WO1997028281A1 - Procede d'evaluation de l'activite de la telomerase - Google Patents
Procede d'evaluation de l'activite de la telomerase Download PDFInfo
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- WO1997028281A1 WO1997028281A1 PCT/JP1997/000245 JP9700245W WO9728281A1 WO 1997028281 A1 WO1997028281 A1 WO 1997028281A1 JP 9700245 W JP9700245 W JP 9700245W WO 9728281 A1 WO9728281 A1 WO 9728281A1
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- Prior art keywords
- telomerase
- telomerase activity
- binding
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- primer
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
- G01N33/573—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor for enzymes or isoenzymes
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
- C07H21/00—Compounds containing two or more mononucleotide units having separate phosphate or polyphosphate groups linked by saccharide radicals of nucleoside groups, e.g. nucleic acids
- C07H21/04—Compounds containing two or more mononucleotide units having separate phosphate or polyphosphate groups linked by saccharide radicals of nucleoside groups, e.g. nucleic acids with deoxyribosyl as saccharide radical
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
- C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
- C12N15/11—DNA or RNA fragments; Modified forms thereof; Non-coding nucleic acids having a biological activity
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/48—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving transferase
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
- C12Q1/6876—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes
- C12Q1/6883—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes for diseases caused by alterations of genetic material
- C12Q1/6886—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes for diseases caused by alterations of genetic material for cancer
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for determining telomerase activity.
- Telomerase is known to be an enzyme that catalyzes the extension of telomere terminals (terminal portions of linear chromosomes), and many studies have been made (Greider C.. And blackburn EH, (1987) ) Cell, 51, 887-898; Morin GB (1989) Cell, 59, 521-529).
- telomerase activity is not detected in normal cells except for some cells such as hematopoietic stem cells.
- strong telomerase activity can be detected in most cancer cells, suggesting that it is involved in maintaining infinite growth of cancer cells. Therefore, the detection and quantification of telomerase activity is important for the diagnosis of cancer, and its inhibitor can be expected as an anticancer drug with few side effects on normal cells (Counter CM. Et al., (1989) EMBO J., 11, 1921-1929; Counter CM et al., (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 91, 2900-2904; Chadeneau C. et al., (1995) Cancer Res..55, 2533-2536; Hiyama E. et al., (1995) Nature Med., 1, 249-255, Shay JW et a 1., (1995) Mol.Cell.Biol., 15,425- 432).
- telomere has included the use of the ciliate Tetrahymena (Greider and Blackburn, 1985; 1987; 1989). This study detects telomerase with a single primer extension Atsey system. The only required to be based on quality in such Atsusi to an oligonucleotide sequence of Teromea single-stranded (TTGGGG) is 3, dGTP, dTTP, dGTP labeled with ⁇ beauty 32 P. A repeat of the Tetrahymena telomere sequence TTGGGG is added to the 3 'end of the oligonucleotide primer during a short incubation at room temperature.
- reaction products are detected by electrophoresis and autoradiography.
- kinetics and primer specificity Rosey, kinetics and primer specificity (Ro mero and Blackburn. 1991; Lee and Blackburn, 1993, Collins and Greider. 1993; Autexier and Greider, 1994) and telomerase from other male caterpillars. Loaning etc. became possible.
- telomeres were as small as 92, and their telomerase activity was thought to be undetectable.
- telomerase activity was found using human cell extract derived from human cervical carcinoma He cell extract (Morin, 1989), and many TTAGGG repeats were telomerized. It was revealed that telomerase is an enzyme conserved in all eukaryotic cells, suggesting that telomerase was significantly activated in human tumor cells ( Counter et al .. 1992; 1994).
- telomerase activity is carried out by measuring the intensity of each of the appearing bands with a densitometer or the like and comparing it with a known amount of, for example, HeLa cell extract used as a control.
- This method improves sensitivity and allows telomerase activity to be detected with as few as 100 cells. That is, the detection sensitivity of telomerase activity can be increased by 1 ( ⁇ times) as compared with the conventional Atsey method, and the sensitivity is dramatically improved as compared with the conventional technology.
