Classifications

• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
  • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
  • B29C67/00—Shaping techniques not covered by groups B29C39/00 - B29C65/00, B29C70/00 or B29C73/00
  • B29C67/24—Shaping techniques not covered by groups B29C39/00 - B29C65/00, B29C70/00 or B29C73/00 characterised by the choice of material
  • B29C67/246—Moulding high reactive monomers or prepolymers, e.g. by reaction injection moulding [RIM], liquid injection moulding [LIM]
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
  • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
  • B29C70/00—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts
  • B29C70/04—Shaping composites, i.e. plastics material comprising reinforcements, fillers or preformed parts, e.g. inserts comprising reinforcements only, e.g. self-reinforcing plastics
  • B29C70/06—Fibrous reinforcements only
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L67/00—Compositions of polyesters obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chain; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
  • C08L67/06—Unsaturated polyesters
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L1/00—Compositions of cellulose, modified cellulose or cellulose derivatives
  • C08L1/08—Cellulose derivatives
  • C08L1/10—Esters of organic acids, i.e. acylates
  • C08L1/14—Mixed esters, e.g. cellulose acetate-butyrate
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L31/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an acyloxy radical of a saturated carboxylic acid, of carbonic acid or of a haloformic acid; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
  • C08L31/02—Homopolymers or copolymers of esters of monocarboxylic acids
  • C08L31/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of vinyl acetate
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L33/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical, or of salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides or nitriles thereof; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
  • C08L33/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of esters
  • C08L33/06—Homopolymers or copolymers of esters of esters containing only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, which oxygen atoms are present only as part of the carboxyl radical
  • C08L33/10—Homopolymers or copolymers of methacrylic acid esters
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L67/00—Compositions of polyesters obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chain; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
  • C08L67/02—Polyesters derived from dicarboxylic acids and dihydroxy compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L67/00—Compositions of polyesters obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic ester link in the main chain; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
  • C08L67/04—Polyesters derived from hydroxycarboxylic acids, e.g. lactones
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L75/00—Compositions of polyureas or polyurethanes; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
  • C08L75/04—Polyurethanes
  • C08L75/06—Polyurethanes from polyesters
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
  • Y10T428/24942—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.] including components having same physical characteristic in differing degree
  • Y10T428/2495—Thickness [relative or absolute]
  • Y10T428/24967—Absolute thicknesses specified
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
  • Y10T428/31786—Of polyester [e.g., alkyd, etc.]
  • Y10T428/31794—Of cross-linked polyester
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
  • Y10T428/31786—Of polyester [e.g., alkyd, etc.]
  • Y10T428/31797—Next to addition polymer from unsaturated monomers

Definitions

• This invention relates to fiber-reinforced thermosetting polyester composites.
• the invention relates to such composites made by a vacuum-assisted transfer molding technique while in another aspect, the invention relates to such composites made from low or zero shrinkage polyester resin systems.
• the physical strength of the composites of this invention is much greater and their surface appearance much smoother than those of similar composites made from conventional hand lay-up, spray-up, or resin transfer molding techniques.
• the composites of this invention can serve as the cosmetic surface of molded articles, e.g. a boat hull or a truck body panel without the finishing steps of sanding and polishing.
• Fiber-reinforced thermosetting polyester composites are widely used in many applications, e.g. marine, automotive, transportation, electrical, construction, consumer and industrial goods, etc. Compared to the composites made from other types of thermosetting resins such as vinyl ester, epoxy, and polyamide, thermosetting polyester composites have the advantages of lower material cost and easy material handling during processing Therefore, unsaturated polyester resins are the materials of choice for most of the fiber-reinforced thermosetting composites in applications in which the working environment of the composite is not very harsh. Fiber-reinforced thermosetting polyester composites usually consist of reinforcing fibers, either in chopped or continuous form, embedded in a matrix of one or more unsaturated polyester resins.
