WO1996008007A1 - Verfahren zur verstärkung von information in photoadressierbaren seitenkettenpolymeren - Google Patents
Verfahren zur verstärkung von information in photoadressierbaren seitenkettenpolymeren Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1996008007A1 WO1996008007A1 PCT/EP1995/003431 EP9503431W WO9608007A1 WO 1996008007 A1 WO1996008007 A1 WO 1996008007A1 EP 9503431 W EP9503431 W EP 9503431W WO 9608007 A1 WO9608007 A1 WO 9608007A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- light
- groups
- polymers
- temperature
- polymer
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
- G11B—INFORMATION STORAGE BASED ON RELATIVE MOVEMENT BETWEEN RECORD CARRIER AND TRANSDUCER
- G11B7/00—Recording or reproducing by optical means, e.g. recording using a thermal beam of optical radiation by modifying optical properties or the physical structure, reproducing using an optical beam at lower power by sensing optical properties; Record carriers therefor
- G11B7/24—Record carriers characterised by shape, structure or physical properties, or by the selection of the material
- G11B7/241—Record carriers characterised by shape, structure or physical properties, or by the selection of the material characterised by the selection of the material
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
- G11B—INFORMATION STORAGE BASED ON RELATIVE MOVEMENT BETWEEN RECORD CARRIER AND TRANSDUCER
- G11B7/00—Recording or reproducing by optical means, e.g. recording using a thermal beam of optical radiation by modifying optical properties or the physical structure, reproducing using an optical beam at lower power by sensing optical properties; Record carriers therefor
- G11B7/004—Recording, reproducing or erasing methods; Read, write or erase circuits therefor
- G11B7/0045—Recording
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
- G11B—INFORMATION STORAGE BASED ON RELATIVE MOVEMENT BETWEEN RECORD CARRIER AND TRANSDUCER
- G11B7/00—Recording or reproducing by optical means, e.g. recording using a thermal beam of optical radiation by modifying optical properties or the physical structure, reproducing using an optical beam at lower power by sensing optical properties; Record carriers therefor
- G11B7/24—Record carriers characterised by shape, structure or physical properties, or by the selection of the material
- G11B7/241—Record carriers characterised by shape, structure or physical properties, or by the selection of the material characterised by the selection of the material
- G11B7/242—Record carriers characterised by shape, structure or physical properties, or by the selection of the material characterised by the selection of the material of recording layers
- G11B7/244—Record carriers characterised by shape, structure or physical properties, or by the selection of the material characterised by the selection of the material of recording layers comprising organic materials only
- G11B7/245—Record carriers characterised by shape, structure or physical properties, or by the selection of the material characterised by the selection of the material of recording layers comprising organic materials only containing a polymeric component
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for amplifying information generated with high-energy light in polymers by changing the configuration of side groups.
- the method according to the invention allows the original intensity of an image, which is partially lost after the end of the writing process, to be reached again or even exceeded.
- optical data storage uses laser light to generate images by means of thermal destruction of organic layers (M.
- a disadvantage of this method is the limited ability to modify and delete pictures that have already been written.
- optically storing information uses the irradiation of polymers with side groups that change their configuration under the influence of light.
- Such "photoaddressable" polymers are known in principle: for example, in WO 93/3073 homopolymers with azobenzene side groups, in EP-A 333 022 cholic esteric liquid crystalline, in EP-A 369 432 liquid crystalline and in DE OS 38 10 722 describes amorphous polymers suitable for optical information storage.
- the light-induced change in the irradiated zones decreases, the degree of this decrease, of course, depending on the type of polymer; after that, at best, there remains a small remnant of the induced change that is stable over a longer period.
- the invention thus relates to a method for amplifying the light-induced change in a side chain polymer by heating to a temperature which lies between the glass transition temperature and the clear temperature
- the clear temperature is the temperature at which the nematic phase changes into the isotropic phase. It can be measured by means of a DSC examination (2 heating curve, 10 ° C / minute). The assignment of the phase types can be made by comparison with known data from X-ray diffraction studies
- Homopolymers are derived.
