WO1996014734A1 - Organisme dont l'expression du gene de s-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase est inhibee - Google Patents
Organisme dont l'expression du gene de s-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase est inhibee Download PDFInfo
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- WO1996014734A1 WO1996014734A1 PCT/JP1995/002333 JP9502333W WO9614734A1 WO 1996014734 A1 WO1996014734 A1 WO 1996014734A1 JP 9502333 W JP9502333 W JP 9502333W WO 9614734 A1 WO9614734 A1 WO 9614734A1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
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- C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
- C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
- C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
- C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
- C12N15/82—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for plant cells, e.g. plant artificial chromosomes (PACs)
- C12N15/8241—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology
- C12N15/8261—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield
- C12N15/8271—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield for stress resistance, e.g. heavy metal resistance
- C12N15/8279—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield for stress resistance, e.g. heavy metal resistance for biotic stress resistance, pathogen resistance, disease resistance
- C12N15/8283—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with agronomic (input) traits, e.g. crop yield for stress resistance, e.g. heavy metal resistance for biotic stress resistance, pathogen resistance, disease resistance for virus resistance
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- C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
- C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
- C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
- C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
- C12N15/82—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts for plant cells, e.g. plant artificial chromosomes (PACs)
- C12N15/8241—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology
- C12N15/8242—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with non-agronomic quality (output) traits, e.g. for industrial processing; Value added, non-agronomic traits
- C12N15/8243—Phenotypically and genetically modified plants via recombinant DNA technology with non-agronomic quality (output) traits, e.g. for industrial processing; Value added, non-agronomic traits involving biosynthetic or metabolic pathways, i.e. metabolic engineering, e.g. nicotine, caffeine
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- C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
- C12N9/14—Hydrolases (3)
Definitions
- the present invention has various characteristics obtained by substantially suppressing the expression of the S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (hereinafter, referred to as “SAHH”) gene using gene recombination technology.
- SAHH S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase
- Satellite RNA low molecular RN A is a virus depends the duplicate to the parent virus, induces a number of cases, the parent virus to inhibit the growth of disease Significantly reduce symptoms. By applying this property, it is possible to create virus-resistant plants. So far, the introduction of satellite RNA cDNA into plants has led to the development of plants resistant to Cucumber mosaic virus (Harisson et al., Nature 328, 799) and tobacco ring spot virus (Gerlach et al., Nature 328, 802). Was created. In China, plants incorporating the cDNA of Cucumber mosaic virus satellite RNA have already been subjected to field trials for practical use (Saito et al., Theor, Appl. Genet 83, 679). However, this method is applicable only to viruses with satellite RNA.
- All or part of the viral cDNA is incorporated into the plant so that it is transcribed and expressed by antisense.
- the antisense RNA and the nucleic acid of the virus form a complex (double-stranded RNA), which is thought to inhibit protein synthesis and, as a result, suppress virus growth.
- Viral RNA is abundant in cells and has a complex higher-order structure, so it is not considered easy to form a complex. Not big (Cuozzo et al., Bio / Technology 6, 549). Even if the virus is resistant, only the virus from which the cDNA was derived (or a closely related species) can be expected, as in the case of the coat protein method.
- Ribozymes are autocatalytically cleaved RNAs whose base sequences can be designed to specifically cleave viral RNA when transcribed and expressed in plant cells. Noh. Again, like antisense RNA, it must form a complex with viral nucleic acids to be effective. Although successful examples are not many, for example, have reported that Edington et al. Effect has been filed by the tobacco mosaic virus to the target ( "Vir al Gene and Plant Pathogenesis ”) 0
- the morphogenesis of a plant can be artificially controlled, the plant can be improved in a form favorable to humans. This is especially important for the flower business. In recent years, research on morphogenesis in higher plants has been rapidly developed by molecular biological techniques.
- a bacterium called Agrobacterium rhizogenes that infects plants and induces hairy roots contains a giant plasmid called Ri, a part of which is integrated into the plant genome. It has been reported that various forms of morphological changes were observed when three genes called rol A, B, and C in this Ri brassmid were each incorporated into tobacco (Schmulling et al., EMBO J. 7, 2621). . In particular, rol C has been shown to be a gene that increases cytokinin, one of the plant hormones (Estruch et al., EMBO J. 10. 2889).
- Transformants produced by this gene show changes such as shortening of internodes, reduction of plant height, overhanging styles, increase in number of flowers, and promotion of flowering time.
- Some companies have already used rol C to develop roses and dwarf eustoma with an increased number of flowers.
- SAHH binds to cytokinin, a plant hormone, in plants (Mitsui et al., Plant Cell Physiol. 34, 1089).
- SAHH is an enzyme that catalyzes the next reaction.
- S- adenosylhomocysteine cystine (SAH) + H 2 O ⁇ methylation at adenosine + homocysteine intracellular microorganisms, both flora and fauna proceeds S- adenosyl-methylol O Nin a (SAM) as a methyl group donor .
- SAM after donating the methyl group becomes SAH.