• the unsaturated polyester resin is blended typically with (1) one or more monomers capable of crosslinking with the vinyl groups in the polyester, (2) one or more free-radical initiators, and possibly (3) various other additives which impart desired characteristics to the matrix upon cure or which will improve the processing and/or curing properties of resin.
• This curable blend of components is known as the matrix precursor.
• the physical and chemical properties of the composite can be controlled by appropriate selection of the ingredients in the manufacture of unsaturated polyester resin, or the crosslinking monomers, free-radical initiators, fibers, and other additives used in the preparation of composite.
• Various processing methods can be applied to produce fiber- reinforced thermosetting polyester composites.
• the hand lay-up and spray-up processes are the most common practices in the manufacture of large and complex composite parts, such as boat hulls and truck body panels. Continuous or chopped fiber mats are impregnated with and engulfed in a matrix resin, and the resin is cured without additional heat or pressure.
• the typical fiber reinforcement e.g.
• the glass fiber content of a composite made by these techniques is only about 20 to about 40 % by weight, based on the weight of the cured composite. Therefore, the physical strength (as measured by any one of a number of different tests) of these composites is typically not very great and if greater physical strength is desired for a particular application, then a thicker composite is usually required (the physical strength of a composite being a function of the fiber content of the composite and its thickness). Moreover, the surface appearance of the finished part made with these methods may vary widely from part to part depending on various factors, e.g. processing conditions, the nature of the thermosetting resin, and the like.
• Thermosetting polyester composites with better physical strength and/or consistent surface appearance can be produced by other types of manufacturing techniques, such as filament winding, compression molding, transfer molding, injection molding, and pultrusion. These techniques can produce parts with very high fiber content, typically from about 50 to about 70 % by weight, based on the weight of the cured composite. However, the nature of these processes, and in some the added tooling and operational costs, prevent their use in the manufacture of very large and complex parts such as boat hulls and truck body panels.
• a flexible sheet, liner, or bag is used to cover a single cavity mold which contains the dry or wet fiber lay-up.
• the edges of the flexible sheet are clamped against the mold to form an envelope and seal the member, a catalyzed liquid resin is generally introduced into the envelope, or bag interior, to wet the fiber, and a vacuum is applied to the bag interior via a vacuum line to collapse the flexible sheet against the fiber and surface of the mold, while the plastic wetted fiber is pressed and cured to form the fiber reinforced plastic structure.
• the composite industry holds a continuing interest in the development of a method which therefore is the main purpose of the present invention, for the manufacture of a fiber-reinforced thermosetting polyester composite that possesses both great physical strength (relative to a composite made from a traditional hand lay-up and spray-up method) and a smooth surface appearance.
• a composite will be a ready candidate for molded parts, especially parts of large size and/or complex shape, requiring both physical attributes.
• a vacuum- assisted transfer molding process for preparing a fiber-reinforced thermosetting polyester composite, the said composite comprising reinforcing fiber in excess of 30 wt %, based upon the weight of the matrix precursor, from : a) about 20 to about 60 % of an unsaturated polyester resin with a molecular weight/double bond factor between about 150 to about
• the hallmark of the composites thus prepared is their combination of physical strength (as measured by one or more standard strength tests for composites) and smooth surface profile (as compared to the thermosetting polyester composites made from a typical hand lay-up or spray-up process).
• Molded articles in which the composites of this invention are used as a component usually comprise a layer of gel coat, typically 0.25 to about 0.63 mm in thickness, as the surface coating.
• a skin laminate typically from about 0.25 to 0.76 mm in thickness, may be applied behind the gel coat to improve the hydrolytic stability and surface smoothness of the molded article.
• the fiber content of the skin laminate typically ranges about 25 to about 45 % by weight, and the fiber typically is either in the form of 12 to 50 mm chopped fiber or a sheer of a continuous strand fiber mat.
• the unsaturated polyester resin typically has a number average molecular weight in the range from about 500 to about 5,000, preferably in the range from about 700 to about 2,000.