- side group polymers suitable for the process according to the invention are described in the older German patent application P 43 39 862 6. They should be optically isotropic, transparent, non-scattering and amorphous in the glass state before irradiation, and transparent after irradiation and long-term stable birefringent and dichroic due to a reversible light-induced orientation of the side groups in the glass state (the term "amorphous" in the sense of the invention also includes states in, micro-domains exist that are so small that they are undetectable (this is generally the case if their diameter is less than 1/20 of the wavelength of light). They have a main chain acting as a backbone and branching covalently bound side groups and have the following features: (1) the side group polymer contains at least one photo-inducible configuration-changeable side group;
- the side group polymer contains at least one permanent form anisotropic side group different from (1) with high anisotropy of the molecular polarizability;
- the side group polymer contains flexible spacer groups between the main chain and the side groups (1) and (2).
- Photo-inducible groups which can be changed in configuration are, for example, groups which contain double bonds, the ice and trans configurations of which can be converted into one another by the action of light. These groups can also have a high molecular shape anisotropy, but this is not permanent. "
- Permanent shape anisotropic groups are e.g. Groups that have a rigid, rod-like molecular shape (rod-like), e.g. Bisphenyl groups, benzoic acid anilide groups or benzoic acid phenyl ester groups.
- the side group polymer contains a further side group (5) which has no permanent shape anisotropy.
- Preferred side chain polymers contain the structural elements 1 and 2 with high molecular shape anisotropy and high anisotropy of the molecular polarizability, but the tendency of the formation of liquid-crystalline order states resulting from the shape anisotropy and other intermolecular interactions of the side groups is effectively suppressed by the structural features a-g. They thus combine the good optical properties of amorphous films and their significantly simplified technological production compared to liquid-crystalline monomain films with high values of light-induced optical anisotropy, as were previously known only in monodomains of liquid-crystalline polymers.
- the main chain of the side group polymer is preferably formed by monomers which carry the side group (1) via spacer group (3), by monomers which carry the side group (2) via spacer groups (3) and, if appropriate, further monomers, in particular the proportion of the monomers, which have the side group (1), 25 to 80 mol%, preferably 30 to 70 mol%, of
- the proportion of the monomers which have the side group (2) is 20 to 75 mol%, preferably 30 to 70 mol%, and the proportion of the further monomers is 0 to 50 mol%, in each case based on the sum of all the monomer units incorporated.
- the "further” monomers include ethylenically unsaturated copolymerizable monomers, which are preferably ⁇ -substituted
- Carry vinyl groups or ⁇ -substituted allyl groups preferably styrene; but also, for example, nuclear chlorinated and alkylated or alkenylated styrenes, where the alkyl groups can contain 1 to 4 carbon atoms, such as Vinyl toluene, divinylbenzene, ⁇ -methyl styrene, tert-butyl styrene, chlorostyrene; Vinyl esters of carboxylic acids with 2 to 6 carbon atoms, preferably vinyl acetate; Vinyl pyridine,
- the side group polymer preferably contains a poly as main chain
- M is a permanently form-anisotropic group different from P
- R 1 is hydrogen or C, -C 4 alkyl.
- S 1 , S 2 is optionally interrupted by -O-, -NH- or -Si (R 5 ) 2 -
- Ar is an optionally substituted aromatic ring system with 5 or 6 ring members
- M is a derivative of cholesterol or cholestane or one of the
- Alk is a straight-chain, branched or cyclic, optionally substituted, optionally olefinically unsaturated aliphatic group with 1 to 14 C atoms,
- X 1 , X 2 are hydrogen, CN, alk, Y-alk, aryl, Y-Ar, -N (alk) 2 , halogen or NO 2 .
- Preferred side chain polymers are those in which the main chain is a poly (meth) acrylate
- M a residue of the biphenyl, a benzoic acid anilide or a benzoic acid phenyl ester
- Particularly preferred side chain polymers contain recurring units of the formulas
- R 1 and R 2 independently of one another are H or CH 3 ,
- L 1 and L 3 independently of one another are an alkylene group with 2 to 14 C atoms which may be interrupted by 1 to 3 O atoms,
- L 2 is a direct bond, -CO-NH-, -NH-CO-, -CO-O- or -O-CO- and
- R 5 and R 6 independently of one another have a substituent, in particular H, CN,
- the side group polymer preferably has a glass transition temperature Tg of at least 40 ° C. It can be measured, for example, according to B. Vollmer, Grundriß der Makromolekularen Chemie, pp. 406 to 410, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg 1962.
