Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/38—Heterocyclic compounds having sulfur as a ring hetero atom
  • A61K31/381—Heterocyclic compounds having sulfur as a ring hetero atom having five-membered rings
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/38—Heterocyclic compounds having sulfur as a ring hetero atom
  • A61K31/385—Heterocyclic compounds having sulfur as a ring hetero atom having two or more sulfur atoms in the same ring
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PREPARATION OR TREATMENT THEREOF
  • A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
  • A23L33/10—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof using additives
  • A23L33/115—Fatty acids or derivatives thereof; Fats or oils
  • A23L33/12—Fatty acids or derivatives thereof
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PREPARATION OR TREATMENT THEREOF
  • A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
  • A23L33/10—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof using additives
  • A23L33/17—Amino acids, peptides or proteins
  • A23L33/175—Amino acids
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/02—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for peripheral neuropathies
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
  • A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
  • A61P3/10—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis for hyperglycaemia, e.g. antidiabetics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P39/00—General protective or antinoxious agents
  • A61P39/06—Free radical scavengers or antioxidants
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
  • A61P9/08—Vasodilators for multiple indications
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
  • A61P9/10—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system for treating ischaemic or atherosclerotic diseases, e.g. antianginal drugs, coronary vasodilators, drugs for myocardial infarction, retinopathy, cerebrovascula insufficiency, renal arteriosclerosis
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
  • A23V2002/00—Food compositions, function of food ingredients or processes for food or foodstuffs

Definitions

• Antioxidant composition comprising acetyl L-carnitine and ⁇ -lipoic acid
• the present invention relates to a composition for the prevention and/or treatment of tissular diseases brought about by the presence of free radicals due to environmental pollution; brain or myocardial damages induced by free radicals following cerebral or myocardial ischaemia and attendant riperfusion; of the toxic or diabetic neuropathies and of metabolic disorders in the glucose utilization.
• the composition may take the form and exert the action of a dietary supplement or of an actual medicine, depending upon the support or preventive action, or the strictly therapeutic action, which the composition is intended to exert in relation to the particular individuals it is to be used in.
• composition which comprises in combination:
• acetyl L-carnitine or a pharmacologically acceptable salt thereof optionally in combination with at least another "carnitine” where for "carnitine” is intended L-carnitine or an alkanoyl L-carnitine selected from the group comprising propionyl-L-carnitine, valeryl L-carnitine, isovaleryl L-carnitine or their pharmacologically acceptable salts; and
• alkanoyl L-carnitines ubiquitous naturally- occurring compounds, the greatest concentrations of which are to be found above all in skeletal muscle and in the myocardium
• alkanoyl L-carnitines ubiquitous naturally- occurring compounds, the greatest concentrations of which are to be found above all in skeletal muscle and in the myocardium
• acetyl L-carnitine has been ascertained both at cerebral level and in peripheral nervous tissue where its presence is necessary for normal nerve conduction.
• the production of energy by carnitines occurs via intramitochondrial ⁇ - oxidation of fatty acids, as well as via the oxidation of branched-chain amino acids and regulation of insulin activity.
• Acetyl L-carnitine in particular protects cerebral tissue against peroxidative phenomena. While it has been ascertained that carnitine is necessary for normal growth, it is equally true that reduced carnitine levels compared to normal have been detected during ageing.
• the increase in peroxides, hydroxides and singlet oxygen produced by aerobic metabolism may lead to damage to macromolecules (DNA, proteins and lipids), which contributes to the onset of degenerative diseases, including diabetes, which usually arise during ageing.
• the reduced mitochondrial activity which comes about with ageing is also accompanied by a reduction in cardiolipin, a diphosphatyl-glycerol derivative which makes up part of the structure of the mitochondrial membrane and plays an important role in maintaining mitochondrial activity, particularly at the level of fatty acid ⁇ -oxidation processes.
• Mitochondrial activity, including the fatty acid ⁇ -oxidation processes can be reactivated by the administration of acetyl L-carnitine, which is also capable of restoring normal cardiolipin concentrations in the mitochondria.
