WO1995017103A1 - Utilisation de materiaux riches en mannane dans des aliments de l'homme et des animaux - Google Patents

Utilisation de materiaux riches en mannane dans des aliments de l'homme et des animaux Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1995017103A1
WO1995017103A1 PCT/GB1994/002802 GB9402802W WO9517103A1 WO 1995017103 A1 WO1995017103 A1 WO 1995017103A1 GB 9402802 W GB9402802 W GB 9402802W WO 9517103 A1 WO9517103 A1 WO 9517103A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
mannan
feed
product
oligosaccharide
rich
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/GB1994/002802
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English (en)
Inventor
Arpad Janos Pusztai
Frederick George Perry
Andrew John Morgan
Aart Jan Mul
Original Assignee
Nutreco Nederland B.V.
Trouw Uk Limited
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from GB939326340A external-priority patent/GB9326340D0/en
Priority claimed from GB939326342A external-priority patent/GB9326342D0/en
Priority claimed from GB939326341A external-priority patent/GB9326341D0/en
Application filed by Nutreco Nederland B.V., Trouw Uk Limited filed Critical Nutreco Nederland B.V.
Priority to AU19080/95A priority Critical patent/AU1908095A/en
Publication of WO1995017103A1 publication Critical patent/WO1995017103A1/fr

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/715—Polysaccharides, i.e. having more than five saccharide radicals attached to each other by glycosidic linkages; Derivatives thereof, e.g. ethers, esters
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K10/10—Animal feeding-stuffs obtained by microbiological or biochemical processes
    • A23K10/12—Animal feeding-stuffs obtained by microbiological or biochemical processes by fermentation of natural products, e.g. of vegetable material, animal waste material or biomass
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K20/10—Organic substances
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
    • A23K50/30—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for swines

