WO1991015242A1 - Composes conjugues de polymeres et d'autres entites moleculaires organiques - Google Patents

Composes conjugues de polymeres et d'autres entites moleculaires organiques Download PDF

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WO1991015242A1
WO1991015242A1 PCT/GB1991/000515 GB9100515W WO9115242A1 WO 1991015242 A1 WO1991015242 A1 WO 1991015242A1 GB 9100515 W GB9100515 W GB 9100515W WO 9115242 A1 WO9115242 A1 WO 9115242A1
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thiol
polymer
group
sulphenyl
disulphide
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PCT/GB1991/000515
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English (en)
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Etienne Honoré SCHACHT
Ruth Duncan
Johan Loccufier
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Schacht Etienne Honore
Ruth Duncan
Johan Loccufier
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Publication of WO1991015242A1 publication Critical patent/WO1991015242A1/fr

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G65/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule
    • C08G65/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule from cyclic ethers by opening of the heterocyclic ring
    • C08G65/32—Polymers modified by chemical after-treatment
    • C08G65/338—Polymers modified by chemical after-treatment with inorganic and organic compounds
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
    • A61K47/51—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent
    • A61K47/56—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an organic macromolecular compound, e.g. an oligomeric, polymeric or dendrimeric molecule
    • A61K47/59—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an organic macromolecular compound, e.g. an oligomeric, polymeric or dendrimeric molecule obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyureas or polyurethanes
    • A61K47/60—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an organic macromolecular compound, e.g. an oligomeric, polymeric or dendrimeric molecule obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyureas or polyurethanes the organic macromolecular compound being a polyoxyalkylene oligomer, polymer or dendrimer, e.g. PEG, PPG, PEO or polyglycerol
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
    • A61K47/51—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent
    • A61K47/56—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an organic macromolecular compound, e.g. an oligomeric, polymeric or dendrimeric molecule
    • A61K47/61—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an organic macromolecular compound, e.g. an oligomeric, polymeric or dendrimeric molecule the organic macromolecular compound being a polysaccharide or a derivative thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
    • A61K47/51—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent
    • A61K47/68—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an antibody, an immunoglobulin or a fragment thereof, e.g. an Fc-fragment
    • A61K47/6835—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an antibody, an immunoglobulin or a fragment thereof, e.g. an Fc-fragment the modifying agent being an antibody or an immunoglobulin bearing at least one antigen-binding site
    • A61K47/6883—Polymer-drug antibody conjugates, e.g. mitomycin-dextran-Ab; DNA-polylysine-antibody complex or conjugate used for therapy
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G65/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule
    • C08G65/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule from cyclic ethers by opening of the heterocyclic ring
    • C08G65/32—Polymers modified by chemical after-treatment
    • C08G65/329—Polymers modified by chemical after-treatment with organic compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G65/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule
    • C08G65/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule from cyclic ethers by opening of the heterocyclic ring
    • C08G65/32—Polymers modified by chemical after-treatment
    • C08G65/329—Polymers modified by chemical after-treatment with organic compounds
    • C08G65/334—Polymers modified by chemical after-treatment with organic compounds containing sulfur

