Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
  • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
  • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
  • G02B6/02057—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating comprising gratings
  • G02B6/02076—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings
  • G02B6/02123—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings characterised by the method of manufacture of the grating
  • G02B6/02147—Point by point fabrication, i.e. grating elements induced one step at a time along the fibre, e.g. by scanning a laser beam, arc discharge scanning
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
  • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
  • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
  • G02B6/02057—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating comprising gratings
  • G02B6/02076—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings
  • G02B6/02123—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings characterised by the method of manufacture of the grating
  • G02B6/02133—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings characterised by the method of manufacture of the grating using beam interference
  • G02B6/02138—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings characterised by the method of manufacture of the grating using beam interference based on illuminating a phase mask
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
  • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
  • G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
  • G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
  • G02B6/122—Basic optical elements, e.g. light-guiding paths
  • G02B6/124—Geodesic lenses or integrated gratings
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
  • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
  • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
  • G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
  • G02B6/28—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals
  • G02B6/293—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means
  • G02B6/29304—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means operating by diffraction, e.g. grating
  • G02B6/29316—Light guides comprising a diffractive element, e.g. grating in or on the light guide such that diffracted light is confined in the light guide
  • G02B6/29317—Light guides of the optical fibre type
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
  • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
  • G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
  • G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
  • G02B6/28—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals
  • G02B6/293—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means
  • G02B6/29379—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means characterised by the function or use of the complete device
  • G02B6/29392—Controlling dispersion
  • G02B6/29394—Compensating wavelength dispersion
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
  • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
  • G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
  • G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
  • G02B2006/12083—Constructional arrangements
  • G02B2006/12107—Grating
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
  • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
  • G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
  • G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
  • G02B2006/12083—Constructional arrangements
  • G02B2006/12109—Filter
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
  • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
  • G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
  • G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
  • G02B2006/12133—Functions
  • G02B2006/12138—Sensor
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
  • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
  • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
  • G02B6/02057—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating comprising gratings
  • G02B6/02076—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings
  • G02B6/0208—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings characterised by their structure, wavelength response
  • G02B6/02085—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings characterised by their structure, wavelength response characterised by the grating profile, e.g. chirped, apodised, tilted, helical
  • G02B6/02095—Long period gratings, i.e. transmission gratings coupling light between core and cladding modes
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
  • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
  • G02B6/02—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating
  • G02B6/02057—Optical fibres with cladding with or without a coating comprising gratings
  • G02B6/02076—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings
  • G02B6/02123—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings characterised by the method of manufacture of the grating
  • G02B6/02152—Refractive index modulation gratings, e.g. Bragg gratings characterised by the method of manufacture of the grating involving moving the fibre or a manufacturing element, stretching of the fibre
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
  • H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
  • H01S3/005—Optical devices external to the laser cavity, specially adapted for lasers, e.g. for homogenisation of the beam or for manipulating laser pulses, e.g. pulse shaping
  • H01S3/0057—Temporal shaping, e.g. pulse compression, frequency chirping

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a method for making in-line optical waveguide refractive index gratings of any desired length. More specifically, the present is directed to a method for making a pure-apodized, chirped fiber Bragg grating (FBG) of any length by translating a fiber with respect to an interferogram of actinic radiation with an intensity that is amplitude modulated as a function of time.
• FBG fiber Bragg grating
• In-line optical waveguide refractive index gratings are periodic, aperiodic or pseudo-periodic variations in the refractive index of a waveguide.
• Gratings may be formed, for example, by physically impressing a modulation on the waveguide, by causing a variation of the refractive index along the waveguide using the photo sensitivity phenomenon, or by other methods known in the art.
• gratings written into the core of an optical fiber are critical components for many applications in fiber-optic communication and sensor systems.
• Dopants such as germanium are added to an area of the waveguide material to make it photosensitive, causing the refractive index of that region to be susceptible to increase upon exposure to actinic radiation.
• the currently preferred method of "writing" an in-line grating comprises exposing a portion of the waveguide to the interference between two beams of actinic (typically UV) radiation.
