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with at least one nitrogen and one oxygen as the ring hetero atoms, e.g. 1,2-oxazines
  • A61K31/5355—Non-condensed oxazines and containing further heterocyclic rings
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/54—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with at least one nitrogen and one sulfur as the ring hetero atoms, e.g. sulthiame
  • A61K31/541—Non-condensed thiazines containing further heterocyclic rings
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
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  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/55—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having seven-membered rings, e.g. azelastine, pentylenetetrazole
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61P13/00—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system
  • A61P13/12—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system of the kidneys
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P27/00—Drugs for disorders of the senses
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• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
  • A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
  • A61P3/10—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis for hyperglycaemia, e.g. antidiabetics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61P9/14—Vasoprotectives; Antihaemorrhoidals; Drugs for varicose therapy; Capillary stabilisers
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D277/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings
  • C07D277/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings not condensed with other rings
  • C07D277/20—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D277/32—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-thiazole or hydrogenated 1,3-thiazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D277/38—Nitrogen atoms
  • C07D277/44—Acylated amino or imino radicals
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D417/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00
  • C07D417/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings
  • C07D417/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing only aliphatic carbon atoms

Definitions

• the present invention relates generally to the aging of proteins resulting from their reaction with glucose and other reducing sugars, and more particularly to the reversing or cleavage of cross-links formed as a consequence of the formation of advanced glycosylation (glycation) end products.
• the reaction between glucose and proteins has been known for some time. Its earliest manifestation was in the appearance of brown pigments during the cooking of food, which was identified by Maillard in 1912, who observed that glucose or other reducing sugars react with amino acids to form adducts that undergo a series of dehydrations and rearrangements to form stable brown pigments.
• AGEs Termed advanced glycosylation (or glycation) end products
• AGEs Termed advanced glycosylation (or glycation) end products
• the cross-linked products involving structural and other proteins within the body leads not only to aberrant physico-chemical properties of, for example, connective tissue, but also results in the formation of new chemical structures which are recognized by specific receptors on various cell types and as a consequence of their recognition, initiate pathogenetic mechanisms leading to the complications of diabetes and aging.
• AGE cross-linking caused by other reactive sugars present in vivo or in foodstuffs, including ribose, galactose and fructose would also be reversed by the methods and compositions of the present invention.
• the agents useful in the present invention are members of the class of compounds known as thiazoliums, and in particular thiazolium compounds substituted with heterocyclic groups.
• the agents comprise compounds having the following structural formula:
• Rl and R2 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and an alkyl group optionally substituted by a hydroxy group:
• proteins deteriorate both with age (hence the application of the term "protein aging") and more rapidly as a consequence of diabetes. Accordingly, the ability to reverse the cross-linking of these proteins and thus to reduce the amount of cross-links present between advanced glycosylation end products and other proteins in the body carries the promise for treatment of the complications of diabetes and aging for instance, and thereby improving the quality and, perhaps, duration of animal and human life.
• compositions including pharmaceutical compositions, incorporating the agents of the present invention.
• agents comprising compounds having the structural formula: Y
• R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and an alkyl group optionally substituted by a hydroxy group
• heterocyclic groups referred to herein include 4-8 membered rings having at least one and up to 3 heteroatoms, e.g., oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur, therein, and including various degrees of unsaturation.
• Representatives of such heterocyclic groups are those such as isoxazolyl, phenylisoxazolyl, furanyl, morpholino, thiomorphoiino, pyrimidinyl, piperidino, homopiperidino, piperazino, methylpiperazino, hexamethyleneimino, tetrahydroquinolyl, pyridyl, methylpyridyl, imidazolyl, pyrrolidinyl, 2,6- dimethylmo holino, furfuryl, 1,2,4-triazoylyl, thiazolyl, thiophenyl, thiazolinyl, methylthiazolyl, and the like.
• alkylenedioxyaryl substituents which are described in copending application Serial No. 08/588,249, incorporated herein by reference.
• the heterocyclic groups of the present invention may be further substituted, for example, by an oxo group, to form, for example, a 2-oxo-tetrahydroquinolinyl group, or substituted by one or more alkyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl groups, and such substituents may be further substituted by one or more alkyl or alkoxy groups.