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the use of mannan-rich materials, and in certain aspects of the invention other oligosaccharide-rich products, in feed products for various purposes set out in more detail below.
  • feed products used herein embraces feeds or feed additives for non-human animals as well as foodstuffs or food additives for humans.
  • the health of animals and of humans can be affected by their intestinal flora, ie. the micro-organisms which are present in their digestive systems.
  • the health of human beings eating animal food may be affected by the intestinal flora of the animal eaten even when the animal itself has suffered no apparent harmful effects.
  • the undesirable effects may result from a micro-organism which is always recognised as a pathogen eg. the cholera vibrio or from a specific strain or excessive amounts of micro-organism which is part of the normal intestinal flora eg. E. coli.
  • WO 90/09398 discloses the administration of metabolites derived from Lactobacillus bacteria to animals to inhibit the growth or survival of pathogenic bacteria in the digestive system.
  • the metabolites may be produced in situ from Lactobacillus fed to the animal .
  • EP 0 279 619B discloses the use of probiotics for oral administration to animals to increase the capacity of a foodstuff to produce weight gain in animal.
  • Known probiotics are said to be fermented cultures of live non-pathogenic bacteria.
  • the animal feed supplement specifically disclosed in EP 2 279 618B is derived from killed bacteria. The product was mixed with a conventional poultry feed based on wheat, soya extract, full fat soya, and soya bean oil.
  • WO 91/00099 discloses the use of bacterial preparations derived from healthy adult birds to provide prophylaxis against Campylobacter infections .
  • WO 91/07181 discloses a method of selectively inhibiting the growth of Salmonella in poultry by feeding fructo- oligosaccharides (ie. oligosaccharides based on fructose units) to the poultry in order to promote the growth of non- pathogenic bacteria.
  • fructo- oligosaccharides ie. oligosaccharides based on fructose units
  • Palm kernel meal is the residue left after the extraction of oil from palm kernels. It is available in considerable amounts in the tropics, where oil palms are cultivated.
  • Palm kernel meal contains polysaccharides with the major polysaccharides being linear mannans.
  • a mannan-based oligosaccharide is marketed by the firm of Alltech Inc under the trade name BIO-MOS as a feed additive. It is produced by Saccharomvces cerevisiae when fermenting a complex mixture of sugars. It is described as causing pathogens to clump together so as to reduce their tendency to bind to the wall of the intestine. It also promotes the growth of lactic-acid producing bacteria.
  • the present invention provides in a first aspect a method of treating an animal to increase its economic value comprising feeding to the animal a derivative of a mannan-rich product and a probiotic.
  • a mannan-rich product or a derivative of such a product and optionally a probiotic in the manufacture of a consumable product for increasing the effect of a probiotic in the inhibition of infection of animals by pathogenic micro-organisms.
  • mannan-rich products are products of vegetable origin, ie. derived from the higher (vascular) plants.
  • Mannan is a polysaccharide based on mannose units. It is found in high proportions in some plant products. It is not readily digestible by mono-gastric animals.
  • the term "mannan" in the present specification is intended to include galactomannan and other materials which can be hydrolysed to mannose together with other sugars.
  • a preferred mannan-rich vegetable product is palm kernel meal, either in the substantially fat free form resulting from extraction of palm oil or in a fat-containing product known as expeller residue. Palm kernel meal is generally available in the form of 1 to 3 mm particles. It is not a digestible product and it is difficult to persuade animals to consume large quantities of the palm kernel meal. Palm kernel meal, after the oil has been extracted, is a low energy feed.
  • Palm kernel cake Oil palms have been widely established in many tropical areas from their origin in West Africa through Malaysia and Indonesia.
  • the palm tree of commerce is Elaeis ⁇ uineensis also named Corozo eleifera.
  • the fruit of the tree which is like a small plum is usually boiled or sterilized during processing to inactivate lipase and separate the nuts.
  • the fleshy fruit with all its nuts pass into a continuous screw press which discharges an oil stream for settling and a solids stream consisting of fibres and nuts. These nuts are separated and cracked in a centrifugal cracker and the shell separated from the kernels.
  • palm kernels are ground into particulate form and are then processed by either a hydraulic press or solvent extraction to produce palm kernel oil (as distinct from palm oil) and a high protein cake for use as livestock feed.
  • the cake has been prepared by compressing the extracted particles together into the form of a lump. It is, however, dry and gritty and not readily accepted by livestock and the solvent extracted meal with a lower oil content is unplatable and is therefore usually mixed in small amounts with more acceptable and palatable feeds such as molasses.
  • Guar meal sometimes known as germ meal, is a well known product and is the residue remaining when guar gum has been extracted from guar seeds.
  • Guar or cluster bean (Cvamopsis psoraloides or Cvamopsis tetra ⁇ onolobus) is a legume grown principally for the gum in the seed coat. It grows in sub ⁇ tropical areas such as India, Pakistan, Central America and the southern states of the USA.
  • guar gum mannogalactan
  • mannogalactan which is widely used as a gelling agent in human and pet food production as well as the chemical industry.
  • the gum is extracted by a process in which the whole seeds are autoclaved in a continuous flow system. They are then wet milled and the husks with the gum layer floated off. The residue of seed kernels is then centrifuged and dried.
  • the guar gum meal recovered by this process represents about 75% of the original seed,
  • mannan-rich vegetable materials in the form in which they are available in commerce are not generally acceptable as feeds for animals, particularly non-ruminant animals. It is therefore desirable to process them in a way which will enable the benefits of using the mannan-rich material at relatively low dose rates.
