WO2000011452A1 - Photometrische vorrichtung und photometrisches verfahren zum ermitteln des brennwertes eines prüfgases - Google Patents
Photometrische vorrichtung und photometrisches verfahren zum ermitteln des brennwertes eines prüfgases Download PDFInfo
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- WO2000011452A1 WO2000011452A1 PCT/DE1999/002627 DE9902627W WO0011452A1 WO 2000011452 A1 WO2000011452 A1 WO 2000011452A1 DE 9902627 W DE9902627 W DE 9902627W WO 0011452 A1 WO0011452 A1 WO 0011452A1
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- Prior art keywords
- radiation
- spectral
- calorific value
- measuring
- test gas
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- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 45
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 32
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 94
- 230000003595 spectral effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 92
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 83
- 230000003321 amplification Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 238000003199 nucleic acid amplification method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 claims description 56
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 claims description 27
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 claims description 22
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 claims description 20
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000002787 reinforcement Effects 0.000 claims 1
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 16
- 239000003345 natural gas Substances 0.000 abstract description 8
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 230000009102 absorption Effects 0.000 description 24
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 24
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000002826 coolant Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000000862 absorption spectrum Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000004817 gas chromatography Methods 0.000 description 3
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012937 correction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002452 interceptive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010183 spectrum analysis Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyclohexane Chemical compound C1CCCCC1 XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethane Chemical compound CC OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004566 IR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006978 adaptation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006399 behavior Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000027455 binding Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 230000005520 electrodynamics Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000004868 gas analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000003384 imaging method Methods 0.000 description 1
- INQOMBQAUSQDDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N iodomethane Chemical compound IC INQOMBQAUSQDDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
- G01N21/25—Colour; Spectral properties, i.e. comparison of effect of material on the light at two or more different wavelengths or wavelength bands
- G01N21/31—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry
- G01N21/35—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry using infrared light
- G01N21/359—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry using infrared light using near infrared light
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
- G01N21/25—Colour; Spectral properties, i.e. comparison of effect of material on the light at two or more different wavelengths or wavelength bands
- G01N21/31—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry
- G01N21/35—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry using infrared light
- G01N21/3504—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry using infrared light for analysing gases, e.g. multi-gas analysis
Definitions
- the invention relates to a photometric device for determining the calorific value of a test gas with a radiation source generating measurement radiation and a modulation unit for modulating the measurement radiation, whereby a sample cell for receiving the test gas and a radiation receiver are arranged in the path of the measurement radiation, the electrical measurement signals depending on the measurement radiation intensity generated and electrically connected to an evaluation unit which has at least one signal amplifier for amplifying the measurement signals.
- the invention further relates to a method for the photometric determination of the calorific value of a test gas, in which a measurement radiation is modulated, a sample cell filled with test gas is penetrated by the measurement radiation, the intensity of the measurement radiation transmitted by the sample cell is measured by means of a radiation receiver generating measurement signals, the measurement signals referenced to corresponding measurement signals without test gas in the sample cell, sample interaction efficiencies assigned to wavelengths are generated and the assigned sample interaction efficiencies are amplified by means of at least one signal amplifier.
- Such a device and such a method are already known to the person skilled in the art, for example from “infrared spectroscopy” edited by H. Günzler, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg known in 1996.
- HN Heise's article entitled “Infrared Spectrometric Gas Analysis” discloses both dispersive and non-dispersive methods and spectrometers for carrying out these methods.
- a dispersive device has a dispersive element such as a grating for spatially splitting infrared radiation depending on its wavelength
- the disclosed non-dispersive devices have, for example, a filter device for selecting a wavelength.
- the calorific value of a gas establishes a connection between the gas volume consumed during combustion and the amount of heat generated in the process and has become very important, for example, for the control technology of natural gas-operated systems.
- gas mixtures such as natural gas
- the calorific value depends on the composition of the gas mixture.
- the gas volume usually serves as the basis for calculating the purchase price, with the gas calorific value having an indirect effect on the purchase transaction. Accordingly, a volume-based purchase price requires knowledge of the calorific value of the gas intended for purchase in order to justify a higher purchase price for gases with a high calorific value compared to cheaper offers.
- the direct measurement of the calorific value of a gas is usually done in calorimeters.