- the suitable side chain polymers generally have a molecular weight, determined as the weight average, of 5,000 to 500,000, preferably 8,000 to 500,000, determined by gel permeation chromatography (calibrated with polystyrene).
- the structural elements with high shape anisotropy and high anisotropy of molecular polarizability are the prerequisite for high values of optical anisotropy.
- the structure of the polymers adjusts the intermolecular interactions of the structural elements (1) and (2) in such a way that the formation of liquid-crystalline order states is suppressed and optically isotropic, transparent non-scattering films can be produced.
- the intermolecular interactions are still strong enough to cause a photochemically induced, cooperative, directed reorientation process of the photochromic and non-photochromic side groups when irradiated with polarized light.
- Order states are generated and modified, and thus their optical properties are modulated.
- Linearly polarized light is preferably used as the light, the wavelength of which lies in the range of the absorption band of the side groups (1) which can be changed by configuration.
- the preparation of the side group monomers and their polymerization can be carried out by processes known from the literature (for example DD 276 297, DE 3 808 430, Macromolecular Chemistry 187, 1327-1334 (1984), SU 887 574, Europ. Polym. 18, 561 (1982) and Liq. Cryst. 2, 195 (1987)).
- Such films can be cooled off suddenly, ie by a cooling rate of> 100 K / min, or by rapid removal of the solvent also from liquid-crystalline polymers which contain structural elements as described.
- the layer thickness is preferably between 0.1 ⁇ m and 1 mm, in particular between 0.5 and 100 ⁇ m.
- the light-induced orientation of the side groups or the writing of information takes place by irradiation with actinic light which is suitable for the group which can be changed by configuration.
- the light exposure can take place over a large area or locally with linearly polarized, coherent or non-coherent, monochromatic light, the wavelength of which lies in the absorption range of the side groups which can be changed by configuration.
- the information can be written in a punctiform manner with a laser or flat with a laser or a lamp or with a mask at an intensity of 0.1 to 5,000 mW / cm 2 in a time between 0.1 and 6000 seconds.
- the process of reorientation is extremely effective.
- the birefringence change ⁇ n which can be achieved below Tg is preferably 0.01 to 0.20, preferably 0.05 to 0.10.
- the preferred orientation is freely selectable; it depends solely on the choice of the direction of the electrical vector of the excitation light with respect to the polymer body.
- the degree of orientation is at constant temperature and
- the wavelength depends solely on the incident energy, which can be varied either over time or the power of the light source.
- the orientation, the birefringence and the dichroism are thus freely selectable parameters that can be reproduced exactly under constant boundary conditions with repeated writing and deleting.
- the effects are temperature dependent. According to the invention, this primary effect can be significantly increased by heating without having to be exposed again.
- the glass transition temperature Tg serves as a reference point.
- the size of the maximum inducible optical anisotropy initially increases as the temperature rises.
- the polymer drops drastically in the glass transition temperature range. In the case of the amorphously frozen liquid-crystalline polymers, it also increases with temperature above Tg, in order to finally disappear completely near the clearing point.
- a reproducible, defined, continuously tunable, long-term stable birefringence can be generated in the side chain polymers. It can be represented in transmission in polarized light as a defined contrast.
- a dichroism of absorption or emission can be produced in a reproducible, defined and continuously tunable manner.
- Uniform radiation conditions create a uniform orientation throughout the polymer film. With local variation of the irradiation conditions such as energy dose and direction of polarization, a film structured with regard to the preferred orientation of the side groups is produced, which leads to pixels with different optical anisotropy.