• the ethylenically dicarboxylic acid or its anhydride used in the preparation of the unsaturated polyester resin include maleic acid or anhydride, fumaric acid, citraconic acid, mesaconic acid, methyl maleic acid, tetraconic acid and itaconic acid.
• a minor proportion of ethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic acid or anhydride preferably up to about 30 mole percent, can be replaced by one or more saturated dicarboxylic acids or their anhydrides, such as phthalic acid or anhydride, isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid, tetrahydrophthalic anhydride, succinic acid, adipic acid, sebacic acid, methylsuccinic acid, tetrabromophthalic acid, tetrachlorophthalic acid , hexachloro -endomethylene tetrahydrophthalic acid, glutaric acid, pimelic acid and dimerized fatty acids.
• saturated dicarboxylic acids or their anhydrides such as phthalic acid or anhydride, isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid, tetrahydrophthalic anhydride, succinic acid, adipic acid, sebacic acid, methylsuccinic acid, tetrab
• the polyhydric alcohols used in the preparation of the unsaturated polyester resin include saturated aliphatic diols such as ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, butylene glycols, neopentyl glycol, 1,3- and 1 ,4-butane diols, 1,5-pentane diol, 1 ,6- hexanediol and 2-methyl- l ,3 propanediol.
• Glycerol, 1 , 1 , 1 - trimethylolpropane, bisphenol A and its hydrogenated and alcoxylated derivatives may also be used.
• the molar ratio of the polyhydric alcohol to the dicarboxylic acid or anhydride in the reaction mixture is preferably between about 1.0 and aboutl.2.
• the amount of unsaturated polyester resin in the matrix percursor is preferably between about 30 and about 50 percent by weight. Any reactive monomer that will copolymerize and crosslink with the vinyl groups of the unsaturated polyester resin can be used, alone or as a mixture of monomers, in the practice of this invention.
• These monomers include such materials as styrene, vinyl toluene, p- methyl styrene, chlorostyrene, t-butyl styrene, divinylether, allyl phthalate, diallyl maleate, allyl methacrylate, allyl acetate, N- vinylpyrrolidone, N-vinylcarbazole, dichlorostyrene, dialkyl fumarates and maleates, diallyl phthalate, mono- or multifunctional lower (C1-C8) alkyl esters of acrylic and methacrylic acids such as methyl methacrylate, cyclohexyl (meth)acrylate, ethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, propyleneglycol di(meth)acrylate, 1 ,3- and 1,4- butanediol di(meth)acrylates, 1 ,6- hexanediol di(meth)acrylate, neopent
• thermoplastic polymers used in the invention as a low profile additive are those that are miscible with the polyester resin and reactive monomer such that upon blending one with the others, a one-phase matrix precursor is formed.
• These polymers include polyvinyl acetate, polyester-based polyurethanes, polycaprolactones, cellulose acetate butyrate, saturated polyesters and copolymers of alkyl methacrylate (s) in which the alkyl group has from 1 to 4 carbon atoms and of unsaturated monomers bearing at least one hydroxyl group, the said copolymers having a molecular weight of between 1 ,000 and 20,000.
• the weight average molecular weight of these polymers can range from about 3,000 to about 1,000,000, preferably from about 5,000 to about 500,000.
• the amount of thermoplastic polymer present in the matrix precursor ranges preferably between about 5 to about 20 percent by weight.
• the viscosity of the matrix precursor which is an important feature of this invention, is typically in the range from about 0.1 to about 1 Pa.s, preferably from about 0.15 to about 0.5 Pa.s at ambient temperature, i.e from about 10°C to about 35°C.
• a certain amount of filler can be added to the matrix precursor.
• Acceptable fillers include natural or precipitated calcium carbonates, clay, silica, talc, mica, and hydrated alumina. If present, the amount of filler added to the matrix precursor is typically less than about 10 percent, preferably less than about 5 percent, by weight, based on the weight of the matrix precursor.
