Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
  • C11D3/16—Organic compounds
  • C11D3/37—Polymers
  • C11D3/3703—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • C11D3/3726—Polyurethanes
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11D—DETERGENT COMPOSITIONS; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS DETERGENTS; SOAP OR SOAP-MAKING; RESIN SOAPS; RECOVERY OF GLYCEROL
  • C11D3/00—Other compounding ingredients of detergent compositions covered in group C11D1/00
  • C11D3/48—Medical, disinfecting agents, disinfecting, antibacterial, germicidal or antimicrobial compositions
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
  • A01N25/30—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests characterised by the surfactants
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N31/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic oxygen or sulfur compounds
  • A01N31/08—Oxygen or sulfur directly attached to an aromatic ring system
  • A01N31/16—Oxygen or sulfur directly attached to an aromatic ring system with two or more oxygen or sulfur atoms directly attached to the same aromatic ring system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
  • A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
  • A61K8/30—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds
  • A61K8/33—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds containing oxygen
  • A61K8/34—Alcohols
  • A61K8/347—Phenols
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
  • A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
  • A61K8/72—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic macromolecular compounds
  • A61K8/84—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions otherwise than those involving only carbon-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • A61K8/86—Polyethers
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
  • A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
  • A61K8/72—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic macromolecular compounds
  • A61K8/84—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions otherwise than those involving only carbon-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • A61K8/87—Polyurethanes
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
  • A61Q17/00—Barrier preparations; Preparations brought into direct contact with the skin for affording protection against external influences, e.g. sunlight, X-rays or other harmful rays, corrosive materials, bacteria or insect stings
  • A61Q17/005—Antimicrobial preparations
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
  • A61Q19/00—Preparations for care of the skin
  • A61Q19/10—Washing or bathing preparations

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a method of enhancing the antimicrobial effectiveness of liquid formulations for personal cleaning.
• phenol derivative antimicrobial agents include, for example, triclosan, phenoxyethanol, chloroxylenol, o- phenylphenol and o-phenylphenate and the like.
• Nonionic and cationic surfactants have been identified as having a particularly negative influence on antimicrobial activity. Their activity is stated to be highly dependent on the pH of the system. The effect of some of these surfactants may be so great as to completely eliminate most measurable antimicrobial activity.
• aqueous, antimicrobial liquid formulations for personal cleaning contain other surfactants and compounding additives that strive to minimize interfering with antimicrobial activity of phenol derivative antimicrobial agents.
• surfactants and compounding additives may cause some reduction in the activity of phenol derivative antimicrobial agents.
• the problems described above are addressed by the present invention which provides a method of increasing the antimicrobial activity of an aqueous, antimicrobial liquid cleaning formulation containing an phenol derivative antimicrobial agent and a surfactant or surfactant system.
• the method includes the step of blending a polymeric deposition aid composed of a mixture of liquid, hydroxyl-terminated urethane polymers in polyethylene glycol together with a phenol derivative antimicrobial agent, and a surfactant or surfactant system such that the liquid cleaning formulation has at least 10 percent greater antimicrobial activity than the same formulation without the polymeric deposition aid.
• the method of the present invention may increase the antimicrobial activity of an aqueous, antimicrobial liquid cleaning formulation by at least 20 percent more than the antimicrobial activity than the same formulation without the polymeric deposition aid.
• the formulation may further include one or more conventional formulating components including, but not limited to, earners, preservatives, humectents, emollients and combinations thereof.
• greater antimicrobial activity may be characterized as a percent decrease in Microbial Colony Number values as determined by techniques such as, for example, R.O.D.A.C. (Replicate Organism Detection And Counting) plate testing.
• the polymeric deposition aid is a hydroxy terminated urethane compound having the formula: formula:
• R is selected from an alkylene or alkenylene radical containing from one to about 20 carbon atoms, a cycloalkylene or cycloalkenylene radical containing from about 5 to about 10 carbon atoms, a mononudear or fused ring arylene radical containing from about 6 to about 10 carbon atoms, unsubstituted or substituted with one or more lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, nitro or amino groups or halogen atoms, wherein R is the same or different alkylene or alkenylene radical, wherein m is an integer selected to provide an (O-R') moiety having molecular weight of from about 40 to about 6000, and wherein n and n' are the same or different integers of from 0 to about 30 inclusive, correlated with so as to provide a hydroxy-terminated urethane compound having a molecular weight of up to about 200,000.
