WO1999045615A1 - Bougie d'allumage a caracteristiques de fonctionnement ameliorees - Google Patents

Bougie d'allumage a caracteristiques de fonctionnement ameliorees Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1999045615A1
WO1999045615A1 PCT/US1999/004552 US9904552W WO9945615A1 WO 1999045615 A1 WO1999045615 A1 WO 1999045615A1 US 9904552 W US9904552 W US 9904552W WO 9945615 A1 WO9945615 A1 WO 9945615A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
center electrode
edge
spark plug
electrode
ground electrode
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US1999/004552
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Norman H. Garrett, Iii
Original Assignee
Pyrotek Enterprises, Inc.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Pyrotek Enterprises, Inc. filed Critical Pyrotek Enterprises, Inc.
Priority to AT99911035T priority Critical patent/ATE282253T1/de
Priority to EP99911035A priority patent/EP1060546B1/fr
Priority to ES99911035T priority patent/ES2232118T3/es
Priority to CA002321616A priority patent/CA2321616C/fr
Priority to PL99342728A priority patent/PL195775B1/pl
Priority to JP2000535069A priority patent/JP4451984B2/ja
Priority to MXPA00008609A priority patent/MXPA00008609A/es
Priority to BRPI9908448-1A priority patent/BRPI9908448B1/pt
Priority to NZ506965A priority patent/NZ506965A/en
Priority to AU29772/99A priority patent/AU754005B2/en
Priority to DE69921784T priority patent/DE69921784T2/de
Publication of WO1999045615A1 publication Critical patent/WO1999045615A1/fr

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01T—SPARK GAPS; OVERVOLTAGE ARRESTERS USING SPARK GAPS; SPARKING PLUGS; CORONA DEVICES; GENERATING IONS TO BE INTRODUCED INTO NON-ENCLOSED GASES
    • H01T13/00—Sparking plugs
    • H01T13/20—Sparking plugs characterised by features of the electrodes or insulation
    • H01T13/32—Sparking plugs characterised by features of the electrodes or insulation characterised by features of the earthed electrode