  • mannan-rich materials so as to convert them from the polysaccharides to manno- oligosaccharides.
  • This conversion may be carried out by treating mannan-containing material with selected enzymes which break it down to oligosaccharides without causing substantial further breakdown to mono and di-saccharides.
  • enzymes, and the conditions for using them are known.
  • the derivative of the mannan-rich vegetable product may be fed to animals mixed with the normal animal feed for that animal or may be administered separately.
  • the quantity of the derivative of the mannan-rich plant material administered to an animal will depend on the extent to which the material has been processed to make oligo- saccharides contained in it more accessible to the animal. In the case of materials consisting predominantly of manno- oligosaccharides the quantity may be between 0.25% and 4% by weight, preferably 0.5% to 2% by weight, of the total feed fed to the animal.
  • Probiotics are known materials and there is no need to discuss them extensively here.
  • the probiotic may be a culture of live nonpathogenic bacteria selected so as to be capable of multiplying in the digestive system of the animal being fed with the derivative of the mannan-rich vegetable product. It may be a mixture of bacteria obtained from the digestive tracts of healthy individuals of the animal to be treated. Alternatively, it may comprise killed nonpathogenic microorganisms or products derived from such organisms.
  • a preferred class of probiotics comprises freeze dried nonpathogenic bacteria on a carrier.
  • the bacteria may be Lactobacillus, and will generally be a specific strain which has been isolated from the species of animal being treated, i.e. host specific probiotics.
  • the probiotic may be introduced into, the animal's digestive system in a convenient way. Thus is may be supplied to the animal mixed with feed or drinking water, or may be sprayed onto the animals.
  • the animal treated in accordance with the present invention is preferably a non-ruminant. It may be a non-ruminant because it has not developed a functioning rumen, eg. a calf, or may be inherently a mono-gastric animal eg. poultry, pigs, rabbits.
  • the feed fed to the animal apart from any probiotic or derivative of a mannan-rich vegetable product which may be fed to it may be a conventional feed for the animal.
  • Poultry feed will normally contain wheat or other grain, a source of protein such as soya, and additives that are well known in the art to provide vitamins, trace elements, and amino acids.
  • Pig feed will normally contain similar components to those mentioned above except that it will be richer in trace elements such as copper and zinc and amino acids such as lysine.
  • a second aspect of the invention relates to the use of mannan-rich products such as are described above in promoting muscle weight in proportion to other bodyweight, e.g. promoting muscle weight gain.
  • weight gain resulting from the accumulation of fat is less valuable than weight gain resulting from the building up of muscle.
  • a reduction in the rate of weight gain, or even a reduction in weight, may be acceptable if the weight of muscle on the animal is increased or maintained.
  • the present invention comprises the use of a mannan-rich product or a derivative thereof for promoting increase of muscle weight or in the manufacture of a consumable product for promoting increase of muscle weight.
  • the product according to this aspect of the invention may be a feed supplement which comprises a mannan- rich product or a derivative thereof for promoting growth in muscle weight, e.g. of a non-human animal.
  • the animal may be a ruminant, but is preferably a non- 5 ruminant.
  • the animal may be a non-ruminant because it is a member of a species which is inherently non-ruminant (mono- gastric) , or because it has not yet developed a functioning ruminant digestive system e.g. a calf.
  • the animal may be a bird, for example a galliform such as a chicken, or it may be 10 a mammal, e.g. a mono-gastric mammal such as a rabbit, or pig.
  • the present invention is particularly applicable to feeding animals outside the tropics, i.e. north of the Tropic of Cancer and south of the Tropic of Capricorn. In other word it is particularly applicable to feeding animals in parts of
  • the feed with which the feed supplement is used may be any feed which is conventional for the animal being fed.
  • the 20 be relatively low in energy and may normally lead to loss of muscle weight. Thus, it is sometimes the practice to feed poultry what is known as a withdrawal diet for a period before slaughter. This withdrawal diet is intended to ensure that the animal is free from residues of medicinal or other animal 5 health promoting materials present in the normal feed.
  • the present invention is particularly suitable for use with animals on a withdrawal feed.
  • the mannan-rich products and derivatives used according to this second aspect of the invention may be as described 0 above in relation to the first aspect.
  • mannan-rich products or other oligosaccharide or a derivative thereof to reduce the anti-nutritional effects of lectins.
  • an animal feed containing first and second feed components, the first feed component containing at least one lectin having an anti- nutritional effect in the absence of the second component.
  • the second component containing an oligosaccharide or a derivative thereof which corresponds to a sugar which binds with the lectin to reduce harmful effects resulting from the first component.
  • an oligosaccharide- rich product or a derivative thereof in an animal feed to increase the proportion of feed components containing lectins which bind to sugars corresponding to the oligosaccharides and which otherwise have a deleterious effect on the growth of the animal.
  • This aspect of the invention also includes a method of feeding an animal which comprises feeding it with a oligosaccharide material or a derivative thereof and a feed component containing lectins in an amount sufficient to have an antinutritional effect in the absence of the oligosaccharide-rich material or derivative thereof.
  • the animal may be a ruminant, but is preferably a non- ruminant.
  • the animal may be a non-ruminant because it is a member of a species which is inherently non-ruminant (mono- gastric) , or because it has not yet developed a functioning ruminant digestive system e.g. a calf.
  • the animal may be a bird, for example a galliform such as a chicken, or it may be a mammal, e.g. a monogastric mammal such as a rabbit, or pig.
