Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
  • G03C—PHOTOSENSITIVE MATERIALS FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PURPOSES; PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES, e.g. CINE, X-RAY, COLOUR, STEREO-PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES; AUXILIARY PROCESSES IN PHOTOGRAPHY
  • G03C1/00—Photosensitive materials
  • G03C1/005—Silver halide emulsions; Preparation thereof; Physical treatment thereof; Incorporation of additives therein
  • G03C1/035—Silver halide emulsions; Preparation thereof; Physical treatment thereof; Incorporation of additives therein characterised by the crystal form or composition, e.g. mixed grain
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
  • G03C—PHOTOSENSITIVE MATERIALS FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PURPOSES; PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES, e.g. CINE, X-RAY, COLOUR, STEREO-PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES; AUXILIARY PROCESSES IN PHOTOGRAPHY
  • G03C5/00—Photographic processes or agents therefor; Regeneration of such processing agents
  • G03C5/26—Processes using silver-salt-containing photosensitive materials or agents therefor
  • G03C5/50—Reversal development; Contact processes
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
  • G03C—PHOTOSENSITIVE MATERIALS FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PURPOSES; PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES, e.g. CINE, X-RAY, COLOUR, STEREO-PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES; AUXILIARY PROCESSES IN PHOTOGRAPHY
  • G03C7/00—Multicolour photographic processes or agents therefor; Regeneration of such processing agents; Photosensitive materials for multicolour processes
  • G03C7/30—Colour processes using colour-coupling substances; Materials therefor; Preparing or processing such materials
  • G03C7/3022—Materials with specific emulsion characteristics, e.g. thickness of the layers, silver content, shape of AgX grains
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
  • G03C—PHOTOSENSITIVE MATERIALS FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PURPOSES; PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES, e.g. CINE, X-RAY, COLOUR, STEREO-PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES; AUXILIARY PROCESSES IN PHOTOGRAPHY
  • G03C1/00—Photosensitive materials
  • G03C1/005—Silver halide emulsions; Preparation thereof; Physical treatment thereof; Incorporation of additives therein
  • G03C1/035—Silver halide emulsions; Preparation thereof; Physical treatment thereof; Incorporation of additives therein characterised by the crystal form or composition, e.g. mixed grain
  • G03C2001/03535—Core-shell grains
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
  • G03C—PHOTOSENSITIVE MATERIALS FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PURPOSES; PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES, e.g. CINE, X-RAY, COLOUR, STEREO-PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES; AUXILIARY PROCESSES IN PHOTOGRAPHY
  • G03C1/00—Photosensitive materials
  • G03C1/005—Silver halide emulsions; Preparation thereof; Physical treatment thereof; Incorporation of additives therein
  • G03C1/035—Silver halide emulsions; Preparation thereof; Physical treatment thereof; Incorporation of additives therein characterised by the crystal form or composition, e.g. mixed grain
  • G03C2001/03558—Iodide content

Definitions

• This invention relates to photographic silver haloiodide emulsions, photographic silver halide elements, particularly elements designed for forming reversal images, incorporating these emulsions, and processes for the use of the photographic elements.
• Photographic emulsions useful in photography typically comprise a dispersing medium, such as gelatin, containing grains of photographic silver halide.
• Photographic ⁇ silver halide emulsions, particularly photographic silver bromoiodide emulsions and their preparation are described in, for example, such standard texts as Duffin, Photographic Emulsion Chemistry, Focal Press, 1966 and Mees and James, The Theory of the Photographic Process, Macmillan Publishing Co., 4th Edition, 1977.
• Photographic silver halide emulsions having various grain sizes and shapes are also known in photography. Such photographic silver halide emulsions can be monodisr/ersed or polydispersed.
• the photographic silver halide emulsions include core—shell emulsions. Illustrative emulsions are described in, for example, U.S. Patents 4,692,400; 4,670,375; 4,636,461; 4,668,614; 4,665,012;and 4,477,564 and European Patent Application 147,868.
• Core-shell silver bromoiodide emulsions particularly such emulsions designed for negative photographic materials, that were considered as answers to this problem do not provide a useful reduction in granularity.
• Such emulsions include core—shell emulsions described in U.S. Patent 3,505,068. No answer to this problem in formation of color reversal images, particularly in camera speed color reversal photographic silver haloiodide elements, was clear from the description of core-shell photographic silver halide emulsions in these references.