Definitions

  • the present invention generally relates to spark plugs for igniting the fuel charge in an internal combustion engine, and is particularly concerned with an improved spark plug construction which improves combustion pressure, fuel mileage and diminishes exhaust pollution as compared with known prior art plugs.
  • U. S. Patent No. 5,051,651 details a "cylindrical hole” that is created around the center electrode by the shielding of the outer ground electrode.
  • U. S. Patent No. 5,051,651 asserts that "ignition seeds” multiply inside of this cylindrical hole.
  • the ground electrode in all examples, has a “substantially concave inner surface complimenting the radial face of said center electrode” (Column 8, line 33). This creates a concentric curved surface that has an inner radius equal to "the sum of the radius of the center electrode and a spark gap can be nearly equal to the radius of the cylindrical hole" (Column 1, line 54).
  • the present invention relates to the use of a spark plug providing edge corners in a tangential relationship with the central electrode.
  • Fig. 4 is a top view of two electrodes, a ground electrode 52 and a center electrode 20, used in a third embodiment of the present invention, which includes three segments and three tangential relationships and two vertexes (a.k.a "vertices").
  • Fig. 5 is a top view of two electrodes, a ground electrode 53 and a center electrode 20, used in a fourth embodiment of the present invention, with six segments, up to five vertexes, and at least four tangential relationships.
  • Fig. 6 is a top view of two electrodes, a ground electrode 60 and a center electrode 20, used in a fifth embodiment of the present invention, with four segments, three vertexes, and four tangential relationships.
  • Fig. 7 is a top view of two electrodes, a ground electrode 70 and a center electrode 20, used in a sixth embodiment of the present invention, which could be considered a "closed box" configuration, with four tangential relationships and four vertexes.
  • Fig. 8 is a top view of two electrodes, a ground electrode 80 and a center electrode 20, used in a seventh embodiment of the present invention, which could be considered a "closed hex box" configuration, with six tangential relationships and six vertexes.
  • Fig. 9 is a top view of two electrodes, a ground electrode 90 and a center electrode 20, used in a eighth embodiment of the present invention, which could be considered a "single offset straight electrode" configuration, with one tangential relationship.
  • Fig. 11 is a top view of three electrodes, two ground electrodes 110, 111, and a center electrode 20 used in a tenth embodiment of the present invention, which could be considered a "double T electrode" configuration, with two tangential relationships.
  • Fig. 12 is a top view of three electrodes, two ground electrodes 120, 121, and a center electrode 20 used in a eleventh embodiment of the present invention, which could be considered an "offset double T electrode" configuration, with two tangential relationships.
  • Fig. 15 shows a ground electrode 150 providing a simple convex curved edge presented to the center electrode
  • the transverse cross-section of the ground electrode is rectangular.
  • Fig. 16 shows a simple straight edge presented to the center electrode. One tangential edge relationship is shown. The cross-section of the ground electrode is rectangular.
  • Fig. 17 shows the use of four ground electrodes 170
  • Fig. 18 shows a triangular-shaped ground electrode 180 presenting three edges and three vertexes to the center electrode 20. Three tangential edge relationships are shown.
  • Fig. 19 is similar to that shown in Fig. 1 1 , and shows a triangular- shaped ground electrode 190, but with a triangular center electrode 195. Three tangential edge relationships and three vertexes are shown in this figure.
  • Fig. 21 is an open ended design including a ground electrode 210 presenting three straight edges and two vertexes to the center electrode 20. Three tangential edge relationships and two vertexes are shown in this figure.
  • Fig. 22 is an open ended design similar to that shown in Fig. 21, except with a center electrode 225 shaped substantially matching the ground electrode 220 geometry, which in this case is square. Three tangential relationships are shown.
  • Fig. 23 shows a "forked" design, in which two curved tangential edge relationships exist, with a single vertex therein.
  • a ground electrode 220 and a center electrode 230 are shown.
  • Fig. 24 shows two ground electrodes 240, each having a "barb" at their end, which serve to substantially surround the projection of the center electrode 20.
  • Fig. 24 shows two ground electrodes 240, each having a "barb" at their end, which serve to substantially surround the projection of the center electrode 20.
  • Fig. 27 is a side cross-sectional view of the embodiment shown in Fig. 1 (taken through the center longitudinal axis of the center electrode 20) with the lower edges of the ground electrode 270 presented above the center electrode in a substantially tangential relationship to the peripheral projection to the center electrode.
