WO1996005301A1 - Nouveau transporteur vesiculaire de l'acetylcholine - Google Patents
Nouveau transporteur vesiculaire de l'acetylcholine Download PDFInfo
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- WO1996005301A1 WO1996005301A1 PCT/FR1995/001073 FR9501073W WO9605301A1 WO 1996005301 A1 WO1996005301 A1 WO 1996005301A1 FR 9501073 W FR9501073 W FR 9501073W WO 9605301 A1 WO9605301 A1 WO 9605301A1
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- OIPILFWXSMYKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetylcholine Chemical compound CC(=O)OCC[N+](C)(C)C OIPILFWXSMYKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 30
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
- C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
- C07K14/705—Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants
- C07K14/70571—Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants for neuromediators, e.g. serotonin receptor, dopamine receptor
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K2217/00—Genetically modified animals
- A01K2217/05—Animals comprising random inserted nucleic acids (transgenic)
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N2799/00—Uses of viruses
- C12N2799/02—Uses of viruses as vector
- C12N2799/021—Uses of viruses as vector for the expression of a heterologous nucleic acid
- C12N2799/022—Uses of viruses as vector for the expression of a heterologous nucleic acid where the vector is derived from an adenovirus
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a nucleic acid sequence coding for a protein involved in the vesicular transport of acetylcholine and to the corresponding protein. It also relates to expression vectors integrating said sequence and the use of this sequence or of said vectors for therapeutic purposes.
- Acetylcholine, ACh is a neurotransmitter synthesized by the enzyme choline acetyltransferase, ChAT. At the ends of the cholinergic neurons, the majority of ACh produced is transported from the cytoplasm inside the synaptic vesicles. The accumulation of ACh, at the level of these vesicles, passes through the activity of an ATPase which pumps H + ions which generates an electrochemical gradient (Anderson DCet al., (1982) Biochemistry 21, 3037-3043 ). This gradient is used by a transporter for the capture of ACh via a proton exchange (Parsons SM et al., (1993), Int. Rev. neurobiol. 35, 279-390). This type of mechanism is comparable to that involved in the transport of biogenic amines within synaptic vesicles. Understanding the different regulatory mechanisms involved in the expression of ACh would be particularly valuable from a therapeutic point of view.
- transmembrane domains TM
- TM transmembrane domains
- TM2 transmembrane domains
- TM2 the presence, in these transmembrane domains, of charged amino acid residues which are probably involved in the transport of substrate
- TM1 and TM2 a localized glycosylated loop between TM1 and TM2
- cytoplasmic terminal C and N ends which have less similarities than the rest of the protein.
- the present invention relates more particularly to the isolation, sequencing and characterization of a region of the gene coding for ChAT, capable of expressing a vesicular ACh transporter as well as the identification of sequences promoters involved in the expression of this transporter. It also describes expression cassettes for this gene, vectors containing it and their use for directing the expression of this transporter.
- the present invention relates to a nucleic sequence coding for a protein involved in the vesicular transport of ACh, characterized in that it is located within the first intron of the gene coding for ChAT, in the same transcriptional orientation. .
- the inventors From the 5 ′ region of the gene coding for rat ChAT and more specifically from a restriction map of this region, the inventors isolated a HindIII-BamHI fragment carrying the first intron of this gene and partly the sequences of the first two R and N exons corresponding respectively to the 5 'and 3' ends of this fragment. Unexpectedly, the cloning and sequencing of this fragment revealed the presence of an open reading phase of 1590 bp, coding for a protein of the order of 530 amino acids, ie a mass of the order of 56 , 5kDa and having similarities in its sequence with proteins of the transporter type. This protein has been identified as a vesicular transporter of rat ACh and is hereinafter referred to as rVAT.
- This DNA sequence is more precisely located within the first intron of the gene coding for ChAT, downstream of the type R promoter of the ChAT gene and in the same transcriptional orientation as the ChAT gene. It is not interrupted by any intron.
- the present invention relates to a nucleic sequence coding for a vesicular ACh transporter, characterized in that it comprises all or part of SEQ ID No. 1 or one of its derivatives.