• a photographic silver halide emulsion comprising a dispersing medium, preferably gelatin or a gelatin derivative, and photographic silver haloiodide, preferably silver bromoiodide, that (a) is a negative—working, core—shell silver haloiodide; (b) contains total iodide (I.) within the range of 0.5 to 8 mole percent; and, (c) wherein the silver haloiodide has a volume fraction of the shell (Vs) that is greater than 0.05 but less than or equal to a constant (A) times the total iodide in mole percent (I. ) wherein A is a unitless parameter equal to 0.15 plus or minus 0.05.
• Another aspect of the invention is a photographic element, particularly a reversal color photographic element, comprised of a support bearing at least one photographic silver haloiodide emulsion layer, as described herein.
• a further aspect of the invention is a method of forming a reversal image, particularly a color reversal image, by exposure and reversal processing a photographic element as described herein.
• the described invention enables unique and unexpected advantages.
• the described emulsion, element and process enable the reduction of granularity of a color reversal image.
• the described emulsions are particularly advantageous when chemically sensitized and spectrally sensitized and in color reversal photographic materials designed to produce reversal color images.
• the described core-shell photographic silver bromoiodide emulsions in addition to enabling reduced granularity, also enable improved spectral sensitization, improved control of densitometric curve shape.
• volume fraction of the shell (Vs) herein means the volume of the shell of the described emulsion grain divided by the total volume of the emulsion grain (sum of the volume of the core plus the volume of the shell).
• V is also equal to the number of moles of silver haloiodide in the shell of the emulsion grain divided by the total number of moles of silver haloiodide in the emulsion grain (sum of the number of moles in the core plus the number of moles in the shell).
• the parameter V can be related to shell thickness, but the relationship depends upon the morphology of the emulsion grain and the size of the emulsion.
• the emulsion can be a cubic emulsion with a cubic core. If the total edge length of the emulsion is L and the core edge length is s, then from simple geometry the total volume of the
• Vs volume fraction of the shell (Vs is (L 3 -s 3 )/L 3 .
• the shell thickness (t) of this emulsion, measured from the face of the cubic core to the face of the cubic grain is (L-s)/2. Using these relationships, Vs can be expressed in terms of L and t as follows:
• Vs volume fraction of the shell
• V A x It wherein A is a unitless constant equal to 0.15 plus or minus 0.05, and I ⁇ ,t is the total iodide (in mole percent) in the silver haloidide grain.
• the constant A is defined within a range of plus or minus 0.05 because the exact value of A can vary depending upon the subsequent surface treatments of the emulsion.
• the total bulk iodide of the silver haloiodide can be determined by procedures and means known in the photographic art.
• the volume fraction of the shell is outside the described range the described core—shell photographic silver halide does not provide decreased granularity with other desired properties of a core-shell photographic silver halide.
• the optimum volume fraction of the shell will depend upon such factors as the desired image, the particular photographic element, the optimum chemical sensitization of the emulsion, the optimum spectral sensitization of the emulsion, and the particular reversal process for forming the image in the photographic element.
• the value of A can also vary within its defined range (0.15 plus or minus 0.05) with such factors.
• the grain size and the characteristics of the silver haloiodide, particularly the silver bromoiodide, as described can be readily ascertained by procedures well known in the photographic art.
• the shape and size of the silver haloiodide grain can be any shape and size that are known in the photographic art.
• the grain size is typically within the range of 1.0 to 0.3 microns, preferably within the range of 0.7 to 0.4 microns.
• the shape of the grain is typically cubic, -octahedral or cubooctahedral, but other grain shapes known in the photographic art are useful, such as tabular grains.
• the silver haloiodide emulsion can be polydispersed or monodispersed.
• monodispersed herein means that at least 95% (such as 95 to 99.97.) by weight of the silver haloiodide grains less than the mean grain diameter and at least 957, (such as 95 to 99.97o) by number of the silver haloiodide grains larger than the mean grain diameter must be within 407. of the mean grain diameter.
• the mean grain diameter means the diameter of a circle equal in area to the mean projected area of the silver haloiodide grains, especially viewed in a photomicrograph or an electronmicrograph of an emulsion sample.
• silver haloiodide grains which may be any shape known in the photographic art may have rounded corners and rounded edges .
• the core of the silver haloiodide grain as described can have various shapes as known in the photographic art.
