WO1995000345A1 - Corps moules comportant des canaux axiaux et leur procede de fabrication - Google Patents

Corps moules comportant des canaux axiaux et leur procede de fabrication Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1995000345A1
WO1995000345A1 PCT/DE1994/000621 DE9400621W WO9500345A1 WO 1995000345 A1 WO1995000345 A1 WO 1995000345A1 DE 9400621 W DE9400621 W DE 9400621W WO 9500345 A1 WO9500345 A1 WO 9500345A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
inserts
shaped body
cladding tube
profile
body according
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/DE1994/000621
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Wolfgang Klein
Original Assignee
J.S. Staedtler Gmbh & Co
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by J.S. Staedtler Gmbh & Co filed Critical J.S. Staedtler Gmbh & Co
Priority to EP94916874A priority Critical patent/EP0656835A1/fr
Publication of WO1995000345A1 publication Critical patent/WO1995000345A1/fr

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B43—WRITING OR DRAWING IMPLEMENTS; BUREAU ACCESSORIES
    • B43K—IMPLEMENTS FOR WRITING OR DRAWING
    • B43K1/00—Nibs; Writing-points
    • B43K1/06—Tubular writing-points

Definitions

  • the invention relates to moldings with axially extending channels, the channels being formed by inserts which are encased by a cladding tube, and to processes for their production.
  • Shaped bodies of this type and processes for their production are known.
  • DE-PS 1 303 555, DE-GM 1 954 340, DE-OS 35 38 653 and DE-OS 1 925 385 show shaped bodies which are used as writing wicks
  • Writing tips, applicators or drawing tips are formed and consist of a bundle of plastic tubes which are pressed together or glued together.
  • an applicator can also consist of a
  • Elevations and depressions provided foil tape are wound, whereby axially extending, continuous
  • the tubes can have a round or polygonal cross-section, be pressed as a strand and reduced in diameter by pulling and brought to their final diameter. Then they should be bundled and glued together in the bundle and hardened.
  • a major disadvantage of such molded articles is that they do not have a very abrasion-resistant surface and are therefore subject to relatively high wear.
  • Metal strips or wires are formed and their tips if necessary, can also be compressed by forming or brought to the final diameter.
  • the capillary feed channels are formed here by the spacing of the wires or strips pressed together and are therefore very difficult to clearly define and determine in terms of size.
  • the individual wires or strips can and should move slightly against each other when writing, so that these tips are often inherently unstable.
  • shaped bodies or writing tips are known which are composed of profiled bars and are encased by a cladding tube.
  • the profile bars here have axial grooves, webs or other profiles which, when assembled, possibly together with the inner surface of the cladding tube, form the capillary grooves.
  • a writing tip known from EP 0518 708 AI should consist in one piece of abrasion-resistant material, for example of metal, and have axial and transverse channels for generating a good ink flow.
  • the object of the invention is to provide moldings which do not have the disadvantages mentioned above and which are in particular very abrasion-resistant and therefore do not or only slightly wear out, which have high stability against lateral pressure and whose capillary channels are relatively uniform and uniform and arbitrarily fine are producible.
  • shaped bodies are used as application elements in writing, drawing, painting or marking devices, long-term products with good writing properties are to be created for different applications.
  • a method for the production of such shaped bodies is to be demonstrated, with the aid of which shaped bodies made of metal can be inexpensively provided with a large number of fine bores in the capillary area.
  • the shaped bodies according to the invention can be designed as desired and can be used for different applications.
  • molded articles with axially extending capillary channels in which the channels are inserted are formed and which are comprised of a cladding tube, the inserts and the cladding tube are made of deformable and possibly hardenable metal, the inserts are formed as wires, sheathed wires, tubes or profile bodies, inserted into the cladding tube and connected to it and to one another in an axially fixed manner, in particular be pressed, welded or soldered and the profile of the molded body and / or the diameter of the channels can be reduced by reshaping.
  • the cladding tube or the inserts or their wire shells and the cladding tube should form a matrix, preferably a metal matrix.
  • the shaping should take place or have been carried out by reducing pressing, by upsetting or by pulling, preferably by extrusion or by extrusion.