• m will have a value of 8 and n and will have a value of 1 to 4 predominately. It is also desirable that the values of m, n and ri be correlated so as to provide a hydroxy-terminated urethane compound having a molecular weight of about 1 ,800.
• the polymeric deposition aid may be poly(oxy-1 ,2- ethanediyl), ⁇ -hydro- ⁇ -hydroxy-, polymer with 1 , 1 '-methylene-bis-(4,isocyanatocydohexane).
• the phenol derivative antimicrobial agent may be selected from 2,4,4'-trichloro-2'- hydroxy diphenyl ether (also referred to as tridosan), phenoxyethanol, chloroxylenol, o- phenylphenol and o-phenylphenate). Desirably, the phenol derivative antimicrobial agent is 2,4,4'-trichloro-2'-hydroxy diphenyl ether.
• At least one surfactant or surfactant system is combined with the other components.
• the surfactant or surfactant system may be composed of one or more anionic surfactants, cationic surfactants, nonionic surfactants and or amphoteric surfactants.
• At least one other conventional formulating component may be combined with the polymeric deposition aid, phenol derivative antimicrobial agent and surfactant.
• One or more conventional formulating components may be selected from earners, preservatives, humectants, emollients and combinations thereof.
• the present invention which provides a method of increasing the antimicrobial activity of an aqueous, antimicrobial liquid cleaning formulation containing an phenol derivative antimicrobial agent and a surfactant or surfactant system.
• the method of the present invention indudes the step of blending a polymeric deposition aid composed of a mixture of liquid, hydroxyl-terminated urethane polymers in polyethylene glycol together with a phenol derivative antimicrobial agent, a surfactant or surfactant system, and at least one other formulating component such that the liquid deaning formulation has at least 10 percent greater antimicrobial activity than the same formulation without the polymeric deposition aid.
• the polymeric deposition aid is a hydroxy terminated urethane compound having the general formula:
• R is selected from an alkylene or alkenylene radical containing from one to about 20 carbon atoms, a cydoalkylene or cydoalkenylene radical containing from about 5 to about 0 carbon atoms, a mononudear or fused ring arylene radical containing from about 6 to about 10 carbon atoms, unsubstituted or substituted with one or more lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, nitro or amino groups or halogen atoms, wherein R is the same or different alkylene or alkenylene radical, wherein m is an integer selected to provide an (O-R') moiety having molecular weight of from about 40 to about 6000, and wherein n and n' are the same or different integers of from 0 to about 30 indusive, correlated with m so as to provide a hydroxy-terminated urethane compound having a molecular weight of up to about 200,000.
• Exemplary polymeric deposition aids of this type are generally described in U.S. Patent No. 5,051,260, issued September 24, 1991, to Chess et al.; U.S. Patent No. 5,045,317, issued September 3, 1991, to Chess et al.; and U.S. Patent No. 4,97,080, issued November 20, 1990, to Chess et al.; all of which are inco ⁇ orated herein by reference.
• m will have a value of 8 and n and ri will have a value of 1 to 4 predominately. It is also desirable that the values of , ⁇ and ri be correlated so as to provide a hydroxy-terminated urethane compound having a molecular weight of about 1,800.
• An exemplary polymeric deposition aid is Topicare® Delivery Compound PP-15 (Polyolprepolymer-15) made by Penederm, Inc., Foster City, California. Polyolprepolymer-15 is a mixture of liquid, hydroxyl-terminated polymers in polyethylene glycol. The CAS name is poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), ⁇ -hydro- ⁇ -hydroxy-, polymer with 1,1'-methylene-bis-
• CTFA name is PEG-8/SMDI Copolymer.
• the polymeric deposition aid should be misdble or soluble in water. Although the inventors should not be held to any particular theory of operation, misdbility of the polymeric deposition aid in water is important for the aqueous, antimicrobial liquid deaning formulations of the present invention to function properly.
• 1 - PP-15 shows increasing aqueous solubility as temperature decreases.
