WO1997043862A1 - Color selective light modulators - Google Patents

Color selective light modulators Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1997043862A1
WO1997043862A1 PCT/US1997/008290 US9708290W WO9743862A1 WO 1997043862 A1 WO1997043862 A1 WO 1997043862A1 US 9708290 W US9708290 W US 9708290W WO 9743862 A1 WO9743862 A1 WO 9743862A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
light
retarder
filter
modulator
polarization
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/US1997/008290
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Gary D. Sharp
Kristina M. Johnson
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Colorlink Inc
Original Assignee
Colorlink Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Colorlink Inc filed Critical Colorlink Inc
Priority to AU31287/97A priority Critical patent/AU3128797A/en
Priority to EP97926547A priority patent/EP0898841B1/en
Priority to DE69737907T priority patent/DE69737907T2/de
Priority to JP54113697A priority patent/JP4608687B2/ja
Publication of WO1997043862A1 publication Critical patent/WO1997043862A1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
    • G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
    • G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
    • G02F1/1335—Structural association of cells with optical devices, e.g. polarisers or reflectors
    • G02F1/1336—Illuminating devices
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/0136—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  for the control of polarisation, e.g. state of polarisation [SOP] control, polarisation scrambling, TE-TM mode conversion or separation
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
    • G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
    • G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
    • G02F1/1335—Structural association of cells with optical devices, e.g. polarisers or reflectors
    • G02F1/13363—Birefringent elements, e.g. for optical compensation
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
    • G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
    • G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
    • G02F1/1347—Arrangement of liquid crystal layers or cells in which the final condition of one light beam is achieved by the addition of the effects of two or more layers or cells
    • G02F1/13471—Arrangement of liquid crystal layers or cells in which the final condition of one light beam is achieved by the addition of the effects of two or more layers or cells in which all the liquid crystal cells or layers remain transparent, e.g. FLC, ECB, DAP, HAN, TN, STN, SBE-LC cells
    • G02F1/13473—Arrangement of liquid crystal layers or cells in which the final condition of one light beam is achieved by the addition of the effects of two or more layers or cells in which all the liquid crystal cells or layers remain transparent, e.g. FLC, ECB, DAP, HAN, TN, STN, SBE-LC cells for wavelength filtering or for colour display without the use of colour mosaic filters
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/23—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  for the control of the colour
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N5/00—Details of television systems
    • H04N5/66—Transforming electric information into light information
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N9/00—Details of colour television systems
    • H04N9/12—Picture reproducers
    • H04N9/31—Projection devices for colour picture display, e.g. using electronic spatial light modulators [ESLM]
    • H04N9/3102—Projection devices for colour picture display, e.g. using electronic spatial light modulators [ESLM] using two-dimensional electronic spatial light modulators
    • H04N9/3111—Projection devices for colour picture display, e.g. using electronic spatial light modulators [ESLM] using two-dimensional electronic spatial light modulators for displaying the colours sequentially, e.g. by using sequentially activated light sources
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N9/00—Details of colour television systems
    • H04N9/12—Picture reproducers
    • H04N9/31—Projection devices for colour picture display, e.g. using electronic spatial light modulators [ESLM]
    • H04N9/3102—Projection devices for colour picture display, e.g. using electronic spatial light modulators [ESLM] using two-dimensional electronic spatial light modulators
    • H04N9/312—Driving therefor
    • H04N9/3126—Driving therefor for spatial light modulators in series
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N9/00—Details of colour television systems
    • H04N9/12—Picture reproducers
    • H04N9/31—Projection devices for colour picture display, e.g. using electronic spatial light modulators [ESLM]
    • H04N9/3141—Constructional details thereof
    • H04N9/315—Modulator illumination systems
    • H04N9/3167—Modulator illumination systems for polarizing the light beam
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/03—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on ceramics or electro-optical crystals, e.g. exhibiting Pockels effect or Kerr effect
    • G02F1/0305—Constructional arrangements
    • G02F1/0322—Arrangements comprising two or more independently controlled crystals
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/09—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on magneto-optical elements, e.g. exhibiting Faraday effect
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
    • G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
    • G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
    • G02F1/1335—Structural association of cells with optical devices, e.g. polarisers or reflectors