  • Shaped bodies according to the invention can be designed, for example, as writing wicks, as writing tips, as ballpoint pen tips with a ball bed or also as a filter or sieve, or as a nozzle or aerator, the inserts having freely selectable cross-sectional shapes before welding or before forming, grooves, webs or contours and / or have dimensions that form capillary channels after forming and / or after welding.
  • Sheathed wires whose wire shells and cores consist of different materials and whose sheathed cores are or have been removed after the shaping can also advantageously be used as inserts.
  • the inserts and the cladding tube are firmly connected or fused together during the U-shaping by diffusion welding or by soldering and can be provided with a solder coating to improve the connection before welding or fusing.
  • At least two inserts should be contained in the cladding tube, with each axially extending channel consisting of grooves or Contours of at least two inserts are formed if the inserts used are not simple pipes or sheathed wires, but rather profiled bodies, such as profiled bars or profiled tubes.
  • the outer profile of all the composite profile bodies should advantageously correspond to the inner profile of the cladding tube, in which they are inserted, in terms of shape and size before the forming, since it has been shown that a particularly good connection of all parts then takes place and that this also results in relatively smooth and uniform capillary channels are created.
  • the inserts for the production of moldings according to the invention are first to be designed or manufactured as wires, sheathed wires, tubes or profiled bars. After insertion into the cladding tube, they are reduced in diameter together with the latter and with one another by reshaping, preferably by reducing compression, by upsetting or by pulling, in particular by extrusion or by extrusion, and if necessary the profile is changed. At the same time, the capillary channels are reduced and, if necessary, their profiles are changed. In addition, all parts are firmly connected to each other or pressed, welded or soldered.
  • the respective wall thicknesses of the cladding tube and the inserts are calculated from the degree or extent of the reduction in the external dimensions, from the number of inserts and from the desired diameter dimension of the capillary channels. Conversely, given the wall thickness and capillary channel dimensions and number, the original dimensions and the degree of reduction are to be determined.
  • the inserts with each other and together with the cladding tube are through during or after the forming
  • Fig.l a) a molded body with inserted tubes in cross-section in an already pressed version
  • Fig.l b the molded body according to Fig.l a) unpressed, in a perspective view
  • FIG. 13 a) to e) individual parts and forming stages of molded articles according to the invention
  • FIG. 14 a) to d) cross sections of the capillary channels through a molded body in different deformation or reduction stages
  • Fig. 15 a) and b) a longitudinal section through a shaped body as a writing tip with a ball bed, for a ballpoint pen and a top view thereof
  • Fig.17 a molded body according to the invention with ductile
  • Fig. 18 another molded body according to the invention with a ductile coating as a writing tip
  • Fig. 19 a molded body with an interchangeable coating as a aerator
  • Fig.20 another molded body without a coating as a nozzle
  • Fig. 21 a writing instrument with a molded body according to the invention as a writing tip
  • Fig. 22 a partial section of a writing instrument with a molded body used as an end plug or as a filter.
  • the shaped body 1 shown in FIG. 1 and b) with seven tubes 34 inserted as inserts 3 is shown in cross-section (Fig. A) in an already compressed version and uncompressed in a perspective representation (according to Fig. B) in which the cladding tube 2 has not yet completely received the pipes 34.
  • the compressed tubes 34 are practically hexagonally deformed and accordingly have profiled capillary channels 44. 2 a) and b), a molded body 1 according to the invention is produced with solid wires 31 inserted into the cladding tube 2, the wires 31 forming capillary channels 44 between them.
  • the capillary channels 44 remain relatively uniform and true to shape even after the shaping, since the cores 32 'arranged in the wire sheaths 32' "Counteract excessive deformation.
  • the cores 32 must be removed after the deformation. Depending on the core material, this can be done chemically, for example by etching out or mechanically.
  • the still unpressed molded body variant shown in FIG. 4 a to e) has a plurality of round profiled tubes 33 ′ ′′, which are inserted into one another as inserts 3 and are provided with grooves 41, which, in the assembled state, result in the capillary channels 44 in the cladding tube 2 after the shaping.
  • Figures 6 a) to 8 c) show as inserts 3 'composite profile body 33 in cross-section, bundled ready for use and inserted into the cladding tube 2, but still unpressed, Figures 8 a) to c) of several different geometrical and cross-sectional shapes Show profile bodies 33 or composite profile bars 33 'by way of example.