  • Fig. 28 is a view similar to Fig. 27, but the cross-section of the ground electrode 280 has been streamlined to offer less resistance to the flame front's propagation.
  • Fig. 29 is a view similar to that of Fig. 28, but the ground electrode 290 has been reduced to a single edge, and supported by an arc, as seen in electrode design shown in Fig.
  • Fig. 15 Such a design could also apply to the view of Fig. 15.
  • the cross-section could be of any shape other than that shown, that presents an edge (straight or otherwise) as the closest surface to the top edges of the center electrode 20.
  • Fig. 30 shows an embodiment including multiple ground electrodes 300, 301, and 302 (a fourth electrode ground, not shown, may also be used) which provides multiple straight edges presented to the center electrode's top via straight angled upwardly and inwardly. The angle is not believed to be as important as the final position of the edges of the tips of the elongate members.
  • Fig. 31 is a side cross-sectional view of a configuration generally similar to that shown in, for example, Fig. 1, except the cross-section of the ground electrode 310 has a "diamond" shape, presenting edges to the top circular edge of the center electrode 20. This design could promote better flow for the flame resulting from the spark ignition due to the chamfers above and below the ground electrode edges.
  • Fig. 32 is a modification of that shown in Fig. 1, except a simple chamfer is provided on the top surface of the ground electrode 320. This could gain some of the benefits of the design shown in Fig. 31, but would appear to be easier to manufacture.
  • Fig. 33 is a view of an embodiment including a ground electrode which is similar to Fig. 1, except that a simple notch has been cut into the center electrode 335 to improve spark efficiency.
  • Fig. 34 is a side cross-sectional view of an embodiment similar to that of Fig. 1, including a ground electrode 340, except that a "necked-down" section is provided at the top of the center electrode 345, creating a "fine wire” discharge tip to the center electrode.
  • Fig. 35 shows a ground electrode 350 edge presented from above, through single (as shown) or multiple (not shown) stems that support the "important" edge Also, the center electrode 355 has a chamfer at the tip.
  • Fig. 36 shows a configuration which includes
  • Fig. 37 is a view of a spark plug having a ground electrode 370 similar to that of Figs. 1 and 2, except that a chisel point center electrode 375 is used.
  • Fig. 38 is a view of a spark plug having a single point center electrode 385, with a ground electrode 380 being similar to that shown in Figs. 1 and 2.
  • Fig. 39 is a view of a series of center electrode configurations which may be used with other ground electrodes within this description, including a chisel point 395- A, pyramid point 395-B, a V-groove 395-C, a dimpled center 395-D, a polygon 395-E, a single point 395-F, multiple edges
  • Fig 40A and B are top and side plan views, respectively, of a configuration including a T-shaped center electrode 405 having T-shaped ends each defining an edge, and a pair of ground electrodes 400, 401 likewise each defining an edge.
  • the edges of the center electrode are presented to the edges of the ground electrodes in a one-to-one relationship.
  • Figs 41 A and 41 B are top and side plan views, respectively, of a configuration including and L-shaped center electrode 415 and a ground electrode 410, with curved tangential edges. Note that two segments could be used such as in Figs. 40A and 40B, or more than two segments could be used, either with this configuration of the Figs. 40A 40B configuration.
  • Figs. 42A/42B show a configuration which includes a center electrode 425 and a ground electrode 420, combining to form three tangential relationships.
  • Fig. 43 is a configuration which includes a center electrode 20 and a ground electrode 430, which provides vertical and horizontal spacing between the two referenced as Gl and G2, respectively.
  • Gl is greater than or equal to zero and G2 is greater than or equal to zero.
  • Fig. 44 is an illustrative top plan view of an exemplary center electrode 20 and two exemplary ground electrodes 440, 441, further illustrating the tangential relationship which is one feature of the present invention. As may be seen, a "tangential" relationship includes not only the "case 1 " 10
  • Fig. 45 is an illustrative top plan view of an exemplary center electrode 20 and a two-pronged ground electrode 450, which is similar to that shown in Fig. 3 but has shorter prongs which provide two tangential relationships 453, 454, as shown in the case 2 example in Fig. 44.
  • An intermediate vertex 455 is also shown.
  • Fig. 46 is a "wide-box" configuration which is similar to that of Fig. 1, except that instead of having four tangential relationships, the four edges of the ground electrode 460 are outside the projection of the center electrode, and in the "zone” of Fig. 26. In the inventor's opinion at the time of filing, this provides additional room under the "intake charge flow" concept illustrated in Fig. 26.