• Y groups of the compounds of the present include but are not limited to: 3-[2-(3-phenyl-5-isoxazolyl)-2-oxoethyl]; 3-(2-(4-morpholinyl)-2-oxoethyl); 3-[2-(2,6-dimethyl-4-morpholinyl)-2-oxoethyl]; 3-(2-(l-piperidinyl)-2-oxoethyl); 3-[2- (2-oxo-l ,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6-quinolinyl)-2-oxoethyl]; 3-(2-(l -pyrrolidinyl)-2-oxoethyl; 3-[2-(3-methyl-2-thianaphthenyl)-2-oxoethyl]; 3-[2-(4-phenyl-l-piperazinyl)-2-oxoethyl; 3-(2-(2-thienyl)-2-oxoeth
• the alkyl groups referred to above contain one to about eighteen carbon atoms and include, for example, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, octyl, decyl, dodecyl, and octadecyl, and the corresponding branched-chain isomers thereof.
• the alkyl groups optionally substituted by hydroxy groups include alkyl groups as hereinbefore defined substituted with a hydroxy group at any position, such as but not limited to the following examples: hydroxymethyl, 1-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 1-hydroxypropyl, 2- hydroxypropyl, 3-hydroxypropyl, 6-hydroxyhexyl, and the like. Hydroxy-substituted lower alkyl groups as defined above are preferred.
• the alkoxy groups contain from one to about eighteen carbon atoms, and include, for example, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, pentoxy, hexoxy, decoxy, and octadecoxy, and the corresponding branched-chain isomers thereof.
• alkoxycarbonylalkyl groups encompassed by the above formula include those wherein the alkoxy portion contain from one to about eighteen carbon atoms and the alkyl portion contains from 1 to about eighteen carbon atoms.
• Typical alkoxycarbonyl portions are those such as acetoxy or ethanoyloxy, propanoyloxy, butanoyloxy, pentanoyloxy, hexanoyloxy, decanoyloxy, and octadecanoyloxy, and the corresponding branched chain isomers thereof.
• the preferred alkyl portions of these molecules have from one to about six carbon atoms.
• aryl groups encompassed by the above formula are those containing 6-10 carbon atoms, such as naphthyl, phenyl and alkyl or alkoxy substituted-phenyl, e.g., toluyl and xylyl.
• the compounds of the present invention are formed as biologically and pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
• Useful salt forms are the halides, particularly the bromide and chloride, tosylate, methanesulfonate, and mesitylenesulfonate salts.
• Other related salts can be formed using similarly non-toxic, and biologically and pharmaceutically acceptable anions.
• Y is a 2-oxoethyl group with a heterocyclic group of thiophenyl, thiomorpholinyl, furanyl, 2-oxo-tetrahydroquinolinyl, and pyrrolidinyl.
• the above compounds are capable of reversing already-formed advanced glycosylation end products on proteins.
• the cross-linking of proteins by formation of advanced glycosylation end products contributes to the entrapment of other proteins and results in the development in vivo of conditions such as reduced elasticity and wrinkling of the skin, certain kidney diseases, atherosclerosis, osteoarthritis and the like.
• foodstuffs including plant and animal material that undergoes nonenzymatic browning deteriorates and becomes spoiled or toughened and, consequently, inedible, unpalatable or non-nutritious.
• the compounds employed in accordance with this invention reduce the level of the advanced glycosylation end product-associated cross-links already present in the protein material.
• the present methods and compositions hold the promise for reversing the aging of key proteins both in animals and plants, and concomitantly, conferring both economic and medical benefits as a result thereof.
• the administration of the present composition holds the promise for reversing the physico-chemical changes imparted to foodstuffs on storage, such as the increased toughness of meats that occurs during aging or storage.
• the therapeutic implications of the present invention relate to the reversal of the aging process which has, as indicated earlier, been identified and exemplified in the aging of key proteins by advanced glycosylation and cross-linking.
• body proteins, and particularly structural body proteins, such as collagen, elastin, lens proteins, nerve proteins, kidney glomerular basement membranes and other extravascular matrix components would all benefit in their longevity and operation from the practice of the present invention.