• acetyl L-carnitme The positive effect of acetyl L-carnitme on mitochondrial activity is also proved by its ability to promote the utilization of the glycolytic pathway for ATP production These effects are detected particularly at the neuronal level where acetyl L-carnitme has proved capable of preventing neuronal lesions or chronic neuronal degeneration
• GF-I reduction m growth factors
• IGF-I, IGF-II and relaxm are peptides belonging to the group of promsulins also called somatomedins
• IGFs exert a homeostatic and trophic action, particularly at both central and peripheral nervous system level, and the clinical use of these peptides has yielded beneficial results in many degenerative nervous disorders including diabetic neuropathy.
• ⁇ -lipoic acid also performs an important regulatory function on carbohydrate metabolism and insulin activity
• ⁇ -lipoic acid is widely distributed m nature in both the vegetable and animal worlds and can be taken with food Recognised first as a growth factor for a number of micro-organisms, it was then isolated in ox liver as bound to manv animal proteins It acts as an important scavenger of free radicals, above all those deriving from environmental contamination Recently, it has been shown that this compound is also useful in the regulation of glucose utilization and of insulin activity, so much so as to constitute an important factor in the prevention of diabetic neuropathies
• lipid peroxidation which is increased in diabetic neuropathy, can be controlled and reduced, both at cerebral level and at the level of the sciatic nerve or the ocular lens, by the administration of ⁇ -lipoic acid or one of its enantiomers.
• ⁇ -lipoic acid inhibits the aldose reductase activated by hyperglycaemia, and therefore ⁇ -lipoic acid may also play an important therapeutic role in diabetic complications.
• ⁇ -hpoic acid enhances the insulm-mduced muscular utilisation of glucose and, in diabetic subjects, reduces resistance to the effects of insulin on glucose
• ⁇ -lipoic acid contributes to the antioxidant effect of ⁇ -lipoic acid to the neuro-protective capability against bram damage induced by ischaemia and its postulated therapeutic role m Parkinson's disease and AIDS.
• the antioxidant effect of ⁇ -hpoic acid may be either direct or indirect, via restoration of glutathione and ascorbic acid concentrations.
• mmd particularly the mechanism consisting in its ability, after reduction to dihydrohpoic acid, to inhibit the activation of the nuclear transcription factor (NF-kB) by reactive oxygen species (ROS), thus, in turn, inhibiting the associated cascade of neurotoxic and cytotoxic factors
• ROS reactive oxygen species
• NF-kB nuclear transcription factor
• ROS reactive oxygen species
• ⁇ -lipoic acid may intervene in the prevention of diseases related to diabetes.
• concentrations of ⁇ -lipoic acid are lower than normal values and that the administration of ⁇ -lipoic acid may restore these levels to normal. It thus has an additive effect to that of insulin in glucose transport to the cell membranes.
• AGEs Advanced Glycosylation End Products
• AGEs in fact, enhance the synthesis of the components of the extracellular matrix, increase endothelial permeability and the formation of immune complexes and cytokines, and cause neuronal and retinal ischaemia, myelin accumulation and myelinic degeneration. A number of these compounds are formed both in the course of diabetes and during ageing.
• Protein glycation and glucose oxidation by glucose at high concentrations together with free radicals may, therefore, be another of the causes responsible for the tissue abnormalities - particularly nerve tissue abnormalities - associated with diabetes.
• the presence of ⁇ -lipoic acid also inhibits or limits the progression of glycosylation or glucose oxidation reactions.
• ⁇ -lipoic acid in the prevention and cure of cataracts, this may be attributable not only to the other mechanisms described above, but also to restoration of vitamin C concentrations in the eye which are reduced by hyperglycaemia due to competition of glucose with vitamin C transport.
• ⁇ -lipoic acid is extremely effective in the prevention and/or treatment of tissue damage induced by the presence of free radicals due to environmental pollution; of cerebral or myocardial lesions induced by free radicals after cerebral or myocardial ischaemia and as a result of reperfusion; of toxic or diabetic neuropathies, and of metabolic disorders in the glucose utilization.