• the two beams are incident on the guiding structure of the waveguide in a transverse direction to create an interferogram, that is, a pattern of optical interference.
• the angle between the two beams (and the wavelength of the radiation) defines the fringe spacing of the interferogram.
• the two beams of actinic radiation are the legs of an interferometer or are produced by launching a single beam through a phase mask.
• the phase mask method is considered generally more suitable for large scale manufacture of in-line gratings, because it is highly repeatable, less susceptible to mechanical vibrations of the optical setup, and can be made with writing beams of much shorter coherence length.
• optical fiber in-line gratings over competing technologies include all-fiber geometry, low insertion loss, high return loss or extinction, and potentially low cost. But one of the most distinguishing features of fiber gratings is the flexibility the gratings offer for achieving desired spectral characteristics. Numerous physical parameters of the gratings can be varied, including induced index change, length, apodization, period chirp, grating pitch tilt, and whether the grating supports coupling into co-propagating (long-period or transmission gratings) or counter-propagating coupling (Bragg gratings) at a desired wavelength. By varying these parameters, gratings can be tailored for specific applications.
• the versatility of an in-line grating is largely dependent on two factors, the overall length of the grating structure and the reflectivity (or transmission) profile of the grating structure itself. Intricate reflectivity profiles can be achieved by carefully controlling the refractive index perturbation along the waveguide length, x.
• the index perturbation dnw may be characterized as a phase and amplitude-modulated periodic function,
• dh 0 (x) is the "dc" index change spatially averaged over a grating period
• m(x) is the fringe visibility of the index change
• ⁇ is the nominal period
• ⁇ (x) describes grating chirp.
• apodization of a grating spectrum may be achieved by controlling and m(x) along the grating length.
• the main peak in the reflection spectrum of a finite length in-line grating with uniform modulation of the index of refraction is accompanied by a series of sidelobes at adjacent wavelengths.
• Lowering the reflectivity of the sidelobes, or "apodizing" the reflection spectrum of the grating is desirable in devices where high rejection of nonresonant light is required.
• Apodization also improves the dispersion compensation characteristics of chirped gratings.
• Variation of the index modulation by changing the ultraviolet exposure along the length of the grating causes both the magnitude of the refractive index modulation and the average photoinduced refractive index to vary.
• the average index variation leads to undesirable effective chirps of the resonant wavelength of the grating and widens the grating spectral response.
• grating length is also important in certain applications in optical fiber communication and distributed sensor systems. For instance, long-length chirped fiber Bragg gratings have been suggested as attractive devices for the manufacture of dispersion compensators. High-speed, long distance data transmissions, especially transmissions over existing non- dispersion shifted fiber networks, are limited by chromatic dispersion in the optical fiber.
• chirped Bragg gratings need to exhibit dispersion compensation over a bandwidth large enough to cover typical semiconductor laser wavelength tolerances. It has been reported that a grating of the order of 1 meter in length with a constant dispersion profile and a broad bandwidth would be required to achieve a time delay of -1700 ps/nm sufficient to compensate for 100 km of non- dispersion shifted fiber over 5 nm at a wavelength of 1550 nm.
• the fiber is translated with high-precision staging relative to an interferogram of UV-light.
• the position of the stage is tracked interferometrically and the laser is triggered when the fiber reaches the desired position for the next irradiation.
• the phasing between these subgratings may be controlled to create some complex structures, such as chirps.
• Apodization may be achieved by dithering about an interferogram/fiber relative position.
• the concatenation process suffers from needing extremely accurate positioning staging, which is currently available only by using an interferometer as an encoder. Without interferometric control, the concatenation methods suffers from "stitching" errors, i.e., errors in the matching of the grating elements.
• the present invention discloses a novel method for manufacturing a grating of any length, with independent control of each parameter defining the index perturbation.
• a photosensitive waveguide such as an optical fiber
• a writing beam of actinic radiation such as a UV laser beam
• a periodic intensity distribution is obtained, for example by using an interference pattern generator such as a phase mask positioned between the writing beam and the waveguide to create an interferogram of period ⁇ .