• the present invention thus reduces the incidence of pathologies involving the entrapment of proteins by cross-linked target proteins, such as retinopathy, cataracts, diabetic kidney disease, glomerulosclerosis, peripheral vascular disease, arteriosclerosis obliterans, peripheral neuropathy, stroke, hypertension, atherosclerosis, osteoarthritis, periarticular rigidity, loss of elasticity and wrinkling of skin, stiffening of joints, glomerulonephritis, etc.
• all of these conditions are in evidence and tend to occur at an accelerated rate in patients afflicted with diabetes mellitus as a consequence of their hyperglycemia.
• the present therapeutic method is relevant to treatment of these and related conditions in patients either of advanced age or those suffering from one of the mentioned pathologies.
• Molecular cross-linking through advanced glycosylation product formation can decrease solubility of structural proteins such as collagen in vessel walls and can also trap serum proteins, such as lipoproteins to the collagen.
• the presence of advanced glycosylation end products and associated cross-links may result in increased permeability of the endothelium and consequently covalent trapping of extravasated plasma proteins in subendothelial matrix, as well as a reduction in susceptibility of both plasma and matrix proteins to physiologic degradation by enzymes.
• the progressive occlusion of diabetic vessels induced by chronic hyperglycemia has been hypothesized to result from excessive formation of sugar-derived and particularly, glucose-derived cross-links.
• Such diabetic microvascular changes and microvascular occlusion can be effectively reversed by chemical reversal or cleavage of the advanced glycosylation product cross-link formation utilizing a composition and the methods of the present invention.
• R 1 and R 2 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and an alkyl group, optionally substituted by a hydroxy group;
• heterocyclic groups referred to herein include 4-8 membered rings having at least one nitrogen or sulfur atom, or 4-8 membered rings having 2-3 heteroatoms, e.g., oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur, therein; and including various degrees of unsaturation.
• heterocyclic groups are those such as isoxazolyl, phenylisoxazolyl, mo ⁇ holino, thiomo ⁇ holino, pyrimidinyl, piperidino, homopiperidino, piperazino, methylpiperazino, hexamethyleneimino, tetrahydroquinolyl, pyridyl, methylpyridyl, imidazolyl, pyrrolidinyl, 2,6-dimethylmo ⁇ holino, furfuryl, 1,2,4- triazoylyl, thiazolyl, thiophenyl, thiazolinyl, methylthiazolyl, and the like.
• alkylenedioxyaryl substituents which are described in co-pending application Serial No. 08/588,249, inco ⁇ orated herein by reference.
• the heterocyclic groups of the present invention may be further substituted, for example, by an oxo group, to form, for example, a 2-oxo-tetrahydroquinolinyl group, or substituted by one or more alkyl, alkoxycarbonylalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl groups, and such substituents may be further substituted by one or more alkyl or alkoxy groups.
• Representative examples of novel compounds of the present invention are:
• compositions may be prepared with a therapeutically effective quantity of the agents or compounds of the present invention and may include a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, selected from known materials utilized for this pu ⁇ ose. Such compositions may be prepared in a variety of forms, depending on the method of administration. Also, various pharmaceutically acceptable addition salts of the compounds of the present invention may be utilized.
• a liquid form would be utilized in the instance where administration is by intravenous, intramuscular or intraperitoneal injection.
• solid dosage forms such as tablets, capsules, or liquid dosage formulations such as solutions and suspensions, etc.
• a solution, a lotion or ointment may be formulated with the agent in a suitable vehicle such as water, ethanol, propylene glycol, perhaps including a carrier to aid in penetration into the skin or eye.
• a topical preparation could include up to about 10% of the compound of Formula I.
• Other suitable forms for administration to other body tissues are also contemplated.
• the animal host intended for treatment may have administered to it a quantity of one or more of the agents, in a suitable pharmaceutical form.
• Administration may be accomplished by known techniques, such as oral, topical and parenteral techniques such as intradermal, subcutaneous, intravenous or intraperitoneal injection, as well as by other conventional means.
• Administration of the agents may take place over an extended period of time at a dosage level of, for example, up to about 30 mg/kg.
• the agent of the present invention is formulated in compositions in an amount effective to inhibit and reverse the formation of advanced glycosylation end products. This amount will, of course, vary with the particular agent being utilized and the particular dosage form, but typically is in the range of 0.01% to 1.0%, by weight, of the particular formulation.