  • Fig. 47 is a "wide-fork" configuration which is similar to that of Fig. 3, except that instead of having two tangential relationships, the two edges of the ground electrode 470 are outside the projection of the exemplary center electrode 20, and in the "zone” of Fig. 26. In the inventor's opinion at the time of filing, this provides additional room under the "intake charge flow" concept illustrated in Fig. 26.
  • Fig. 48 illustrates a believed difference in concentric and nonconcentric electrode properties, showing a concentric ground electrode 480, an "open" ground electrode 481 , each in association with a typical center electrode 20. As may be seen, open electrode surfaces are believed by the inventor to tend to encourage flame kernel propagation.
  • the present invention is directed towards the use of a spark plug having a conventional center electrode and one or more ground electrodes, each of which defines at least one lower corner edge which is substantially 1 1
  • the electrode 30 includes two end prongs 32 which initially diverge but then eventually converge.
  • the two end prongs 32 each include two segments
  • elbow could be considered as connecting the diverging segment of a particular segment to its corresponding converging segment.
  • Such elbows are shown as being substantially in a vertical plane extending through the central longitudinal axis of the center prong.
  • the ground electrode could be considered to have three vertexes, a main vertex 40 and two elbow inner vertexes 41
  • transverse cross sections of the segments 34 are substantially rectangular, being in one configuration 0.050" wide and 0.050" thick. Such a cross section provides four outwardly-directed, substantially linear (at least not near the bends) corner edges, (also shown in Fig. 14). It is believe that the relationship of at least the inner lower corner edges relative to the center electrode provides improved performance. Such a relationship will be referred 12
  • center electrode as shown in Fig. 2 shall be referenced in this application as an "upwardly"-extending center electrode. However, this is for reference purposes only and should not be understood as limiting. In operation such an electrode can be oriented in many difference directions while in use.
  • ground electrode embodiments are contemplated under the present invention.
  • Fig. 3 is a top view of two electrodes, a ground electrode 51 and a center electrode 20, used in a second embodiment of the present invention, which could be considered a "forked" configuration, with two tangential relationships and one vertex.
  • Fig. 4 is a top view of two electrodes, a ground electrode 52 and a center electrode 20, used in a third embodiment of the present invention, which includes three segments and three tangential relationships and two vertexes
  • Fig. 46 is a "wide-box" configuration which is similar to that of Fig. 1, except that instead of having four tangential relationships, the four edges of the ground electrode 460 are outside the projection of the center electrode, and in the "zone" of Fig. 26.
  • these electrode configurations can be created with little change to the current wire-feed arrangement.
  • the offset with respect to the center electrode can be created in the basic wire feed machine set up, or by the use of a secondary operation that creates the specific alignment of the conventional side wire.
  • the thickness of the ground electrodes, including the end portions (including their segments), is as known in the art, or approximately 0.050", although the thickness can be 0.040 - 0.065", although it could be 0.010"- 0.150", or other dimensions without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.
  • the width of the "stem" can be 0.075 - 0.125" , although it could be
  • the width of the prongs is not critical, but the sharpness of the edge(s) is important.
  • the prongs are 0.050" wide and 0.050" thick, although each of these dimensions could be 0.010"- 0.150", or other dimensions without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.
  • Fig. 14 or 26 includes a sharp corner which presents the lower corner edge to the center electrode as shown in Fig. 14 or 26.
  • the thickness of the electrode "stem”, where applicable, can be 0.040 - 0.065" , although it could be 0.010"- 0.150", or other dimensions without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.
  • the striking surface for the spark on the ground electrode has been shaped in an open concave curve, a straight line, or even a convex curve in order to clear the way for the flame kernel to expand away from the sparking point. This occurs at a microscopic level such that any hint of a concentric radius on the striking surface has a negative effect on flame kernel growth.
  • Patent #5,051,651 incorporates two mounting stems which have a certain amount of shielding effect on the flame kernel, particularly when compared to the single stern of the preferred embodiment of the Pyrotek invention.