- the term derivative designates any sequence differing from the sequence considered due to a degeneration of the genetic code, obtained by one or more modifications of a genetic and / or chemical nature, as well as any sequence hybridizing with these sequences or fragments thereof and the product of which has the indicated activity.
- modification of genetic nature and / or chemical we can hear any mutation, substitution, deletion, addition and / or modification of one or more residues.
- Such derivatives can be generated for different purposes, such as in particular that of increasing the affinity of the corresponding polypeptide for its ligand (s), that of improving its production levels, that of increasing its resistance to proteases, that of increasing and / or modifying its activity, or that of giving it new pharmacokinetic and / or biological properties.
- the chimeric nucleic sequences comprising an additional heterologous part linked at one end.
- the term derivative also includes sequences homologous to the sequence considered, derived from other cellular sources and in particular from cells of human origin, or from other organisms, and having an activity of the same type. Such homologous sequences can be obtained by hybridization experiments. Hybridizations can be carried out from nucleic acid libraries, using the native sequence or a fragment thereof as probe, under conventional stringency conditions (Maniatis et al., See general techniques of molecular biology), or , preferably, under high stringency conditions.
- the present invention also intends to cover the corresponding antisense sequences whose expression makes it possible to control the transcription of cellular mRNAs.
- sequences can consist of all or part of the nucleic sequence considered, transcribed in the reverse orientation.
- rVAT nucleic acid sequence coding for the rat ACh vesicular transporter
- the inventors Given the location of the gene according to the invention, namely in the first intron of the gene coding for ChAT, downstream of the R type ChAT promoter and in the same transcriptional orientation, the inventors sought to know whether the ChAT mRNAs and VAT could be expressed from the same promoter.
- the 5 'ends of the other two forms are located downstream of exon R.
- the form which we designate VI has two 5' ends located at 426 bp and 402 bp upstream of the initiation codon of the translation of VAT (positions 949 and 972 respectively, on SEQ ID No. 1).
- the form of VAT mRNA that we designate V2 has several 5 'ends situated between 863 bp and 888 bp upstream of the codon for initiating the translation of VAT (positions 486 to 51 1 of SEQ ID n ° l).
- the present invention also relates to promoter regions involved in the expression of VAT and localized in the gene coding for ChAT.
- promoter region comprising all or part of SEQ ID No. 3 or one of its derivatives and additional promoter regions located in SEQ ID No. 1.
- promoter region designates the sequence or sequences responsible for the expression of VAT. They are in particular promoter, activation, regulation sequences and / or sequences allowing tissue-specific expression.
- SEQ ID No. 3 is already known to control the expression of the ChAT gene (Bejanin et al. J. Neurochem. 58: 1580-1583 (1992)). Unexpectedly, this region has also been found to be responsible for the expression of the gene coding for VAT and more specifically for at least two types of VAT mRNA. It has thus been demonstrated that VAT and ChAT mRNAs can be produced from the same type R ChAT promoter. In addition, two promoter regions responsible for the production of VAT type VI and V2 mRNAs have been identified downstream of exon R in the first intron of the ChAT gene. Type VI VAT mRNA is produced from a promoter located between positions 584 and 1027 of SEQ ID No.
- the present invention also relates to the use of these promoter regions to control and / or participate in the expression of genes. These promoter regions are also advantageous for targeting the expression of a protein in cholinergic neurons. Of course, these promoter regions are particularly useful for directing the expression of a vesicular transport protein of acetylcholine, expression coupled where appropriate with that of another gene.
- the invention further relates to a polypeptide involved in the vesicular transport of ACh capable of being expressed by a nucleic sequence as described above.
- polypeptides of the invention can be obtained by expression in a cellular host of a nucleotide sequence as described above, by chemical synthesis, on the basis of the sequence SEQ ID No. 2 using the techniques known in the art. skilled in the art, or by a combination of these techniques.
- the comparison of this protein with proteins already known as ACh transporters, such as those of Torcherdo or Caenorhabditis elegans has made it possible to highlight certain similarities.
- the protein according to the invention has approximately 77% homology with the protein Torcherdo and 56% homology with the protein Caenorhabditis elegans, on 352 amino acids.