    • G02F1/133528—Polarisers
    • G02F1/133533—Colour selective polarisers
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
    • G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
    • G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
    • G02F1/1335—Structural association of cells with optical devices, e.g. polarisers or reflectors
    • G02F1/133528—Polarisers
    • G02F1/133536—Reflective polarizers
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
    • G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
    • G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
    • G02F1/1335—Structural association of cells with optical devices, e.g. polarisers or reflectors
    • G02F1/133528—Polarisers
    • G02F1/133543—Cholesteric polarisers
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
    • G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
    • G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
    • G02F1/1335—Structural association of cells with optical devices, e.g. polarisers or reflectors
    • G02F1/13363—Birefringent elements, e.g. for optical compensation
    • G02F1/133638—Waveplates, i.e. plates with a retardation value of lambda/n
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F2413/00—Indexing scheme related to G02F1/13363, i.e. to birefringent elements, e.g. for optical compensation, characterised by the number, position, orientation or value of the compensation plates
    • G02F2413/04—Number of plates greater than or equal to 4
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F2413/00—Indexing scheme related to G02F1/13363, i.e. to birefringent elements, e.g. for optical compensation, characterised by the number, position, orientation or value of the compensation plates
    • G02F2413/08—Indexing scheme related to G02F1/13363, i.e. to birefringent elements, e.g. for optical compensation, characterised by the number, position, orientation or value of the compensation plates with a particular optical axis orientation
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N5/00—Details of television systems
    • H04N5/74—Projection arrangements for image reproduction, e.g. using eidophor
    • H04N5/7416—Projection arrangements for image reproduction, e.g. using eidophor involving the use of a spatial light modulator, e.g. a light valve, controlled by a video signal
    • H04N5/7441—Projection arrangements for image reproduction, e.g. using eidophor involving the use of a spatial light modulator, e.g. a light valve, controlled by a video signal the modulator being an array of liquid crystal cells

Definitions

  • Patent Application Serial Number 08/645,580 filed May 14, 1996, the contents of
  • This invention relates to color selective polarization modulation and to
  • Color display is generally provided by spatial or temporal multiplexing
  • each color pixel is divided into three subpixels, one for each primary color. Ideally the
  • the spatial resolution of the display is reduced by a factor of at least three.
  • the color filter is typically
  • Polarization components are placed between each display panel, such that each panel
  • Subtractive displays have the advantage that every pixel is a three-color pixel and that the display does not, in principle, suffer the throughput loss associated with spatial or
  • the present invention provides a color selective polarization modulator
  • Each filter stage is a color selective light
  • a stage can switch between transmitting white (or black)
  • each stage can control the analog intensity control of the primary color at each pixel, thus eliminating the need for an external gray-scale pixelated display.
  • One preferred embodiment eliminates internal polarizers between stages, thereby
  • the color selective polarization modulator can be for example an
  • electro-optic or magneto-optic modulator having a modulation state of polarization
  • a retarder stack comprising one or more
  • the modulation state of polarization is an input polarization for which the
  • isotropic state of polarization is an input polarization for which the transmitted state
  • the retarder stack chromatically preconditions the light such that a first spectrum is
  • a filter is formed by combining the color selective polarization modulator with
  • the polarization analyzer can be a second retarder stack in
  • a neutral polarizer or it can be a color selective polarizer such as a
  • linear or circular colored polarizing filter examples of which are pleochroic dye polarizers, and cholesteric liquid crystals, and cholesteric liquid crystal polymers,
  • the polarization analyzer is a second retarder stack in
  • the second retarder stack echoes the first
  • retarder stack having the same sequence of retardances but in reverse order.
  • orientation of the second stack is also rotated with respect to the first stack.
  • the polarizers and stacks can be oriented so that the filter
  • the action of the modulator is to produce a filtered output
  • Each retarder stack has one or more retarders. In order for two stacks to cancel
  • Suitable two-stack designs can be generated by choosing the number of retarders
  • fan and folded ⁇ olc filters can be adapted to fit the orientation requirements, as can
  • the filters can be operated in polarization diversity configurations having polarization separators/combiners for the input and exit polarizers.
  • the filters can be operated in polarization diversity configurations having polarization separators/combiners for the input and exit polarizers.
  • Hybrid filters can be made using the filter of this invention in combination with
  • color filter of this invention can be combined with other active or passive filters.