  • the feed with which the first and second feed components are used may be any feed which is conventional for the animal being fed.
  • the anti-nutritional effects of certain feed components are believed to be due to the presence of materials known as lectins.
  • Lectins are commercially available from specialist suppliers as reagents for binding with various sugars. The strength of the binding between a lectin and a sugar will depend on the nature of the lectin and the sugar.
  • the first feed component may for example be a legume or a mixture of legumes, e.g. peas or beans. Lentils may be used as the first feed component.
  • the first feed may be the peanut, the castor bean or soya bean, for example soya bean meal.
  • the maximum quantity of the first feed component which would be used if an appropriate oligosaccharide were not present may for example be 10 to 15%.
  • the present invention is particularly applicable to feeds containing from 20 to 45% by weight (dry) , preferably 30 to 40, of peas or beans.
  • the nature of the second component will depend on the first component, and more particularly on the. nature of the lectin present in the first feed component.
  • the first fed component is a legume such as the common pea then the lectins are preferentially bound by alpha- mannose and the second feed component is preferably a product which is rich in the corresponding oligosaccharide (mannan) i.e. a mannan-rich product.
  • mannan-rich products and derivatives for use in this aspect of the invention are as described above in connection with the first and second aspects.
  • the birds were killed humanely seven days later and the caecal contents cultured for Salmonella using brilliant green agar supplemented with nalixidic acid as the plating medium. The growth was scored on a scale of 0-4 after overnight incubation at 37'C.
  • the scoring system was as follows 0 means ⁇ 25 Salmonella per gram
  • 1 means 100 to 1000 Salmonella per gram
  • the calves were fed the same feed composition as detailed in Table 2. In addition to this feed, the calves were given a composition as detailed in the Examples below.
  • the body weight gain and growth rate of the calves were monitored at regular intervals.
  • Example 3 were carried out on a group of rats fed on a control diet based on lactalalbumin (LA) as described by Grant et al, The Journal of Food Science and Agriculture 3_7, 1001-
  • LA lactalalbumin
  • the diet contained 10% of dietary protein and was fed at the rate of 6 g/day for 6 days . After this time the rats were killed by ether anaesthesia and the colilforms (E. coli) in their small intestine counted.
  • the tests were carried out using feeds supplemented with an enzyme preparation (0.1%) without (H) and with (I) "Aviguard” treatment.
  • the enzyme was one which is capable of breaking down polysaccharides to give oligosaccharides.
  • the experiments were carried out using manno- oligosaccharide (MOS) without (Test I) and with (Example 1) "Aviguard” treatment.
  • MOS manno- oligosaccharide
  • the MOS was prepared by as follows. Guar gum galactomannan was incubated with beta-mannanase and alpha- galactosidase (Novo Nordisk) . The reaction was followed by high performance gel permeation chromatography. The hydrolysate produced consisted largely (about 91%) of oligosaccharides and low molecular weight polymers up to about 30 degrees of polymersiation with a content of about 9% monosaccharide.
  • Table 1 shows that manno-oligosaccharide did not give a markedly low Salmonella growth score when fed alone, the best (ie. lowest) results were obtained using the combination of probiotic and mann-oligosaccharides.
  • Comparative Test J This test was carried out using only the feed as detailed in Table 2. No additive or probiotic was added to the feed.
  • This test was carried out on seven rats fed on a feed based on lactalbumin (LA) as detailed above, for a period of 3 days.
  • the feed was supplemented with kidney bean lectin (30 mg/rat/day) which is known to stimulate E.coli in the small intestine,
  • the E.coli level was 2.9 x 10 7 E.coli/g wet weight.
  • a group of four rats were fed a control diet based on lactalalbumin (LA as described by Grant et al, 1986, The Journal of Food Science and Agriculture 1_, 1001-1010)
  • the diet contained 10% of dietary protein and was fed at the rate of 6g/day for six days.
  • the rats were killed by ether anaesthesia and the weights of the hind lege gastrocnemius muscle determined.
  • the mean value of the wet weight of the gastrocnemius muscle (mg) per lOOg wet body weight was 780.49.
  • the mean value of the wet weight of the gastrocnemius muscle (mg) per lOOg wet body weight was 755.70.
  • Example 1 An experiment was carried out as in Test A-2 but with 600mg per day of material derived from palm kernel meal added to the diet. The material added was obtained by grinding commercially available palm kernel meal.
  • the mean value of the wet weight of the gastrocnemius muscle (m) per lOOg wet body weight was 848.92.
  • a comparison of the results for Test A-2 and B-2 shows that incorporating additional material cellulose into the feed does not necessarily increase muscle weight.
  • a comparison of the results for Example 1-2 with those for Test A-2 show the significant increase in muscle weight obtained by the use of the invention.
  • Comparative Test A-3 5 A group of seven rats were fed a control diet based on lactalbumin (LA) as described by Grant et al, 1986, The
  • the diet contained 10% of dietary protein and was fed at the rate of 6g/day for three days. 10
  • the kidney bean lectin PHA was then introduced into the rats by intragastric intubation at the rate of 35mg
  • PHA/rat/day divided into two doses (morning and evening) for three days .
  • the weight (mg) per lOOg wet body weight were: mean
  • the wet weights (ing) per lOOmg wet body weight were 25 mean 631.0 median 671.0.
  • Test A-3 shows the reduction in muscle weight which takes place when lectins are introduced into the rats' digestive system.
  • Comparative Test C-3 was repeated using a feed containing 7% palm kernels and barley plus tapioca, as detailed in Table 4-3. Results taken over a 33 day period are given in Tables 5-3 and 6-3 respectively.
  • Example 1-3 and Comparative Tests A-3 and B-3 shows the effect of the additive of the invention in reducing the harmful effect of kidney bean lectin on the muscle weight of animals.
  • Example 2-3 The procedure of Comparative Example C-3 was repeated using a feed containing 8% palm kernels instead of rapeseed, as detailed in Table 1-3. Results obtained over 33 days are given in Tables 2-3 and 3-3 respectively.