- a predetermined volume of the test gas is burned and the thermal energy then released to a defined amount of a cooling medium is measured via the temperature increase of the cooling medium.
- Air or water, for example are suitable as the cooling medium. While the great inertia of the measurement proves to be disadvantageous for the quick determination of the calorific value of a natural gas when using water, despite the high accuracy, the disadvantages of using air as the cooling medium lie primarily in the complicated mechanics for setting a specific one Quantity ratio of gas, combustion air and cooling air.
- gas chromatography One method for indirect calorific value determination is gas chromatography, in which the gas composition is determined quantitatively and the calorific value of the entire gas mixture is calculated knowing the calorific values of the individual components.
- the disadvantages of gas chromatography lie in the high purchase costs of the equipment required for this as well as in the qualified personnel required for operation.
- the object of the invention is therefore to develop a device and a method of the type mentioned at the beginning in such a way that a quick, easy to carry out, inexpensive and reliable determination of the calorific value of a test gas is made possible.
- the or each signal amplifier has setting means for setting the degree of amplification of the or each signal amplifier as a function of the spectral position and the spectral width of the measuring radiation which generates the measuring signal to be amplified, and that the evaluation unit comprises a sum memory for adding up the amplified measurement signals.
- the object is achieved in that the or each signal amplifier is set as a function of the spectral position and the spectral width of the measurement radiation generating the measurement signal in such a way that its degree of amplification corresponds to a spectral calorific value parameter and that the associated sample interaction efficiencies amplified by the or each signal amplifier and added up to calculate the calorific value of the test gas.
- the heat of reaction generated in gas combustion is based on the oxidation of CH bonds, the amount of heat generated in each case depending on the respective binding energy.
- the invention is based on the idea that the vibrations of the CH bonds, which have the same specific binding energy and generate the same amount of heat when burned, interact with electromagnetic radiation at an assigned wavelength. Under this condition, the calorific value of the gas can be calculated by measuring the wavelengths of the interaction of these vibrations with wavelength resolution. An assignment of the CH vibrations to certain previously known components of the gas is therefore at most necessary in the context of additional correction methods, so that a computationally expensive spectral analysis, which is often faulty, can be avoided.
- the evaluation unit is an electrical circuit and the setting means are designed as one or more adjustable control voltage sources, the respective voltage of which regulates the degree of amplification of the assigned signal amplifier.
- the evaluation unit is a digital computing device having the sum memory, the setting means comprising an amplification parameter memory with amplification parameters which are associated with measurement radiation with a specific spectral position and a specific spectral width, the signal amplification by multiplying the Measuring signals by means of a central processing unit of the computing device with the gain parameters as a function of the spectral characteristics create, the measuring radiation generating the measuring signal can be carried out.
- the photometric device advantageously has a dispersive element as a modulation unit for spatially splitting the measurement radiation as a function of its wavelength and has a detector line as a radiation receiver with detector elements arranged next to one another, each detector element being connected to a signal amplifier in each case.
- the dispersive element is an optical grating.
- the photometric device comprises a spectral switching unit for selecting a specific spectral range of the measuring radiation and a detector element as radiation receiver, the setting means being coupled to the spectral switching unit.
- the spectral switching unit is a filter wheel with spectral filters controlled by a filter wheel drive.
- the modulation unit is an interferometer which has a beam splitter for splitting the measuring radiation over two optical paths which are delimited by a fixed mirror or by a mirror movable by an actuator.
- the mirrors are aligned in such a way that the parts of the measuring radiation which they reflect back are in a common beam path unite.
- the actuator is operatively coupled to the setting means.
- the radiation source is an infrared radiation source that generates infrared radiation from the middle infrared spectral range and the radiation receiver is a radiation receiver sensitive in the middle infrared spectral range.
- the radiation source is an infrared radiation source generating infrared radiation in the near infrared spectral range and the radiation receiver is a radiation receiver sensitive in the near infrared spectral range.
- the device according to the invention has a spectrum memory in order to store the sample interaction efficiencies in pairs with the wavelengths assigned to them.
- the measuring radiation is spatially split as a function of its wavelength.
- the amplitude of the measuring radiation is modulated by means of an interferometer in the method according to the invention.
- sample interaction efficiencies of the test gas with assigned wavelengths are advantageously from the spectral range of the CH vibration and especially reinforced from the range between 3 ⁇ m and 4 ⁇ m.