  • the corresponding cladding tubes (2) would also correspond in profile to the square or hexagonal cross sections. Two coming together molded grooves 41 of two profile bars 33 'form the basic shape and initial dimension of the capillary channels formed after the shaping.
  • the inserts 3 'or the profile body 33 are to be adapted to the inner contour of the respective cladding tube 2 in order to obtain as uniform and smooth capillary channels as possible and to optimally connect or weld all the individual parts.
  • the profiled bars 33 ′′ (according to FIG. 9) or the tubes 34 ′ according to FIG. 10 can have different geometrical or cross-sectional shapes or contours, as a result of which different ones Cross sections, arrangements and shapes of the capillary channels result.
  • FIGS. 11 a) to 12 i) show different possibilities of arranging the capillary channels 44 in the cladding tubes 2 of the shaped bodies 1 (FIGS. 11 and 12) and in FIG. 12 different geometrical and cross-sectional shapes of the shaped bodies 1 themselves.
  • FIG. 13 shows the individual parts (a + b) and the shaping stages (c to e) of molded articles according to the invention in FIGS. A) to e), here the cladding tube 2 (FIG. 13a), 19 pieces of tubes 34, initially loose (in 13b), then in the unpressed state (FIG. 13c), and in two reduction stages (according to FIGS. 13d and 13e) are shown.
  • FIG. 14 a) to d) shows the change in the cross sections of the tubes 34 and thus also the cross sections of the capillary channels 44, 44 'of a shaped body 1 in different stages of deformation or reduction. It is formed when the cladding tube 2 and the inserted ones are formed Tubes 34 new tube geometries that leave the existing spaces 23, depending on the degree of deformation, open as capillary channels 44 '(Fig. 14e) or practically completely fill and close (Fig. I4d).
  • FIGS. 15 a) to 16 b) show shaped bodies 1 which are designed as writing tips 12 for ballpoint pens and are each provided with a ball bed 13, the capillary channels 44 and possibly larger paste channels 46 made from smaller and larger tubes or, according to FIG be formed from profile bars.
  • the body of the writing nibs 12 can at the same time be the cladding tube 2 (FIG. 16) if this is possible due to the required dimensions and other conditions. Otherwise, a cladding tube 2 is additionally used, which is then inserted into the writing tip 12 and pressed, welded or otherwise firmly connected to it (FIG. 15).
  • an ink ballpoint pen is shown with different capillary channels 44, 44 'formed from tubes 34, which according to.
  • the tubes 16 are formed from the bores of the tubes 34 provided here with different diameters on the one hand and from incompletely closed intermediate spaces (23) between the tubes 34 on the other hand.
  • the tubes 34 have larger diameters in the center and smaller diameters in the outer area, in order to achieve different capillary zones within the ink supply and in the ball bed.
  • a molded body according to the invention is provided with a ductile, ie deformable, coating 5, 5 ′ which is flexible when used, which likewise has capillary pores or open channels and, if appropriate, also can be retrofitted or interchangeably designed and arranged.
  • the molded bodies 1 according to FIGS. 19 and 20 represent a perlator 16 (in FIG. 19) designed as an interchangeable insert and a nozzle 15 (in FIG. 20), in both cases the delivery medium under pressure through the, preferably from profile tubes or formed from profile bars, outlet channels 45, 45 'can be pressed.
  • Nozzles of this type can be used, for example, as ink jet nozzles, as well as injection or inlet nozzles in engines or motor vehicles or in other fields of application in which relatively wear-resistant dispensing or application elements are required.
  • such nozzles can be designed as "very fine nozzles" and can be used with or without electronic components.
  • the writing instrument shown in FIG. 21 has a shaped body 1 according to the invention as a writing tip 12 ', which is inserted into a tank 7 which holds the writing means.
  • the tank 7 here is a converter provided with a filling device 8 and can also be refilled via the writing tip 12 '.
  • the writing tip 12 'shown here as a model itself consists of a molded body 1 produced according to one of the above-described embodiments, the capillary channels of which are designed and dimensioned in accordance with the intended application and the intended use.
  • the shape can also be as shown in FIG. 20 or be configured in any other way.
  • Such a writing instrument can then possibly also be used as a "liquid pencil".
  • FIG. 22 shows the end plug 92 of a writing instrument 9 fastened in the back of a shaft 91, into which a molded body 1 according to the invention is inserted as a filter 14, on the one hand to retain the writing medium and on the other hand to allow air to pass unhindered through the air duct 94.
