WO2000009215A1 - Agent exincteur sous forme de mousse aqueuse - Google Patents

Agent exincteur sous forme de mousse aqueuse Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2000009215A1
WO2000009215A1 PCT/JP1999/004409 JP9904409W WO0009215A1 WO 2000009215 A1 WO2000009215 A1 WO 2000009215A1 JP 9904409 W JP9904409 W JP 9904409W WO 0009215 A1 WO0009215 A1 WO 0009215A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
water
foam
surfactant
weight
aqueous
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/JP1999/004409
Other languages
English (en)
Japanese (ja)
Inventor
Hiroshi Shiga
Original Assignee
Gtl Co., Ltd.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Gtl Co., Ltd. filed Critical Gtl Co., Ltd.
Priority to US09/529,552 priority Critical patent/US6379578B1/en
Publication of WO2000009215A1 publication Critical patent/WO2000009215A1/fr

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A62—LIFE-SAVING; FIRE-FIGHTING
    • A62D—CHEMICAL MEANS FOR EXTINGUISHING FIRES OR FOR COMBATING OR PROTECTING AGAINST HARMFUL CHEMICAL AGENTS; CHEMICAL MATERIALS FOR USE IN BREATHING APPARATUS
    • A62D1/00—Fire-extinguishing compositions; Use of chemical substances in extinguishing fires
    • A62D1/0071—Foams