- the significant divergence between the protein according to the invention and the other known transporters exists at the level of the highly hydrophilic loop, located between the first two transmembrane domains and the N- and C-terminal ends. In the case of the present invention, the loop integrates two potential N-glycosylation sites.
- rVAT vesicular transporter of rat ACh
- the nucleic acid sequences according to the invention form part of a vector.
- a vector in fact makes it possible to improve the administration of the acid. nucleic acid in the cells to be treated, and also to increase its stability in said cells, which makes it possible to obtain a lasting therapeutic effect.
- the vector used can be of various origins, since it is capable of transforming animal cells, preferably human nerve cells.
- a viral vector is used, which can be chosen from adenoviruses, retroviruses, adeno-associated viruses (AAV), herpes virus, cytomegalovirus (CMV ), vaccinia virus, etc.
- Vectors derived from adenoviruses, retroviruses, or AAVs incorporating heterologous nucleic acid sequences have been described in the literature [Akli et al., Nature Genetics 3 (1993) 224; Stratford-Perricaudet et al., Human Gene Therapy 1 (1990) 241; EP 185,573, Levrero et al., Gene 101 (1991) 195; Le Gai la Salle et al., Science 259 (1993) 988; Roemer and Friedmann, Eur. J. Biochem. 208 (1992) 211; Dobson et al., Neuron 5 (1990) 353; Chiocca et al., New Biol. 2 (1990) 739; Miyanohara et al., New Biol. 4 (1992) 238; WO91 / 18088].
- the present invention therefore also relates to any recombinant virus comprising, inserted into its genome, a nucleic sequence as defined before.
- the recombinant virus according to the invention is a defective virus.
- the term "defective virus” denotes a virus incapable of replicating in the target cell.
- the genome of the defective viruses used in the context of the present invention is therefore devoid of at least the sequences necessary for the replication of said virus in the infected cell. These regions can be either eliminated (in whole or in part), or made non-functional, or substituted by other sequences and in particular by the nucleic acid of the invention.
- the defective virus nevertheless retains the sequences of its genome that are necessary for the packaging of viral particles.
- nucleic acid sequences of the invention in the form incorporated into an adenovirus, an AAV or a defective recombinant retrovirus.
- adenoviruses there are different serotypes, whose structure and properties vary somewhat, but which are not pathogenic for humans, and in particular non-immuno-depressed subjects. In addition, these viruses do not integrate into the genome of the cells they infect, and can incorporate large fragments of exogenous DNA.
- type 2 or 5 adenoviruses Ad 2 or Ad 5
- Ad 5 adenoviruses the sequences necessary for replication are the E1A and E1B regions.
- the defective recombinant viruses of the invention can be prepared by homologous recombination between a defective virus and a plasmid carrying, inter alia, the nucleotide sequence as defined above (Levrero et al., Gene 101 (1991) 195; Graham, EMBO J 3 (12) (1984) 2917). Homologous recombination occurs after co-transfection of said viruses and plasmid into an appropriate cell line.
- the cell line used must preferably (i) be transformable by said elements, and (ii), contain the sequences capable of complementing the part of the genome of the defective virus, preferably in integrated form to avoid the risks of recombination.
- a line which can be used for the preparation of defective recombinant adenoviruses mention may be made of the human embryonic kidney line 293 (Graham et al., J. Gen. Virol. 36 (1977) 59) which contains, in particular, integrated in its genome, the left part of the genome of an Ad5 adenovirus (12%).
- a line which can be used for the preparation of defective recombinant retroviruses mention may be made of the CRIP line (Danos and Mulligan, PNAS 85 (1988) 6460).
- viruses which have multiplied are recovered and purified according to conventional molecular biology techniques.
- the present invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition
- a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one nucleotide sequence, a vector or a polypeptide according to the invention.
- nucleic sequence coding for an acetylcholine transporter is furthermore particularly useful for screening new biologically active products and in particular involved in the expression and / or regulation of acetylcholine.
- the present invention also relates to transgenic animals in the genome of which is inserted at least one nucleic sequence coding for an acetylcholine transporter as claimed.
- FIG. 1 • Schematic representation of the 5 'region of the rat ChAT gene and of the various ChAT mRNAs
- the white and black boxes indicate respectively, the coding and non-coding exons R, N and M are the 3 non-coding ChAT exons.