  • the color filter of this invention can be combined with
  • passive filters such as retarder based notch filters and dichroic filters for blocking UV
  • IR or other bands of light can be used with other active filters, such as polarization
  • the spectral filters of this invention are particularly useful in the visible
  • the color filters of this invention can be used in many different colors.
  • Figure 1 shows a filter using a color selective polarization modulator in combination
  • Polarizer 40 can be a holographic polarizer which is a hologram that sees one
  • Holographic polarizer defracts light of a first state
  • Polarizer of polarization and does not defract light of another state of polarization.
  • 40 can also be an EM Industries Transmax polarizer.
  • Figure 2 comprising Figs. 2a-b, is a filter, in which the polarization analyzer is
  • a retarder stack in combination with a neutral polarizer, transmitting (a) white in a
  • Figure 3 comprising Figs. 3a-b, is a filter, in which the polarization analyzer is
  • Figure 4 is a filter, in which the polarization analyzer is
  • a cholesteric liquid crystal transmitting (a) white in a first switching state of the
  • Figure 5 is a normally white embodiment of the Fig. 2 filter.
  • Figure 6 is a normally filtered embodiment of the Fig. 2 filter.
  • Figure 8 is the measured transmission of a G/W filter.
  • Figure 9 is the measured transmission of a W/C filter.
  • Figure 10 is the measured transmission of a W/M filter.
  • Figure 11 is the measured transmission of a W/Y filter.
  • Figure 12 shows the measured transmission of the W/M filter of Fig. 10 as a
  • Figure 13 shows the measured transmission of the W/M filter of Fig. 10 as a
  • Figure 14 shows the measured transmission of the W/M filter of Fig. 10 as a
  • Figure 15 shows the continuous modulation of a white/cyan filter stage.
  • Figure 16 shows the continuous modulation of a white/magenta filter stage.
  • Figure 17 shows the continuous modulation of a white/yellow filter stage.
  • Figure 18 shows the extreme switching states of a magenta/ white filter stage.
  • Figure 19 is a multiple stage filter with polarizers between stages.
  • Figure 20 is a filter comprised of blue, green and red modulating stages with no
  • Figure 21 is a specific three stage filter design.
  • Figure 22, comprising Figs. 22a-c, is the (a) red, (b) green and ® blue outputs of
  • Figure 23 comprising Figs. 23a-c, is the (a) cyan, (b) yellow and ® magenta
  • Figure 24 is white, black and gray scale output of the filter of Fig. 21.
  • Figure 25 comprising Figs. 25a-c, shows (a) red, green and blue transmission
  • Figure 26 is a polarization independent multistage filter.
  • Figure 27 is a filter having nested polarization stacks.
  • Figure 28 is a three stage filter employing cholesteric liquid crystals for the
  • Figure 29 shows a stack which includes a first and second retarder having a fist
  • Figure 30, comprising Figures 30a and 30b shows two general examples of
  • Figure 31 comprising Figures 31a and 31b shows stacks with the addition of
  • Figure 32 comprising Figures 32a and 32b shows a device for manipulating
  • Figure 33a shows a device for manipulating at least partially polarized light
  • Figure 33b corresponds to Figure 33a for the case in which partially polarized light is
  • Figure 34 is a subtractive color filter of the prior art.
  • Figure 35 is a filter having a twisted nematic
  • Figure 36 is a three stage filter using the filter of Figure 35.
  • Figure 37 shows an in-line filter using a first stage to temporally multiplex two
  • Figure 38 shows an example of a passive prefiltering device where the boxes
  • Figure 39 shows the transmission for visible light incident upon this filter.
  • Figure 40 shows a direct view display utilize the above color selective
  • Figure 41 shows a lead mounted display system incorporating the above color
  • Figure 42 shows a two light valve system utilizing the above color selective
  • Figure 43 is a schematic diagram of a two color shutter display system in
  • Figure 44 illustrates the use of a shutter system for an overhead projector.
  • Polarization modulator 60 is formed by modulator 10 in combination with
  • the polarization modulator uses polarized input light, in this case
  • polarization P 0 is provided by polarizer 40.