- the sample interaction efficiencies of the test gas with assigned wavelengths from the spectral range of the C-H harmonic and in particular from the range between 1.5 ⁇ m and 2 ⁇ m are amplified.
- the test gas is expediently examined in the test gas by measuring characteristic sample interaction efficiencies at defined wavelengths for at least one interfering foreign gas not contributing to the calorific value, the sample interaction efficiencies of which are known as a function of the wavelength, and the proportion of the foreign gas in the test gas is determined depending on the characteristic sample interaction effects and subtracting the proportion of the foreign gas that interferes with the evaluation from the measured sample interactions.
- test gas is advantageously examined by measuring characteristic sample interaction efficiencies at defined wavelengths for special gases which contribute to the calorific value and which differ greatly from a main component of the test gas due to their chemical composition or structure, for example due to additional functional groups or branches of hydrocarbon chains.
- FIG. 1 shows a schematic illustration of an exemplary embodiment of the photometric device according to the invention with a prism
- FIG. 2 shows the photometric device according to FIG. 1 with a grating
- Fig. 3 shows the photometric device of FIG. 1 with a filter wheel for switching infrared radiation
- FIG. 4 shows the device according to the invention according to FIG. 1 with an interferometer.
- Fig. 1 shows a schematic representation of an embodiment of the device according to the invention.
- the broadband infrared radiation 2 is spatially split by the prism 4 depending on its wavelength. This splitting is illustrated in FIG. 1 by the partial beams 5 which spread out in a fan-like manner, of which only four are listed for reasons of clarity, but the number thereof is 10 in a simple spectrally coarse-resolution exemplary embodiment.
- a detector line 6 with detector elements 7 lying next to one another is arranged in such a way that each detector element 7 is assigned to a specific, previously defined partial beam 5 and thus to a wavelength range with a defined width and a defined average wavelength.
- the spectral width of the infrared radiation 2 detected by a detector element 7 depends on the resolution of the photometric device.
- the rotation of the prism 4 enables the selection of the spectral range used for the measurement.
- the prism 4 is aligned with respect to the incident infrared radiation 2 such that the detector elements 7 detect a spectral range between 3.2 ⁇ m and 3.6 ⁇ m.
- the infrared radiation 2 of this spectral range is absorbed by the vibrations of the CH bonds of the test gas.
- the wavelengths of the broadband infrared radiation 2 are in the near infrared spectral range, the prism 4 being oriented with respect to the infrared radiation 2 such that the detector elements 7 detect a wavelength range between 1.6 ⁇ m and 1.8 ⁇ m.
- the absorption band of the first harmonic of the CH bond lies in this spectral range. Compared to the fundamental vibration, the absorption of the harmonic of the CH bonds is weaker. However, the near infrared spectral range shows divide compared to the middle infrared spectral range.
- the detector elements 7 each comprise an electronic circuit, not shown, which is used to generate a spectral absorption ⁇ . with an assigned wavelength ⁇ i normalizes the respective measurement signal to a measurement signal obtained without test gas and the standardized measurement signal is then electronically logarithmized.
- the spectral absorption values or sample interaction efficiencies generated in this way are each fed via measuring signal lines 8 to a signal amplifier 9, the gain of which is set in each case by applying a control voltage by means of control voltage sources (not shown) such that it provides a spectral calorific value parameter b. with an assigned wavelength ⁇ .
- the set spectral calorific value parameter is b. each on the spectral width and the mean wavelength ⁇ i. the infrared radiation, which is detected by the respectively assigned detector element 7.
- the spectral calorific values generated by the amplification and distributed over the absorption spectrum a. • b, are then added up in a sum memory, which in this exemplary embodiment is designed as a summation circuit 10, so that its output signal 11 corresponds to the calorific value of the test gas.
- the output signal is then fed to an output unit, not shown, such as a numerical display panel, which shows the user the determined calorific value of the test gas.
- the amplification and summation of measured spectral absorptions in the summation circuit 10 for calculating the calorific value B is by the formula
- the set of spectral condensing parameters necessary for setting the signal amplifier 9. is of crucial importance for the determination of the calorific value B of the test gas.
- the spectral condensing parameters b. in addition to the assigned wavelength ⁇ i are dependent on the width of the spectral range detected in each case.