  • a closure flap 93 is also provided in this case, which is open in the writing position and in the rest position, that is to say lying down or in the upside-down position Writing instrument that reliably prevents the inlet to filter 14.
  • filters 14 can of course also be used in a variety of other ways, for example as an air filter in engine or automobile construction.
  • Fiber composite material can be produced by the most varied, principally well-known, processes.
  • a fiber composite molding is made from:
  • Cladding tube / matrix brass tube: Cu Zn 38 Pb 1.5
  • Insert tubes brass tubes: Cu Zn 11 Nil Snl, number: 19 pieces,
  • Production sequence The tube bundle, consisting of 19 pieces
  • Capillary tubes are inserted into the cladding tube in an orderly manner.
  • the number of tubes is reduced to a partially homogeneous material in several reduction stages.
  • the individual are welded by multiple intermediate annealing
  • Tubes on the surface with each other and with the cladding tube Tubes on the surface with each other and with the cladding tube.
  • Pieces of: 7, 13 or 19 pieces are advantageous.
  • the starting wire can be produced both in rods, tubes or rods and in endless ring material. These delivery forms are suitable for efficient production on automatic lathes.
  • the starting material is preferably a metal matrix with inserted metallic fibers made of tubes, wires or profile bodies.
  • the capillary channels are created by the inner diameter of the composite tubes. Due to the manufacturing process, the capillaries lose more or less their original shape when reducing from the initial diameter and profile to the final diameter.
  • the capillary channels arise in the spaces between the wires, which were originally preferably designed as round wires.
  • profile wire composite materials profile wires serve as inserts, while with profile tube composite materials, profiled tubes can be used inside, outside, or inside and outside.
  • capillary channels are by means of sheathed wire fiber composite materials.
  • the capillary channels are created by etching out the core material from the sheathed wires of the finished molded article.
  • the possible variant is the same as that of the tubular fiber composite materials, with the advantage that the dimension and geometry of the capillary channels can be determined more precisely and produced more consistently than is possible with tubular composite materials.
  • Another advantage compared to pipes is the better connection (welding process) between the matrix and the sheathed wire.
  • the disadvantages here are the higher manufacturing costs, both for the starting material and for the shaped body, and the only short capillary channels due to the etching, the self-holding forces of which are inevitably relatively low for liquids.
  • the outer geometry of the fiber composite materials in particular the geometry of the capillary channels or their geometric shape, is more or less changed by the deformation process, depending on the method.
  • any shape can be chosen for the design of the capillary channels.
  • the arrangement and the number of capillaries in the metal matrix can largely be freely selected.
  • the fibers both those made of pipe and those made of wire, can in principle be free in diameter, in geometry, in their position, in number and also in arrangement to get voted.
  • the dimensions and external shape of the fiber composite material can also be freely selected.
  • the combination of materials between the metallic matrix and the fibers made of wire or tube is limited in some processes due to the manufacturing process.
  • Pipe fiber materials are only of limited use from an economic point of view. In contrast, the profiled wire method described below appears to be particularly suitable.
  • the basic consideration presupposes that the fiber composite material can be manufactured in relatively long wires, starting from a relatively thick starting material.
  • Capillary channels are a well-suited and promising method for a mass product due to cost reasons.
  • the initial profiles are, for example, several
  • Circular sections with rolled-in semicircles With appropriate distribution, this results in at least two different profiles.
  • such a "fiber package” can be extruded, rolled or drawn.
  • Bundled individual profiles are also suitable as further variants of profile composite material.
  • Liquid are the diameters and lengths of the
  • a writing tip is made from a 6 mm long piece of tubular fiber composite material as follows.
  • Cu Zn 38 Pb 1.5 is used as the starting material for the cladding tube and Cu Zn 11 Nil Snl for the capillary tubes.
  • the dimension of the cladding tube is 6.8 mm for the outer diameter, in which 19 tube inserts with an inner diameter of 0.2 - 0.25 mm are inserted.
  • a standard converter for fountain pens with a 0.2 mm air-balancing hole is used as a filling tank for a writing tip made of tubular composite material and a pigmented ink is used as writing fluid.
  • the write test with this pattern showed that such a system works in principle.