Landscapes

  • Spark Plugs (AREA)
  • Ignition Installations For Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)
  • Separation By Low-Temperature Treatments (AREA)
  • Fats And Perfumes (AREA)
  • Combustion Methods Of Internal-Combustion Engines (AREA)
  • Discharge Lamp (AREA)

Abstract

Bougies d'allumage destinées à allumer la charge de carburant dans un moteur à combustion interne, en particulier bougie d'allumage à conception améliorée qui améliore la pression de combustion et la consommation de carburant et diminue la pollution par les gaz d'échappement, par rapport aux bougies connues de l'art antérieur.
PCT/US1999/004552 1998-03-02 1999-03-02 Bougie d'allumage a caracteristiques de fonctionnement ameliorees WO1999045615A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (11)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT99911035T ATE282253T1 (de) 1998-03-02 1999-03-02 Zündkerze mit verbesserten wirkungsmerkmalen
EP99911035A EP1060546B1 (fr) 1998-03-02 1999-03-02 Bougie d'allumage a caracteristiques de fonctionnement ameliorees
ES99911035T ES2232118T3 (es) 1998-03-02 1999-03-02 Bujia de encendido mejorada.
CA002321616A CA2321616C (fr) 1998-03-02 1999-03-02 Bougie d'allumage a caracteristiques de fonctionnement ameliorees
PL99342728A PL195775B1 (pl) 1998-03-02 1999-03-02 Świeca zapłonowa
JP2000535069A JP4451984B2 (ja) 1998-03-02 1999-03-02 改良された作用特性を提供するスパークプラグ
MXPA00008609A MXPA00008609A (es) 1998-03-02 1999-03-02 Bujia que proporciona caracteristicas de operacion mejoradas.
BRPI9908448-1A BRPI9908448B1 (pt) 1998-03-02 1999-03-02 Vela de ignição para fornecer uma faísca dentro de uma região de ignição
NZ506965A NZ506965A (en) 1998-03-02 1999-03-02 Spark plug providing improved operating characteristics
AU29772/99A AU754005B2 (en) 1998-03-02 1999-03-02 Spark plug providing improved operating characteristics
DE69921784T DE69921784T2 (de) 1998-03-02 1999-03-02 Zündkerze mit verbesserten wirkungsmerkmalen

Applications Claiming Priority (10)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US7666998P 1998-03-02 1998-03-02
US8949998P 1998-06-16 1998-06-16
US8949198P 1998-06-16 1998-06-16
US8945898P 1998-06-16 1998-06-16
US11443998P 1998-12-31 1998-12-31
US60/076,669 1998-12-31
US60/089,499 1998-12-31
US60/089,491 1998-12-31
US60/089,458 1998-12-31
US60/114,439 1998-12-31

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1999045615A1 true WO1999045615A1 (fr) 1999-09-10

Family

ID=27536099

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/US1999/004552 WO1999045615A1 (fr) 1998-03-02 1999-03-02 Bougie d'allumage a caracteristiques de fonctionnement ameliorees

Country Status (18)

Country Link
EP (1) EP1060546B1 (fr)
JP (1) JP4451984B2 (fr)
KR (1) KR100701370B1 (fr)
CN (1) CN100355167C (fr)
AT (1) ATE282253T1 (fr)
AU (1) AU754005B2 (fr)
BR (1) BRPI9908448B1 (fr)
CA (1) CA2321616C (fr)
CZ (1) CZ300538B6 (fr)
DE (1) DE69921784T2 (fr)
DK (1) DK1060546T3 (fr)
ES (1) ES2232118T3 (fr)
ID (1) ID26507A (fr)
MX (1) MXPA00008609A (fr)
NZ (1) NZ506965A (fr)
PL (1) PL195775B1 (fr)
PT (1) PT1060546E (fr)
WO (1) WO1999045615A1 (fr)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2819646A1 (fr) * 2001-01-18 2002-07-19 Denso Corp Bougie d'allumage structurellement agencee pour procurer une haute resistance thermique et une grande longevite
EP1383214A3 (fr) * 2002-07-16 2009-09-02 Ngk Spark Plug Co., Ltd Bougie d'allumage
EP2323232A3 (fr) * 2009-11-16 2011-11-23 Top 1 Green Development Co., Ltd. Bougie d'allumage
JP2015129628A (ja) * 2013-12-26 2015-07-16 ジョン ジンク カンパニー，エルエルシー 改良された高エネルギー点火火花点火器

Families Citing this family (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP4699918B2 (ja) * 2006-03-03 2011-06-15 日本特殊陶業株式会社 スパークプラグ
JP5593236B2 (ja) * 2010-02-09 2014-09-17 株式会社デンソー 内燃機関用のスパークプラグ
US8288930B2 (en) * 2010-05-14 2012-10-16 Federal-Mogul Ignition Company Spark ignition device and ground electrode therefor and methods of construction thereof
CN102611005B (zh) * 2012-04-16 2015-08-26 张蝶儿 一种火花塞及其接地电极
JP5862498B2 (ja) * 2012-07-18 2016-02-16 株式会社デンソー 内燃機関用のスパークプラグ
CN103247937A (zh) * 2013-05-02 2013-08-14 株洲湘火炬火花塞有限责任公司 一种火花塞侧电极及其制作方法