- SAHH an enzyme that hydrolyzes SAH
- SAHH is a key enzyme that controls the concentration of SAM and SAH in the living body and plays an important role in the methylation reaction. Since several other proteins that bind to cytokinin have been found, it is unclear whether SAHH is a receptor for cytokinin to directly exert bioactivity. However, it is presumed that SAHH is deeply involved in the expression of the physiological activity of cytokinin, and that the endogenous cytokinin concentration regulates the methylation reaction involving SAHH. However, since the above report does not describe any data on the effects of binding of SAHH to cytokinin, it cannot be speculated. On the other hand, the results of the examples of the present invention show that the effect of binding of SAHH to cytokin is opposite to what was estimated in the paper, and that the concentration of SAHH regulates the degree of endogenous cytokinin. It is suggested.
- Nucleic acid analog Inhibits viral DNAZRNA synthetase and reverse transcriptase.
- Practical anti-AIDS drugs include dideoxythymidine (ddC), azidothymidine (AZT), and dideoxyinosine (ddl). These can be expected to be effective in terms of their operation, but also have large side effects.
- antiviral drug R & D The current focus of antiviral drug R & D is on antisense drugs and viral transcription factor inhibitors.
- drugs for treating eye virus diseases caused by cytomegalovirus and herpesvirus developed by ISIS in the United States have been conducted until clinical trials.
- a characteristic of antisense drugs is that they specifically target one target.
- Others are being studied, such as protease inhibitors that inhibit viral proteases.
- All of the above antiviral agents are characterized by targeting the virus itself.
- controlling a virus that continues to grow in cells requires not only a considerable amount of drug, but also the ability of the virus to mutate or inactivate the drug to escape from it. There must be.
- One of them is the SAHH inhibitor, which inhibits intracellular methylation by inhibiting the host's SAHH. As a result, the cap structure is inhibited, and viral translation is suppressed.
- Sufficient antiviral properties have been confirmed in in vitro experiments at SAHH inhibitor concentrations at which no phytotoxicity was observed (Wolfe et al., J. Med.
- RNA virus and double-stranded RNA virus are effective, and that some (+) RNA viruses and DNA viruses are also inhibited.
- SAHH inhibitors that are effective against retroviruses such as the AIDS virus have been reported.
- An object of the present invention is to solve these problems of the prior art and to provide an organism having various excellent properties by using gene recombination technology.
- the virus resistance imparting according to the present invention has such a property that it can be expected to be effective against a plurality of viral diseases, which cannot be achieved by conventional techniques.
- the type of promoter or controlling the degree of antisense inhibition it is possible to minimize the negative effects of inhibiting the expression of the endogenous SAHH gene and to confer practical virus resistance to plants. it is conceivable that.
- the morphological changes of the plant according to the present invention Similar to C, the mechanism of influence on the amount of endogenous cytokinin is thought to be completely different. Moreover, for example, it has been found that a wide range of virus resistance has been conferred, mainly due to inhibition of methylation, so that an effect far exceeding that observed in r01C plants has been observed. I have. Furthermore, considering that it is an antisense inhibition, expression in the sense direction may induce a completely opposite trait. For example, suppression of side buds and promotion of aging have the potential to be realized sufficiently by devising promoters. Further, when the present invention was realized by antisense inhibition as in the Examples, the transformant did not produce any new exogenous protein, and thus it was considered to be advantageous for obtaining public axebutans. Can be
- the present inventors have conducted intensive studies on a method for producing an organism using gene recombination technology, and as a result, by suppressing the expression of the SAHH gene present in the genomic gene of the organism, various excellent methods have been developed.
- the present inventors have found that an organism having excellent characteristics can be produced, and have completed the present invention.
- the present invention relates to a transformed organism wherein the expression of the SSAHH ⁇ gene present in the genome is substantially suppressed by recombination of the genome ⁇ gene, and a method for producing the same.
- the present invention will be described in detail.
- the transformed organism of the present invention may be any organism as long as it can suppress the expression of the SAHH gene, such as a plant severely damaged by a plant virus, or a young or dwarfed male. Plants that want to introduce traits such as fertility and number of flowers, or animals that need serious virus disease control can be targeted.
- SAHH is generally present in living organisms and that the difference in the nucleotide sequence between species of the gene is small, as described later. Specific species are as follows. Examples of animals include experimental animals such as rats and monkeys.
- suitable plants include dicotyledonous plants such as tobacco, tomatoes, potatoes, and roses, but monocotyledonous plants such as corn, rice, and lily can also be included in the present invention. Further, not only angiosperms but also gymnosperms can be the target organisms of the present invention.
- the transformed organism of the present invention is characterized in that the expression of the SAHH gene present in the genome is substantially suppressed. By suppressing the expression of the SAHH gene, the following changes occur in vivo.
- dwarfing For example, dwarfing, promoting rooting, stigma, immature pollen, etc.
- the transformed organism of the present invention is produced by recombination of genomic genes.
- “recombination of genomic DNA” refers to a genetic engineering performed on the genomic DNA in order to substantially suppress the expression of the SAHH gene present in the genome. It includes all of the technology.
- Substantially suppressing the expression of the SAHH gene means that SAHH, which functions substantially in cells, is reduced, and a method of suppressing mRNA transcription itself. It includes methods of trapping, and methods of synthesizing proteins that bind to SAHH. Preferred methods for substantially suppressing the expression of the SAHH gene are exemplified below.
- antisense RNA is expressed against the base sequence of the target gene whose expression is to be suppressed, and a double-stranded RNA is formed to trap the target mRNA.
- the target gene When the target gene is introduced into the genomic DNA in positive sense, the gene will usually be overexpressed. In some cases, the original mRNA level has been reduced. The mechanism is unknown.