Definitions

  • the present invention relates, at least from one aspect, to the production of conjugate compounds by covalent attachment or coupling of organic molecular entities to polymers, especially but not exclusively macromolecules or polymers that can serve as relatively inert carriers in biological systems thereby to be useful for various therapeutic or diagnostic purposes, for example as drug delivery agents.
  • the invention also relates to the preparation and uses of polymers having one or more thiol-specific reactive groups enabling selective coupling to tie achieved to thiol containing compounds, especially bioactive compounds, yielding conjugate products that may have particularly useful applications in biological systems.
  • macromolecules either natural, synthetic or semisynthetic polymers
  • these may be coupled to the macromolecular polymer to form a polymer/drug conjugate by covalent biodegradable bonds designed to permit a controlled release of the drug within the body of the recipient, such release in some instances occurring actually within particular cells that are able to take up the polymer/drug conjugate.
  • targeting moieties or determinants capable of recognising and interacting with specific sites or cell surface receptors whereby the polymeric drug carrier may be "targeted" to the particular areas or cells where the drug is required before the drug is released.
  • targeting moieties or determinants which can include molecular entities such as hormones, antibodies or other proteins, can permit site-specific drug delivery.
  • drug release then takes place by biodegradation and cleavage of the bonds linking or coupling the drug molecules to the carrier, e.g. by hydrolytic cleavage promoted by intracellular enzyme systems following pinocytic uptake of the carrier/drug conjugate.
  • macromolecular drug carriers can be regarded as affording a possibility of restricting the body distribution, and of controlling the release, of drugs thereby to improve their therapeutic index.
  • the molecules to be coupled to the polymeric carrier may include proteins of which antibodies
  • antibody fragments provide one example.
  • the concept of using antibodies, especially monoclonal antibodies, for therapeutic purposes and as targeting moieties in conjunction with drugs, coupled either directly or by way of an intermediary macromolecular drug carrier, is in fact quite attractive having regard to the high specificity of antibodies.
  • considerable difficulties have hitherto been encountered in devising practical systems for use in human medicine, due for example to interference with the antigen binding sites and loss of antibody specificity following coupling to another molecule, adverse immunological response effects, and problems arising in relation to transport to the required cellular or tissue location.
  • the latter difficulty can be particularly acute if the antibody conjugate is too large for efficient uptake from the bloodstream.
  • antibody complexes e.g.
  • antitumour antibodies conjugated to radioisotopes have been used and administered in human medicine for diagnostic applications, in which case the fact that only a very small percentage of the antibody conjugates may actually reach the relevant location can often be compensated for by sophisticated computer-imaging techniques, for therapeutic applications it is essential that a high concentration of the antibody conjugates should reach the relevant location. For this reason at least, the size of the coupled molecular entities in any carrier polymer/antibody conjugates needs be kept as small as possible, and generally it may be advantageous to use only active antigen binding fragments of the antibody proteins for targeting purposes.
  • the present invention can provide a solution to this problem, as well as providing a means of achieving selective coupling between other polymers *or between polymers and various other organic molecular entities which, particularly in the case of bioactive molecules, may be useful in biological systems.
  • the invention is based broadly on the application of a concept of covendingiy coupling together a macromolecular chain polymer compound and another organic molecular entity utilising a method in which a thiol-specific reactive disulphide or sulphenyl thiocarbonate group, —S—S—CO—OR where R is alkyl, aryl or alkylaryl, in one of the molecular species is reacted with a sulphydryl or thiol group present or provided in the other molecular species.
  • thiol-specific reactive sulphenyl thiocarbonate groups as specified above, for example methoxycarbonyl- disulphide groups, since these react easily and rapidly with sulphydryl or thiol (—SH) groups (hereinafter termed simply thiol groups) resulting in fragmentation yielding carbonyl sulphide and an unsymmetrical disulphide, as first reported by Brois et al (J.A.C.S., 92 ⁇ (1970), 7629).
  • This reaction it has been found, can be carried out in aqueous media e.g. phosphate buffer, and under mild conditions without application of heat, e.g. at room temperature or below.