  • the polarization modulator can be
  • incident white light can be considered to be the
  • Retarder stack 20 transforms the polarization of light in spectrum F into the
  • transformation can be an identity transformation, i.e. the polarization can be
  • the modulator is a device which controls the state of polarization of
  • the modulator has both a
  • polarization is unchanged, but it some systems the polarization can have a voltage-
  • One class of suitable modulators is the electro-optic variable retarder having the electro-optic variable retarder having the electro-optic variable retarder having the electro-optic variable retarder having the electro-optic variable retarder having the electro-optic variable retarder having the electro-optic variable retarder having the electro-optic variable retarder having the electro-optic variable retarder having the electro-optic variable retarder having the electro-optic variable retarder having the electro-optic variable retarder having
  • the preferred modulation state is the
  • Electro-optic modulators including LiNb0 3 , quartz, and liquid crystals
  • OBC hybrid aligned nematic
  • HAN hybrid aligned nematic
  • pi-cell/surface mode nematics are one of
  • Optically active devices are another group of suitable electro-optic modulators.
  • Optically active devices are polarization rotators, with the rotation being independent
  • the modulator performs voltage controlled
  • active modulators act as polarization rotators for linear states, and the modulation state
  • CSLC Chiral Smectic Liquid Crystal
  • CSLCs are rotatable retarders having fixed retardance and optic axis orientation
  • optic axis of the CSLC determines the transmitted orientation of linear light.
  • isotropic states such as twisted nematic devices. It has been shown that a twisted nematic devices.
  • nematic device is an elliptical retarder with elliptical Eigenpolarization states.
  • phase shift is substantially determined by one particular helicity of polarization state.
  • Suitable nematic liquid crystal cells for use in the electro-optic modulator are Suitable nematic liquid crystal cells for use in the electro-optic modulator
  • TN twisted nematic
  • STN super twist nematic
  • Suitable smectic liquid crystal cells include
  • ferroelectric, flexoelectric, and achiral ferroelectric liquid crystal retarders If lateral
  • electrodes on one of the device substrates are used rather than transparent electrodes
  • nematic liquid crystals can operate as
  • rotatable retarders with fixed retardance, and smectic liquid crystal can operate as
  • variable retarders with fixed orientation.
  • the achromatic compound retarder comprises a liquid crystal
  • the achromatic polarization rotator comprises a liquid crystal rotatable half-wave
  • passive retarders can be included in the electro-optic modulator. For example, if the
  • retarder stacks prepare the light in two linear polarizations separated by 45°, these are
  • a passive quarter-wave retarder oriented parallel to one of the
  • the electro-optic modulator includes
  • retarder can instead be used with a rotatable retarder.
  • Retarder stack 20 includes one or more passive retarders.
  • the passive retarders For TV retarders, the
  • orientations are a x through ⁇ N and the retardances are r ⁇ through T Any retardation
  • Retarder materials preferably provide
  • Retarder stacks can be constructed using, for example, layers of form-
  • birefringence devices liquid crystal polymer films, stretched polymer retarder sheets,
  • Stretched polymer films are available in arbitrary retardances
  • filters including but not limited to, poly-vinyl alcohol, polycarbonate,
  • Liquid crystal polymer films particularly UV cross-linkable polymer nematic
  • linear retarders are particularly suitable for forming retarder stacks.
  • Liquid crystal polymers are particularly well suited to
  • an alignment layer is first deposited on the substrate and then
  • films are also useful for applications requiring low wavefront distortion, and/or
  • m is an integer.
  • it can be oriented at ⁇ /8,
  • the polarization analyzer can
  • a second retarder stack in combination with a polarizer.
  • polarization analyzer or circular colored polarizing filters can be used as the polarization analyzer.
  • a filter wherein the polarization analyzer includes a second retarder stack is
  • Fig. 2 It is formed by modulator 10 positioned between first retarder
  • the modulator changes the apparent
  • stacks cooperate in filtering the spectrum of input light, and in another switching state
  • the filter includes input polarizer 40 and analyzing polarizer 50 which can be
  • polarizer 40 If the light source provides polarized
  • the filter can be coupled with a separate
  • polarizing device which can serve as the analyzing polarizer.
  • the filter is illustrated with linear polarizers. In general they can be linear, circular or
  • Suitable polarizers include absorption, dichroic, dye-based, non-
  • the polarizer can
  • additional polarization conditioning elements such as a quarter-wave retarder
  • the filter is illustrated with a zero-twist nematic modulator switched between
  • the retarders have the specified retardance at
  • modulator 10 is an electro-optic, zero-twist nematic liquid
  • the isotropic states are linear polarizations at 0 or 90° and the modulation states are
  • the modulator is a liquid
  • LCD crystal display
  • the LCD contains a liquid crystal cell having one or more pixels.