• the matrix precursor is cured through the action of one or more free radical initiators, such as an organic peroxide compound, e.g. t-butyl perbenzoate, benzoyl peroxide, cumene hydroperoxide, t-butyl peroctoate , methyl ethyl ketone peroxide , a peroxydicarbonate, a peroxyester such as t-butyl peroxybenzoate, t- butyl peroxyoctoate, 2,5- diperoxyoctoate or 2,4- pentanedione peroxide, and others known in the art.
• the minimum amount of such initiator used in an initiating amount, and typical amounts present in the matrix precursor preferably range from about 0.1 to about 3 percent by weight, based on the weight of the matrix precursor.
• the matrix precursor includes polymerization inhibitors, accelerators and other types of additives to improve the processing and/or curing properties of the resin, and/or which impart one or more desired features to the composite. These other materials are used in known amounts and in known ways. However, it is preferable for the performance of the process of the invention that the matrix precursor is free from any demoulding agent.
• the gel time of the matrix precursor of this invention will vary with, among others, its composition and the cure conditions, but it is typically between about 5 and about 75 minutes, preferably between about 15 and about 60 minutes, in the absence of heating during the curing process. This feature is of particular importance for determining the maximum time allowed for filling the mold.
• the vacuum-assisted transfer molding techniques used in the practice of this invention include those described in US-A- 4,902,215, already cited above. These techniques can produce composite materials with a high fiber content, i.e. preferably in excess of 40 percent, typically between about 50 and about 80 percent by weight based on the weight of composite.
• the composite of this invention are usually combined with a layer of gel coat and a layer of skin laminate to form a molded part.
• the gel coat is typically 0.25 to 0.63 mm in thickness, and is the surface coating of the molded part.
• the gel coat provides the finishing color and surface profile of the part.
• Gel coats are well known and various grades are commercially available. The selection of gel coat will depend upon the desired characteristics of the part relative to, among other things, weatherability, hydrolytic stability, and surface finishing.
• the layer of skin laminate can be applied behind the gel coat to improve the hydrolytic stability and surface smoothness of the molded part.
• the skin laminate provides an extra barrier to the composite from hydrolytic attack during the employment of the part.
• the skin laminate also provides protection to the gel coat from the reaction heat and shrinkage normally incident to the cure of the composite.
• the thermosetting resins typically used in the preparation of the skin laminate usually exhibit better hydrolytic stability than those used in the preparation of the composite. Examples of these resins include vinyl esters, vinyl ester modified epoxies, and vinyl ester modified unsaturated polyester resins.
• the typical fiber content of a skin laminate ranges from about 25 to about 45 percent by weight.
• the fiber used in the skin laminate is typically either about 12 to about 51 mm chopped fiber or a sheer of a continuous strand fiber mat.
• the main structure of the molded part can also include a core insert.
• An insert is used in those applications in which weight reduction is a factor in the design of the part.
• the core insert can also serve as a supplement reinforcement material to the composite. Examples of core materials include polyurethane foam, honeycomb structures made from various light weight material, and balsa wood.
• the thickness of the core can vary widely, but is typically between about 2.5 mm to about 50 mm, the exact dimension being a function of, among other things, the physical strength and weight requirements of the molded part.
• the strength characteristics of the molded part are a function of the strength characteristics of the composite, and these characteristics in turn are a function of the amount and nature of the reinforcing fiber.
• continuous fiber mats with various weight/area ratios are used in the construction of the composite to provide the desired strength /weight performance to the part.
• the various types of reinforcement fibers that can be used in the practice of this invention are glass fibers, boron fibers, carbon fibers, aramid fibers, and other types of natural and synthetic fibers, such as jute, sisal and flax.
• the typical fiber content of the composite is preferably between about 50 and about 80 percent by weight.
• the composite and the molded part can, and often are, constructed in one operation.