- polyacrylic Riruami Dogeru has the analysis of electrophoresis or by HPLC or the like 32 P- labeled reaction product or fluorescence-labeled reaction products still needed, there is a limit to the number of samples that can be measured, if the 32 P.
- problems with its handling eg, gel or large wastewater treatment. Separation such as gel preparation and electrophoresis
- the time required for (analysis) and the time for exposure (detection) and a series of operations take a long time, and then the intensity of the detected band must be quantified using a densitometer. And the results were delayed.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a method capable of detecting and quantifying telomerase activity quickly and with high sensitivity.
- telomere activity could be detected and quantified quickly and with high sensitivity, and completed the present invention.
- the present invention relates to the presence of a radioisotope using a primer obtained by modifying an oligonucleotide sequence synthesized by a telomerase DNA synthesis reaction with one of two substances capable of binding to each other.
- the resulting sequence was amplified by a volimerase chain reaction below, and the resulting sequence was previously bound to the microparticle coated with the other of the two types of substances capable of binding to each other, and generated from the microparticle by the binding.
- This is a method for quantifying telomerase activity which comprises quantifying telomerase activity by measuring scintillation.
- the present invention provides a DNA synthesis reaction by telomerase in the presence of a radioisotope using a primer modified with one of two types of substances that can bind to each other, It is characterized in that telomerase activity is quantified by binding to microparticles coated with the other of the two types of substances that can bind to each other and measuring scintillation generated from the microparticles by the binding.
- telomerase activity is quantified by binding to microparticles coated with the other of the two types of substances that can bind to each other and measuring scintillation generated from the microparticles by the binding.
- biotin and avidin are mentioned as two kinds of substances that can bind to each other.
- the present invention is a method for detecting and quantifying telomerase activity in a cell extract.
- the present invention uses a primer obtained by modifying an oligonucleotide sequence (telomere repeat sequence) synthesized by a telomerase DNA synthesis reaction with one of two substances capable of binding to each other. Includes a method of amplification in the presence of radioisotopes. However, a method of reacting the telomeric repeat sequence without amplifying it is also included in the present invention.
- the obtained reaction product is previously bound to microparticles coated with the other of the two types of substances capable of binding to each other, and scintillation generated from the microparticles by the binding is measured. Quantify telomerase activity.
- the polymerase chain reaction method can be used. Highly sensitive detection results can be obtained by the polymerase chain reaction.
- the polymerase chain reaction is carried out in the presence of radioactive isotopes, such as 3 H or 1 2 using two kinds of primers modified with one of substances capable of binding to each other at the 5 'end of the oligonucleotide primer .
- Trotype types of substances that can bind to each other include, for example, enzymes and substrates, biotin and avidin, antigens and antibodies, lectins and their receptors, hormones and their receptors, neurotransmitters and their receptors And the like.
- Primers can be designed according to the telomere sequence to be amplified.
- the primer described in SEQ ID NO: 1 (TS primer) or the primer described in SEQ ID NO: 2 (CX primer) can be used.
- a known method can be used to bind the 5'-end of the primer to the ligand (for example, in the case of biotinylation).
- this technique can be performed in a normal Atsushi buffer.
- SPA beads attached to a reverse transcriptase activity detection kit (product number NK9020) supplied by Amersham can be used.
- the extended oligonucleotide sequence amplified by the volimerase chain reaction is bound to the microparticle previously coated with the other of the two types of substances capable of binding to each other.
- the primer is biotinylated
- microparticles coated with streptavidin the other of the two substances, can be used. Since ⁇ O Rigo nucleotide is labeled with a radioisotope (3 H or 1 2 5 I, etc.), a result of amplification oligonucleotides bound to microparticles, the low energy emitted from the 3 H or 1 2/3
- the lines stimulate the microparticles, which emit light (scintillation). The presence of the target oligonucleotide can be detected by measuring the scintillation as a signal.