  • sulphenyl thiocarbonate groups are generally stable to many other functional groups and are thus highly specific in their reaction with thiols.
  • the invention provides a process for preparing a conjugate compound in which a macromolecular chain polymer is selectively coupled to another organic molecular entity, said process being characterised by the steps of:
  • step (c) treating the compound of either step (a) or step (b) to convert the thiol or protected thiol group thereof into a thiol-specific reactive disulphide or sulphenyl thiocarbonate group, —SrS—CO—OR where R is alkyl, aryl or alkylaryl, and
  • step (d) reacting together the compound of step (a) or step (b) that is not utilised in step (c) with the product of step (c) whereby the thiol-specific reactive disulphide or sulphenyl thiocarbonate group of the latter reacts with the thiol or protected thiol group of the other reactant to result in the formation of an unsymmetrical disulphide covalent linkage between the polymer and said other molecular entity.
  • the macromolecular chain polymers can have a wide variety of molecular weights, ranging for example from several hundred to many tens of thousands of daltons. For use in biological systems, they will usually be water soluble polymers.
  • this is conveniently formed by reacting a thiol or (preferably) a protected thiol group, i.e. —SY where Y is hydrogen or a protective group such as trityl, tert. butyl or acetamidomethyl, with a carbonyl sulphenyl halide, Hal—S—CO—OR, for example an alkoxycarbonylsulphenyl chloride (carboalkoxy-sulphenyl chloride).
  • Alternative thiol-specific reactive disulphide groups as previously referred to may be formed by reacting a thiol or protected thiol group with an aromatic sulphenyl halide such as 2-nitrophenyl sulphenyl chloride or 2-pyridyl sulphenyl chloride for example.
  • aromatic sulphenyl halide such as 2-nitrophenyl sulphenyl chloride or 2-pyridyl sulphenyl chloride for example.
  • the molecular species provided or formed with the reactive disulphide or sulphenyl thiocarbonate group is preferably the polymer to which the other organic molecular entity is to be coupled.
  • a multi-functional polymer containing a plurality of thiol-specific reactive groups can be formed by the same basic reaction strategy and may then be used selectively to couple a plurality of other organic molecular entities at different locations, generally through spacer linkages and disulphide bonds.
  • the invention may very advantageously be applied for example to the coupling of drug molecules (especially —SH containing drugs such as the antitumour drugs mercaptopurine and thioguanine for example) and/or targeting moieties (especially antibodies or antibody fragments and other small thiol-containing proteins) to soluble polymers which provide macromolecular carriers for controlled drug delivery.
  • drug molecules especially —SH containing drugs such as the antitumour drugs mercaptopurine and thioguanine for example
  • targeting moieties especially antibodies or antibody fragments and other small thiol-containing proteins
  • thiols such as cysteine or glutathione
  • Multi-functional polymers containing a plurality of the thiol-specific reactive groups as referred to above may, of course, also contain other reactive groups, e.g. reactive esters or reactive carbonates that allow coupling with amines, which can also be utilised for attaching other drug molecules or molecular entities without use of a disulphide bond.
  • the polymer may be provided or formed with only one of the thiol- specific reactive groups, e.g. for coupling a single targeting moiety or. protein such as an antibody fragment.
  • Such single thiol-specific reactive group may be located along the length of the polymer or, more preferably, as a functional terminal group at an end of the polymer chain, e.g. in the case of poly— —aminoacids or monomethoxy- polyethylene glycols.
  • one of the thiol- specific reactive groups may be formed or provided at each terminal chain end of the polymer, as for example in the case of an ⁇ , ⁇ —bifunctional polyethylene glycol or polyethylene oxide, so that the polymer only has functional thiol-specific reactive end groups.
  • the invention also provides a method of selectively coupling a thiol-containing protein or polypeptide to a macromolecular polymer carrier wherein the polymer carrier is provided or formed with a single thiol- specific reactive disulphide or sulphenyl thiocarbonate group and is then reacted with the protein or polypeptide so as to result in interaction with a thiol group in the latter and establishment of a covalent disulphide linkage between the protein or polypeptide and the macromolecular polymer carrier to form a conjugate compound thereof.
  • the invention also provides conjugates of a macromolecular polymer carrier and a protein or polypeptide in which covalent coupling is established by a covalent disulphide linkage.
  • the invention further provides such conjugates in which there is a polymer to protein or polypeptide conjugation ratio of 1:1.