- Ribozyme is an RNA of at most 50 bases and has an antisense sequence to the target gene. The difference from the above-described antisense is that the target mRNA is cleaved after the formation of the double strand. Moreover, the ribozyme binds to the next target and repeats cleavage.
- This is a method to prevent the protein factor controlling the expression of the target gene from binding to the transcription control region (promoter) of DNA. Specifically, it destroys the promoter DNA sequence or suppresses the expression of the transcriptional regulator itself.
- the above-mentioned (1) to (4) are characterized by suppressing the expression of the target gene. This is because the expression of the protein that binds to the already expressed target protein is performed. It is a method of inactivating by making
- SAHH antisense RNA is RNA complementary to the base sequence of mRNA transcribed from the SAHH gene, and binds to specific mRNA to form double-stranded RNA.
- the trapped mRNA is no longer translated into protein and is digested by nucleases inside the cell.
- Antisense RNA can be transcribed by simply ligating the SAHH ⁇ gene in the reverse direction downstream of the vector promoter.
- the SA HH gene used in the present invention has already been elucidated by the present applicant (Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. Hei 4-258292), and its nucleotide sequence is as shown in SEQ ID NO: 1. .
- SAHH is widely distributed in the microorganism, animal and plant kingdoms, and plays an important role in methylation reactions. The following have been reported on the SAHH ⁇ gene.
- nucleotide sequences of these genes and the amino acid sequences of the encoded proteins are very well conserved across species (60-70%). This is comparable to the protein ubiquitin, whose amino acid sequence is well conserved in all species.
- the SAHH gene can be obtained, for example, by the following method. First, a section of tobacco axial epithelium is cultured on Murashig e-Skoog medium (flower bud induction medium) containing force inetine and indoleacetic acid. Next, mRNA was extracted from the obtained cultured tissue according to a conventional method, and a cDNA library was extracted from the extracted mRNA. Create one. Next, using the mRNA extracted from the untreated tobacco floral axis and the mRNA obtained from the above cultured tissue, cDNA probes labeled with a radioactive isotope such as 32 P were respectively prepared. Hybridize the probe with the above cDNA library.
- Expression promoters include those that have strong transcriptional power and are expressed in all cells (35S, 19S, nos, etc.), those that respond to light (such as rbc), those that respond to temperature (such as hsp), Many are known, such as those that react and those that react tissue-specifically.
- the issues of which effect of the present invention is expected, which stage of growth it is to be expressed in, and in which tissues it is expressed are important.
- conferring plant virus resistance preferably, it is expressed in whole cells, particularly preferably a strong one such as the 35S promoter. It is also preferable to use a flower-specific promoter in order to render the plant male-sterile so that other traits are not affected.
- promoters mainly derived from animal viruses are known as strong promoters. In the case of conferring virus resistance by inhibiting SAHH antisense at the cell level, these strong promoters are preferred.
- the gene to be inserted by antisense is not particularly limited as long as it encodes SAHH since it has 60% to 70% homology at the nucleic acid level across species.
- the degree of antisense inhibition is considered to be weak.
- the SAHH gene to be integrated in antisense does not have to be whole. No. In general, it is considered that the degree of antisense inhibition is higher when the whole is included, but a sufficient effect may be exhibited even when a part is used. However, it is preferable to use a DNA fragment containing AUG as a translation initiation site.
- the choice of expression vector used to transform animals and plants can vary depending on the cellular or individual level.
- the basic structure (gene cassette) for inserting the target gene between the promoter and the terminator is the same, but a vector is created in which the base sequence necessary for integration into host DNA is located outside the gene cassette. ing.
- the vectors RB (light border) and LB (left border) used in the agrobacterium-mediated method are applicable, and in animals, the retroviral vector LTR (long terminal repeat) is used.
- the method of introducing the antisense SAHH gene into the host organism does not require a special method. In plants, it can be carried out by the leaf disk method using Agrobacterium, and in animals, ribosomes can be used. It can be performed by an election port poration, a microinjection method, or the like.
- a transformed organism can be obtained as follows. The antisense SAHH gene is inserted into a suitable plant expression vector, and this vector is introduced into Agrobacterium. Next, a leaf disk collected from a sterile vegetable of a plant to be transformed is immersed in the above-described culture of Agrobacterium, and a callus is formed. Transformants can be obtained by selection.
- Transformants can be selected by adding an appropriate antibiotic to a medium for forming a callus and determining whether or not the medium has resistance. It is said that the transformation method using Agrobacterium is applicable only to dicotyledonous plants such as tobacco, and not to monocotyledonous plants (De Cleene M. 1976; Bot. Rev. 42: 389-4 66), according to the method described in International Publication No. WO 94/00977 and Japanese Patent Application No. 6-27320 previously filed by the present applicant.
- a monocotyledonous plant can be transformed by immersing a cultured tissue in the process of dedifferentiation or a dedifferentiated cultured tissue with a culture solution of a bacterium belonging to the genus Agrobacterium.
- a known method is used. It is possible to transform. For example, pine, poplar, and eucalyptus have already established stable technologies. It is possible to introduce the gene into other trees by devising the conditions of tissue culture and the transformation method.
- tree tissue culture refer to p60-p73 of Plant Biotechnology (Tokyo Kagaku Dojin). Transformation of poplar using agrobacterium is reported in Confalonieri et al., Plant Cell Report 13 '256-261 (1994).