- the intensity of the detected signal is proportional to the amount of the reaction product bound to the microparticle, ie, the activity of telomerase. Therefore, a high signal means that telomerase activity is high.
- the quantification of telomerase activity is carried out by using a standard sample as a control and measuring the fluorescence intensity as described above.
- telomerase activity can be detected without using the above amplification method.
- an oligonucleotide sequence synthesized by a telomerase DNA synthesis reaction is reacted in the presence of a radioisotope using a primer modified with one of two substances that can bind to each other.
- the obtained reaction product is bound to microparticles coated in advance with the other of the two kinds of substances capable of binding to each other, and the scintillation generated from the microparticles by the binding is measured to obtain telomerase. Quantify activity.
- the method of the present invention provides significantly higher sensitivity compared to conventional detection methods
- telomerase activity can be easily quantified with good reproducibility, and a large amount of sample can be easily handled.
- telomerase activity in clinically obtained tissues is extremely useful for diagnosing and monitoring the progress of cancer and the prognosis of treatment (Hiyama et al., 1995).
- FIG. 1 is a diagram showing detection results of the present invention with respect to the concentration of a primer.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the detection results of the present invention with respect to the number of cells.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram showing detection results of the present invention for various cells.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing the detection results of the present invention with respect to the number of cycles of the polymerase chain reaction.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram showing the detection results of the present invention with respect to the number of cells.
- Cell extracts were prepared by known methods (Kim NW et al., (1994) Science, 206. 2011-2015): Prepared with some modifications. That is, the human erythroleukemia cell line HEL was cultured, and cells in the logarithmic growth phase were centrifuged at 2000 rpni for 5 minutes to collect the cells. The cells were washed twice with ice-cold PBS and once with ice-cold RNase-free washing buffer (10 mM Hepes pH 7.5. 1 mU MgCh, 10 mM KC1 and 1 mM DTT).
- Pellet cells were lysed in lysis buffer without RNase (10 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5, 1 mM MgCl 2 , 1 mM EGTA, 0. ImM PSF, 5 mM MS-mercaptoethanol, 0.5% CHAPS (Cholamidopropyl -di me thy resuspended at 5 x 10 5 cells in 1 -amnion io-l-propanesulfonate) and 10% glycerol) in. After gently stirring and incubating on ice for 30 minutes, impurities in the lysate were removed by centrifugation at 15.000 rpm for 30 minutes. The supernatant was aliquoted and stored at -80 ⁇ m.
- TS primer SEQ ID NO: 1
- CX primer SEQ ID NO: 2
- the CX and TS primers that were biotinylated were synthesized by force coupling of the biotin LCiotin-0N TM phosphoramidite (Clontech) to the 5 ′ end of the oligonucleotide.
- the primer was purified using an AB10PC column (purification was performed according to the manufacturer's instructions), lyophilized, and resuspended in DEPC (getyl pio carbonate) treated water.
- the TRAP-SPA Atsushi of the present invention can be prepared by a known method (Kim NW et al., (1994) Science, 206, 2011-2015; Piatyszek. A. et al., (1995) Meth. Cell Sci., ⁇ , 1 -15)) with the following improvements.
- a predetermined amount (0, 0.01, 0.05. 0.1 ig / Atsey) of biotinylated CX primer (BitU-CX) was trapped under the wax layer of a Hot-Start tube (GIBC0-BRL).
- a DNA synthesis reaction by telomerase 21 cell extracts (10 4 cells) were combined with 20 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.3, 1.5 mM MgC, 63 mM KCK 0.005% Tween 20, and ImM EGTA, 50 mM each.
- dTTP of dATP and dCTP
- 2 M of 50 uU of dGTP
- 2 fid [Me- 3 H ] TTP (Amers am, 114Ci / drowsiness ol)
- 0.1 fig / u 1 BSA 2 U Taq Boli Mela Ichize
- Incubate at room temperature for 30 minutes on a PexVarier in 501 final reaction mixtures containing 0.1 g or the given amount of TS primer.