  • the LCD is typically a multi
  • each pixel can be independently controlled.
  • the filters can be implemented with a multi pixel LCD or a nonpixelated electro-optic
  • white light is incident on polarizer 40.
  • filters For filters
  • wavelengths of light for example in infrared wavelength division multiplexing it
  • the white light can be thought of as
  • the retarders in stack 20 have retardances and orientations such that spectrum
  • spectrum F is output or transmitted in the isotropic state of 0° linear polarization.
  • the modulator has ideally retardance ⁇ /2, whereby the
  • Second retarder stack 30 follows the modulator. When the modulator is in the
  • Polarizer 50 transmits
  • Polarizer 50 blocks the light having spectrum F, and the output is filtered light with
  • the filter is called
  • NF normally filtered
  • the filter is therefore a primary /white filter for
  • the filter is
  • filtered spectrum is not limited to a
  • the filter is named for the spectrum it transmits rather than
  • the filter of Fig. 2 is a F/W filter, even though it is
  • the F spectrum which is modulated by for example, an electro-optic modulator.
  • Polymers are chemical compounds or mixtures of compounds consisting of
  • Liquid Crystal Polymers are a class of polymers wherein liquid crystal
  • LCP's can be aligned by either mechanically rubbed surfaces, shearing, or more
  • Optical methods include first applying
  • LPP linear photo-polymerizable
  • the LPP materials are deposited on a substrate and then cured at elevated
  • the LCP's are then cross-linked by exposure to unpolarized UV light.
  • a liquid crystalline monomer including glass, silicon, and others.
  • the LC molecular director orients perpendicular to the direction of the
  • FIG. 2 illustrates the two extreme switching states of the modulator. If the
  • LCD pixel has a retardance other than 0 or ⁇ /2, the F spectrum still retains the 0° polarization orientation and is fully transmitted. However light in the F spectrum is
  • a Color Selective Polarizing (CSP) filter for example, a pleochroic dye
  • retarder stack 20 prepares blue light
  • Electro-optic modulator 10 is a ZTN oriented at 45°, for
  • Analyzing polarizer 80 is a yellow (CSP) oriented at 90°, which transmits
  • the ZTN has zero retardance (Fig. 3b), the blue light remains at 0° and is transmitted
  • a filter having a circular color polarizer in this case a cholesteric liquid crystal
  • Retarder stack 20 transmits blue light
  • Electro-optic modulator 10 is a ZTN oriented at 0° and
  • Component 90 is a right-handed blue CLC, which reflects
  • this filter provides variable blue output both in
  • the first stack has retarders 21, 22 and 23 having retardances
  • r is ⁇ 2 ... ⁇ N and orientations q , q ...(fc .
  • the orientations are
  • the second stack contains retarders 33a,b, 32a,b and 31a,b
  • retarders of the second stack are rotated with respect to the first stack to orientations
  • the first and second stacks are inverses of one another.
  • the LCD need only be achromatic over
  • the LCD is preferably
  • the LCD retardance can be selected to optimally pass the modulated
  • G/W filter can perform better than a W/G filter.
  • Useful stack designs can be generated by starting from filter designs, such as ⁇ olc
  • filter designs having useful transmission spectra can be generated, for
  • the LCD modulators are switchable between two
  • Figures 7b-d show designs having a total of four retarders each.
  • the retarders in each stack have either equal retardances
  • the retardances can be unrelated, resulting in complex impulse response functions. Equal retardances can facilitate fabrication.
  • the spectra can be calculated using Mueller or Jones matrices. Preferred spectra for
  • the filter has a steep transition slope, with a
  • bands can be achieved by having a series of distributed high-contrast nulls or peaks in
  • amplitudes/locations must be judiciously chosen to optimize saturation with a limited
  • the filter resolution must be sufficiently low to sustain peak transmission
  • the retardance Y can be selected to produce the desired subtractive or
  • Fan ⁇ olc filters are a family of structures that happen to conform to the design
  • a ⁇ olc filter requires a series of identically thick
  • rocking angles a, -a, a, ... (i.e. ⁇ N (-l) w+ 1 ⁇ 1 ).