- SAHH gene is incorporated into a plant or animal expression vector so that it can be transcribed as mRNA with its base sequence unchanged.
- the availability of the SAHH ⁇ gene and the selection of the promoter are as described in (1) above.
- the probability of achieving SAHH expression inhibition by this method is considered to be fairly low.
- the exact mechanism is unknown.
- the introduced nucleotide sequence is significant, and transcription from the promoter is irrelevant.
- the present invention includes SAH H gene disruption by homologous recombination. Specific examples of the case where a plant is transformed at the individual level so as to express the positive sense S AHH will be specifically described below.
- the commercially available plant expression vector pB1121 (Toyobo) is cut with an appropriate restriction enzyme to remove the GUS G gene. For example, simultaneous cutting is performed at Sma I and S st I.
- SAHH cloned into the Ec0RI site of commercially available plasmid SK + (Toyobo) is cut out with SmaI and SstI so as to generate the same cohesive end. At this time, confirm that the SmaI side is the 5 'end of SAHH and that the Smal and Sstl sites are not present in the SAHH gene.
- the ribozyme is composed of an RNA of at most 50 bases in length and having a phase capture sequence for binding to the target S AHH RNA and a conserved sequence and a higher-order structure (hairpin) required for cleaving the RNA. Mold, hammerhead mold, etc.).
- the nucleotide sequence is designed so that it binds to and cuts the SAHH gene mRNA as functional RNA, and a DNA fragment having that sequence is synthesized.
- the gene is ligated to a promoter in a plant or animal expression vector as described above and incorporated into the genome DNA.
- studies at the cellular level in animals may be used as follows.
- the ribozyme DNA is cloned downstream of a general transcription vector promoter (T7, ⁇ 3, SP6, etc.), and a large amount of ribozyme molecules are synthesized in an in vitro transcription system. Allow it to be taken directly into cells. Furthermore, it is technically possible to chemically synthesize ribozymes. At this time, the effect can be expected to be further enhanced by synthesizing using a derivative that becomes nuclease resistant. The procedure for knocking out the S gene of a plant individual by this method will be specifically described below.
- the target site is determined so as to form a secondary structure as shown in FIG. What are the lengths of stem I and II I? ⁇ 10 bases are preferred.
- the following ribozyme can be designed.
- a DNA sequence containing the ribozyme sequence is synthesized using a DNA synthesizer with two oligonucleotides, a sense strand and an antisense strand. At this time, it is advisable to add an appropriate restriction site to the 5 'end in order to incorporate it into the vector later.
- DNA synthesis can be performed using a commercially available DNA synthesizer, for example, ABI model 380A.
- the two DNAs are mixed and annealed to obtain double-stranded DNA.
- restriction enzymes for example, the 35S promoter of pBI121 Clone downstream.
- the plant is transformed using the recombinant brassmid thus obtained.
- the transformation method here can be performed in plants by the leaf disk method using Agrobacterium sp. Mouth poration, microinjection, etc. can be used.
- the ribozyme designed here is an example, and the S AHH mRNA can be cleaved at another location.
- a zymomic library is first prepared using lambda phage vector EMBL 3 (Stratagene) or the like. The above library is screened using a probe obtained by labeling an SAHH cDNA clone with a commercially available random primer labeling kit (Takara Shuzo). The method for preparing this library and the screening method are as described in detail in JP-A-5-236964.
- epithelial cells of the tobacco floral axis were cultured in Murashige-Skoog medium containing inetine, indoleacetic acid, sucrose, thiamine hydrochloride, and myo-inositol, and then total RNA was extracted from the tissue fragments.
- To collect a polyRNA and construct a cDNA library from the polyA RNA.
- cDNA probes were prepared from the poly-A RNA obtained from the cultured tissue and the poly-A RNA extracted from the untreated flower stem, respectively, and obtained from the cultured tissue from the cDNA library. Select a clone that hybridizes only with the probe obtained and does not hybridize with a probe obtained from untreated tissue.
- the nucleotide sequence of the obtained genomic clone is determined by a conventional method (for example, using a DNA sequencer of ABI), and the promoter region is specified. Next, if this promoter region is destroyed by homologous recombination technology or the like, transcription of the SAHH gene will be completely stopped.
- Homologous recombination technology also known as gene targeting, is a technology that utilizes the phenomenon of accidental recombination during gene replication by incorporating the same sequence as the base sequence to be destroyed into DNA. It is. Specifically, for example, a target promoter region is incorporated into genomic DNA by the method described above in (2).
- the presence of a protein that binds to one region of the promoter is confirmed by gel shift assay (Gel Rita-Daneon Atsushi), etc., and the protein (transcription factor) is purified and purified by column chromatography.
- a probe for detecting a gene encoding this protein is prepared from the purified protein, and the gene is separated using the probe.
- the expression of the transcription factor protein gene is suppressed using the isolated gene fragment.
- the experimental procedure for purifying and purifying the transcription factor protein can be performed, for example, in accordance with the experimental example described in “Lab Manual: Functional Analysis of Plant Genes” (Maruzen), p.83-109. That is, first, the nuclear fraction is isolated from the plant tissue by centrifugation. To this is added NaC1 to extract the nuclear protein. The supernatant is collected by centrifugation at 25,000 X g for 30 minutes, and the supernatant is dialyzed against a dialysis buffer to obtain a nuclear extract. Next, a DNA fragment containing the promoter region of the SAHH gene is recovered from the gel by electrophoresis. Label the DNA ends with [ 7-32P ] ATP and polynucleotide force.