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4268774A (en) * 1977-01-28 1981-05-19 Forkum Jr Maston Spark plug with ground electrode having diverging prongs
DE3935165A1 (de) * 1989-10-21 1991-04-25 Hermsdorf Keramik Veb Zuendkerze
US5264754A (en) * 1992-01-24 1993-11-23 Santoso Hanitijo Spark plug
DE9403943U1 (de) * 1994-03-04 1994-06-09 Zuran, Dietmar, 12355 Berlin Elektrodenform und Elektrodenanordnung für eine Mehrfunken-Zündkerze
JPH0992434A (ja) * 1995-09-22 1997-04-04 Tamotsu Nakano スパークプラグ

Family Cites Families (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5051651A (en) * 1988-11-24 1991-09-24 Tadaharu Fujiwara Ignition plug with a hollow cylindrical ground electrode and an ignition process by the use thereof

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4268774A (en) * 1977-01-28 1981-05-19 Forkum Jr Maston Spark plug with ground electrode having diverging prongs
DE3935165A1 (de) * 1989-10-21 1991-04-25 Hermsdorf Keramik Veb Zuendkerze
US5264754A (en) * 1992-01-24 1993-11-23 Santoso Hanitijo Spark plug
DE9403943U1 (de) * 1994-03-04 1994-06-09 Zuran, Dietmar, 12355 Berlin Elektrodenform und Elektrodenanordnung für eine Mehrfunken-Zündkerze
JPH0992434A (ja) * 1995-09-22 1997-04-04 Tamotsu Nakano スパークプラグ

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN vol. 097, no. 008 29 August 1997 (1997-08-29) *

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2819646A1 (fr) * 2001-01-18 2002-07-19 Denso Corp Bougie d'allumage structurellement agencee pour procurer une haute resistance thermique et une grande longevite
US6798124B2 (en) 2001-01-18 2004-09-28 Denso Corporation Structure of spark plug designed to provide high thermal resistance and durability
DE10201697B4 (de) * 2001-01-18 2010-08-19 DENSO CORPORATION, Kariya-shi Zündkerzenaufbau mit hohem Wärmewiderstand und hoher Haltbarkeit
EP1383214A3 (fr) * 2002-07-16 2009-09-02 Ngk Spark Plug Co., Ltd Bougie d'allumage
EP2323232A3 (fr) * 2009-11-16 2011-11-23 Top 1 Green Development Co., Ltd. Bougie d'allumage
JP2015129628A (ja) * 2013-12-26 2015-07-16 ジョン ジンク カンパニー，エルエルシー 改良された高エネルギー点火火花点火器
US9484717B2 (en) 2013-12-26 2016-11-01 Chentronics, Llc High energy ignition spark igniter

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
AU2977299A (en) 1999-09-20
PL342728A1 (en) 2001-07-02
EP1060546B1 (fr) 2004-11-10
CA2321616C (fr) 2008-02-05
CN1292161A (zh) 2001-04-18
CZ300538B6 (cs) 2009-06-10
NZ506965A (en) 2003-07-25
DE69921784T2 (de) 2005-12-22
BR9908448A (pt) 2004-06-15
BRPI9908448B1 (pt) 2015-06-09
MXPA00008609A (es) 2003-07-14
ES2232118T3 (es) 2005-05-16
JP4451984B2 (ja) 2010-04-14
AU754005B2 (en) 2002-10-31
ATE282253T1 (de) 2004-11-15
CA2321616A1 (fr) 1999-09-10
PL195775B1 (pl) 2007-10-31
EP1060546A1 (fr) 2000-12-20
DK1060546T3 (da) 2005-02-14
ID26507A (id) 2001-01-11
KR20010034551A (ko) 2001-04-25
KR100701370B1 (ko) 2007-03-28
CZ20003201A3 (cs) 2001-01-17
CN100355167C (zh) 2007-12-12
JP2002506278A (ja) 2002-02-26
PT1060546E (pt) 2005-02-28
DE69921784D1 (de) 2004-12-16

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