- a reduction in the number of detector elements 7 arranged in the detector line 6 therefore inevitably leads to a reduction in the support points available over the observed spectral range from 3.2 ⁇ m to 3.6 ⁇ m and generally to a widening of the detectors - Gate elements 7 each detected spectral range.
- spectral calorific value parameters for example using numerical calculation methods, in that the intermediate results of the numerical methods are adapted to the photometric device used in each case by means of suitably selected adaptation parameters.
- a set of spectral calorific value parameters is expediently b. determined empirically, one or more test gases having a known calorific value and composition being investigated and the spectral calorific value parameters b. be varied until the determined calorific value matches the previously known calorific value.
- the spectral calorific value parameter b ⁇ is followed, for example
- r, s and t are fitting parameters.
- the inclusion of higher terms increases the accuracy of the calibration. Termination after the second link can, however, be considered sufficient for most applications.
- the spectral absorptions ⁇ .. of calibration gases and calibration gas mixtures with a known calorific value B ßek are measured.
- equation (2) a calculated or measured calorific value B is calculated using the respectively measured set of spectral absorptions ⁇ and the starting values of the fitting parameters r, s, t ...
- the fitting parameters are then varied until the sum of the deviations of the calculated calorific values B from the known calorific values B ßek reaches a minimum.
- the calibration gas mixtures used do not come apart as a linear combination.
- the evaluation unit of the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 1 comprises all electrical circuits which process the signal generated by the detector line 6 and in particular the signal amplifier 9, the control voltage sources (not shown) and the sum memory 10. be designed as a suitably equipped computing device.
- the detector elements 7 of the detector line 6 are connected via the measurement signal line 8 to a multifunction card (not shown) of the computing device.
- a measuring program of the computing device provided to control the evaluation method instructs a central computing unit (CPU) of the computing device to multiply the measuring signals digitized by the multifunction card for amplification by assigned spectral calorific value parameters.
- the spectral calorific value parameters required for this are stored in a gain parameter memory.
- the control program then instructs the computing device to calculate the sum of these products and thus the calorific value of the gas.
- the prism 4 is rotated by a prism drive, not shown.
- the prism drive has an angular position transmitter which generates electrical signals as a function of the angular position of the prism and thus as a function of the mean wavelength detected by a specific detector element 7.
- the specific detector element 7 and the angular position transmitter are connected to a storage unit, not shown, which obtained signals stored in pairs as a spectrum.
- the spectrum stored in the spectrum memory is then examined for characteristic absorption bands of foreign particles.
- a spectrum analysis program accesses a reference spectrum memory in which a number of different reference spectra of foreign particles are stored. If the spectrum analysis program recognizes characteristic absorption bands of a foreign particle on the basis of the comparison of the measured spectrum with the reference spectra, it subtracts such a portion of the reference spectrum from the total measured absorption spectrum that the characteristic absorption bands are no longer recognizable.
- the spectral range in which the test gas is measured can go beyond the middle infrared spectral range, since the foreign particles have a noticeable absorption in the infrared, but the characteristic bands necessary for the assignment are, for example, in the near infrared or visible spectral range.
- the spectra information can also be used to provide suitable spectral calorific value parameters of special molecules those that have CH bonds that contribute to the calorific value, but differ in their structure or composition from molecules that are normally to be expected.
- molecules such as cyclohexane, aromatics or methyl iodide have a chemical composition or structure that deviates from the gases mainly present in natural gas, such as methane and ethane.
- the chemically different structure of such special molecules generally changes the absorption behavior of the CH vibrations and can lead to their share in the calorific value not being recorded.
- the contribution of special molecules to the calorific value of a gas must be taken into account to avoid inaccurate measurements.
- the absorption of special molecules is therefore taken into account in an additional approximation method.
- the spectrum is examined for characteristic absorptions over the entire spectral range, which can go beyond the middle infrared spectral range, as already described in connection with the detection of foreign particles, which are detected by a spectral analysis program by comparison with reference spectra as described above.
- a parameter set b 1 j is given to the respectively recognized molecules. .. assigned, which is stored in an auxiliary parameter memory.
- the additional contribution B. of the special molecule to the calorific value is calculated
- FIG. 2 shows a photometric device according to FIG. 1 with a beam path drawn in more detail.