- the preferred direction in the orientation distribution of the optically anisotropic film can be reversed by exposure to unpolarized actinic light and the optical isotropy along the surface normal can be restored become. Re-irradiation with the same source, but a different position of the electrical vector with respect to the polymer film leads to a modification of the direction and size of the optical anisotropy. In this way it is possible to switch repeatedly between different states with regard to the direction and size of the optical anisotropy.
- the polymers described are in principle a medium for reversible, optical data storage. As with the production of the films, all measures to restore the monodomain are not required even after the information has been deleted.
- the polymers can be used for digital or analog data storage in the broadest sense, for example for optical signal processing, for Fourier transformation and folding or in coherent optical correlation technology.
- the lateral resolution is limited by the wavelength of the reading light. It allows a pixel size of 0.5 to 100 ⁇ m.
- Information processing using holograms is particularly suitable and can be reproduced by illuminating it with a reference beam.
- the interference pattern of two in-phase monochromatic coherent light sources can be stored analogously and by the relationship between the electrical vector of light and the associated preferred direction in
- Storage medium generate a higher storage density. Accordingly, three-dimensional holographic images can be saved. The reading is done by illuminating the hologram with monochromatic, coherent light. With analog storage, gray scale values can be set continuously and in a location-independent manner. Analogue stored information is read out in polarized light, and depending on the position of the polarizers, the positive or negative image can be brought out. On the one hand, the contrast of the film between two polarizers generated by the phase shift of the ordinary and extraordinary beam can be used, the planes of the polarizer advantageously forming an angle of 45 ° to the polarization plane of the inscription light and the polarization plane of the analyzer either perpendicular or is parallel to that of the polarizer.
- the polymers can be used as optical components, which can be passive or optically switchable.
- the high light-induced optical anisotropy can thus be used to modulate the intensity and / or the polarization state of light.
- components can be produced from a polymer film by holographic structuring which have imaging properties which are comparable to lenses or gratings.
- the reinforcement obtainable according to the invention can be carried out by heating to a temperature which is at least the glass transition temperature and at most by 0.75 (T c -T), preferably at most by 0.6 (T c -T) and in particular at most 0.5 (T c -T) is higher than T g .
- the time until the maximum efficiency obtainable at the selected temperature is primarily dependent on the selected temperature; it is 10 seconds to 2 hours, preferably 1 to 60 and in particular 5 to 30 minutes.
- the reinforcement obtained according to the invention is permanent and, as far as has been possible to date, persistent over many months, probably also over years.
- An Ar + ion laser which was operated with an output power of 150 mW at a wavelength of 488 n in "single frequency" mode, served as the source for the write beams.
- the polarization of the laser light was due to the arrangement of the Brewster windows predefined in the laser and was perpendicular to the expansion plate.
- the laser beam was divided into 2 beams of the same intensity. Both beams were brought to interference at an angle of 10 ° on the sample.
- the inscribed holographic grating had one
- the laser beam was generated by a helium-neon laser operated at a wavelength of 632.8 nm (output power 10 mW).
- the light was polarized in a ratio of 500 1.
- the HeNe beam passed through one Pola ⁇ sator, which only let the component perpendicular to the Expenmentierplatte
- the holographic grating originally inscribed with an efficiency of 30%, was relaxed after 2 hours of storage in the dark to a residual diffraction efficiency of 7%.