- the mixture is then heated at 90 ° C for 90 seconds to amplify the synthesized telomere oligonucleotide, followed by one cycle at 94 ° C for 30 seconds, 50 ° C for 30 seconds and 72 ° C for 45 seconds.
- the polymerase chain reaction was performed in 31 cycles.
- reaction product (401) was transferred to a 96-well plate (Wallac), and 50/1 streptavidin-coated microparticle fluoromicrospheres (1: 4 solution in 0.56 M EDTA) were added. After incubation at 10 ° C for 10 minutes, the biotinylated 3 H-labeled reaction product was bound to streptavidin beads.
- the plate was counted on a MicroBeta scintillation counter (Waliac), and for comparison, a conventional method combining TRAPCTRAP and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; TRAP-PAGE) was performed as follows.
- reaction product After the completion of the polymerase chain reaction, the reaction product is subjected to 10% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) in 0.3 TBE and exposed to a phosphor imager (Fuji lmaging Plate) to analyze the reaction product (40). Was done.
- SDS-PAGE polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- HEL cell CHAP S extract (1 (T and the amount corresponding to 10 s cells)), 20 mM Tris-HCK 1.5 mM MgCl 2 , 63 mM KC1, 0.005% Tween20, Im EDTA, 50 M each DATP and dGTP, 1M dTTP, 2 / Cie-3H TTP (Amersham, 114Ci / ol), 0.1 / ig BSA, and 0.1 g of biotinylated primer (501 reaction solution containing TTAGGG at room temperature). For 30 minutes.
- reaction product 401 was then transferred to a 96-well plate, mixed with 50 "streptavidin-coated microparticle fluoromicrospheres (1: 4 solution in 0.56 M EDTA) and incubated at 37 ° C. After incubation for 10 minutes, the biotinylated 3 H-labeled reaction product was bound to streptavidin beads.
- telomerase reaction mixture In the telomerase reaction mixture described above, the concentration of dTTP was changed to 5 5 and 2 ⁇ Ci (a32P) dGTP (Amersham, 800Ci / mniol) was added to increase the concentration of dTTP to 50M.
- reaction product was electrophoresed on an 8% polyacrylamide gel containing 7M urea, and exposed to an imaging plate for 4 days.
- the method of the present invention can detect telomerase activity without performing autoradiography after electrophoresis and can quantitatively measure it.
- the sensitivity of the SPA detection of the present invention was measured by comparing with a conventional TRAP assay (TRAP-PAGE) performed by serially diluting an HEL CHAPS extract (a CHAPS extract of HE cells).
- TRAP-PAGE a conventional TRAP assay
- the detection limit is about 100 cells per assay (Fig. 2, lower panel).
- telomerase activity is clearly detected even with only 10 cells. Yes ( Figure 2, top panel).
- Lane numbers 1 to 7 in the lower panel of FIG. 2 correspond to 0, 10, 10 10 3 , 10 10 5 cells / Assy and 1 (mixture of ⁇ and RNase, respectively) in the upper panel of FIG. o
- telomerase activity can be detected more sensitively and quantitatively by the method of the present invention.
- the effect of cycle number on the accumulation of telomerase products by the polymerase chain reaction was also compared between the method of the present invention and the conventional method.
- Significant incorporation of 3 H by band pattern or SPA by gel electrophoresis was observed at least after 27 cycles of amplification (FIG. 4).
- the intensity of the detected signal increased with the number of cycles in both cases, and a very good relationship was obtained between the two methods.
- the lane numbers 1 to 5 in the lower panel of FIG. 4 correspond to the cycle numbers 27, 28, 29, 30, and 31 in the upper panel, respectively.
- telomere activity could be detected and quantified in the same manner as described above (FIG. 5).
- FIG. 5 the telomerase activity with respect to the number of cells was the same in both the method of the present invention (upper) and the conventional method (lower).
- the present invention provides a method for detecting and quantifying telomerase activity quickly and with high sensitivity.