  • writing tips made of fiber composite materials arise if a small tampon is possibly inserted into the capillary channels, which converts relatively small capillary forces into stronger capillary forces, starting from the same capillary diameters.
  • the size and cross-sectional geometry of the writing tip are freely selectable.
  • Capillary diameter They increase the self-holding power of the liquid in the capillary channels. This is important for large filling volumes.
  • Metallic fiber composite nibs with a ductile coating as writing nibs can through the inside metal tip and depending on the basic shape of the ductile, ie deformable, Writing tip, as lying around, softly clinging to the paper or smoothly and smoothly sliding over the paper, be designed for graphic, design, artist, school and painting needs.
  • a writing instrument can also be created which can be referred to as a "liquid pencil”.
  • a "pencil” could also have only a single hole as a dispensing opening.
  • This writing system can also be used and used multifunctionally, as a kit designed application devices with interchangeable, similar or different writing tips and / or with different writing medium colors.
  • the material of the ductile (deformable) writing tip must absorb writing fluid and release it onto the paper via capillary channels.
  • the geometry of the ductile writing tip can have a round cross section or any other shape. It can be rounded or flat at the tip of the pen.
  • the length of the writing tip changes the writing behavior and the possible uses of the writing system.
  • the combination of metallic fiber composite nib with ductile, relatively soft nib results in a completely new writing system and combines the properties of well-known writing systems such as ink pens, calligraphy pens, markers (especially layout painters) with additional options.
  • a ball bed made of fiber composite material should also be technically and economically feasible, in particular for ink pens which are referred to as "roller balls" and which are directly filled or equipped with ink cartridges.
  • ink pens which are referred to as "roller balls” and which are directly filled or equipped with ink cartridges.
  • an ink line with a regulator section is provided for air compensation.
  • metallic fiber composite material With metallic fiber composite material, a relatively inexpensive and space-saving alternative can be created.
  • a sealing plug made of fiber composite material consisting of a very thin washer and a valve flap made of soft plastic, might already be sufficient for this. The flap hangs down when the writing instrument is in the vertical position. Air can flow in through the fiber composite, while the flap prevents liquid from escaping through the disc when stored upside down.
  • valve flap When the writing instrument is in a vertical or horizontal position, the valve flap creates a ring due to the liquid pressure at the upper edge of the sealing plug.
  • the metallic fiber composite with capillary channels serves here as air equalization and shut-off valve. With a filter designed as a thin disc, the capillary forces are very low.
  • the vacuum created by the writing behind the writing liquid draws the liquid out of the capillary channels and the air can flow in again.
  • the low capillary forces result in only a low self-holding force of the liquid in the capillary channels. If the writing instrument is held upright, there is therefore a risk that the writing liquid will drip through the short capillary channels.
  • the valve flap counteracts this with a corresponding design by absorbing the liquid pressure of the standing writing column.
  • the principle of the plastic fiber-tip pen and its principle of transporting the writing fluid can be transferred to a metal tip via a capillary system.
  • the following writing systems can be equipped with such a metallic writing tip.
  • a possible disadvantage of a fiber pen with a metallic tip could be unfavorable sliding properties on paper.
  • ductile, ie soft, porous writing tips can also be applied to metallic fiber composite cores as a coating or applied as an exchangeable coating. This system enables artistic writing and drawing and freely selectable
  • ballpoint pens with a ball bed can also be produced from tubular fiber composite material; for different ball diameters, for different writing media and / or for different transport quantities of the writing fluid through different sizes of the capillary channels.
  • a ball bed made of fiber composite material also enables direct filling of the tank, since the flow of writing medium can be easily regulated via the fine capillary channels.
  • Fiber composite bodies with different diameters and with capillary holes can also be used as tube recorders.
  • thin tubes are less susceptible to faults, since a central center wire is no longer required.
  • the nibs can also be made from suitable moldings.
  • the oscillation behavior of the spring may also be adjustable and the flow rate of the ink may be regulated.