- FIG. 2 Analysis by the Northern technique of the distribution of mRNA-rVAT in different rat tissues with a specific probe of the open reading phase (position 31-1724 as defined in FIG. 1)
- Line 1 poly (A) RNA + spinal cord (1 ⁇ g); Lines 2-1 1 10 ⁇ g of
- RNA blots are prepared in the presence of molecular weight markers of RNA (Gibco BRL). Lines 1 to 8 and 9 to 11 represent the results of the two independent experiments. The autoradiographies are exposed for 3 days at a temperature of -70 ° C with an intensifying screen.
- Figure. 3 Diversity of the mRNA-rVAT in the rat spinal cord Y are shown the results of analysis by Southern blot of the cDNA amplification products (lines 1,2) and of the SLIC products (lines 3,4). The white and black boxes indicate the non-coding and coding exons respectively.
- oligonucleotides used for the synthesis of the cDNA (P), for the amplification (two primers sense 1.2 upstream and a common antisense primer L) and for the hybridization of the Southern (H), are shown diagrammatically by arrows .
- Poly (A) + RNA is subjected to first strand cDNA synthesis with / or as control without reverse transcriptase.
- the amplifications of the cDNA (+) or of the controls (-) with the pair of oligonucleotides L and 1 or 2 are shown respectively, in lines 1 and 2.
- the amplifications with oligonucleotides L and A5'l of the cDNA (+) or controls (-), ligated or not, are presented respectively in lines 3 and 4.
- the vertical bars in the exons R and rVAT represent the splicing sites deduced from the sequences of the two DNA fragments obtained online 1.
- the 5 'splice site in exon R corresponds to that shown in Figure 1.
- the consensus sequence of the 3' splice site is underlined.
- the position of the nucleotide located furthest 5 'for the sequenced SLIC products is indicated by an asterisk.
- RNA is extracted from rat spinal cord using the RNAzol method (System Bioprobe).
- the poly (A) + RNA is purified using the Dynabeads® kit (Dynal).
- the first strand of cDNA is synthesized from 1 ⁇ g of poly (A) + RNA in reverse transcription buffer in the presence of 100 ⁇ g / ml BSA, 15 units of RNasin
- the cDNAs and SLIC products are amplified in a Techne Thermal Cycler® (30 or 40 amplification cycles respectively). Each cycle consists of:
- the sense primers used are the following: oligonucleotides 1 or 2 for the cDNAs and the oligonucleotide A5'1 (complementary to part of A5 * NV) for the cDNAs ligated at 3 '.
- An antisense and common primer L is used.
- the amplification products are separated on a 2% agarose gel and analyzed by the Southern blotting technique using the oligonucleotide H as probe.
- the parts of the gel containing the bands observed are isolated and the DNA which they contain is purified, under clone in the plasmid pUC19 (Appligen) and sequenced on the two strands by means of the Sequenase® kit (USB, Amersham).
- the sequences and positions (cf. FIG. 1) of the oligonucleotides used are:
- RNAs or poly (A) + RNAs are prepared from rat tissues as described above, fractionated on agarose gel (1%) / formaldehyde and transferred to nylon membranes (Hybond N + , Amersham) as described in the literature (Faucon Biguet et al., EMBO J., 5 287-291 1986).
- the filters are hybridized at 42 ° C., in a buffer containing 50% (vol / vol) of formamide, to a DNA fragment Smal-EcoRI (position 31-1724), labeled by random priming (19) with ( ⁇ - 32p) dCTP (3000 Ci / mmol; Amersham) and having a specific activity of 1.2 x 10 ⁇ cpm / ⁇ g.
- the last washings of the filters are carried out at 65 ° C in the 0.1 x SSC / 0.1% SDS solution.