• the waveguide then is translated through the periodic intensity distribution relative to the writing beam at a precisely-controlled relative velocity v(t).
• the fiber may be coupled to a spool which rotates to draw the fiber at v(t) through the periodic intensity distribution.
• a modulator varies the amplitude of the beam v(t) intensity as a function of time at a frequency f(t) such that « ⁇ .
• the writing beam at the fiber has a peak intensity I 0 and a width D.
• the fluence ⁇ (x) delivered to the fiber is determined by the equation
• ⁇ 2 ⁇ -f .
• Either v or ⁇ may be kept constant during the writing process.
• the method also may include the step of controlling further the intensity of the writing beam to vary the visibility of the index variation, m, and peak intensity illuminating the fiber, l_ .
• the offset of the oscillating index perturbation, A also may be controlled.
• the flux delivered to the fiber is then determined by the equation
• Modulation of the index variation visibility, m allows the fabrication of pure- apodized gratings.
• additional parameters i.e., the amplitude and offset of the refractive index oscillations, the refractive index envelope along the fiber length can be precisely controlled.
• Figure 1 is a simplified schematic representation of a fiber Bragg grating including a possible refractive index profile.
• Figure 2 is a simplified schematic representation of an in-line optical waveguide refractive index writing assembly, writing fiber gratings in accordance with the present invention.
• Figure 3 is a simplified schematic representation of a refractive index envelope modulation in-line optical waveguide refractive index writing assembly, writing fiber gratings in accordance with the present invention.
• Figure 4 is a simplified representation of an embodiment of the present invention where the fiber is drawn by a spool.
• Figure 5 is a plot of a chirped refractive index profile of a waveguide manufactured in accordance with the present invention.
• Figure 6 is a plot of a pure apodization refractive index profile of a waveguide manufactured in accordance with the present invention.
• Figure 7 is a simplified schematic diagram of a dispersion compensator in accordance with the present invention.
• Figure 8 is a flow diagram of an embodiment of the method of the present invention.
• the fiber 10 usually comprises silica, although other embodiments known in the art may comprise plastic compounds.
• the optical fiber 10 includes a core 12 and one or more claddings 14.
• the grating 20 is a series of periodic, aperiodic or pseudo-periodic variations on the core 12 and/or one or more of the claddings 14 of the fiber. As illustrated in the matched plot shown in Fig. 1, the grating 20 consists of variations in the refractive index of the fiber 10.
• FIG. 2 schematically illustrates an index writing assembly 100 using the writing method of the present invention.
• the index writing assembly 100 includes a source of light 130 producing a beam 132, an interference pattern generator 140, a modulator 150, and a fiber holding assembly 160 used to hold a fiber 110. More than one waveguide may be placed and translated simultaneously in the index writing assembly. Germanium or other photosensitive dopants are added to the silica glass of a region of the fiber 110, making the refractive index of that region of the optical fiber susceptible to change, generally an increase, upon exposure to actinic radiation. Commercially available photosensitive fibers, such as Corning ® SMF-28TM CPC6 (Corning Incorporated, Corning, NY), may be used. As those skilled in the art may appreciate, the method of the present invention also may be used to modify the refractive index not only of optical fibers, but also of other waveguides, such as planar waveguides.
• the light source 130 is a source of actinic radiation, such as a UV laser light or X-ray radiation.
• the source of light is selected to deliver a beam of sufficient intensity and having a sufficiently narrow diameter to write the desired grating.
• Other sources of light known in the art may be used depending on the type of fiber used and the desired grating pattern.
• the source of light 130 produces a beam 132 having a peak intensity of Io and a diameter D.
• the interference pattern generator 140 creates an intensity distribution of period
• the interference pattern generator 140 is a phase mask of period 2 ⁇ , such as a Lasirus PM-248-1.078-25.4 (Lasirus Inc., Saint-Laurent, Quebec, Canada) of period 1.078 ⁇ m which creates an interferogram of period 0.539 ⁇ m.