- Sequence type nucleic acid
- Sequence type other nucleic acid (synthetic DNA) sequence characteristics
- Sequence type nucleic acid
- Sequence type other nucleic acid (synthetic DNA) sequence characteristics
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Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP97901809A EP0882802A4 (en) | 1996-02-02 | 1997-01-31 | METHOD FOR DETERMINING TELOMERASE ACTIVITY |
KR1019980705955A KR100289993B1 (ko) | 1996-02-02 | 1997-01-31 | 텔로머라제활성의정량방법 |
US09/117,570 US6221590B1 (en) | 1996-02-02 | 1997-01-31 | Method for the quantitative determination of telomerase activity |
AU15576/97A AU716160B2 (en) | 1996-02-02 | 1997-01-31 | Method for the quantitative determination of telomerase activity |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP1783096 | 1996-02-02 | ||
JP8/17830 | 1996-02-02 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO1997028281A1 true WO1997028281A1 (fr) | 1997-08-07 |
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ID=11954631
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Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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PCT/JP1997/000245 WO1997028281A1 (fr) | 1996-02-02 | 1997-01-31 | Procede d'evaluation de l'activite de la telomerase |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US6221590B1 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP0882802A4 (ja) |
KR (1) | KR100289993B1 (ja) |
AU (1) | AU716160B2 (ja) |
TW (1) | TW479072B (ja) |
WO (1) | WO1997028281A1 (ja) |
Families Citing this family (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US6979728B2 (en) * | 1998-05-04 | 2005-12-27 | Baylor College Of Medicine | Articles of manufacture and methods for array based analysis of biological molecules |
GB0027516D0 (en) * | 2000-11-10 | 2000-12-27 | Amersham Pharm Biotech Uk Ltd | Support and method for cell based assays |
US20050032060A1 (en) * | 2001-08-31 | 2005-02-10 | Shishir Shah | Arrays comprising pre-labeled biological molecules and methods for making and using these arrays |
EP1472340A4 (en) * | 2002-02-05 | 2006-11-08 | Rappaport Family Inst For Res | STRAIN CELLS SELECTED FOR TELOMERASEPROMOTORACTIVITY, CELL-LINKED |
US6916621B2 (en) * | 2002-03-27 | 2005-07-12 | Spectral Genomics, Inc. | Methods for array-based comparitive binding assays |
Family Cites Families (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5077192A (en) * | 1988-10-25 | 1991-12-31 | The General Hospital Corporation | Method of detecting antigenic, nucleic acid-containing macromolecular entities |
US5645986A (en) * | 1992-05-13 | 1997-07-08 | Board Of Reagents, The University Of Texas System | Therapy and diagnosis of conditions related to telomere length and/or telomerase activity |
US5837453A (en) * | 1992-05-13 | 1998-11-17 | Geron Corporation | Telomerase activity assays |
WO1997015687A1 (en) * | 1995-06-07 | 1997-05-01 | Geron Corporation | Telomerase activity assays |
US5856096A (en) * | 1995-09-20 | 1999-01-05 | Ctrc Research Foundation | Rapid and sensitive assays for detecting and distinguishing between processive and non-processive telomerase activities |
-
1997
- 1997-01-29 TW TW086101014A patent/TW479072B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-01-31 WO PCT/JP1997/000245 patent/WO1997028281A1/ja not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1997-01-31 KR KR1019980705955A patent/KR100289993B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-01-31 US US09/117,570 patent/US6221590B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1997-01-31 AU AU15576/97A patent/AU716160B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1997-01-31 EP EP97901809A patent/EP0882802A4/en not_active Withdrawn
Non-Patent Citations (6)
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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US6221590B1 (en) | 2001-04-24 |
EP0882802A1 (en) | 1998-12-09 |
EP0882802A4 (en) | 2001-01-03 |
AU716160B2 (en) | 2000-02-17 |
TW479072B (en) | 2002-03-11 |
KR19990082227A (ko) | 1999-11-25 |
KR100289993B1 (ko) | 2001-05-15 |
AU1557697A (en) | 1997-08-22 |
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