• component (a) may further comprise a "carnitine” selected from the group comprising L- carnitine, propionyl L-carnitme, valeryl L-carmtme and isovaleryl L- carnitme or their pharmacologically acceptable salts thereof.
• a "carnitine” selected from the group comprising L- carnitine, propionyl L-carnitme, valeryl L-carmtme and isovaleryl L- carnitme or their pharmacologically acceptable salts thereof.
• the (a):(b) weight-to-weight ratio ranges from 100:1 to 1:10.
• carnitines and ⁇ -hpoic acid are well known for their very limited toxicity and good tolerability. These favourable toxicological characteristics of carnitines and ⁇ -lipoic acid have been confirmed by combining these components and administering them at high doses both to rats and mice.
• cerebral ischaemia was induced by occluding the middle cerebral artery (MCA) according to the method described by Scharkey (Scharkey, Y., Nature 371-336, 1994) by injecting endothelin-1 (120 pmol in 3 nl) into the anaesthetised rat in three minutes with a microcannula placed stereotactically in the piriform cortex at the level of the middle cerebral artery. Occlusion of the artery is induced, and the resulting ischaemia can be checked three days after this procedure by transcardiac perfusion of a solution of paraformaldehyde (4% in PBS).
• Acetyl L-carnitine 50 mg/kg
• the carnitine mixture 50 mg/kg of a mixture of acetyl L-carnitine, propionyl L-carnitine, and isovaleryl L-carnitine in a 1:1 weight ratio to one another
• ⁇ -lipoic acid 20 mg/kg
• the volume of the infarcted area was calculated according to the method described by Park (Park C.K., Anns. Neurol.. 20-150, 1989).
• Park Park C.K., Anns. Neurol.. 20-150, 1989.
• the results of these tests demonstrate that acetyl L-carnitine, the carnitine mixture, and ⁇ -lipoic acid are all capable of reducing the ischaemic area, but, surprisingly, the greatest and most significant result can be obtained with a combination of these products and, in particular, with a combination of acetyl L-carnitine and ⁇ -lipoic acid.
• Extent of ischaemia (volume in mm 3 ) due to occlusion of the MCA (percentage reduction of volume compared to controls)
• Hyperglycaemia whether through the formation of protein glycosylation products (AGEs) or through metabolic hypoxia, is one of the underlying factors responsible for diabetic disease and particularly for diabetic neuropathy.
• AGEs protein glycosylation products
• metabolic hypoxia is one of the underlying factors responsible for diabetic disease and particularly for diabetic neuropathy.
• Controlling serum glucose is therefore one of the most important means of preventing diseases related to diabetes.
• experimental diabetes was induced in rats, and tests were then performed to establish whether the induced hyperglycaemia could be reduced by the administration of acetyl L-carnitine, or carnitine mixture, or ⁇ -lipoic acid, or combinations of these products.
• the hyperglycaemia was induced by subcutaneous injection of alloxan (100 mg/kg) in the rat, and those rats were considered hyperglycaemic which presented serum glucose levels above 450 mg/dl seven days after the alloxan injection.
• test substances Treatment with the test substances was given orally for a period of three weeks. At the end of this period, serum glucose was measured in the various groups of rats, both hyperglycaemic and treated.
• Acetyl L-carnitine 200 mg kg
• the sorbitol concentration present in both the sciatic nerve and the ocular lens of diabetic rats was measured before and after the treatment administered.
• Sorbitol content in ocular lens and sciatic nerve in the diabetic rat Sorbitol content in ocular lens and sciatic nerve in the diabetic rat
• IGF-I msulin-like growth factor
• cytosine arabmo-furanoside (10 raM) to prevent the replication of non-neuronal cells. After eight days, the cells were washed and maintained in a culture in which the serum was replaced with BME (Basal Eagles Medium, Life Technologies. Gaithersburg, MD) containing a 5 mM KCI concentration.