  • Table II shows fan ⁇ olc designs according to these requirements. Note that the
  • the center retarder is simply split in half, and half is included in each retarder stack.
  • the total number of retarders M is listed in quotation marks as "3" or "5" for cases where, in the normal state, the center two retarders are equivalent to a single retarder.
  • the retarder orientation is a function of the total number of retarders, where
  • the split-element filter naturally fits the requirements of
  • FIG. 5 A split-element filter suitable for color display is described in U.S.P.N.
  • the filter is NF, and for crossed split-elements it is NW.
  • the split-element retarders To form a white/primary filter of this invention, the split-element retarders
  • the center retarder can be positioned between the LCD and one
  • the LCD are not matched, but the stacks can be considered to each comprise a single
  • the split-element retarder, and the center retarder can be considered an
  • the filter transmission approximates a two-stage Lyot filter.
  • the retardances can then be selected to provide optimum color
  • Mueller matrix techniques which include a dispersion fit to specific retarder materials.
  • the criteria for evaluating filter designs is based on considerations of saturation, hue,
  • the saturation and hue can be evaluated using the CPE chromaticity
  • the quality of color generated by a particular filter output can be characterized by calculating a series of overlap integrals, including the transmission
  • Saturated primary colors are generated by maximizing the ratio between source
  • the filter design can be matched to the source characteristics to make
  • true white sources such as a 6000 K black
  • Passive filters can
  • the switches use a 3TN cell with an
  • polarizers are Nitto-Denko EG 1425 with only a hard-coat. The transmission therefore
  • the retarders are sheets of NRZ retarder, each having the
  • the polarizers are associated with the polarizers, absorption by ITO electrodes on the LCD, external reflections, and any LC residual retardance.
  • the latter is typically about 20 nm.
  • the design wavelength is the wavelength at which
  • the retarders give the specified retardance.
  • the passive retarders it is the passive retarders
  • the retarder stack design wavelength is chosen to place the
  • LCD is the wavelength at which the retardance is ⁇ /2 in the unenergized state.
  • the G/W, W/C and W/M filters are quasi-folded ⁇ olc designs.
  • the G/W, W/C and W/M filters are quasi-folded ⁇ olc designs.
  • the W/Y design can be recognized as the fifth design in Table I,
  • a benefit of this invention is that the LCD has no mechanism for inducing
  • transition bandwidths are defined by the retarder stacks
  • band center wavelengths defined by the stacks, are preserved to the extent that the
  • a unique feature of subtractive displays based on this invention is the ability to
  • Fig. 14 which is the experimentally measured output of the W/M filter of Fig. 10.
  • the retarders are Nitto Denko polycarbonate films.
  • the optical modulator is Nitto Denko polycarbonate films.
  • a passive retarder can be
  • a M/W filter is shown in Fig. 18 and listed at the bottom of Table VI. It is a
  • the LCD is oriented at 90° rather than 0°.
  • the filter function is
  • the filter can be varied continuously
  • Figs 15-17 is that the unmodulated spectrum F is fully transmitted, independent of the
  • a one stage filter has two outputs, an
  • a two stage filter can provide four outputs, three primary colors (two
  • a three stage filter can provide eight outputs, three additive primaries, three
  • the filters can additionally provide gray scales between the color extremes.
  • the filters can additionally provide gray scales between the color extremes.
  • the filters can be combined utilizing an entrance and exit polarizer in each
  • the filter output is the product of the outputs
  • the first stage comprises retarder stacks 20a and 30a, LCD
  • nth stage comprising retarder stacks 20n and 30n, LCD lOn, and
  • the multiple stage filters without internal polarizers can have significantly
  • the three stage filter of Fig. 20 has stages which independently modulate blue
  • stage modulates blue light and is therefore either a W/Y or Y/W filter stage.
  • the stage comprises first retarder stack 20a, second retarder stack 30a, and LCD 10a.
  • retarder stacks and LCD can be any of the designs of this invention.
  • the third stage comprising retarder stacks 20c and
  • FIG. 21 A specific three-stage filter is illustrated in Fig. 21. These are the same filter
  • the white output can be three times as bright as either a spatially multiplexed
  • white spectrum can be transmitted over the entire space and time.