• the core shape can be essentially round, cubic, octahedral, cubooctahedral or other shape.
• the silver haloiodide grains as described can be formed by conventional double jet emulsion preparation techniques and methods known in the photographic art.
• a dispersing medium preferably an aqueous gelatin or gelatin derivative composition
• the dispersing medium is introduced into the reaction vessel in a concen ⁇ tration that is at least .017,, preferably .057. to 57., by weight based on the total weight of the dispersing medium present in the silver haloiodide emulsion at the conclusion of grain precipitation.
• the volume of dispersing medium initially present in the reaction vessel can equal or exceed the volume of the silver haloiodide emulsion present in the reaction vessel at the conclusion of the grain precipitation.
• the dispersing medium introduced into the reaction vessel is preferably a dispersion of peptizer in water, particularly gelatin in water, optionally containing other ingredients, such as silver halide ripening agents and/or metal dopants.
• the peptizer, particularly gelatin or a gelatin derivative is preferably initially present in a concentration of at least 10%, preferably at least 207., of the total peptizer present at the completion of the silver haloiodide precipitation.
• Additional dispersing medium can optionally be added to the reaction vessel with the silver salts and the alkali bromide and iodide salts and also can be introduced through a separate inlet means, such as a separate jet.
• the proportion of dispersing medium can be adjusted after the completion of the salt introductions or after washing.
• silver salts particularly silver nitrate, bromide salts, preferably alkali metal bromide salts, and iodide salts, preferably alkali metal iodide salts
• an aqueous silver salt solution preferably a silver nitrate solution
• the bromide and iodide salts are typically introduced as aqueous salt solutions, preferably as aqueous salt solutions or one or more alkali metal such as potassium or sodium, salts.
• Alkaline earth metal salts can also be useful, such as calcium and magnesium salts.
• the silver salt is introduced into the reaction vessel separately from the halide salts.
• the iodide and bromide salts can be added to the reaction vessel separately or as a mixture.
• the nucleation stage of the grain formation is initiated.
• a population of grain nuclei are formed that aie capable of serving as precipitation sites for silver halod ⁇ dide as the introduction of silver, bromide ajnd iodide salts continues.
• the precipitation of the silver halide onto the existing grain nuclei constitutes the growth step of grain formation.
• the permissible latitude of pBr during the growth stage of the precipitation is is within the range of 1 to 4.
• a highly preferred pBr is about 3.
• the pBr can be regulated during the precipitation.
• the pBr herein is the negative logarithm of bromide concentration and is measured by methods known in the photographic art.
• the concentration and rates of silver salt, bromide salt and iodide salt introductions can take any convenient and conventional form useful for forming core-shell silver haloiodide grains.
• the rate of silver and halide salt introduction can be constant or optionally increased either by increasing the rate at which the silver and halide salts are introduced or by increasing the concentrations of the silver and halide salts being introduced. It is preferred to increase the rate of the silver and halide salt introductions, but to maintain the rate of introduction below that at which the formation of new grain nuclei is favored to avoid renucleation.
• the concentration of iodide can be varied in each step as desired to form the desired core-shell grain.
• the process of preparing the silver haloiodide is preferably carried out at a temperature within the range of 25° to 80 ⁇ C, such as about 45°C.
• the core of the silver haloiodide can be measured and observed by methods known in the photographic art, such as by x-ray diffraction techniques known in the art.
• Modifying compounds can be present during the silver haloiodide precipitation. Such compounds can be initially in the reaction vessel or can be added with one or more of the salts according to conventional emulsion making procedures. Modifying compounds, such as compounds of copper, iridium, thallium, lead, bismuth, cadmium, zinc, middle chalcogens , such as sulfur, selenium, and tellurium, gold, Group VIII noble metals, can be present during the precipitation.
• the individual silver and halide salts can be added to the reaction vessel through surface or subsurface delivery tubes, by gravity feed or delivery apparatus for maintaining control of the rate of delivery and the pH, pBr, and/or pAg of the reaction vessel contents as is used in the art of photographic emulsion making.
• a dispersing medium preferably comprises in the reaction vessel initially an aqueous peptizer suspension.
• the peptizer concentration is typically within the range of that used in preparation of conventional core-shell photographic emulsions.
• the emulsion vehicle concentration is typically adjusted upward for optimum coating characteristics by delayed, supplemental vehicle additions.