  • the polymers are initially prepared with one or more protected —SH substituents which, possibly after performing other reactions to modify the polymer and attach other drug molecules for example, are finally activated and converted to the corresponding reactive disulphide groups, preferably sulphenyl thiocarbonate groups, by treatment with a sulphenyl halide immediately prior to coupling with an —SH containing protein, antibody or antibody fragment, or other organic molecular entity.
  • Preferred —SH protective groups include trityl, tert, butyl and acetamidomethyl groups which are readily removed in the reaction with the sulphenyl halide reagent, but any other suitable protective groups which are likewise readily removed by the sulphenyl halide reagent could equally well be used instead.
  • trityl and acetamidomethyl protective groups it may be noted that the former is rather hydrophobic whereas the latter is much more hydrophilic, and since this can affect the solubility properties of the conjugates formed this may be a factor that will, influence the choice of protective group to be used in practice.
  • the carrier polymer can first be prepared with a protected thiol group and, for example, with OH groups. The latter can then be (partially) converted into reactive derivatives (e.g. carbonate esters) which allow coupling with drug moieties. Only in the last stage is the thiol group activated and coupled with another thiol-containing molecule, such as a thiol-containing protein, e.g. Fab'-SH.
  • This scheme permits the conjugates to be prepared in organic media up to the point where they are to be coupled with the other molecular entity which, in the case of a protein for example, may be quite fragile.
  • This coupling reaction can be carried out in aqueous buffer and under mild conditions so that risks of degradation at this stage are minimized.
  • a protein for example, if coupling should occur in an earlier stage it may be damaged or degraded during subsequent chemical modification of the polymeric carrier.
  • the invention therefore enables polymers to be prepared carrying different moieties that can be introduced stepwise and under acceptable reaction conditions.
  • carbonyl sulphenyl halide reagent When using a carbonyl sulphenyl halide reagent, most commonly methoxycarbonyl sulphenyl chloride will be a preferred choice on account of its widespread availability and convenient handling characteristics, but other halides such as bromides could also be used.
  • the carbonyl sulphenyl halide will usually be an alkoxycarbonyl halide with the alkyl group being methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl or butyl since the halides, or at least the chlorides, of these alkoxycarbonyl sulphenyl reagents are most readily capable of purification by distillation.
  • the required thiol or protected thiol group or groups must be introduced in a preliminary stage as already mentioned, and for this purpose the polymer may need first to be converted into a reactive derivative that can link with an amine or other carrier used to introduce the thiol or protected thiol group(s) .
  • the number of such reactive groups formed along the dextran chain can be controlled by the amount of chloroformate added and by the reaction conditions such that any activation percentage between 0 and 30% of the anhydro glucoside units in the dextran chain can be achieved.
  • the polymer may then be reacted with mercapto-ethylamine or, for example, 2-S-trityl mercapto- ethylamine, to form the required number of thiol or protected thiol groups, whilst other remaining reactive ONp or carbonate groups, if any, may be coupled in known manner by aminolysis (in organic media) to other molecular entities or compounds containing aliphatic —NH2 groups and drug molecules.
  • the polymer can then be treated with alkoxycarbonyl sulphenyl chloride to activate the thiol or protected thiol .
  • the end group or groups may first be activated by treatment with an activating agent such as p-nitrophenylchloroformate and is then reacted with a protected thiol-containing primary amine such as 2-[S-trityl]mercaptoethylamine to provide a protected thiol derivative that is subsequently activated and converted into a thiol-specific reactive group by treatment with methoxycarbonyl sulphenyl chloride to yield the corresponding methoxycarbonyl disulphide or sulphenyl thiocarbonate derivative. This can then be isolated and reacted as required with the —SH containing residue to be coupled.
  • an activating agent such as p-nitrophenylchloroformate
  • a protected thiol-containing primary amine such as 2-[S-trityl]mercaptoethylamine
  • methoxycarbonyl sulphenyl chloride to yield the corresponding methoxycarbonyl disulphide or sulphen
  • the antileukaemic drug asparaginase which otherwise normally have only a short active lifetime after injection and which can also cause an adverse immune response after repeated administration, as well as in connection with proteins such c rr. ⁇ xicclcnal antibodies used for targeting which likewise are likely to cause an adverse immune response after repeated administration.
  • proteins such as c rr. ⁇ xicclcnal antibodies used for targeting which likewise are likely to cause an adverse immune response after repeated administration.