• the compounds of the present invention can be prepared generally according to the methods described in Potts et al., 1976, J. Org. Chem. 41 : 187, and Potts et al., 1977, J. Org. Chem. 42:1648, or as shown in the following scheme wherein R is a heterocyclic group, R 1 , R 2 , and Z are as described hereinabove, and X is a halogen atom:
• the appropriate substituted thiazole compounds of formula I is reacted with the appropriate halo compound of formula II, to afford the desired compound of the present invention; all substituents are as hereinbefore defined.
• the halo reactant may be prepared by suitable techniques known in the art. For example, for the preparation of 3-(2-thiophenyl-2-oxoethyl)-4,5-dimethyl-thiazolium bromide, the reactant 2-bromothiophene is reacted with dimethylthiazole.
• Bromothiophene may be prepared according to the method of King et al., 1964, J. Org. Chem. 29:3459, by the bromination of 2-acetylthiophene with copper (II) bromide. Specific methods are described in the examples below.
• the conditions for the reaction between the halo compound and the thiazole derivative generally involve refluxing the mixture at 110°C in an oil bath for 3-7 hours with a minimum amount of solvent such as acetonitrile, or refluxing the mixture in ethanol or acetonitrile for 3-5 hours. If the halo reactant contains chlorine, the first condition is used. For a bromo compound, the second condition is preferable.
• the present invention may be better understood by reference to the following non-limiting Examples, which are provided as exemplary of the invention. The following examples are presented in order to more fully illustrate the preferred embodiments of the invention. They should in no way be construed, however, as limiting the broad scope of the invention.
• Example 1 Example 1
• the product was filtered and washed with a mixture of t-butyl methyl ether and acetonitrile (1:1 v/v, 100 mL), and t- butyl methyl ether (150 mL) to obtain 59.64 g (90.2% yield) of white solid.
• the crude product (59.64 g) was dissolved in acetonitrile (350 mL) with heating, filtered, t-butyl methyl ether (350 mL) added, and the solution was allowed to cool at room temperature for 3 hours.
• a typical pharmaceutical dosage form is prepared as follows. mg / tablet Compound of the present invention 50
• the compound, a portion of the starch and the lactose are combined and wet granulated with starch paste.
• the wet granulation is placed on trays and allowed to dry overnight at a temperature of 45 °C.
• the dried granulation is comminuted in a comminutor to a particle size of approximately 20 mesh.
• Magnesium stearate, stearic acid and the balance of the starch are added and the entire mix blended prior to compression on a suitable tablet press.
• the tablets are compressed at a weight of 232 mg. using a 11/32" punch with a hardness of 4 kg. These tablets will disintegrate within a half hour according to the method described in USP XVI.
• Ethyl alcohol 400.0 Polyethylene glycol 400 300.0
• the activity of the compounds of the present invention to reverse AGE crosslinks was evaluated in an in-vitro model, as follows. Blood was collected from streptozotocin-diabetic rats (6 to 8 wk diabetic) in heparinized tubes, centrifuged at 2500 X g for 15 min. at 40 °C, and the plasma and buffy-coat layers aspirated off. The RBC were washed with PBS (ca. 5 ml PBS per ml blood) three times.
• PBS ca. 5 ml PBS per ml blood
• Test compounds were dissolved in PBS and the pH adjusted to 7.0, if necessary. Two hundred microliters of washed RBC were added to 2 mL of test compound solution, and the mixture was incubated overnight at 37°C. For a control, 200 ⁇ l of RBC was incubated in 2 mL of PBS.
• the assay is performed in a Multiscreen-HA, 0.45 ⁇ m cellulose mixed esters membrane-sealed 96 well plate (Millipore MAHAS45 ). The membranes are first wet by filling the wells with 100 uL PBS, and the wells emptied by applying a vacuum to the Millititer vacuum manifold.
• the samples are allowed to stand at room temperature for two hours.
• the solution is then removed by application of vacuum and the red blood cells are washed with PBS-Tween twice, PBS twice and with TBS twice.
• the bottom of the plate is rinsed with distilled water and blotted dry with paper towels.
• To each well is then added 100 ⁇ l of p-nitrophenyl phosphate substrate (1 mg/ml in diethanolamine buffer pH 9.5), and the color is allowed to develop for two hours at 37 °C.