- the radiation source 1 generates the broadband infrared radiation 2, which strikes an optical grating 14 as an essentially parallel beam via an imaging optics 12 and a collimator 13 in order to be spatially split by the grating as a function of the wavelength.
- the optical grating 14 is designed as a reflection grating, so that the spatially split infrared radiation 2 is reflected and then strikes an optic 15 which bundles the split light beam onto the detector line 6.
- the detector line 6 again consists of detector elements (not shown) arranged next to one another.
- each detector element detects a specific spectral range of the infrared radiation 2 and is amplified by signal amplifiers (not shown) depending on the spectral position and the spectral width of this radiation.
- the degree of amplification of the signal amplifiers is set such that it corresponds to a spectral calorific value parameter b ⁇ .
- the spectral focal values ⁇ . • b. are then added up in the accumulator 10 and give the calorific value of the test gas as the output signal 11.
- FIG 3 shows an exemplary embodiment of the device according to the invention with a filter wheel 16 as a switching unit for switching the wavelength of the infrared radiation 2.
- the filter wheel 16 has filters which are oriented essentially perpendicular to the infrared radiation 2 and which only transmit a specific spectral range of the broadband infrared radiation that a wavelength or a wavelength range can be selected for the respective measurement by rotating the filter wheel 16 via a filter wheel drive 17.
- the filter wheel drive 17 is provided with a position transmitter which generates signals depending on the filter position.
- the detector cell 7 is provided downstream of the sample cell 3 and generates an electrical measurement signal as a function of the infrared radiation intensity.
- the measurement signal is fed via the measurement signal line 8 to a preamplifier 18 for amplifying the measurement signal regardless of the wavelength, and the preamplified measurement signal is then divided by a reference signal, which was recorded with the filter wheel 16 in the same position and stored in a reference memory 20.
- the reference memory 20 is electrically connected to the position transmitter of the filter wheel 17 via the position line 21. That in the subtracting circuit 19
- the standardized measuring signal is then electronically logarithmized to generate an absorption signal and fed to the signal amplifier 9, which in turn is connected via the position line 21 to the position sensor of the filter wheel drive 17.
- the position transmitter of the filter wheel drive 17 changes the spectral range of the infrared radiation 2 used for the absorption measurement by rotating the filter wheel 16, the position transmitter of the filter wheel drive 17 generates an electrical signal assigned to this new position, which instructs the setting means of the signal amplifier 9, not shown, the gain, for example adjustable by a control voltage. kungsgrad the signal amplifier 9 to adapt to the measurement conditions such that it a spectral calorific value parameter b. and the absorption signal, which is now amplified as a function of the wavelength, has a spectral calorific value ⁇ . - b. corresponds.
- the spectral calorific values are added up in the summation circuit 10.
- the filters arranged in the filter wheel 16 are expediently selected such that a spectral range between 3 ⁇ m and 12 ⁇ m is scanned by rotating the filter wheel 16 through 360 degrees.
- the summation circuit 10 is instructed by the position transmitter of the filter wheel drive 17 via the position line 21 to output the measured calorific value of the test gas via the output signal 11 to a display unit (not shown).
- the interferometer 22 downstream of the collimator 13 and the sample cell 3 comprises a beam splitter 23 for splitting the infrared radiation 2 over an optical path 24 which is delimited by a fixed mirror 25 and on an optical path 26 which is delimited by a movable mirror 27 .
- the movable mirror 27 is connected to an actuator 28 for modulating the infrared radiation 2.
- the actuator 28 is moved, for example, on the principle of an electrodynamic loudspeaker.
- the infrared radiation parts are reflected back in by both mirrors 25 and 27, so that they overlap in a common superimposed beam path 29.
- the interfering radiation fields are bundled by suitable optics 30 onto the detector element 7, which generates an electrical measurement signal which is fed via the measurement signal line 8 to the preamplifier 18 for preamplifying the measurement signal regardless of the wavelength.
- the signal measured as a function of the position of the movable mirror 27 corresponds to a Fourier transformation of the spectrum of the infrared radiation 2.
- the preamplified measurement signal is broken down into the elementary frequency range in an electronic filter 31, which is connected to the actuator 28 via a coupling line 32.