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a water-based foam fire extinguisher, and more particularly to a water-based foam fire extinguisher excellent in foaming properties and film-forming properties even in a low-temperature range, particularly at a low temperature of 120 ° C. or less, and more preferably a temperature of 125 ° C. or less.
  • foam extinguishing agents are classified into foaming agents for general oil fires for crude oil, gasoline, kerosene, etc., and alcohol-resistant foaming agents such as alcohols and ketones.
  • foam and synthetic surfactants Foam fire extinguishing agents and water-forming foam extinguishing agents are known.
  • fluorinated surfactants and hydrocarbon surfactants Concentrate for foam film formation, consisting of a mixture of j and a foam stabilizing solvent belonging to the Dalicol family.
  • a fire-extinguishing agent, etc. which has been made into a thixotropic liquid by adding a water-soluble polymer to a fluorine-based surfactant. I have.
  • Japanese Patent Publication No. 6-21666 describes an aerosol-type fire extinguisher using a fire extinguisher composed of an aqueous solution of a potassium carbonate, a fluorinated surfactant, and an aqueous solution of a deicing agent.
  • This publication also discloses the addition of lauryl alcohol sulfate, polyoxyethylene radicalyl sulfate and the like as a hydrocarbon-based surfactant 14 for improving foaming properties.
  • Japanese Patent Publication No. 6-21669 discloses cationic water-soluble polymers, polybasic acids, and ions. Aqueous foams containing a metal salt having a valence of 2 or more and an anionic hydrophilic group-containing surfactant are disclosed. The freezing point of the fire extinguisher shown in Examples is 114 to 123. ° C.
  • Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. Hei 6-320130 discloses a water spray portable device comprising a fluorinated betaine, a fluorinated amine oxide, an alkyl daloxide, a non-fluorinated surfactant, a monoalkyl ether of mono- or diethylene glycol.
  • a fire extinguishing agent is disclosed, and the embodiment shows an example in which the freezing temperature is 122 ° C. ⁇ 2 ° C.
  • Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. Hei 9-117349 describes a foam fire-extinguishing agent in which a synthetic surfactant foam-extinguishing agent is added with a fluorine-based surfactant represented by a specific general formula.
  • Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 9-1124848 discloses a water-insoluble fluorinated copolymer for polar liquid fire such as alcohol, a hydrocarbon-based surfactant, a fluorinated surfactant, and a water-miscible organic solvent.
  • a foam concentrate which is an aqueous dispersion consisting of:
  • the phosphoric acid component of the fire extinguishing agent disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. j Monmonium has good solubility in water, and its aqueous solution shows almost neutrality (pH 6.5 to 8), which is considered to be ideal as a neutral fire extinguishing agent. Since cold resistance is a condition that can be used even at 120 ° C, it is necessary to add a large amount of antifreeze and freezing point depressant to satisfy this requirement.
  • aqueous fire extinguishing agent excellent in foaming property and film forming property even at ⁇ 20 ° C. or less, particularly at 125 ° C. or less.
  • Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 6-218175 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. Hei 6-218,075 describes that an aqueous solution containing at least one or more selected from hydrogen carbonate and ammonium phosphate and a freezing point depressant has a fluorine-based surfactant.
  • perfluoroalkyl betaine a surfactant, imidazolinium betaine, a hydrocarbon-based surfactant, alkyl phenolic betaine, and N-acyl-N-methyl- ⁇ -aranine
  • ⁇ ⁇ 7.4 to 8 (20 ° C) by using one or more of these as a foaming film-forming agent.
  • the water-based foam extinguisher of the present invention has an improved foaming property and a film forming property in a low temperature range by adding a predetermined component, thereby suppressing the addition amount of a freezing point depressant to be smaller than that of the conventional one.
  • an aqueous solution containing at least one or more selected from potassium hydrogen carbonate, ammonium phosphate, ammonium sulfate, ammonium bromide, boron oxide, and potassium tetraborate An aqueous fire extinguisher containing a freezing point depressant with a freezing point of less than 120 ° C, a perfluoroalkyl betaine as a fluorine surfactant, and the following general formula as a hydrocarbon surfactant: Amide amino acid type surfactants represented by (1) and (2) or (2) wherein R 1 is an alkyl group having 7 to 23 carbon atoms, a hydroxyalkyl group, an aralkyl group or an alkenyl group.
  • X represents an alkali metal or hydrogen atom.
  • a surfactant composition containing an alkaline earth metal ion further added to the surfactant. Found that it is possible to foaming, film formability further remarkably improved in low-temperature region by.
  • a general surfactant loses its function as an activator when the temperature falls below about 1 ° C, and at low temperatures (below 120 ° C), its foaming properties become extremely poor and sometimes it does not occur at all. Although foaming may not occur, perfluoroalkyl betaine and an amide amino acid type surfactant represented by the above general formula (1) and Z or (2), or an additional surfactant may be added to the surfactant.