- the film was then heated in steps of 0.5 ° C. and 600 each for the purpose of homogeneous temperature distribution Tempered for seconds at the new temperature Even below Tg there was an increase in Efficiency followed by a sharp increase above Tg. The efficiency reached a maximum of 37% at 67 ° C and decreased again at higher temperatures.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US08/793,559 US5858585A (en) | 1994-09-07 | 1995-09-01 | Process for intensifying information in photo-addressable side-chain polymers |
EP95931958A EP0780015B1 (de) | 1994-09-07 | 1995-09-01 | Verfahren zur verstärkung von information in photoadressierbaren seitenkettenpolymeren |
JP50918296A JP3705603B2 (ja) | 1994-09-07 | 1995-09-01 | 光による情報の入出力が可能な側鎖重合体における情報を増強する方法 |
DK95931958T DK0780015T3 (da) | 1994-09-07 | 1995-09-01 | Fremgangsmåde til forstærkning af information i fotoadresserbare sidekædepolymerer |
DE59506806T DE59506806D1 (de) | 1994-09-07 | 1995-09-01 | Verfahren zur verstärkung von information in photoadressierbaren seitenkettenpolymeren |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE4431823A DE4431823A1 (de) | 1994-09-07 | 1994-09-07 | Verfahren zur Verstärkung von Information in photoadressierbaren Seitenkettenpolymeren |
DEP4431823.5 | 1994-09-07 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1996008007A1 true WO1996008007A1 (de) | 1996-03-14 |
Family
ID=6527607
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/EP1995/003431 WO1996008007A1 (de) | 1994-09-07 | 1995-09-01 | Verfahren zur verstärkung von information in photoadressierbaren seitenkettenpolymeren |
Country Status (9)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5858585A (de) |
EP (1) | EP0780015B1 (de) |
JP (1) | JP3705603B2 (de) |
KR (1) | KR100371472B1 (de) |
AT (1) | ATE184415T1 (de) |
DE (2) | DE4431823A1 (de) |
DK (1) | DK0780015T3 (de) |
ES (1) | ES2137540T3 (de) |
WO (1) | WO1996008007A1 (de) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE19703132A1 (de) * | 1997-01-29 | 1998-07-30 | Bayer Ag | Photoadressierbare Seitengruppenpolymere mit hoher induzierbarer Doppelbrechung |
Families Citing this family (18)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE19706029C2 (de) * | 1997-02-17 | 1999-09-16 | Bayer Ag | Flüssigkristall-Display mit Phasenkompensationsschicht |
JP4104718B2 (ja) * | 1997-04-11 | 2008-06-18 | 富士ゼロックス株式会社 | 光記録方法 |
US6450642B1 (en) * | 1999-01-12 | 2002-09-17 | California Institute Of Technology | Lenses capable of post-fabrication power modification |
DE19910248A1 (de) * | 1999-03-08 | 2000-10-05 | Bayer Ag | Holographisches Aufzeichnungsmaterial |
DE19910247A1 (de) * | 1999-03-08 | 2000-09-28 | Bayer Ag | Neues holographisches Aufzeichnungsmaterial |
DE19914325C1 (de) * | 1999-03-30 | 2000-07-06 | Bayer Ag | Wiederbeschreibbares optisches Aufzeichnungsmaterial für blaue Laser |
US6423465B1 (en) * | 2000-01-28 | 2002-07-23 | International Business Machines Corporation | Process for preparing a patterned continuous polymeric brush on a substrate surface |
US6749632B2 (en) | 2000-03-20 | 2004-06-15 | California Institute Of Technology | Application of wavefront sensor to lenses capable of post-fabrication power modification |
DE10027153A1 (de) * | 2000-05-31 | 2001-12-06 | Bayer Ag | Blockcopolymere zur optischen Datenspeicherung |
CA2461570C (en) * | 2001-09-27 | 2010-09-14 | Bayer Aktiengesellschaft | Rewriteable optical recording material having good solubility |
US7115305B2 (en) * | 2002-02-01 | 2006-10-03 | California Institute Of Technology | Method of producing regular arrays of nano-scale objects using nano-structured block-copolymeric materials |
EP1391708B1 (de) * | 2002-08-14 | 2007-12-26 | Sony Deutschland GmbH | Verfahren zur Bestimmung der Temperatur eines Systems |
US20060246376A1 (en) * | 2003-05-26 | 2006-11-02 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. | Information recording medium, recording/reproducing method for the same, and information recording/reproducing apparatus |