  • a cyan/white filter with parallel polarizers is instead a red/black filter with crossed polarizers.
  • a red/black filter with crossed polarizers For the case where three stages are
  • the black state is output when all three LCDs are in their energized
  • Tilt angles from 0 to 75° are illustrated, corresponding to retardances of ⁇ /2 through
  • Eliminating internal polarizers can improve the black state with parallel
  • the leakage at the center of the transition band is 25%, as shown
  • the region of overlap can be reduced by shifting the color polarizer spectra
  • the challenge is to identify a scheme whereby
  • magenta or magenta and cyan stages Light exiting either stack is in general polarized
  • Fig. 25c shows that the result is an improvement
  • filters can also be combined in series with a shutter to provide a good dark state.
  • Unpolarized white light is incident on polarizing beam splitter 41.
  • the modulated spectrum exits in one direction, for
  • polarizer spectrum F exits in another direction.
  • the polarization insensitive filter In the polarization insensitive filter,
  • the filter having
  • apertures can be achieved with polarizing films that give polarization diversity.
  • retarder stacks within a single stage as shown in Fig. 27. This is done by orienting one
  • LCD 10 form a NW filter which modulates spectrum Fj, thereby transmitting white when the LCD is energized (anisotropic) and F, when it is unenergized.
  • NW filter which modulates spectrum Fj, thereby transmitting white when the LCD is energized (anisotropic) and F, when it is unenergized.
  • Such structures can be stacked with or without intervening polarizers,
  • the unfolded version consists of two stacks, in which both
  • optics can be used to create an effectively different orientation of the second stack.
  • an achromatic quarter-wave plate can be placed on the mirror to make the
  • rotative element such as a CSLC quarter-wave retarder on the mirror.
  • modulator thus has the structure of the quarter-half-quarter variable retarder as
  • a multiple stage filter can be used for the case where the analyzing polarizer is a CLC.
  • stage modulates blue light and comprises stack 20a, electro-optic modulator 10a and
  • the second stage modulates green light and comprises stack 20b,
  • the third stage modulates red light
  • the final stage does not require a retarder stack.
  • a percentage of the blue light, labeled %B, is transmitted and the remainder is reflected.
  • the reflected light is
  • the green and red CLCs selectively reflects blue light, i.e. the green and red CLCs are isotropic to blue light, the
  • the filters of this invention can be used in combination with any other active
  • Hybrid filters can also be made with active and passive filters.
  • the filter can employ a color polarizer, such as
  • the white/primary filter can also be combined with a polarization interference filter.
  • the filters of this invention can be optically addressed.
  • the optically addressed can be optically addressed.
  • the optically addressed can be optically addressed.
  • addressing system can include a photodetector such as a PN diode or a phototransistor
  • optical signal Applications of the optically addressed filter include eye protection,
  • the filters can be used as a single pixel or in a multi pixel array.
  • applications include field sequential color shutters, spectrometry, colorimetry, lighting
  • applications include information display , imaging, printing, analysis and storage and
  • each pixel can be controlled independently via an independent applied voltage.
  • Each pixel-can provide analog intensity control
  • color spectrum including black and white.
  • the pixels can have subpixels for each
  • the subpixels can be patterned, for example W/R, W/G and W/B pixels.
  • the subpixels can be patterned, for example
  • stripes or square patterns such as the Bayer Mosaic or other color filter
  • Each pixel of this invention comprised of subpixels has the
  • Display appUcations include front and rear projection displays, virtual displays
  • Displays can be used in a variety of applications, such as
  • head-up displays in transportation vehicles including automobiles, trucks and airplanes,
  • the multi pixel filter can be used in combination with
  • emissive displays such as cathode ray tubes (CRT), electrolurninescent (EL) displays, active matrix eleCTroluminescent (AMEL) displays, field emission displays (FED) and
  • plasma displays They can also be used with modulator displays including transmissive
  • LCOS crystal on silicon
  • DMDs digital mirror devices
  • Electronic imaging applications include pagefed and document scanners
  • the filter of this invention can be combined with still images
  • Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor single pixel or multi-pixel imagers Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor single pixel or multi-pixel imagers.