• the phenol derivative antimicrobial agent may be selected from 2,4,4'-trichloro-2'- hydroxy diphenyl ether (also referred to as triclosan), 3,4,4'-trichlorocarbaniiide (also referred to as tridocarban), phenoxyethanol, chloroxylenol, o-phenylphenol and o-phenylphenate).
• the method of the present invention has been found to work well when the phenol derivative antimicrobial agent is 2,4,4'-trichloro-2'-hydroxy diphenyl ether.
• the phenol derivative antimicrobial agent is generally present in an amount ranging from about 0.1% to about 10%, by weight. Desirably, the phenol derivative antimicrobial agent is present in an amount ranging from about 0.1% to about 3%, by weight. More desirably, the phenol derivative antimicrobial agent is present in an amount ranging from about 0.1% to about 1%, by weight.
• the surfactant may be an anionic surfactant, cationic surfactant, nonionic surfactant and/or amphoteric surfactant.
• exemplary anionic surfactants indude, but are not limited to ethoxylated alkyl sulfates, alkyl glyceryl ether sulfonates, methyl acyl taurates, fatty acyl glydnates, alkyl sulfosucdnates, alpha-sulfonated fatty adds, their salts and/or their esters, alkyl ethoxy carboxylates and mixtures thereof.
• amphoteric surfactants indude, but are not limited to, cocamphocarboxypropionate, cocamphocarboxy propionic add, cocamphoacetate and cocamphodiacetate.
• commercially available amphoteric surfactants of this type are made and sold in the form of electroneutral complexes with, for example, hydroxide counterions or with anionic sulfate or sulfonate surfactants.
• Suitable commercial products indude are not limited to, products sold under the trade names of Empigen (Albright & Wilson); Miranol (Rhone-Poulenc); Alkateric (Alkaril Chemicals); Amphoterge (Lonza, Inc.); Monateric (Mona Industries); Rewoteric (Rewo Chemical Group); and Schercotic (Scher Chemicals).
• the surfactant systems may be composed of a combination of surfactants.
• the surfactant systems may be composed of a mixture of one or more anionic surfactants with nonionic, amphoteric and/or betaine surfactants.
• Various conventional surfactant systems are commercially available and are known to those of skill in the art.
• At least one nonionic surfactant and/or amphoteric surfactant may be combined with the other components.
• a nonionic and/or amphoteric surfactant system may be used.
• the surfactant/surfactant system is desirably a nonionic surfactant and/or amphoteric surfactant that is mild to the skin and induces significantly less redness and dryness and is less disruptive to the statum corneum.
• anionic and/or cationic surfactants may be blended withthe nonionic and/or amphoteric surfactants.
• Suitable surfactant systems indude Miracare MS-1 (available from Rhone-Poulenc) and
• Standamox CAW (available from Henkel Corp.). Miracare MS-1 indudes PEG 80 sorbitan laurate, sodium trideceth sulfate, PEG 150 distearate and lauroamphodiacetate in a water base. Standamox CAW indudes cocamidopropylamine oxide in a water base. It is contemplated that other individual surfactants and/or surfactant systems noted for their mildness may be used.
• surfactant systems may indude components such as, for example, sodium cocoyl isothionate, sodium laureth sulfate, ammonium sulfate, cocamidopropyl betaine, ammonium lauryl sulfate, PEG 80 sorbitan laurate, and/or sodium trideceth sulfate.
• One or more other conventional formulating component or components may be combined with the polymeric deposition aid, phenol derivative antimicrobial agent and surfactant or surfactant system. For example, earners, preservatives, humectants, solvents and the like may be combined with the conventional formulating components.
• the carrier used for the formulations of the present invention is water.
• the carrier may indude, viscosity modifiers, thickeners, colorants, fragrances and/or buffers and/or pH control agents.
• an exemplary additive to the carrier is Ucare JR 400 which provides a smooth after-use feel to the skin.
• Useful humectants indude for example, glycerine. Humectants are added so the formulation retains moisture in the skin to prevent erythema.
• Useful preservatives and preservative enhancers indude for example, DMDM Hydantoin and Tetrasodium ETDA. With respect to the method of the present invention, it is important to be aware of the distinction between aqueous, antimicrobial liquid deaning formulations used for washing and emulsion compositions used to deanse, treat or condition skin.