• the interferogram may be produced by other methods, such as an interferometer.
• the periodic (or quasi-periodic) intensity distribution of actinic radiation used to fabricate a grating need not necessarily be obtained by constructing an interferogram.
• an image reduction system utilizing amplitude masks may be used to create the intensity distribution.
• Figure 3 illustrates schematically one embodiment of the electronic signal controls of modulator 150.
• the electronic signal controls of modulator 150 include an amplitude modulation function 152, a frequency modulation function 154 and a d.c. offset 156.
• modulators may be used, such as an opto-acoustic modulator (for example, IntraAction ASM-1251LA3 from IntraAction, Bellwood, IL).
• the modulator 150 amplitude modulates the beam 132 at a frequency /t).
• the electronic signal that controls the modulator may be shaped by a function generator, such as a Stanford Research Systems DSM345 (Stanford Research Systems, Sunnyvale, CA), to tailor the index perturbation profile along the fiber length to cause chirp and apodization in the resulting grating.
• a function generator such as a Stanford Research Systems DSM345 (Stanford Research Systems, Sunnyvale, CA)
• the fiber 110 is translated at a velocity v(t) relative to the intensity distribution. More than one waveguide may be translated simultaneously through the periodic intensity distribution. A laser beam that is amplitude-modulated as a function of time and a phase mask is used to create FBGs of any desired length. In the present example, the fiber 110 is translated at a precise velocity v(t) past a stationary phase mask 140 through which propagates the laser beam 132 that is amplitude-modulated at a radial
• both f(t) and v(t) may be variable functions, or either or both could be constants.
• the term constant is defined within the acceptable parameters for deviations in the fiber grating pitch ( ⁇ ) due to jitter or error, as explained below.
• the movement of the fiber 110 in relation to the intensity distribution is controlled precisely by a translation mechanism.
• the fiber 110 is mounted on the fiber holding assembly 160, a very precise velocity-controlled motion stage which may be a rotary or linear stage.
• a continuous length of fiber is spooled in a spool 170 and the position of the writing beam is tracked to stay on the fiber as the spool rotates.
• the movement of the stage or the spool is v(t) coupled to act in synchrony with the modulator, ⁇ 77 « A .
• the translation mechanism may control the movement of the source of light 130 and of the interferogram generator 140.
• the laser beam 132 need not move relative to the phase mask 140. Mathematically this can be expressed as
• the integral can be reduced to yield
• the desired grating pitch is then defined as A, where « — . If the v(f) A diameter of the beam is much larger than the period of the phase mask, then equation (5) reduces to
• a chirped FBG of any length may be manufactured.
• Figure 5 illustrates an exemplary chirped refractive index profile of a fiber manufactured in accordance with the present invention.
• a small phase mask say 1" o.d.
• the dispersion compensation product covers the full Erbium-doped fiber amplifier range, from 1528 nm to 1568 nm.
• a 40 nm chirp is written into a single FBG with a laser beam diameter less than -10 ⁇ m, by keeping the argument in the sine function in equation (6) less than ⁇ .
• a 4 nm chirped FBG may be written with a beam diameter less than -100 ⁇ m. These diameters are mathematical upper limits. In practice, one would use beams with diameters less than half this size to write a usable fringe visibility into the grating.
• the tuning parameter in the sine function of equation (6) will increase from zero and cause the amplitude of the cosine-function spatial-modulation to decrease. If these control parameters are changed too much, no net modulation will result.
• the amplitude decrease is proportional to the diameter of the laser beam, which can be focused to
• the fiber grating pitch would be v n ⁇ v v ** ⁇ *
• the velocity of the motion stage and the frequency of the modulator would vary ⁇ 0.01 % to achieve 0.15 nm accuracy in the Erbium-doped fiber amplifier wavelength range. Scanning velocities are typically -1 mm/s when manufacturing dispersion compensation FBGs, so a motion stage with ⁇ 0.1 ⁇ m/s precision is needed. With this writing speed, a -2 KHz modulation with ⁇ 0.2 Hz flutter is needed to produce gratings in the Erbium-doped fiber amplifier band.