- a sequence that binds to a promoter protein is determined by a DNAse I footprint method or the like, and an oligonucleotide having the sequence is determined.
- the latter method can be performed, for example, as follows. After determining a part of the amino acid sequence of the protein using an ABI protein sequencer according to its operation manual, the base sequence of the gene is predicted from the information. At the same time, mRNA is prepared from a tissue that frequently expresses SAHH, and a cDNA library is created.
- the method for preparing the cDNA library is as described in JP-A-4-258282. That is, after culturing epithelial sections of tobacco floral axes in Murashige-Skoog medium containing inetine and indoleacetic acid, total RNA was extracted from the tissue pieces, and poly-A RNA was collected using an oligo dT cellulose column. Then, cDNA is synthesized from the poly A RNA to prepare a cDNA library. A part of the gene is amplified by the PCR method and the library is screened using the DNA fragment as a probe or using an oligonucleotide as a probe.
- the standard PCR response is as follows.
- the base sequence corresponding to the 5 'end and the 3' end (the 3 'end side is a phase capture chain) is predicted from the amino acid codon, and a mixed primer is synthesized so that the number of combinations is reduced as much as possible.
- adding a restriction enzyme site is convenient for subsequent cloning.
- the composition is 67 mM Tris-HCl buffer (PH 8.8), 16.6 mM ammonium sulfate, 6.7 mM magnesium chloride, 10 mM mercaptoethanol, 200 mM dNTPs, 1 mM each.
- g Primer and 5 units of tack polymerase (Takara Shuzo).
- Such a reaction solution was heated at 92 ° C for 1.5 minutes using a DNA thermal cycler (Takara Shuzo), then left at 45 ° C for 2.5 minutes, and further heated at 72 ° C.
- One cycle of the reaction for 3 minutes is repeated 25 times.
- the amplified DNA fragment is recovered by agarose gel electrophoresis, and is labeled with an isotope as described above and used as a probe.
- isotope labeling of oligonucleotides is carried out by a conventional method, but can be easily carried out by using, for example, Takara Shuzo's megalabel kit.
- the DNA sel footprint method is used to identify the binding region of nuclear proteins. This method is used in detail, and its contents are described in detail in the above-mentioned “Lab Manual: Functional Analysis of Plant Genes” (Maruzen). That is, first, a DNA fragment whose one end is labeled with 32 P and a nuclear extract are mixed, and then partially digested with an appropriate amount of DNase I. Next, the partially digested DNA sample is electrophoresed on a denaturing polyacrylamide gel, and autoradiography is performed. At this time, a ladder-like band is obtained for each base, but the region where the protein specifically binds is protected from cleavage by DNase I, so the band intensity is higher than that of the other regions. Weaker or not at all. By simultaneously running samples for nucleotide sequence determination, the protein binding region can be estimated.
- the method for suppressing the expression of the transcription factor protein is preferably a method as described in (1) to (3) above, and particularly preferably, because of the simplicity of the technique.
- p148-p151 can be carried out by a known method. If monoclonal antibody hybridomas can be obtained, use them. The mRNA is adjusted and, for example, a kit (Rec Obtain the recombinant antibody gene using omb 1 nant Phag'e Antibody System). You can easily obtain the target gene if you follow the manual. As described above in (2), in order to overproduce the gene in a cell, the gene is inserted downstream of the promoter of the expression vector in the sense direction and transformed. The transformation at this time can be performed in the same manner as in the above method.
- the SAHH ⁇ gene isolated from tobacco was ligated downstream of the 35S promoter of the plant expression vector with antisense so as to be expressed in all cells.
- This recombinant DNA was introduced into tobacco genome by a transformation method using Agrobacterium.
- the obtained transformed tobacco was analyzed in 100 or more individuals.
- individuals obtained from R1 seeds by selfing or artificial crossing were also analyzed. The main changes observed in the characteristics are shown below. Most were expected from the principles detailed in "Means to Solve the Problem".
- the discovery that the suppression of SAHH ⁇ gene expression by antisense inhibition was linked to plant virus resistance is a fact that SAHH inhibitors are being actively studied in animal viruses for use as antiviral agents.
- the present invention which has been demonstrated to be effective with plant viruses, is expected to be easily applicable to animal viruses. Therefore, the suppression of SAHH expression at the gene level according to the present invention is not limited to plants.
- the axial epithelial section of tobacco was cultured for one day on Murashige-Skoog agar medium containing force ricetin (1 / M) and indoleacetic acid (1 / M).
- 10 g of the obtained cultured tissue was disrupted in 20 ml of an extraction buffer (4 M guanidine thiosinate, 5 mM sodium citrate, 0.5% sarkosyl, 2 mM ⁇ -mercaptoethanol) using a polytron homogenizer. Then, the lysate was separated by centrifugation at 4000 xg for 20 minutes, and the supernatant was recovered.
- the supernatant was placed on 4 ml of a 5.7 M cesium chloride solution placed in a centrifuge tube, centrifuged at 28000 rpm for 20 hours, separated, and the supernatant was discarded to collect a precipitate.