• BME Basal Eagles Medium, Life Technologies. Gaithersburg, MD
• the test products were added directly to the serum thus prepared: IGF-I corresponding to 25 ng/ml acetyl L-carnitine (100 ng/ml) or carnitine mixture (100 ng/ml) or ⁇ -lipoic acid, either alone or in combination.
• Rats with induced diabetes whose sciatic nerve has been cut present inferior regenerative activity to that of normal rats.
• Diabetes serum glucose above 450 mg/dl was induced in a group of rats by subcutaneous injection of 100 mg/kg of alloxan.
• Acetyl L- carnitine, carnitine mixture and ⁇ -lipoic acid were administered with the diet in such a way that the daily intake was 200 mg/kg of acetyl L- carnitine, 200 mg/kg of carnitine mixture (acetyl L-carnitine + propionyl L-carnitine + isovaleryl L-carnitine in a 1:1 weight ratio to one another) and 50 mg/kg of ⁇ -lipoic acid.
• the compounds were administered a week before cutting the sciatic nerve and for thirty days after cutting.
• the sciatic nerve was cut under anaesthesia and after exposing 1 cm of it at the level of the sciatic foramen. The border of the lesion was marked with an epineural suture. Thirty days after cutting the nerve, the tissue of the tibial nerve, one of the main divisions of the sciatic nerve, was examined, after sacrificing the animals. Four cross-sections of the tibial nerve measuring approximately 4 mm in length were thus subjected to morphological and morphometric examination by means of a semiautomatic image analyser (Zeiss Videoplan Image Analyser).
• the number of regenerating axons and their density per 100 nm 2 were counted, as well as the degenerate elements. It thus proved possible to detect the diabetes-induced degeneration of the tibial nerve elements, which was corrected almost to the extent of restoring normal values by treatment with acetyl L-carnitme, carnitine mixture, and ⁇ -lipoic acid.
• a bipolar electrode was placed in the distal end of the muscle for displaying the electromyogram via an oscilloscope.
• the NMCV was measured in m/sec, dividing the distance between the stimulation electrodes by the mean difference in latency between the start of the ECG potentials evoked in the two sites.
• the MCF was expressed in mm.
• mice were treated orally for twenty days consecutively with acetyl L-carnitme (200 mg/kg), or with carnitine mixture (200 mg/kg), or with ⁇ -hpoic acid (50 mg/kg), or with these products in various combinations
• the examination was performed by evaluating, m the treated animals versus controls, the time that each animal holds on to the edge of an inclined platform (holding time) and also the time it takes to run a distance of 10 cm (running time)
• the prolonged administration of cisplatin to experimental animals is capable of causing lesions at the level of the sensory neurons and of causing marked abnormalities of propioceptive perception.
• the proprioceptive sensory perception abnormalities induced by cisplatin in the mouse were evaluated by means of the rotarod test (Apfel, S.C., Ann. Neurol., 29, 89, 1991).
• Cisplatin carnitine mixture 8.9 ⁇ 0.6
• composition according to the invention described herein is suitable for preventing toxic and metabolic damage which gives rise to neuronal lesions of an acute or chronic nature.
• it can be used in the treatment of toxic neuropathies, especially diabetic peripheral neuropathies.
• this composition is also indicated in the prevention or treatment of abnormalities of toxic or anoxic origin related to the release of free radicals in the brain, liver, heart or other organs and tissues.
• pharmacologically acceptable salt of L-carnitine or alkanoyl L-carnitine is any salt of these active ingredients with an acid that does not give rise to unwanted toxic or side effects.
• suitable salts are the following: chloride; bromide; iodide; aspartate, acid aspartate; citrate, acid citrate; tartrate; phosphate, acid phosphate; fumarate; acid fumarate; glycerophosphate; glucose phosphate; lactate; maleate, acid maleate; orotate; oxalate, acid oxalate; sulphate, acid sulphate, trichloroacetate, trifluoroacetate and methanesulphonate.
• the compositon according to the invention may also comprise vitamins, coenzymes, minerals substances and antioxidants.

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• 1998
  • 1998-09-01 IT IT1998RM000566A patent/IT1302307B1/it active IP Right Grant
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