- This decomposition which is carried out as a function of the position of the movable mirror 27, corresponds to an electronic Fourier transformation and delivers Again, wavelength-dependent absorption signals as sample interaction signals, which are fed via absorption signal lines 33 to a circuit 34 which amplifies the absorption signals as a function of the frequency or wavelength and the spectral resolution achievable during the measurement, and the spectral calorific values ⁇ ⁇ which are amplified as a function of the wavelength • b j . summed up in a summation circuit in order to then output the output signal 11 to a display unit, not shown.
- the evaluation units of the exemplary embodiments of the invention shown in FIGS. 2 to 4 correspond to an electronic circuit.
- the electronic evaluation unit can be replaced according to the invention by using digital electronics such as digital signal processors or a computing device.
- digital electronics such as digital signal processors or a computing device.
- the correction measures described in connection with the exemplary embodiment in FIG. 1 to take foreign particles and special molecules into account can also be used in the other exemplary embodiments described.
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Abstract
Description
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Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US09/763,448 US6555820B1 (en) | 1998-08-24 | 1999-08-21 | Photometric device and photometric method for determining the gross calorific value of a test gas |
AT99953561T ATE255224T1 (de) | 1998-08-24 | 1999-08-21 | Photometrisches verfahren zum ermitteln des brennwertes eines prüfgases |
EP99953561A EP1108206B1 (de) | 1998-08-24 | 1999-08-21 | Photometrisches verfahren zum ermitteln des brennwertes eines prüfgases |
AU10278/00A AU1027800A (en) | 1998-08-24 | 1999-08-21 | Photometric device and photometric method for determining the gross calorific value of a test gas |
DE59907878T DE59907878D1 (de) | 1998-08-24 | 1999-08-21 | Photometrisches verfahren zum ermitteln des brennwertes eines prüfgases |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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DE19838301A DE19838301C2 (de) | 1998-08-24 | 1998-08-24 | Photometrische Vorrichtung und photometrisches Verfahren zum Ermitteln des Brennwertes eines Prüfgases |
DE19838301.0 | 1998-08-24 |
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WO2000011452A1 true WO2000011452A1 (de) | 2000-03-02 |
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PCT/DE1999/002627 WO2000011452A1 (de) | 1998-08-24 | 1999-08-21 | Photometrische vorrichtung und photometrisches verfahren zum ermitteln des brennwertes eines prüfgases |
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US (1) | US6555820B1 (de) |
EP (1) | EP1108206B1 (de) |
AT (1) | ATE255224T1 (de) |
AU (1) | AU1027800A (de) |
DE (2) | DE19838301C2 (de) |
ES (1) | ES2212646T3 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2000011452A1 (de) |
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DE19900129C2 (de) * | 1999-01-05 | 2001-09-13 | Flow Comp Systemtechnik Gmbh | Gasqualitätsbestimmung |
JP4472056B2 (ja) * | 1999-07-23 | 2010-06-02 | 株式会社半導体エネルギー研究所 | エレクトロルミネッセンス表示装置及びその作製方法 |
DE19949439C1 (de) * | 1999-10-14 | 2001-02-08 | Flow Comp Systemtechnik Gmbh | Gasqualitätsbestimmung |
DE10023635A1 (de) * | 2000-05-13 | 2001-11-15 | Ruhrgas Ag | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur verbrennungslosen Bestimmung des Brennwertes oder der Wobbezahl eines Erdgases |
DE10031674A1 (de) * | 2000-06-29 | 2002-01-17 | Siemens Ag | Verfahren zur Brennwertbestimmung von Erdgas |
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- 1999-08-21 AU AU10278/00A patent/AU1027800A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1999-08-21 EP EP99953561A patent/EP1108206B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-08-21 WO PCT/DE1999/002627 patent/WO2000011452A1/de active IP Right Grant
- 1999-08-21 ES ES99953561T patent/ES2212646T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-08-21 US US09/763,448 patent/US6555820B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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US6555820B1 (en) | 2003-04-29 |
EP1108206A1 (de) | 2001-06-20 |
DE59907878D1 (de) | 2004-01-08 |
AU1027800A (en) | 2000-03-14 |
EP1108206B1 (de) | 2003-11-26 |
ES2212646T3 (es) | 2004-07-16 |
DE19838301A1 (de) | 2000-03-09 |
ATE255224T1 (de) | 2003-12-15 |
DE19838301C2 (de) | 2001-03-01 |
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