- This precipitate was dissolved in 1 ml of a buffer solution (10 mM Tris-HC1, ImM EDTA, 0.1% SDS), and an equal amount of phenol: chloroform: isoamyl alcohol (25: 24: 1) was added. The upper aqueous phase was recovered by centrifugation.
- RNA solution was dissolved in 500 ul of TE buffer (10 mM Tris-HCK ImM EDTA) to obtain a total RNA solution. After treating this RNA solution at 65 ° C for 5 minutes, it was rapidly cooled on ice. To this was added a 0.5 M sodium chloride solution and applied to an oligo dT cellulose column pre-equilibrated with TE buffer. Next, the column was washed with about 10 volumes of a buffer (0.5 M sodium chloride, 10 mM Tris-HC1, ImM EDTA), and then poly (A) + RNA was eluted with a TE buffer.
- TE buffer 10 mM Tris-HCK ImM EDTA
- [3] Library screening Poly obtained from the above cultures (A) + RNA2u and [alpha-32 P] d CTP (3000 Ci / Mi Rimoru, 10 Ci / ul) and 10 ul, reaction of 30ul (50mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.6) , 2mM DTT, 5mM MgCl 2, 40mM KC1, lmM d GTP, d ATP and d TTP, 5uMd CTP, 20 Yuni' bets human placental RNA se inhibitors, 2 ug O oligo dT primer -, 40 Yuni' preparative reverse transcriptase) The reaction was carried out at 37 ° C for 1 hour to prepare a cDNA probe.
- a cDNA probe was prepared in the same manner for poly (A) + RNA extracted from the untreated flower axis.
- Escherichia coli was infected with the phage constituting the above cDNA library and grown on LB agar medium, and DNA of about 1,400 phages was copied onto two nylon membranes.
- the nylon membrane on which the phage DNA was copied and the cDNA probe prepared above were combined with 6 XSSC (0.9 M sodium chloride, 0.09 M sodium citrate), 0.1% SDS, 5 x Denhardt's solution (0.1% Ficoll, Hybridization was carried out at 65 ° C for 20 hours in a solution containing 0.1% polyvinylpyrrolidone, 0.1% serum albumin) and 50 ug / ml denatured salmon sperm DNA. Thereafter, the membrane was taken out and washed at 65 ° C. for 1 hour using a solution containing 2 ⁇ SSC and 0.5% SDS. After drying the membrane, an X-ray film was brought into close contact and exposed.
- 6 XSSC 0.9 M sodium chloride, 0.09 M sodium citrate
- SDS 5 x Denhardt's solution
- 5 x Denhardt's solution 0.1% Ficoll
- Hybridization was carried out at 65 ° C for 20 hours in a solution containing 0.1% polyvin
- the tobacco S AHH ⁇ gene was inserted into the Sma I—Sac I site of the plant expression vector PB1121 (Toyobo) so as to express it in an antisense manner.
- PB1121 Toyobo
- transformation of coconut was carried out by leaf disk method using agrobacterium.
- transformant BY-4 tobacco may be abbreviated as "SHB” and transformant X anthinc tobacco may be abbreviated as "SHX”.
- SHB transformant BY-4 tobacco
- SHX transformant X anthinc tobacco
- the cells were cultured for about 2 days in an antibiotic-free medium to infect them, the leaf disks were washed, and the transformed cells were selected by placing them in an antibiotic-containing medium. Selection was carried out on Murashigesk-Ig medium containing 100 gZml and 250 tgZml, and transformants were grown under illumination at 25 ° C for 16 hours. What was used was transferred to a rooting medium and rooting was induced. As a rooting medium, Murashige squeegee medium was used, and most of the potted individuals had vigorous buds and were able to easily point to cloned individuals.
- the internodes were shorter and dwarfed compared to the non-transformants, a tendency that was particularly strong in BY-4, with few stems, and some individuals that bloomed in a zetta-like manner.
- the flowers generally arrived about a week earlier, and the number of flowers increased two- to three-fold, from the light pink color of tobacco to the squeezed red to even deep red.
- the appearance characteristics of the transformed tobacco will be described below with reference to the drawings.
- Figure 2 shows the appearance of the transformant Xanthinc tobacco before flowering.
- the plants in the center and right are transformants, which have more side shoots and darker green leaves than the non-transformants on the left.
- Figure 3 shows the appearance of the transformant X anthinc tobacco (Fig. 3a) and the transformant BY-4 tobacco (Fig. 3b) with flowers. In each case, the right clause Transformants are short and dwarf.
- Fig. 4 shows a transformant Xanthinc tobacco with an abnormally large number of buds and many flowers.
- FIG. 5 shows the flower portion of the transformant Xanthinc tobacco.
- the stigma was observed to protrude from the flower (male sterility) in about 1/3 of the transformants. ⁇ The pollen of these individuals is also immature and has extremely low germination ability.
- Table 1 shows the number of flowers of the transformant Xanthinc tobacco.
- the numerical values in the table are the average values measured for 10 individuals. As described above, since the transformant 1-3 does not have fertility, those individuals were excluded from the target of the seed capsule number measurement.
- Table 2 shows a detailed observation of 20 individuals, each of tobacco BY-4 and X anthinc, the degree of dwarfism, the number of side buds, and the degree of stigma protrusion This is a summary of
- Length is less than 1/1/10 0 4
- Example 2 In the same manner as in Example 1, a tobacco SAHH ⁇ gene was inserted into a plant expression vector pB1121 so as to express it in an antisense manner. Using the obtained recombinant plasmid, petunia (cultivar: HI and No. 22) was transformed. Transformation was performed by the leaf-disc method in the same manner as in Example 1, except that acetoxyringone was added to the co-culture medium in order to promote the infection of Agrobacterium with petunia leaves.