• aqueous, antimicrobial liquid deaning formulations refer to detergent-based, antibacterial "liquid soaps" used for washing skin (e.g., hand-washing, bathing, showering, or the like). The formulations are typically applied to the skin (with or without water), worked into a lather, and then rinsed off the skin with water. Exemplary detergent-based liquid soaps of this type indude Lever 2000® antibacterial liquid soap (Lever Brothers) and Dial® antibacterial liquid soap (Dial Corporation). Frequent, repeated use of these aqueous, antimicrobial liquid deaning formulations have a tendency to cause erythema and skin irritation.
• emulsion compositions are generally used to deanse, treat and/or condition the skin.
• Such emulsion compositions are oii-in-water emulsions used to deposit certain ingredients on the skin from the oil phase of the oil-in-water emulsion.
• These oil-in-water emulsions are usually in the form of a cream, lotion or the like. It is generally thought that such oil-in-water emulsions have little or no tendency to cause erythema and skin irritation and, in some cases, are actually used to treat skin irritation.
• An exemplary formulation useful in practidng the method of the present invention may originate as a water phase, a surfactant phase, a preservative phase and an active phase that are blended together utilizing conventional mixing techniques to produce the aqueous, antimicrobial liquid deaning formulation.
• the water phase may be composed of sterile, deionized water and may indude additives such as for example Ucare JR 400.
• the surfactant phase contains one or more nonionic or amphoteric surfactants or surfactant systems. It is contemplated that the surfactant phase may indude minor amounts of cationic or anionic surfactants.
• the surfactant phase may also contain the polymeric deposition aid. Desirably, the surfactant phase may contain surfactant systems such as, for example, Miracare MS-1, Standamox CAW, and the like.
• the preservative phase may contain glycerine and preservatives and preservative enhancers such as, for example, DMDM Hydantoin, Tetrasodium EDTA, and the like.
• the active phase contains the phenol derivative antimicrobial agent and may also indude additional nonionic surfactant and a fragrance. Desirably, the active phase contains tridosan as the antimicrobial agent.
• the nonionic surfactant may be Polysorbate 40, NF, available under the trade designation Tween 40 from ICI Spedalty Chemicals, Wilmington, Delaware.
• An exemplary fragrance is Elias Fragrance #16783 available from the Elias Fragrance Company.
• the water phase is heated to about 65°C and the surfactant phase is blended into the water phase with stirring.
• the preservative phase is blended into the mixture with stirring and then the active phase is added last.
• the pH is usually adjusted to between 6.5 and 7 using citric add and the mixture is stirred thoroughly.
• Exemplary formulations of an embodiment of the invention are given in Table 2.
• these aqueous, antimicrobial liquid deaning formulations provides at least about 10 percent greater (e.g., 20 percent greater or more) antimicrobial activity than the same formulation without the polymeric deposition aid.
• ingredients are identified by their chemical name, CFTA name, or in some cases, by their trade names.
• the ingredients were combined by conventional mixing and/or soap formulating techniques.
• the spedfic amounts of ingredients for Examples 1-5 are identified in Table 3.
• a water phase was prepared by adding polymer Ucare JR 400 to deionized water at room temperature. Generally speaking, suffident time was allowed for dispersion of polymer Ucare JR 400 (e.g., about 10 minutes). The water phase was then heated to 65°C. In three separate vessels the surfactant phase, the preservative phase and the active phase were each pre-mixed.
• the surfactant phase was prepared by mixing Miracare MS-1 with Standamox CAW and Topicare PP-15.
• Other optional ingredients such as, for example,
• Amerdl 357 were added to the surfactant phase at this point.
• the surfactant phase contained the polymeric delivery aid and the surfactant.
• the preservative phase was prepared by combining glycerine with DMDM Hydantoin and Tetrasodium EDTA.
• the active phase was prepared by combining tridosan with Tween 40 and a fragrance.
• the surfactant phase was added to the water phase with slow stirring.
• the combined water phase and surfactant phase was maintained at a temperature of 50°C while the preservative phase was added with stirring.