JP2005274628A (ja) * | 2004-03-22 | 2005-10-06 | Fuji Xerox Co Ltd | 光記録材料、光記録媒体、及び光記録再生装置 |
WO2006041535A2 (en) * | 2004-05-05 | 2006-04-20 | California Institute Of Technology | Capillary lithography of nanofiber arrays |
US7897296B2 (en) * | 2004-09-30 | 2011-03-01 | General Electric Company | Method for holographic storage |
US20060078802A1 (en) * | 2004-10-13 | 2006-04-13 | Chan Kwok P | Holographic storage medium |
US8021967B2 (en) * | 2004-11-01 | 2011-09-20 | California Institute Of Technology | Nanoscale wicking methods and devices |
Citations (3)
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EP0474473A2 (de) * | 1990-09-07 | 1992-03-11 | GEC-Marconi Limited | Optische Speichervorrichtungen |
GB2248963A (en) * | 1990-10-17 | 1992-04-22 | Marconi Gec Ltd | Compact discs |
DE4339862A1 (de) * | 1993-03-30 | 1994-10-06 | Agfa Gevaert Ag | Flächenhafte Gebilde aus Seitengruppenpolymeren |
Family Cites Families (7)
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DE276297C (de) * | ||||
DE3808430A1 (de) * | 1988-03-14 | 1989-09-28 | Consortium Elektrochem Ind | Fluessigkristalline polymere mit chromophoren seitengruppen |
DE3810722A1 (de) * | 1988-03-30 | 1989-10-12 | Roehm Gmbh | Vorrichtung zur reversiblen optischen datenspeicherung |
US5019476A (en) * | 1988-11-16 | 1991-05-28 | Olympus Optical Co., Ltd. | Optical recording medium |
US5173381A (en) * | 1991-08-05 | 1992-12-22 | Queen's University | Azo polymers for reversible optical storage |
US5426009A (en) * | 1992-09-19 | 1995-06-20 | Merck Patent Gesellschaft Mit Beschrankter Haftung | Polymeric composite material |
EP0622789B1 (de) * | 1993-03-30 | 2002-08-07 | Bayer Ag | Flächenhafte Gebilde aus Seitengruppenpolymeren |
-
1994
- 1994-09-07 DE DE4431823A patent/DE4431823A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
1995
- 1995-09-01 ES ES95931958T patent/ES2137540T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-09-01 KR KR1019970701475A patent/KR100371472B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1995-09-01 JP JP50918296A patent/JP3705603B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1995-09-01 US US08/793,559 patent/US5858585A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1995-09-01 WO PCT/EP1995/003431 patent/WO1996008007A1/de active IP Right Grant
- 1995-09-01 DE DE59506806T patent/DE59506806D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-09-01 AT AT95931958T patent/ATE184415T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1995-09-01 EP EP95931958A patent/EP0780015B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-09-01 DK DK95931958T patent/DK0780015T3/da active
Patent Citations (3)
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EP0474473A2 (de) * | 1990-09-07 | 1992-03-11 | GEC-Marconi Limited | Optische Speichervorrichtungen |
GB2248963A (en) * | 1990-10-17 | 1992-04-22 | Marconi Gec Ltd | Compact discs |
DE4339862A1 (de) * | 1993-03-30 | 1994-10-06 | Agfa Gevaert Ag | Flächenhafte Gebilde aus Seitengruppenpolymeren |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
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BOWRY C ET AL: "LIQUID CRYSTAL POLYMER OPTICAL MEMORIES: ANALOGUE, DIGITAL AND HOLOGRAPHIC", OPTICAL COMPUTING AND PROCESSING, vol. 1, no. 1, 1 January 1991 (1991-01-01), pages 13 - 21, XP000226128 * |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE19703132A1 (de) * | 1997-01-29 | 1998-07-30 | Bayer Ag | Photoadressierbare Seitengruppenpolymere mit hoher induzierbarer Doppelbrechung |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
KR100371472B1 (ko) | 2003-03-15 |
JP3705603B2 (ja) | 2005-10-12 |
DK0780015T3 (da) | 2000-03-27 |
JPH10505447A (ja) | 1998-05-26 |
KR970705815A (ko) | 1997-10-09 |
DE59506806D1 (de) | 1999-10-14 |
EP0780015B1 (de) | 1999-09-08 |
DE4431823A1 (de) | 1996-03-14 |
ES2137540T3 (es) | 1999-12-16 |
US5858585A (en) | 1999-01-12 |
EP0780015A1 (de) | 1997-06-25 |
ATE184415T1 (de) | 1999-09-15 |
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