  • the invention also relates to the production of polymers such as polyamino acids having a terminal thiol- specific reactive group at one end, and to the coupling thereof to any suitable protein or other molecular species, especially a bioactive molecular species, having a thiol group, again with the possibility of producing 1:1 conjugates.
  • the invention further provides a novel method for synthesis of such polymers, especially polyamino acids, that may also include a plurality of other functional groups, e.g. hydroxyl groups on side chains or spacers, available for coupling to other molecular entities, such as drugs, along the length of the polymer chain.
  • This novel method of synthesis is based on the use of a mercaptoamine derivative, especially an —SH protected mercaptoamine YS—R— H 2 or an active derivative thereof, as *an initiator for the polymerisation of monomer units, for example N—carboxyanhydride (NCA) derivatives of aminoacids, whereby the mercaptoamine derivative becomes incorporated as an end unit of the polymer chain.
  • NCA N—carboxyanhydride
  • the invention also provides a process for preparing a conjugate compound in which a synthetic macromolecular chain polymer is selectively coupled to another organic molecular entity, characterised in that during the process
  • the polymer is synthesised from monomer units in a polymerisation reaction initiated by a mercaptoamine derivative that becomes incorporated as an end unit of the polymer chain; (b) the polymer is formed with a thiol-specific reactive disulphide or sulphenyl thiocarbonate group,
  • the benzylester used as a —COOH protective group in the side chain is transformed into an amide by reaction with a hydroxylamine H 2 N—R"—OH, e.g.
  • activation e.g. methoxycarbonyl sulphenyl chloride
  • activation e.g. methoxycarbonyl sulphenyl chloride
  • HS—Fab antibody fragment
  • Derivatives of the thiol-protected mercaptoamine may also be used as the —SY introducing agent and polymeris- ation initiator, e.g. Trityl-S-R-NH-CO-(CH 2 ) n -NH 2 -
  • the —SY group could even be activated to produce the thiol reactive disulphide or sulphenyl thiocarbonate group in the amine compound prior to using the latter as an initiator for the NCA polymerisation, although in practice this will often not be desirable since the alkoxycarbonyl disulphide or sulphenylalkoxy thio ⁇ carbonate group may become cleaved during subsequent treatment of the polymer before reaching the stage at which coupling is required. Therefore, activation of the protected thiol group by treatment with an alkoxycarbonylsulphenyl halide will usually be delayed until a later stage, shortly before the coupling reaction is to be performed, in the normally preferred procedure.
  • proteins and peptides which it may be desired to couple to a polymer carrier as herein described can now be genetically engineered or synthesised, they may be specifically "tailored" to contain appropriate aminoacids, e.g. thiol- containing aminoacids, to facilitate the coupling and this may also be of assistance in establishing a close control of the conjugation ratio and location of the linkages to the polymer. It is, for example, easily possible in some cases to ensure that the protein or peptide to be coupled contains only one thiol group, thereby facilitating the production of a 1:1 conjugation ratio.
  • appropriate aminoacids e.g. thiol- containing aminoacids
  • the invention also includes pharmaceutical formulations comprising polymer conjugate compounds as herein disclosed, especially conjugate compounds containing cytotoxic and/or other bioactive drug molecules and a "targeting" moiety, made up for administration in any suitable manner, for example parenterally (including intravenously, intramuscularly and subcutaneously) or orally.
  • Such formulations containing for example therapeutically ⁇ effective amounts or dosages of the polymer/drug conjugates together possibly with at least one other ingredient providing a compatible pharmaceutically acceptable additive, diluent or excipient, may be prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy.
  • a second example of a "model" thiol-containing compound for coupling to the polymer was provided by reduced glutathione.
  • Glutathione is a tripeptide widely occurring in biological systems as an intra ⁇ cellular non-protein thiol which is believed to play an important role in protecting cells from damage by toxic substances, and it has already been proposed to provide conjugates of glutathione with soluble macromolecular carrier polymers such as dextran for use in therapeutic applications (see for example Y. Kaneo et al. Pharmaceutical Research (1989) Vol. 6, No. 12, pp 1025-1031, published by Plenum Publishing Corporation).
  • the linear and cyclic carbonate content was determine ⁇ -
  • the isolated polymer was redissolved in 50ml dry DMSO and 25ml dry pyridine. 2.5 equivalents 2—S—trityl mercapto ethylamine (1 ) , compared to the determined total carbonate content, were added and the reaction was allowed to continue for 48 hours.
  • CH3 isopropyl 6 1.32 ppm e) 2—(glutathionyldithio)ethylaminocarbamoyl dextran (5 )