  • perfluoroalkyl betaine and an amide amino acid type surfactant represented by the above general formula (1) and Z or (2) or an additional surfactant may be added to the surfactant.
  • the foaming property in a low temperature range from 15 ° C to 125 ° C
  • it has the effect of accelerating experimental reactions against fatty acid fires (tempura oil).
  • At least one selected from potassium bicarbonate, ammonium phosphate, ammonium bromide, boron oxide, and potassium tetraborate is suitable.
  • a typical freezing-point depressant is ethylene glycol, but all freezing-point depressants are flammable organic substances, and their content must be reduced as much as possible to prevent relapse.
  • the preferred amount is, when using ethylene glycol 1 0-2 0 by weight 0/0, more preferably 1 2 to 1 8 wt 0/0.
  • a freezing point lowering auxiliary consisting of a neutral salt such as urea or ammonium acetate may be added as appropriate.
  • the aqueous foam fire extinguisher of the present invention contains perfluoroalkyl betaine as a stock solution in an amount of 0.2 to 0.5% by weight, and an amide amino acid type interface represented by the general formula (1) and Z or (2).
  • the surfactant contains 1.5 to 5% by weight of a surfactant composition containing an alkaline earth metal ion.
  • Perfluoroalkyl betaines mainly act as foam spreaders.
  • the amide amino acid type surfactant represented by the general formula (1) and Z or (2) mainly acts as a foaming agent.
  • aqueous foam fire extinguisher of the present invention can be used as a stock solution (concentrated solution) or by diluting the stock solution with water. If used, dilute to 3%.
  • the preferred temperature range for use is +40 to 120 ° C.
  • Freezing point depressant ethylene glycol 10-20
  • Foaming agent Perfluoroalkyl betaine 0.2 to Q.5 Foaming agent: Amide amino acid type surfactant represented by general formula (1) and Z or (2) Alkali earth metal Surfactant composition containing ions 1.5-5
  • the specific gravity of the stock solution of the water-based foam of the present invention at 20 ° C. is 1.113 to 1.15, and the pH is about 6.8 to 8.5.
  • An auxiliary fire extinguishing agent 3 to 6% by weight, an auxiliary freezing point depressant 0.5 to 4% by weight, a supplementary foaming agent, and an auxiliary foaming agent may be appropriately added to the above basic components.
  • a performance improver for improving the performance of the aqueous foam fire extinguisher and a pH adjuster can be appropriately added.
  • 'Performance enhancers include surface tension / interfacial tension reducers, property stabilizing (clearing) agents, heat / liquid resistance improvers, dense foam formers, foam stabilizers, and fire retardants.
  • inorganic salts usually, silicates, carbonates, borates, ammonium sulfate and the like can be used as a base agent or an auxiliary agent of a fire extinguishing agent. High stability as an aqueous solution. Cold-resistant, and effective for both fire A (wood) and fire B (oil). As a result of various attempts at the inorganic salts, potassium bicarbonate, ammonium phosphate, 9/04409
  • Ammonium sulfate, ammonium bromide, boron oxide and potassium tetraborate proved to be suitable. Its preferred content is 4 to 20% by weight. If the amount is less than 4% by weight, a sufficient effect cannot be obtained. Further, fire-extinguishing aids that can be added to the main component inorganic salts are inorganic or organic compounds such as silicates, carbonates, and ammonium sulfate. Its preferred content is 3 to 6% by weight. Even when the content exceeds 6% by weight, no particular improvement in the effect is observed.
  • the following various substances can be used as freezing point depressants.
  • Alkonole Methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol.
  • Polyhydric alcohols ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, PEG (300), annit, and glycerin.
  • Amide Formamide, methylformamide, acetoamide, methylacetamide, dimethylacetamide.
  • Cellosolves Solvents Methyl, Etylse, and Butyl.
  • Canolebitonores diethyleneglyconolemonobutenoatenole, diethyleneglyconelemonoechinoleatenole.
  • Freezing point depressants are all flammable organic substances, and the amount of them must be reduced as much as possible to prevent relapse. Its preferred content is from 10 to 20% by weight, more preferably from 14 to 18% by weight. If it is less than 10%, the freezing point does not drop sufficiently. 2 0 weight 0/0 less is freezing point lowering effect even beyond the risk of relapse preferably atmospheric next ward.
  • the freezing point depressant adjuvant consisting neutral salt such as urea optionally from 0.5 to 4 by weight 0 /. Added. Even if it exceeds 4% by weight, no particular improvement in the effect is observed.
  • fluorine-based surfactant 14 commonly used as a foam developing agent include the following.
  • Par Full O b alkyl carboxylic acids Pas one full O b alkylsulfonic acids, Pfaff Ruoroarukinore quaternary Anmoniumu, PA Full O lower Honoré Kino repo Rio carboxymethyl ethylene, Nono 0 one full O lower Honoré Kino les betaine, Nono 0 Funo Leoloalkynoleamine.