- CHAT choline acetyltransferase
- ACh acetylcholine
- VMAT vesicular transporter of monoamines
- TM transmembrane domain
- rVAT vesicular transporter of rat acetylcholine
- CTCCTCTCAG TCCTCATACC CTCATAGTTC AGAATTAGCT GCCAAGACTT TCTGCCTAAG 360
- CTCCGTGCCC GCTGTGCGCC GAAGTCCAGG CTGAGGAGGA GGTCTAGAGC CCCCGGCTCT 600 CCCGTCTCCC ACCAGGCTGC GGGGAACTGG CTGCCGCACC CCTCCTCCAA GTGGGGGTAG 660
- GGCTTCCATC CTGGGCGCAT CTCAGAAGCG GACCCCTGCC CGGACGCGCC CCGCCCCCGG 840 CCCCCGCCCC GACGACGTCC TATTAGCATG AGCGACGCCA GTGGCCGGGG CACCACTCGG 900
- CTCTGGGCAC CACGCGTCCA GTCTCCCGCC TCAGCCCCTC GGCTTGCCGG CCTTTGCGGT 1140 TGCGCTCGAA ACATCGTCCA CTGGTCCCCG AAGCATCTAA GAGCAGCGGC GCCGCGCGGG 1200
- CCACCGCGCC AACCGGTCAG GCCCGGGCGG CGGCCACCAA ACTGTCGGAA GCGGTGGGAG 1440 CCGCGCTACA AGAGCCCCAG AGGCAGCGGC GCCTGGTGCT GGTCATCGTG TGCGTTGCAC 1500
- TAGCTGACAT CTCCTATTCT GTGGCCTACG CGCTCGGGCC CATAGTGGCA GGCCACATCG 2700
- CCATTTAGGT CAAGATGGTC ATTCTGCAAG AGCACTGTCC AACTTTGGCT TGGGGCCCAC 3060 CTCCTCTAAT GAATACCCTA GCCCCTCGCC CGTCCTGAAT TCCTTTGCTG GAATCCCTTC 3120
- CTCTACGCAC CAGTCCTTCT TCTTTTGCGC AATGTAGGCC TCCTTACACG CTCGCGTTCG 1440 GAGCGCGATG TGTTGCTTGA TGAACCGCCG CAGGGTCTGT ACGACGCGGT GCGCCTGCGT 1500
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Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US08/793,044 US6235497B1 (en) | 1994-08-16 | 1995-08-10 | Recombinant expression of the rat vesicular acetylcholine transporter |
CA002197497A CA2197497A1 (fr) | 1994-08-16 | 1995-08-10 | Nouveau transporteur vesiculaire de l'acetylcholine |
JP8507069A JPH10503936A (ja) | 1994-08-16 | 1995-08-10 | 新規の小胞アセチルコリン輸送体 |
EP95927777A EP0773998A1 (fr) | 1994-08-16 | 1995-08-10 | Nouveau transporteur vesiculaire de l'acetylcholine |
AU31693/95A AU3169395A (en) | 1994-08-16 | 1995-08-10 | Novel vesicular acetylcholine carrier |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
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FR94/10044 | 1994-08-16 | ||
FR9410044A FR2723749B1 (fr) | 1994-08-16 | 1994-08-16 | Nouveau transporteur vesiculaire de l'acetylcholine |
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WO1996005301A1 true WO1996005301A1 (fr) | 1996-02-22 |
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PCT/FR1995/001073 WO1996005301A1 (fr) | 1994-08-16 | 1995-08-10 | Nouveau transporteur vesiculaire de l'acetylcholine |
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US (1) | US6235497B1 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP0773998A1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JPH10503936A (fr) |
AU (1) | AU3169395A (fr) |
CA (1) | CA2197497A1 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2723749B1 (fr) |
IL (1) | IL114933A0 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO1996005301A1 (fr) |
ZA (1) | ZA956847B (fr) |
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US20060099600A1 (en) * | 2003-06-20 | 2006-05-11 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Novel acetylcholine transporter |
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1994
- 1994-08-16 FR FR9410044A patent/FR2723749B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1995
- 1995-08-10 WO PCT/FR1995/001073 patent/WO1996005301A1/fr not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1995-08-10 AU AU31693/95A patent/AU3169395A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1995-08-10 US US08/793,044 patent/US6235497B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1995-08-10 EP EP95927777A patent/EP0773998A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 1995-08-10 CA CA002197497A patent/CA2197497A1/fr not_active Abandoned