  • Figure 29 shows a stack 290 which includes a first retarder 291 and a second
  • retarder 292 having a first orientation o ⁇ and a second orientation ⁇ 2 , respectively, as
  • Partially polarized light 294 can be in
  • any frequency spectrum of electromagnetic radiation and can be partially elliptically
  • the polarized component can have any combination of the following features:
  • polarization including any orientation ellipticity, and handedness. See, for example,
  • Stack 290 transforms partially polarized light 294 in a known manner depending on
  • first and second orientations a x and cfe as well as first and second
  • Stack 290 transforms partially polarized light 294 into second polarization
  • retarder 291 is transformed into initially transformed light (not shown).
  • Second polarization transformed light 296 includes a first portion of fight
  • First portion of light is 297 has a first
  • first portion of light 297 has a first spectrum F' and second portion of light 298 has a
  • Stack 290 is a light preconditioning device for preconditioning light as an input
  • F' and second spectrum F' can be complements of each other and together comprise
  • First spectrum F' has first polarization
  • first orientation a x and first retardance T are known, first orientation a x and first retardance T, as well as second
  • orientation ⁇ 2 second retardance T 2 can be determined in accordance with the above
  • first output light 297 has a polarization P M1 which is affected
  • first polarizer has a first eigenstate corresponding to the first polarization and a second
  • polarizer has an eigenstate corresponding to the second polarization and if unpolarized
  • first and second polarizers are "crossed" in a general
  • the second polarization are orthogonal when they are perpendicular.
  • the first polarization and the second polarization are
  • the second polarization i.e., the first polarization could be clockwise and the second
  • Partially polarized light 294 may
  • stack 290 and in particular, first
  • retarder 291 and second retarder 292 can be polymer retarders, liquid crystal polymer
  • retarders form birefringent material, polymer birefringent retarders, liquid crystal
  • Stack 290 can and does
  • first orientation a x and second orientation ⁇ 2 are not equal, but
  • first retardances T ⁇ and second retardance T 2 may or may not be equal depending on
  • Figure 30a and 30b show two general examples of partially polarized light 294
  • second polarization transformed light 296 includes first spectrum F' having
  • transformed light 296' includes first spectrum F" having polarization P M] and second
  • P, ⁇ are not necessarily orthogonal.
  • Figures 31a and 31b show stacks 300 and 300' with the addition of polarizers
  • Figure 31a corresponds to the situation in which second
  • transformed output light 296 includes a first portion 297 and a second portion 298
  • Figure 31b corresponds to the case in which the second transformed output light
  • unpolarized light 312 is polarized at least partially by
  • Polarizers 311 and 311' can be the same as polarizer 40 in
  • polarizers 311 and 311' can include absorptive type polarizers such as
  • dichroics or dye-based polarizers or non-absorptive including cholesteric LC's,
  • Polarizers 311 and 311' can also include non-absorptive type polarizers such as polarizing dielectric films
  • Figures 32a and 32b show a device 321 for manipulating partially polarized light
  • manipulating device 321 includes retarder 322
  • Retarder 322 is similar to above discussed retarder 291 and has an
  • orientation a x with respect to partially polarized light 294 has retardance r,.
  • polarized light 294 passes through retarder 322 and is transformed to transformed light
  • Transformed light 296 is then input to modulator 320 which modulates first portion
  • polarization P ⁇ can be selected to correspond to a state in which modulator 320
  • first portion 297 must not be in such an isotropic state (e.g., it must be modulated
  • modulator 320 should be modulated by modulator 320 in a manner different from second portion 298
  • P M1 is received and modulated by modulator 320 to yield a first portion 323 of
  • modulator output light 325 having a third spectrum F 3 and a third polarization P 3 .
  • modulator 320 which outputs second portion 324 of modulator output
  • Figure 32b corresponds to Figure 32a but with elliptically polarized light instead

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PCT/US1997/008290 1996-05-14 1997-05-14 Color selective light modulators Ceased WO1997043862A1 (en)

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DE69737907T DE69737907T2 (de) 1996-05-14 1997-05-14 Farbselektive lichtmodulatoren
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US5990996A (en) 1999-11-23
AU3128797A (en) 1997-12-05
ATE367054T1 (de) 2007-08-15
JP4608687B2 (ja) 2011-01-12
US5822021A (en) 1998-10-13
DE69737907D1 (de) 2007-08-23
EP0898841A4 (en) 2001-03-28

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