- a 35S promoter region was amplified by PCR.
- the primer sequence and reaction conditions used are as follows.
- Figure 9 shows the swimming pattern. Arrows in the figure indicate DNA fragments containing the 35S promoter sequence. As shown in FIG. 9, the DNA fragment was detected in the transformants H1-DH and 22-DH, whereas the DNA fragment was detected in the non-transformants H1-DH and 22-C. Is not detected. Therefore, the detection of this DNA fragment confirms that the plant has been transformed.
- FIG. 1 shows the appearance of the inoculated leaves of transformed Xanthinc tobacco (left plant) and untransformed Xanthinc tobacco (right plant).
- CMV-N Xanthus mosaic virus N strain
- CMV-N was inoculated on two leaves, one inoculated to the largest leaf and one inoculated to the leaf one sheet above the largest leaf.
- SHX-31, SHX-32, SHX-34, SHX-35, SHX-36, SHX_37, SHX-38 only one clone individual was subjected to the experiment.
- Two clones of the SHX-33, SHX-39 and SHX-40 lines were subjected to the experiment.
- Non-trait For the transformants the number of lesions was counted for 5% of the transformants, and the average value was calculated.
- the numbers in parentheses in the table are the percentage of the number of lesions in each strain, based on the number of non-transformed lesions. The difference between the transformants and the non-transformants was significant by analysis of variance (AN OVA).
- PVY potato virus Y
- the numerical values in the table are the amounts of PVY in plant tissues measured by the ELISA method. The difference was significant by analysis of variance (ANOVA).
- yeast transposon Ty1 replicates and forms particles very similar to animal retroviruses, this system can be used to conduct retrovirus research ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ antiviral drug development research model experiments ( Natsoulis et al., Nature 352, 6 32).
- Propagated Tyl incorporates its own sequence into the yeast nucleus DNA (transposition).
- SAHH ⁇ gene which is expressed in antisense, is introduced into yeast in advance, S AHH synthesis occurs. Therefore, it is considered that the frequency of transposition of Ty1 decreases depending on the degree of the inhibition. Therefore, by examining the transposition frequency, it is possible to know the degree of inhibition of the expression of the SAHH ⁇ gene.
- the transposition frequency can be determined by introducing a plasmid containing a Ty1 clone and a neomycin-resistant marker ⁇ gene into yeast, culturing the yeast, and then spreading the culture on a neomycin-containing medium.
- Yeast YPH499 (a) (manufactured by Stratagene) was suspended in water so that the cell concentration was 6 xlOl fl . This was taken in a cuvette with a gap of 0.2 cm and mixed with the retrotransposon Tyl clone and the plasmid PJEF16878 containing the G418 resistance gene. This brassmid p JEF16678 was provided by Dr. Boeke of the United States. The yeast suspension mixed with brassamide was set in an electric letter (Biopulse Gene Pulser), and 0.6 kV, A single pulse at 25 ° F was applied to introduce the plasmid pJEF1678 into the yeast YPH499 (a).
- the tobacco SAHHit gene was subcloned (pYEUra3_TobSAHH) into the BamH Xhol site of the yeast plasmid pYEUra3 (manufactured by Clonetech) so that it was transcribed and expressed from the gall promoter in an antisense manner.
- This plasmid was introduced into yeast YPH500 () (Stratagene) in the same manner as in the above-mentioned PJEF16678.
- the two strains of yeast into which the plasmid had been introduced in this manner were mated in a minimal synthetic medium for galactose lacking histidine and peracil, and cultured at 30 ° C for 2 days in the presence of the two plasmids.
- the mated yeast was cultured at 22 ° C for 5-7 days in a minimal glucose synthetic medium lacking histidine and peracil to form colonies. At this time, transposition is induced.
- the resulting colonies were transferred to a minimal glucose synthetic medium lacking histidine and peracil, and cultured at 30 ° C for 2 days, and then overnight culture at 30 ° C in a synthetic glucose liquid medium lacking only peracil. This treatment results in cells that have shed pJEF16678.
- the obtained culture solution was diluted with water, spread on a solid medium of glucose lacking only peracil, and cultured at 30 ° C. for 2 days.
- the yeast after cultivation streaked on the minimum glucose synthetic medium lacking only PERAcil and the minimum synthetic glucose medium lacking histidine and uranium, and did not grow on the minimum synthetic medium of glucose lacking histidine and PERIL, but only PERAXIL
- By selecting colonies that grew in a glucose-synthesizing minimal medium lacking the yeast only those yeasts from which plasmid pJEF16678 had been eliminated were selected.
- the reason for selecting the yeast from which brassamide was eliminated was that neomycin resistance had to be derived from transposition, not from brasmid.
- yeast selected by the above method was streaked in a glucose medium lacking Peracil and supplemented with 500 g / ml of antibiotic G4 18 to count G4 18 resistant colonies and sensitive colonies.
- yeast YPH499 (a) into which pYEU ra3 was introduced in place of pYEU ra3—Tob S AHH was cultured in a medium containing the AAHH inhibitor aristolomycin. G418 resistant colonies and sensitive colonies were counted as described above.