Landscapes

  • Pens And Brushes (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne des corps moulés (1) comportant des canaux (44) capillaires axiaux formés par des pièces saillantes (3) entourées d'une gaine tubulaire (2). Les pièces saillantes (3) et la gaine tubulaire (2) sont réalisées dans un métal formable et éventuellement durcissable par trempe et se présentent sous forme de fils (31), de fils sous gaine (32), de tubes (34) ou de corps profilés (33), introduits dans la gaine tubulaire (2) et assemblés les uns aux autres et à la gaine tubulaire de manière à ne pas pouvoir bouger dans le sens axial, par compression, par soudage ou brasage. La diminution de la section du corps moulé (1) et/ou du diamètre des canaux (44) s'effectue par formage.
PCT/DE1994/000621 1993-06-25 1994-06-03 Corps moules comportant des canaux axiaux et leur procede de fabrication WO1995000345A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP94916874A EP0656835A1 (fr) 1993-06-25 1994-06-03 Corps moules comportant des canaux axiaux et leur procede de fabrication

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DEP4321117.8 1993-06-25
DE19934321117 DE4321117A1 (de) 1993-06-25 1993-06-25 Formkörper mit axial verlaufenden Kanälen und Verfahren zu deren Herstellung

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1995000345A1 true WO1995000345A1 (fr) 1995-01-05

Family

ID=6491194

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/DE1994/000621 WO1995000345A1 (fr) 1993-06-25 1994-06-03 Corps moules comportant des canaux axiaux et leur procede de fabrication

Country Status (3)

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EP (1) EP0656835A1 (fr)
DE (1) DE4321117A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO1995000345A1 (fr)

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE10206336B4 (de) 2002-02-14 2004-10-07 Bauerhin, I.G. Elektrisches Heizelement für Sitzheizungen und Lenkradheizungen
DE102018108706A1 (de) * 2018-04-12 2019-10-17 Witzenmann Gmbh Leitungsanordnung zum Temperieren einer Rohrleitung und Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2259636A1 (de) * 1972-12-06 1974-06-20 Rau Fa G Verfahren zur herstellung eines metallischen faserverbundwerkstoffes
FR2528767A1 (fr) * 1982-06-16 1983-12-23 Shachihata Industrial Instrument d'ecriture a pointe bille
DE3240250C2 (de) * 1981-11-02 1985-05-02 Shachihata Industry Co., Ltd., Nagoya, Aichi Schreibspitze aus Metall
EP0518708A1 (fr) * 1991-06-14 1992-12-16 Teibow Company Limited Pointe d'écriture pour instrument à écrire

Family Cites Families (4)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1954340U (de) * 1964-06-03 1967-01-26 Pelikan Werke Wagner Guenther Schreibspitze fuer filzschreiber.
DE1511393A1 (de) * 1966-11-02 1969-06-12 Styra Gerd Metallene Kapillarschreibspitze sowie Verfahren zu deren Herstellung
US3737367A (en) * 1968-11-25 1973-06-05 Brunswick Corp Passage structure
US4127234A (en) * 1977-05-16 1978-11-28 The Bendix Corporation Multi orifice structure and method of making same

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2259636A1 (de) * 1972-12-06 1974-06-20 Rau Fa G Verfahren zur herstellung eines metallischen faserverbundwerkstoffes
DE3240250C2 (de) * 1981-11-02 1985-05-02 Shachihata Industry Co., Ltd., Nagoya, Aichi Schreibspitze aus Metall
FR2528767A1 (fr) * 1982-06-16 1983-12-23 Shachihata Industrial Instrument d'ecriture a pointe bille
EP0518708A1 (fr) * 1991-06-14 1992-12-16 Teibow Company Limited Pointe d'écriture pour instrument à écrire

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EP0656835A1 (fr) 1995-06-14
DE4321117A1 (de) 1995-01-05

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