  • the coupled polymer was isolated by precipitation in 60ml ether and 60ml methanol, followed by centrifugation.
  • the isolated product was further purified by preparative GPC on Sephadex G15 (eluent: double distilled water), followed by freeze drying.
  • This example is included to show the manner in which a multi-functional polymer may be coupled to other molecular entities such as drug molecules via non- thiol groups prior to coupling with a thiol-containing compound via a reactive sulphenyl thiocarbonate group.
  • the polymer was redissolved in 20ml dry DMSO and 10ml dry pyridine and reacted with 162 ⁇ l (2.1 mmol) ( ⁇ )—1—amino—2—propanol for 48 hours. This was chosen as a model amine to demonstrate the possible coupling to an amine-containing drug molecule whilst retaining the protected thiol group for subsequent activation and coupling to another, thiol-containing, compound.
  • the polymer was precipitated in 100ml ether and 100ml ethanol, filtered and washed with methanol and ether.
  • the product (6) was further purified by preparative GPC on Sephadex G15 (eluent: double distilled water), followed by freeze drying.
  • this example demonstrates the feasibility of the chemistry for selective successive coupling of both amino- containing molecules, e.g. a drug, and thiol-containing molecules, e.g. a protein, to a multi-functional polymer such as dextran.
  • NCA N- carboxyanhydride
  • H 2 S0 50 ml 98% H 2 S0 was added to a suspension of 500 ml of diethyl ether and 500 ml benzyl alcohol. Ether was removed under reduced pressure. 73.5g of L—glutamic acid (0.5 mol) was added. After 20 hours stirring at room temperature, 900 ml of H 2 0 was added while cooling to 10"C. The pH was brought up to 6-6.5, with LiOH, to precipitate the gamma—benzyl—L—glutamate. The precipitate was left standing at 0°C for 1 hour. The ester was isolated by filtration and recrystallized with H 2 0. Characterization of the gamma—ester was done using - ⁇ H—NMR spectroscopy, TGA; at 165°C cyclization occurs removing the benzyl alcohol. DSC showed a melting point of 183°C.
  • N—carboxyanhydride of • gamma—benzyl—L— glutamate (NCA) 20g of gamma—benzyl—L—glutamate ( 1 ) (84 mmol) was dissolved in 200 ml of dry THF. 8.34g of triphosgene (28 mmol) was added very carefully while the mixture was held at a temperature of 50°C. After 15 minutes the solution cleared. After 3 hours N 2 was bubbled through the solution for 2 hours. The NCA' s obtained were_ precipitated in a 5 fold excess of dry hexane. After filtration, the product was dissolved in a- minimal amount of ethyl acetate and recrystallized in a large amount of hexane compared to the amount of ethyl acetate. Recrystallization was performed twice.
  • the NCA was then dried at room temperature, under reduced pressure.
  • the product was purified using a strong acidic ion exchanger, Amberlite e.g.200, and lyophilised.
  • the pure polymer was obtained by precipitating it in a 5-fold excess of CHC1 3 /Et 2 0:50:50 and using a prepar ⁇ ative GPC column filled with TSK-HW40(S).
  • the separation was performed under an atmosphere of Argon to avoid re-oxidation.
  • the column used was a weakly acidic cation exchanger (Amberlite CG—50 supplied by Sigma) .
  • the column dimensions were 2.5 x 2.5 cm.
  • insulin A-chain was eluted with 500ml 5% acetic acid.
  • Insulin B-chain was then eluted with 210 ml 50% acetic acid.
  • the yield of insulin B-chain by this process was approximately 85 mg (24.3 ⁇ mol) containing 48.6 mol thiol groups.
  • the insulin B-chain, together with the acetic acid was immediately collected in a flask containing 48.6 ⁇ mol of the sulphenylthiocarbonate substituted poly-HEG, dissolved in 30 ml oxygen-free phosphate buffer, pH 7, under Argon atmosphere. This mixture was left to stand at room temperature for two hours. The volume was rotary evaporated down to 15ml. The solution was then dialysed for 12 hours. (dialysis tubing: MWCO- 1000 supplied by Polylab. )
  • reaction product was analysed by analytical HPLC.
  • Preparative HPLC on C-18 phase allowed isolation of the desired coupling product.
  • the chemical structure of the latter was confirmed as being a 1:2 conjugate (1 B-chain, 2 poly-HEG) by reduction with dithio- tritol and HPLC and capillary electrophoresis analysis of the products formed.
  • Conjugates of this kind may be particularly useful for modifying the hydrophilic/hydrophophic characteristics and/or immunogenicity of proteins in biological systems, as previously indicated.
  • S—Trityl cysteine has also been used to introduce S—trityl groups along a dextran chain or at the end of a monomethoxypolyethyleneglycol chain.
  • the chemistry is similar to that herein described using 2—S— rityl- mercaptoethylamine, Trit—S—CH 2 CH 2 — H 2 .
  • the invention also includes all novel and inventive features and aspects herein disclosed, either explicitly or implicitly and either singly or in combination with one another, and the scope of the invention is not to be construed as being limited by the illustrative examples or by the terms and expressions used herein merely in a descriptive or explanatory sense.