  • the present invention provides an amide amino acid type surfactant represented by the general formula (1) and (2) using perfluoroalkyl betaine among the above-mentioned fluorosurfactants. It has been found that an aqueous foam extinguisher with excellent foaming properties and film-forming properties can be obtained even in a low temperature range of ⁇ 20 ° C. or lower when used in combination with an agent.
  • R 1 represents an alkyl group having 7 to 23 carbon atoms, and particularly preferably a straight-chain alkyl group having 9 to 17 carbon atoms.
  • the alkali metal represented by X is Na, K, or the like, and Na is preferred.
  • the method for producing the amide amino acid type surfactant represented by the general formulas (1) and / or (2) is disclosed in The surfactant of formula (1) is disclosed in US Pat. No. 2,694,811, and is known.
  • the surfactant of the formula (1) is obtained by opening a ring of an alkylimidazoline in an aqueous alkali solution, and then adding monohaloacetic acid or a salt thereof.
  • the surfactant of the formula (2) can be obtained by adding an alkylimidazoline to a mixture of monohaloacetic acid or a salt thereof and water and reacting an aqueous alkali solution dropwise.
  • Foaming properties can be improved by adding an alkaline earth metal ion such as a magnesium ion or a calcium ion to the amide amino acid type surfactant represented by the general formula (1) and / or (2).
  • the amount thereof is preferably 0.05 to 1 equivalent of the alkaline earth metal ion to 1 equivalent of the amide amino acid type surfactant. Above that, the foamability becomes saturated and adversely affects the emulsion stability.
  • Surfactant compositions containing an alkaline earth metal ion in an amide amino acid type surfactant represented by the general formula (1) and Z or (2) are commercially available as a shampoo base.
  • the present inventors have found that among these surfactant compositions, those containing a large amount of salt are unsuitable for fire extinguishing agents that produce an effect at a low temperature range, and salt content among commercial products is low. It must be free of so-called salt-free products.
  • trade names “Softazoline NS” and “Softazoline SF” manufactured by Kawaken Fine Chemical Co., Ltd. can be selected and used.
  • Ethylene glycol 11 1 weight 0 /.
  • E Amide amino acid type surfactant of formula (1) As can be seen from this table, the combination of perfluoroalkyl betaine with the amide amino acid type surfactant represented by the formula (1) is superior in cold resistance compared to other combinations. Is recognized.
  • the aqueous foam fire extinguisher of the present invention may further comprise, as a fluorinated surfactant, a perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acid potassium salt, a perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid potassium salt, or a perfluoroalkyl quaternary ammonium salt.
  • a fluorinated surfactant a perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acid potassium salt, a perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid potassium salt, or a perfluoroalkyl quaternary ammonium salt.
  • the water-based foam extinguishing agent of the present invention may further include, as an auxiliary foaming agent, a hydrocarbon surfactant selected from sodium dialkyl sulfosuccinate, ammonium lauryl sulfate, sodium polyoxyethylene alkyl ether sulfate, and fatty acid alkylamide.
  • a hydrocarbon surfactant selected from sodium dialkyl sulfosuccinate, ammonium lauryl sulfate, sodium polyoxyethylene alkyl ether sulfate, and fatty acid alkylamide.
  • a hydrocarbon surfactant selected from sodium dialkyl sulfosuccinate, ammonium lauryl sulfate, sodium polyoxyethylene alkyl ether sulfate, and fatty acid alkylamide.
  • the aqueous foam extinguisher of the present invention contains 0.5 to 1% by weight of an alkanolamide (1: 2 type), the stability of the foam is remarkably improved.
  • the sulfate ester salt is very effective as a property stabilizing (clearing) agent for the aqueous foam fire extinguisher of the present invention.
  • Sulfuric acid ester salts are excellent for emulsifying animal, mineral, and vegetable oils, and have excellent emulsifying power for light and heavy oils, low-viscosity oils, petroleum, gasoline, benzene, toluene, and the like.
  • "thixotropic property" is imparted by strong wet permeability, emulsifying action, and interfacial tension reducing action, and the emulsifying action remarkably promotes the formation of a "gel-like mat".
  • the aqueous foam fire extinguisher of the present invention mainly includes an alkyl betaine-type surfactant, isopropyl alcohol, methanol, acetone, and methyl ethyl ketone as components for improving the surface tension and interfacial tension lowering functions in a low temperature range.
  • One or more solvents selected from butoxyethanol, ethyl sorbe, butyl carbitol, ethylene glycol, and ethanol, and a polybasic acid 0.1 to 5 weight 0 /.
  • the aqueous foam fire extinguisher of the present invention contains 0.5 to 1.5% by weight of edible rice vinegar as a dense foam former, the stability is improved.
  • the aqueous foam fire extinguisher of the present invention mainly includes polyethylene glycol (PEG # 20, 000), hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), a polyethylene glycol derivative, and silicone oil as foam stabilizers. And at least one selected from the group consisting of denatured silicone oil and fluorine denatured silicone oil.