• the solutions in each well are then transferred to a 96 well microtiter plate inside the vacuum manifold. One hundred ⁇ l of PBS to each well and vacuum applied again to transfer any remaining solution into the microtiter plate.
• Example 7 Reversing Collagen Cross Links
• AGE-BSA was cross-linked to rat tail tendon collagen (type l)-coated 96 well microtiter plates, and reversal of cross-linking was determined.
• AGE-BSA preparation AGE-BSA is prepared by incubation of a solution of BSA ( 400 mg/ml) in 0.4 M sodium phosphate buffer pH 7.4 with an equal volume of 400 mM glucose solution in the same buffer at 37o C for 12 weeks. The pH of the incubation mixture is monitored weekly and adjusted to pH 7.4 if necessary. After 12 weeks, the AGE-BSA solution is dialyzed against PBS for 48 hours with 4 buffer changes. Protein concentration is determined by the micro-Lowry method. Assay protocol. A Biocoat (Collaborative Biomedical Products) plate is blocked with Superblock (300 mL /well) at 37 0C for lhr and washed with PBS-Tween three times.
• AGE-BSA was diluted in PBS to a concentration required to obtain maximum cross-linking as determined in a preliminary experiment.
• One hundred ⁇ l of the AGE- BSA working solution is added to test wells and a similar concentration of BSA is added to blank wells. The first three wells are left empty for the reagent blank. The plate is incubated at 37 °C for four hours and washed with PBS-Tween three times.
• Test compounds are dissolved in PBS and pH adjusted to 7.0 if necessary.
• One hundred ⁇ l of a test compound is added to triplicate wells. To measure maximum crosslinking 100 ⁇ l of PBS is added to three to six wells.
• test compounds and PBS are also added to triplicate wells incubated with BSA, to obtain the blank readings.
• the plate is then incubated overnight at 37 °C.
• the plate is washed with PBS-Tween, 50 mL of Rabbit-anti-BSA antibody (1 to 4000 in PBS) is added to each well and the plate is incubated at room temperature for 60 min.
• 50mL of horseradish peroxidase-conjugated -goat-anti-rabbit IgG (1 to 4000 in PBS) is added to each well except the first three wells.
• the plate is incubated at room temperature for 30 min. and washed with PBS-Tween.
• ABTS substrate prepared from HRP-substrate buffer 1 OX (Sigma) diluted 1 : 10 in deionized water and mixed with 50X ABTS reagent (Sigma)
• Optical density is read at 410 nm with the sample filter set to "1" and the reference filter set to "5" on the Dynatech ELISA plate reader.
• OD optical density

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• Obesity (AREA)
• Dermatology (AREA)
• Vascular Medicine (AREA)
• Urology & Nephrology (AREA)
• Endocrinology (AREA)
• Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
• Hematology (AREA)
• Ophthalmology & Optometry (AREA)
• Cardiology (AREA)
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• Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
• Plural Heterocyclic Compounds (AREA)
• Thiazole And Isothizaole Compounds (AREA)
• Catalysts (AREA)
• Cosmetics (AREA)
• Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)

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• 1998
  • 1998-11-10 US US09/189,200 patent/US6121300A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
• 1999
  • 1999-11-10 NZ NZ511569A patent/NZ511569A/xx unknown
  • 1999-11-10 WO PCT/US1999/026565 patent/WO2000027395A1/en not_active Ceased
  • 1999-11-10 AU AU14748/00A patent/AU767889B2/en not_active Ceased
  • 1999-11-10 JP JP2000580624A patent/JP2002529414A/ja active Pending
  • 1999-11-10 KR KR1020017005846A patent/KR20010080969A/ko not_active Ceased
  • 1999-11-10 EP EP99971712A patent/EP1128830B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 1999-11-10 DE DE69938357T patent/DE69938357D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 1999-11-10 AT AT99971712T patent/ATE388704T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 1999-11-10 CA CA002350211A patent/CA2350211A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 1999-11-10 MX MXPA01004721A patent/MXPA01004721A/es unknown
• 2000
  • 2000-08-23 US US09/644,024 patent/US6319934B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
• 2001
  • 2001-10-23 US US10/003,514 patent/US20020160992A1/en not_active Abandoned
• 2003
  • 2003-01-21 US US10/348,378 patent/US6790859B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related

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