Abstract

Des matériaux riches en mannane tels que de la farine de palmiste ou les dérivés de celle-ci obtenus par exemple par dissociation des polysaccharides présents dans ceux-ci en oligosaccharides sont utilisés pour favoriser la prise de poids musculaire, pour renfoncer les effets des probiotiques ou bien pour centrer les propriétés antinutritionnelles des lectines.
PCT/GB1994/002802 1993-12-23 1994-12-22 Utilisation de materiaux riches en mannane dans des aliments de l'homme et des animaux WO1995017103A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU19080/95A AU1908095A (en) 1993-12-23 1994-12-22 The use of mannan-rich materials in feedstuffs

Applications Claiming Priority (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB9326340.8 1993-12-23
GB939326340A GB9326340D0 (en) 1993-12-23 1993-12-23 Improvements in and relating to animal husbandry
GB9326342.4 1993-12-23
GB9326341.6 1993-12-23
GB939326342A GB9326342D0 (en) 1993-12-23 1993-12-23 Animal feed
GB939326341A GB9326341D0 (en) 1993-12-23 1993-12-23 Animal feed

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WO1995017103A1 true WO1995017103A1 (fr) 1995-06-29

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Cited By (14)

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WO1999002042A2 (fr) * 1997-07-05 1999-01-21 Societe Des Produits Nestle S.A. Dessert congele contenant des bacteries lactiques et des fibres fermentescibles
WO2002052947A1 (fr) * 2000-12-27 2002-07-11 Fuji Oil Co., Ltd. Procede de production de farine renfermant du mannose
WO2002081724A1 (fr) * 2001-04-05 2002-10-17 Fuji Oil Co., Ltd. Tourteau de palmiste contenant du mannose
EP1707059A1 (fr) * 2005-04-02 2006-10-04 Uniblock Limited Composition de nourriture pour animaux pour améliorer le colostrum
WO2011098240A3 (fr) * 2010-02-15 2011-10-06 Cargill, Incorporated Epimérisation de saccharides
US8691303B2 (en) 2009-07-31 2014-04-08 The Iams Company Dusted animal food
US8729051B2 (en) * 2006-05-30 2014-05-20 Nutrition Sciences N.V./S.A. Tri- and tetra-oligo-saccharides suitable as agglutination agents for enteric pathogens
US9173423B2 (en) 2009-07-31 2015-11-03 The Iams Company Animal food kibble with electrostatically adhered dusting
US9210945B2 (en) 2009-07-31 2015-12-15 The Iams Company Animal food having low water activity
US10104903B2 (en) 2009-07-31 2018-10-23 Mars, Incorporated Animal food and its appearance
US11154077B2 (en) 2009-07-31 2021-10-26 Mars, Incorporated Process for dusting animal food
US11304428B2 (en) 2015-02-16 2022-04-19 Mars, Incorporated Interlocking kibble
US11388914B2 (en) 2015-04-28 2022-07-19 Mars, Incorporated Process of preparing a wet pet food, wet pet food produced by the process and uses thereof
WO2023242777A1 (fr) * 2022-06-17 2023-12-21 Elanco Tiergesundheit Ag Formulations comprenant une enzyme beta-mannanase et méthodes associées

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Cited By (21)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1999002042A2 (fr) * 1997-07-05 1999-01-21 Societe Des Produits Nestle S.A. Dessert congele contenant des bacteries lactiques et des fibres fermentescibles
WO1999002042A3 (fr) * 1997-07-05 1999-05-27 Nestle Sa Dessert congele contenant des bacteries lactiques et des fibres fermentescibles
US6399124B1 (en) 1997-07-05 2002-06-04 Nestec Sa Frozen dessert containing lactic acid bacteria
WO2002052947A1 (fr) * 2000-12-27 2002-07-11 Fuji Oil Co., Ltd. Procede de production de farine renfermant du mannose
US6797292B2 (en) 2000-12-27 2004-09-28 Fuji Oil Co., Ltd. Method for producing meal containing mannose
WO2002081724A1 (fr) * 2001-04-05 2002-10-17 Fuji Oil Co., Ltd. Tourteau de palmiste contenant du mannose
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CN100339484C (zh) * 2001-04-05 2007-09-26 不二制油株式会社 含甘露糖的棕榈子粉
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