  • the water-based foam extinguisher of the present invention mainly contains silicone oil, a natural polymer-based cellulose derivative, and a polyethylene glycol derivative as components for lowering the surface tension in a low temperature range and improving foamability and film forming property.
  • silicone oil a natural polymer-based cellulose derivative
  • polyethylene glycol derivative a polyethylene glycol derivative
  • One or more selected from the group consisting of 2 to 5 weight Q / o may be contained.
  • water-based foam fire extinguisher of the present invention may contain various kinds of fire retardants.
  • aqueous foam fire extinguisher of the present invention may contain triethanolamine or aminoethylethanolamine mainly as a liquid resistance improver.
  • Fire extinguishing by adding and including at least one of boron oxide, potassium tetraborate, carbonate, and tripotassium phosphate which can be used as an alkali accelerator to the aqueous foam fire extinguisher of the present invention.
  • boron oxide, potassium tetraborate, carbonate, and tripotassium phosphate which can be used as an alkali accelerator to the aqueous foam fire extinguisher of the present invention.
  • boron oxide is obtained as an oil and fat curing agent, whereby an effect of promoting oxidation is obtained.
  • Tempura oil is generally composed of oleic acid, linoleic acid, and linoleic acid.
  • the aqueous foam fire extinguisher of the present invention is mainly used as an agent for testing fats and oils in the event of a fat and oil fire, such as sodium silicate, potassium silicate, triammonium phosphate, borate, carbonate, and phosphate phosphate.
  • a fat and oil fire such as sodium silicate, potassium silicate, triammonium phosphate, borate, carbonate, and phosphate phosphate.
  • the aqueous foam extinguisher of the present invention which is most suitable as an aqueous foam extinguisher for both wood and oil fires, contains the following components (% by weight) as a stock solution. Fire extinguishing agent
  • the following table shows the compounding amount (stock solution weight%) of the preferred embodiment of the present invention.
  • Amide amino acid type surfactant represented by the formula (1) (“Softazoline NS” (surfactant composition manufactured by Kawaken Fine Chemical Co., Ltd.))
  • the undiluted foam fire extinguishing agent of this example has a pH of 7.8, a specific gravity of 1.13, and a freezing point of -25 °.
  • the undiluted solution is suitable for extinguishing A, B, and C fires.
  • Amidoamino acid type surfactants represented by the formula (1) (“Sofazoline NS”
  • the undiluted foam extinguisher of this example had a pH of 8.2, a specific gravity of 1.135, and a freezing point of 25 ° C, and was intended for use in small fire extinguishers for home use and portable use in automobiles.
  • the present invention relates to a water-based foam containing a fire-extinguishing agent base agent and a freezing point depressant, and among the hydrocarbon-based surfactants having various structural formulas, a general formula
  • the amide amino acid type surfactant represented by (1) and Z or (2), or the surfactant composition containing the amide amino acid type surfactant and an alkaline earth metal ion, is a perfluorinated surfactant. It has been found that when used in combination with alkyl betaine, it has particularly good cold resistance and excellent foaming properties in the low-temperature range (-20 ° C or less). The surface tension and interfacial tension lowering functions are stabilized in the low-temperature range, so high-performance water-based foam extinguisher with excellent foaming and film-forming properties at an environmental temperature of -20 ° C or less is a burden on manufacturing costs. And can be provided at low cost.
  • fire extinguishing targets such as oil fires and alcohol fires can be broadened.
  • the water-based foam extinguisher of the present invention can extinguish fire even with a small amount of discharge, and can be used for simple fire extinguishing of wood and oil fires at home and the like by using small containers.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
  • Emergency Management (AREA)
  • Fire-Extinguishing Compositions (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un agent extincteur sous forme de mousse aqueuse, présentant d'excellentes caractéristiques de moussage et filmogènes dans une plage de température basse. Cet agent comprend une solution aqueuse d'au moins un élément sélectionné parmi l'hydrogénocarbonate de potassium, le phosphate d'ammonium, le sulfate d'ammonium, le bromure d'ammonium, l'oxyde de bore et le tétraborate de potassium, et un additif antigel, incorporé dans ladite solution, conférant audit agent un point de congélation de -20 °C ou inférieur, caractérisé en ce qu'il contient de la perfluoroalkylbétaïne, comme tensioactif fluorochimique, et un ou plusieurs tensioactifs du type amide-aminoacide, représenté par la formule générale (1) et/ou (2) (dans lesquelles R1 représente alkyle C¿7-23?, hydroxyalkyle, aralkyle ou alcényle, et X représente un métalalcalin ou hydrogène), comme tensioactifs hydrocarbonés.
PCT/JP1999/004409 1998-08-14 1999-08-16 Agent exincteur sous forme de mousse aqueuse WO2000009215A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US09/529,552 US6379578B1 (en) 1998-08-14 1999-08-16 Water-based foam fire extinguisher