• the fiber may be rolled onto spools 170, as illustrated in Figure 4, which rotate to translate a continuous length of fiber 172 in front of an interferogram created by a phase mask from a modulated laser beaml74.
• the spool 170 is part of a spool to spool system.
• the rotational speed of these spools is achieved with a spindle motor controlled by simple phase-lock-loop circuitry 176 to provide precise rim velocities.
• the beam 174 is kept on the fiber 172 by vertically translating the beam 174 sychronous to the rotation of the spool 170.
• the position of the writing beam 174 may be tracked, such as with a laser beam, to stay on the fiber 172 as the spool rotates.
• the uncoated fiber may be permanently affixed to the . spool, and the spool with the grating may be packaged, thereby reducing fiber handling.
• the method of the present invention also may be used to produce apodized fiber Bragg gratings, having a refractive index profile as illustrated in Figure 6.
• Pure apodized gratings may be manufactured with the method of the present invention by modulating the amplitude of the sinusoidal signal, via another function generator or suitable electronics, as the fiber is translated through the interferogram. To achieve pure-apodization, the sinusoidal-function amplitude is controlled before an offset is applied. Mathematically this scheme may be expressed as
• the peak intensity illuminating the fiber, I 0 , velocity of translation, v, and the offset of the oscillating index perturbation, A may also be controlled to tailor the refractive index profile of a grating. If the peak intensity, velocity, and offset are held constant as a function of time, the average flux delivered to
• the fiber is constant, i.e. ⁇ (x) » — — , regardless of the level of amplitude modulation
• 4 v Chirped FBGs with pure apodization can be manufactured in a one-step writing process, without special phase masks, attenuation optics, or controlled laser beam attenuation.
• a 4-nm-wide linearly-chirped FBG that is 160 cm long can be manufactured by translating a fiber at a velocity of 1 mm/s across a phase mask of period 1.0739 ⁇ m as the frequency of the laser beam modulation is linearly varied from 1859.98 to 1864.76 Hz (a 4.784033 Hz span). Since the grating will take 1600 s to write, a raised-sinusoid apodization may be achieved by amplitude modulating the function generator output by a 0.312 milliHertz sinusoid.
• FIG. 7 illustrates the use of long- length fiber Bragg grating 210 in a dispersion compensator 200.
• the signal 280 suffers from chromatic dispersation after traveling down a significant length of fiber (usually in the order of hundreds of kilometers).
• the signal is coupled to a circulator 284, which directs the signal to the long-length chi ⁇ ed fiber Bragg grating 210.
• the spectrum of wavelengths of the signal are each reflected after traveling a different distance through the fiber Bragg grating. The additional travel distance recompresses the signal, feeding a dispersion compensated signal 282 to the circulator 284.
• Figure 8 is a flow diagram of a method for manufacturing in-line optical waveguide refractive index gratings of virtually any length in accordance with the present invention.
• a writing beam of actinic radiation is provided. If the beam is smaller that the desired grating pitch, then no interference pattern generator is necessary, otherwise a periodic intensity distribution of period A is created from the writing beam.
• a photosensitive waveguide is provided and placed across the path of the writing beam. Then, the waveguide is translated relative to the writing beam at a velocity v(t). The intensity of the writing beam as a function of time is modulated at a frequency f(t), v(t) wherein — — * ⁇ . If apodized gratings are desired, the intensity of the writing beam
• the method of the present invention offers the ability to write in-line optical waveguide refractive index gratings of virtually any length with complicated refractive index profiles.
• the availability of gratings longer than one meter allows for the first time the effective use of gratings in a variety of applications.
• the inventive method disclosed in the present document can be used to modify the refractive index not only of optical fiber, but also of planar waveguides.

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
• Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
• Optical Fibers, Optical Fiber Cores, And Optical Fiber Bundles (AREA)
• Diffracting Gratings Or Hologram Optical Elements (AREA)
• Optical Integrated Circuits (AREA)

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• 1997
  • 1997-10-02 US US08/942,590 patent/US5912999A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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