- Table 5 shows the results. Table 5 Effect of T A1 transposon S AHH inhibition Aristolomycin concentration Number of resistant colonies Number of sensitive colonies Inhibition rate
- the amount of endogenous cytokinin in the transformed tobacco was measured. That is, the root exudate of tobacco was collected, and a medium component was added thereto, followed by bioassay using tacallus.
- A shows the amount of cytokinin in the transformed Xanthinc tobacco
- B shows the amount of cytokinin in the untransformed X anthinc tobacco
- C shows the addition of anti-cytokinin to the vascular fluid to suppress the cytokinin activity. Shows the amount of cytokinin in each case. As shown in the figure, the cytokinin amount (A) of the transformant is about three times as large as that of the non-transformant (B).
- Sequence type nucleic acid
- Organism name Nicotiana tabacum (Nicotiana tabacum)
- Tissue type Flower axis (cultured tissue)
- cDNA library from tobacco stem culture tissue Array cDNA library from tobacco stem culture tissue Array
- CAC ACT C TC CAG CAG TAT TCC TCC TCT ACT GAG AGG GCA CTT CAC TCC Hi
- CAA GTC ATT GCC CAA CTC GAG TTG TCC AAT Qkk AAG AGC ACT GGG AAG 1356 TAT GAG AAC AAA CTG TAT GTC TTC CCA AAA CAC CTC GAC GAG AAC CTT
- the present invention provides an organism in which the expression of the SAHH gene is substantially suppressed.
- Organisms in which expression of the SA HH gene has been substantially suppressed have excellent characteristics such as virus resistance and are industrially useful.
- FIG. 1 is a photograph showing the morphology of an organism of transformed Xanthinc tobacco, and shows a local lesion when the transformant was inoculated with tobacco mosaic virus.
- FIG. 2 is a photograph showing the morphology of the transformed Xanthinc tobacco organism, showing the appearance of the transformant.
- FIG. 3 is a photograph showing the morphology of the transformed Xanthinc tobacco organism, and shows the appearance when the transformant is flowered.
- FIG. 4 is a photograph showing the morphology of the transformed Xanthinc tobacco organism, which shows an abnormally large number of shoots and many flowers.
- FIG. 5 is a photograph showing the morphology of the transformed Xanthinc tobacco organism, showing the flower portion of the transformant.
- FIG. 6 is a photograph showing electrophoresis of mRNA extracted from transgenic tobacco.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram showing the amount of endogenous cytokinin in transformed tobacco.
- FIG. 8 is a diagram showing a hammerhead type ribozyme used in the present invention.
- FIG. 9 is a photograph showing electrophoresis of DNA extracted from transformed petunia.
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Description
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Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US08/669,536 US5910444A (en) | 1994-11-15 | 1995-11-15 | Plants in which the expression of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase gene is inhibited |
EP95938011A EP0753248A4 (en) | 1994-11-15 | 1995-11-15 | ORGANISM WHOSE EXPRESSION OF THE S-ADENOSYLHOMOCYSTEINE HYDROLASE GENE IS INHIBITED |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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JP6/304200 | 1994-11-15 | ||
JP30420094 | 1994-11-15 |
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WO1996014734A1 true WO1996014734A1 (fr) | 1996-05-23 |
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PCT/JP1995/002333 WO1996014734A1 (fr) | 1994-11-15 | 1995-11-15 | Organisme dont l'expression du gene de s-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase est inhibee |
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US (1) | US5910444A (ja) |
EP (1) | EP0753248A4 (ja) |
WO (1) | WO1996014734A1 (ja) |
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EP1124412A4 (en) * | 1998-10-30 | 2004-10-20 | Ball Horticultural Co | MUTANT GENE OF APICAL DOMINANCE IN EUSTOMA |
DK1689886T3 (da) | 2003-10-27 | 2009-11-23 | Fnp Corp Ltd | Molekylær markör associeret med CMV-resistens og anvendelse deraf |
TW200741009A (en) * | 2005-07-01 | 2007-11-01 | Oncotherapy Science Inc | Methods of modulating SMYD3 for treatment of cancer |
EP2272968A3 (en) | 2005-09-08 | 2011-08-31 | Chromatin, Inc. | Plants modified with mini-chromosomes |
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US5107065A (en) * | 1986-03-28 | 1992-04-21 | Calgene, Inc. | Anti-sense regulation of gene expression in plant cells |
JP3117226B2 (ja) * | 1991-02-14 | 2000-12-11 | 日本たばこ産業株式会社 | タバコの花芽形成時に発現する遺伝子 |
-
1995
- 1995-11-15 US US08/669,536 patent/US5910444A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1995-11-15 EP EP95938011A patent/EP0753248A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1995-11-15 WO PCT/JP1995/002333 patent/WO1996014734A1/ja not_active Application Discontinuation
Non-Patent Citations (3)
Title |
---|
ANTIVIRAL RESEARCH, Vol. 19, (1992), SIMIUG LIU et al., p. 247-265. * |
AUN. HUM. GENET., Vol. 53, No. 2, (1989), COULTER-KARIS et al., p. 169-175. * |
See also references of EP0753248A4 * |
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US5910444A (en) | 1999-06-08 |
EP0753248A1 (en) | 1997-01-15 |
EP0753248A4 (en) | 1998-02-25 |
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