- 1995-08-10 JP JP8507069A patent/JPH10503936A/ja active Pending
- 1995-08-14 IL IL11493395A patent/IL114933A0/xx unknown
- 1995-08-16 ZA ZA956847A patent/ZA956847B/xx unknown
Non-Patent Citations (15)
Title |
---|
ALFONSO, A. ET AL.: "The Caenorhabditis elegans unc-17 gene: a putative vesicular acetylcholine transporter", SCIENCE, vol. 261, 30 July 1993 (1993-07-30), LANCASTER, PA US, pages 617 - 619, XP002940490, DOI: doi:10.1126/science.8342028 * |
BEJANIN, S. ET AL.: "A unique gene organization for two cholinergic markers, choline acetyltransferase and a putative vesicular transporter of acetylcholine.", JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY 269 (35). 21944-21947, 2 September 1994 (1994-09-02) * |
BEJANIN, S. ET AL.: "PROMOTER ELEMENTS OF THE RAT CHOLINE ACETYLTRANSFERASE GENE ALLOWING NERVE GROWTH FACTOR INDUCIBILITY IN TRANSFECTED PRIMARY CULTURED CELLS.", J NEUROCHEM 58 (4). 1992. 1580-1583 * |
BERRARD, S. ET AL.: "Coregulation of two embedded gene products, choline acetyltransferase and the vesicular acetylcholine transporter.", JOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY 65 (2). 939-942 * |
DATABASE EMBL 1 August 1994 (1994-08-01), BEJANIN, S. ET AL.: "A unique gene organisation for two cholinergic markers, choline acetyltransferase and a putative vesicular transporter of acetylcholine" * |
ERICKSON, J. ET AL.: "Functional identification of a vesicular acetylcholine transporter and its expression from a "cholinergic" gene locus.", JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY 269 (35). 21929-21932, 2 September 1994 (1994-09-02) * |
ERICKSON, J. ET AL.: "IDENTIFICATION OF THE MAMMALIAN VESICULAR ACETYLCHOLINE TRANSPORTER AND ITS EXPRESSION FROM A CHOLINERGIC GENE LOCUS", JOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY, (1994) VOL. 63, SUPP. 1, PP. S13 * |
IVTH EUROPEAN CELL BIOLOGY CONGRESS, PRAGUE, CZECH REPUBLIC, JUNE 26-JULY 1, 1994. * |
J.BIOL.CHEM. 269 (1994),21944-7 * |
KENGAKU, M. ET AL.: "Multiple mRNA species of choline acetyltransferase from rat spinal cord", MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH, vol. 18, no. 1,2, ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, pages 71-76 * |
LEVRERO, M. ET AL.: "Defective and nondefective adenovirus vectors for expressing foreign genes in vitro and in vivo", GENE, vol. 101, AMSTERDAM NL, pages 195 - 202, XP023541119, DOI: doi:10.1016/0378-1119(91)90411-4 * |
MISAWA, H. ET AL.: "Coordinate expression of vesicular acetylcholine transporter and choline acetyltransferase in sympathetic superior cervical neurones.", NEUROREPORT 6 (7). 965-968 * |
ROGHANI, A. ET AL.: "Molecular cloning of a putative vesicular transporter for acetylcholine.", PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 91 (22). 10620-10624, 25 October 1994 (1994-10-25) * |
USDIN, T. ET AL.: "Molecular biology of the vesicular ACh transporter.", TRENDS IN NEUROSCIENCES 18 (5). 1995. 218-224 * |
VAROQUI, H. ET AL.: "Cloning and expression of the vesicular acetylcholine transporter.", CELL BIOLOGY INTERNATIONAL 18 (5). 502 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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FR2723749B1 (fr) | 1996-09-20 |
JPH10503936A (ja) | 1998-04-14 |
FR2723749A1 (fr) | 1996-02-23 |
AU3169395A (en) | 1996-03-07 |
ZA956847B (en) | 1996-03-28 |
EP0773998A1 (fr) | 1997-05-21 |
US6235497B1 (en) | 2001-05-22 |
CA2197497A1 (fr) | 1996-02-22 |
IL114933A0 (en) | 1995-12-08 |
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