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP10/229870 1998-08-14
JP22987098A JP3377450B2 (ja) 1998-08-14 1998-08-14 水系泡消火剤

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2000009215A1 true WO2000009215A1 (fr) 2000-02-24

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JP (1) JP3377450B2 (fr)
CN (1) CN1165355C (fr)
WO (1) WO2000009215A1 (fr)

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KR100437661B1 (ko) * 2002-01-02 2004-06-25 이왕수 액상소화제
WO2006006829A1 (fr) * 2004-07-14 2006-01-19 Jin Ho Kim Composition d'un agent extincteur liquide renforce
EP3524326A4 (fr) * 2016-10-04 2020-06-10 DIC Corporation Agent d'extinction d'incendie
CN114874783A (zh) * 2022-06-07 2022-08-09 浙江睦田消防科技开发有限公司 含氟表面活性剂及其应用、制备方法和其构成的灭火剂

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CN111494865A (zh) * 2019-01-31 2020-08-07 上海汇友消防技术有限公司 一种水系灭火剂的制备方法
CN110075467A (zh) * 2019-06-14 2019-08-02 四川巨祥消防器材有限公司 一种水系复合型阻燃、隔热灭火组合物及其制备方法
CN110585644B (zh) * 2019-09-12 2020-04-21 宁波镇火龙皇环保科技有限公司 具有高效环保抑蒸功能的泡沫灭火剂及其制备方法
CN115192955A (zh) * 2022-08-02 2022-10-18 九江中船长安消防设备有限公司 一种高效的三相泡沫灭火剂及其制备方法

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JPS61206468A (ja) * 1985-03-11 1986-09-12 横浜市 エアゾ−ル式消火具
JPH06218075A (ja) * 1993-01-25 1994-08-09 G T L:Kk 水系消火剤
JPH06312030A (ja) * 1993-04-23 1994-11-08 Elf Atochem Sa 携帯消火剤用液体泡沫濃厚物
JPH08269481A (ja) * 1995-04-04 1996-10-15 Kao Corp 界面活性剤組成物

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS61206468A (ja) * 1985-03-11 1986-09-12 横浜市 エアゾ−ル式消火具
JPH06218075A (ja) * 1993-01-25 1994-08-09 G T L:Kk 水系消火剤
JPH06312030A (ja) * 1993-04-23 1994-11-08 Elf Atochem Sa 携帯消火剤用液体泡沫濃厚物
JPH08269481A (ja) * 1995-04-04 1996-10-15 Kao Corp 界面活性剤組成物

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
KR100437661B1 (ko) * 2002-01-02 2004-06-25 이왕수 액상소화제
WO2006006829A1 (fr) * 2004-07-14 2006-01-19 Jin Ho Kim Composition d'un agent extincteur liquide renforce
EP3524326A4 (fr) * 2016-10-04 2020-06-10 DIC Corporation Agent d'extinction d'incendie
CN114874783A (zh) * 2022-06-07 2022-08-09 浙江睦田消防科技开发有限公司 含氟表面活性剂及其应用、制备方法和其构成的灭火剂

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JP2000051388A (ja) 2000-02-22
CN1165355C (zh) 2004-09-08
JP3377450B2 (ja) 2003-02-17
CN1275088A (zh) 2000-11-29

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