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Abstract

Procédé selon lequel on peut coupler de manière sélective et covalente des polymères à chaînes macromoléculaires à d'autres entités moléculaires organiques afin de produire des composés conjugués utilisant une réaction entre un groupe disulfure réactif spécifique de thiol, de préférence un groupe sulphényle-thiocarbonate, dans une des espèces moléculaires et un groupe sulphydryle ou thiol dans l'autre espèce moléculaire. Le procédé est particulièrement applicable au couplage sélectif de molécules bio-actives à des polymères pouvant servir de supports relativement inertes dans des systèmes biologiques, utilisés par exemple comme agents de libération de médicaments contenant des fractions ciblantes spécifiques de sites. Le procédé permet également, entre autres, un couplage 1:1 entre des supports de médicaments polymères et des protéines ou des polypeptides, y compris des anticorps ou des fragments d'anticorps.
PCT/GB1991/000515 1990-04-02 1991-04-02 Composes conjugues de polymeres et d'autres entites moleculaires organiques WO1991015242A1 (fr)

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GB909007384A GB9007384D0 (en) 1990-04-02 1990-04-02 Coupling between polymers and other organic molecular entities utilising thiol-specific reactive groups
GB9007384.2 1990-04-02

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Cited By (7)

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EP0622394A1 (fr) * 1993-04-30 1994-11-02 S.A. Laboratoires S.M.B. Modification reversible de composés contenant du soufre par des glycols de polyalkylène et leur utilisation
US5607659A (en) * 1993-02-02 1997-03-04 Neorx Corporation Directed biodistribution of radiolabelled biotin using carbohydrate polymers
US7790167B2 (en) 1997-11-10 2010-09-07 Cyt Immune Sciences, Inc. Methods and compositions for enhancing immune response and for the production of in vitro Mabs
US7951614B2 (en) 2003-12-02 2011-05-31 Cytimmune Sciences, Inc. Methods and compositions for the production of monoclonal antibodies
US7960145B2 (en) 2007-11-08 2011-06-14 Cytimmune Sciences, Inc. Compositions and methods for generating antibodies
USRE42524E1 (en) 2001-04-30 2011-07-05 Cytimmune Sciences, Inc. Colloidal metal compositions and methods
US8137989B2 (en) 1994-03-18 2012-03-20 Cytimmune Sciences, Inc. Method for delivering a cytokine using a colloidal metal

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US6232434B1 (en) 1996-08-02 2001-05-15 Duke University Medical Center Polymers for delivering nitric oxide in vivo
US5770645A (en) * 1996-08-02 1998-06-23 Duke University Medical Center Polymers for delivering nitric oxide in vivo

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Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5607659A (en) * 1993-02-02 1997-03-04 Neorx Corporation Directed biodistribution of radiolabelled biotin using carbohydrate polymers
EP0622394A1 (fr) * 1993-04-30 1994-11-02 S.A. Laboratoires S.M.B. Modification reversible de composés contenant du soufre par des glycols de polyalkylène et leur utilisation
US8137989B2 (en) 1994-03-18 2012-03-20 Cytimmune Sciences, Inc. Method for delivering a cytokine using a colloidal metal
US7790167B2 (en) 1997-11-10 2010-09-07 Cyt Immune Sciences, Inc. Methods and compositions for enhancing immune response and for the production of in vitro Mabs
USRE42524E1 (en) 2001-04-30 2011-07-05 Cytimmune Sciences, Inc. Colloidal metal compositions and methods
US8785202B2 (en) 2001-04-30 2014-07-22 Cytimmune Sciences, Inc. Colloidal metal compositions and methods
US7951614B2 (en) 2003-12-02 2011-05-31 Cytimmune Sciences, Inc. Methods and compositions for the production of monoclonal antibodies
US7960145B2 (en) 2007-11-08 2011-06-14 Cytimmune Sciences, Inc. Compositions and methods for generating antibodies
US8486663B2 (en) 2007-11-08 2013-07-16 Cytlmmune Sciences, Inc. Compositions and methods for generating antibodies

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GB9007384D0 (en) 1990-05-30
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GB2244491A (en) 1991-12-04

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