• a gel coat is usually applied to the surface of the mold, at least partially cured, and then a skin laminate is applied over the at least partially cured gel coat. These are open mold operations. Then the fiber reinforcement is applied to the skin laminate, the mold closed, and the matrix precursor injected under vacuum. The precursor is then allowed to cure, with or without a heat supplement, and the part or article demolded.
• all reinforced materials i.e. the composite, skin laminate and, perhaps, the core insert, are used under dry conditions.
• these components can be prepared without undue deference to time.
• resin is injected into the mold under a vacuum condition through one or more injection paths.
• the mold filling time can be controlled by the number of injecting paths and the strength of the vacuum.
• the gel or cure time of is usually about 5 to
• the rating value (ACT Orange Peel Standards) are typical industry visual test methods used to describe the surface appearance of an object.
• a BYK-Gardner wave-scan was used to measure the surface appearance of various test panels. The wave- scan can report the results in both long-term (structure size greater than 0.6 mm) and short-term waviness (structure size less than 0.6 mm). Both long-term and short-term waviness are rated from 0 to 100. The higher the number, the more waviness is observed. The long-term and short-term are then mathematically correlated to a surface rating value from 0 to 100. The higher the number, the smoother the surface appears.
• a three-component matrix precursor was prepared from an unsaturated polyester, a thermoplastic polymer, and styrene.
• the unsaturated polyester was prepared by esterifying 1.1 moles of propylene glycol with 0.83 moles of maleic anhydride and 0.17 moles of isophthalic acid to an acid number of 30.
• the polyester was then dissolved in styrene to a concentration of 63 % solids.
• thermoplastic polymer was a polyvinylacetate with a number average molecular weight of 110,000. This polymer was then dissolved in styrene to a concentration of 17 % solids. 54 parts of the polyester/styrene solution was then blended with 46 parts of the vinyl acetate /styrene solution to yield a liquid, one-phase matrix precursor composition. This precursor composition contained : Parts
• the resinous composition was then mixed for 30 minutes to form a homogeneous mixture. This mixture was catalyzed for cure with methyl ethyl ketone peroxide initiator. The gel time of this homogeneous mixture was 45 minutes at 23° C.
• a high strength, fiberglass reinforced panel was made on a flat mold at 23° C using the apparatus and technique described in US-A-4,902,215.
• the fiberglass reinforcements consisted of four layers of PPG 2 oz chopped strand mat.
• the fiber content of the composite was 55 % by weight based on the weight of composite.
• Example 3 (comparative) The procedure of example 1 is repeated except that the three-component matrix precursor is replaced by a mixture of 65 parts styrene and 35 parts of a commercial unsaturated polyester resin marketed by COOK COMPOSITES AND POLYMERS. The surface appearance properties of the resulting composite are indicated in the following table.
• Example 4 The procedure of example 1 is repeated except that the three-component matrix precursor is replaced by a mixture of 65 parts styrene and 35 parts of a commercial unsaturated polyester resin marketed by COOK COMPOSITES AND POLYMERS. The surface appearance properties of the resulting composite are indicated in the following table.
• Example 4 The surface appearance properties of the resulting composite are indicated in the following table.
• Example 1 The matrix precursor of Example 1 was tested for surface profile properties on a gel coated surface to simulate construction of boat assemblies.
• the fiberglass reinforced panel design was as follows :
• Example 5 The matrix precursor was used and molded by the vacuum- assisted method described in Example 1. The surface appearance properties of the resulting molded article are indicated in the following table. Example 5
• the matrix precursor of Example 1 was tested for surface profile properties on a gel coated surface to simulate light weight sections of a boat.
• the fiberglass reinforced panel design was as follows:

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• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
• Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
• Composite Materials (AREA)
• Reinforced Plastic Materials (AREA)
• Laminated Bodies (AREA)
• Casting Or Compression Moulding Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
• Manufacture Of Alloys Or Alloy Compounds (AREA)
• Macromonomer-Based Addition Polymer (AREA)
• Moulding By Coating Moulds (AREA)

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