• the combined water phase, surfactant phase and preservative phase was maintained at a temperature of 40°C while the active phase with stirring.
• the pH of the mixture was checked and adjusted to a pH between 6.5 and 7 with addition of small amounts of a 5% solution of dtric add.
• the mixture was stirred at a high stirring speed overnight during which time it cooled to room temperature.
• Antimicrobial Activity Aqueous, antimicrobial liquid deaning formulations were tested to measure their antimicrobial effects. These antimicrobial effects were compared to control formulations and conventional liquid soaps both with and without antimicrobial ingredients.
• R.O.D.A.C. Replicate Organism Detection and Counting plates. These plates are 65 x 15 mm dishes spedally designed to allow a raised convex surface of culture medium. Ledthin and Polysorbate 80 are inco ⁇ orated in the culture medium to inactivate residual chemicals on the hands that would interfere with growth of microorganisms in the culture dish.
• the three types of culture media are: Trypticase Soy Agar (TSA), MacConkey Agar (MAC), and Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA). Each media contained approximagely 0.7 g.L of ledthin and 5.0 g/L of Polysorbate 80.
• the TSA media was used to grow gram positive bacteria that may be present on the thumb
• the MAC media was used to grow gram negative bacteria that may be present on the middle finger.
• the SDA media was used to grow yeast and molds that may be present on the palm of the hand.
• the procedure was: 1) contact the target area with the spedfic R.O.D.A.C. media to develop an initial count of the microorganism; 2) wet and wash hands for 1 minute followed by drying with a paper towel; and 3) contact the target area with the spedfic R.O.D.A.C. media to develop an after-washing count of the microorganism.
• the percentage decrease was calculated by subtracting the count of step 3 from the count of step 1 and dividing that value by the count of step 1. This procedure was repeated for several test devispants and an average value was calculated.
• Example 1 and Example 3 were tested along with the following commercially available liquid soaps: Dial® Antibacterial Soap, Lever 2000®, Operating Room Scrub, Sanifresh Soap with 1.25% parachlorometaxylenol (PCMX). Three non-antibacterial soaps were also tested. They were as follows: Softsoap®, Sanifresh
• Dial® Liquid Antibacterial soap was used as the control.
• the test formulation was Dial® Liquid Antibacterial soap with 3%, by weight, Topicare® Delivery Compound PP-15. The results are reported in Table 5. TABLE 5
• the formulation of Example 1 was used as the control.
• the formulation of Example 3 containing 1.0%, by weight, Topicare® Delivery Compound PP-15 was used as the test.
• the results are reported in Table 6.
• the Percent Decrease in Microbial Colony Number values reported in Table 6 were calculated as described above except that negative numbers were zeroed for averaging. This generates a greater percentage decrease for poorer performing formulations that are likely to have microbial growth instead of a decrease. Average values calculated in this manner provide a more conservative comparison of products that perform well (i.e., provide large decreases in microbial growth).
• the R.O.D.A.C. (Replicate Organism Detection and Counting) plates test described was compare the antimicrobial activity of commercially Lever 2000® Liquid Antibacterial soap with the formulation of Example 3. The results are reported in Table 7. The Percent Decrease in Microbial Colony Number values reported in Table 7 were calculated as described above with the negative numbers induded for averaging. TABLE 7
• the present invention provides a method of increasing the antimicrobial activity of conventional antibacterial soap formulations such as, for example, Dial® Antibacterial liquid soap and Lever 2000® liquid soap.
• the improvement in the Percent Decrease in Microbial Colony Number by the practice of the method of the present invention may be 10% or more.
• the improvement may be 20%.
• the improvement may be 40% or even 60% or more.
• the data in Tables 4 and 6 indicate the present invention provides a mild, liquid deaning formulation that also has acceptable levels of antimicrobial activity. Without the addition of the polymeric delivery aid, the mild, liquid deaning formulation had lower levels of antimicrobial activity. In fact, the data in Table 4 show essentially no measurable antimicrobial activity for the formulation without the polymeric delivery compound.

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• 1997
  • 1997-09-30 BR BR9712718-3A patent/BR9712718A/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 1997-09-30 CA CA002266430A patent/CA2266430A1/en not_active Abandoned
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