• the emulsion as initially formed contains peptizer within the range of about 5 to 50 grams of peptizer per mole of silver halide, preferably within the range of about 10 to about 30 grams of peptizer per mole of silver halide. Additional vehicle can be added later to bring the concentration up to as high as 1000 grams per mole of silver halide.
• the concentration of vehicle in the finished emulsion is about 50 grams per mole of silver halide.
• the vehicle preferably comprises about 30 to about 707. by weight of the emulsion layer.
• Vehicles including both binders and peptizers, can be selected from those conventionally employed in photographic Isilver halide emulsions.
• Preferred peptizers are hydrophilic colloids, that can be used alone or in combination with hydrophobic materials.
• Useful hydrophilic materials include both naturally occurring substances, such as proteins, protein derivatives, cellulose derivatives, such as cellulose esters, gelatin* such as alkali treated gelatin or acid treated gelatin, gelatin derivatives, such as acetylated gelatin and phthalated gelatin, polysaccharides, such as dextran, gum arabic, zein, casein, pectin, collagen derivatives, agar-agar, arrowroot and albumin and other vehicles and binders known in the photographic art. Gelatin is highly preferred.
• hydrophilic colloid peptizers as vehicles, including for example vehicle extenders such as materials in the form of latices, are also useful in the emulsions of the invention, such as synthetic polymeric peptizers, carriers and/or binders, such as poly(vinyl lactams), acrylamide polymers, poly(vinyl alcohol) and its derivatives, poly(vinyl acetals), polymers of alkyl and sulfoalkyl acrylates and methacrylates, hydrolyzed poly(vinyl acetates), polyamides, poly(vinyl pyridine), acrylic acid polymers, maleic acid copolymers, vinyl amine copolymers, methacrylic acid copolymers, acryloyloxyalkylsulfonic acid copolymers, sulfoacrylamide copolymers, polyalkyleneimine copolymers, polyamines, N,N—dialkylaminoalkyl acrylates,
• Patent 4,433.048 These added materials need not be present in the reaction vessel during the silver halide precipitation, but rather are typically added to the emulsion prior to coating on the support.
• the vehicles and binders, including the hydrophilic colloids, as well as the hydrophobic materials, can be employed alone or in combination, not only in the emulsion layers of the photographic element, but also can be used alone or in combination in other layers, such as overcoat layers, interlayers, and layers positioned between the emulsion layers and the support.
• the silver bromoiodide emulsions are preferably washed to remove soluble salts . Any of the processes and compositions known in the photographic art for this purpose are useful for washing the silver bromoiodide emulsions of the invention.
• the soluble salts can be removed by decantation, filtration, and/or chill setting and leaching, coagulation washing, by centrifugation, and by other methods and means known in the photographic art.
• the silver bromoiodide emulsion of the invention can be blended or otherwise combined with other photographic silver halide emulsions if required.
• the photographic silver bromoiodide emulsion can be, for example, combined with a tabular grain silver halide emulsion, such as one described in U.S. Patent 4,433,048.
• the photographic silver bromoiodide can be chemically sensitized by procedures and by compounds known in the photographic art.
• the silver bromoiodide can be chemically sensitized with active gelatin, or with sulfur, selenium, tellurium, gold, platinum, palladium, iridium, osmium, rhodium, rhenium, or phosphorous sensitizers or combinations of these sensitizers, such as at pAg levels within the range of 5 to 10 and at pH levels within the range of 5 to 8 at temperatures within the range of 30 to 80°C.
• the silver bromoiodide can be chemically sensitized in the presence of finish, also known as chemical sensitization, modifiers, such as compounds known to suppress fog and increase speed during chemical sensitization, such a azaindenes, azapyridazines, azapyrimidines, benzothiazolium salts, and sensitizers having one or more heterocyclic nuclei.
• the silver bromoiodide can be reduction sensitized, such as with hydrogen, or through the use of reducing agents, such a stannous chloride, thiourea dioxide, polyamines or amineboranes .
• the photographic silver bromoiodide emulsion can be spectrally sensitized by methods and compounds known in the photographic art.
• the photographic silver bromoiodide emulsion can be spectrally sensitized by, for example, dyes of a variety of classes, including the polymethine dye class, including cyanines, merocyanines, complex cyanines and merocyanines, oxonols, hemioxonols, styryls, merostyryls and streptocyanines. Combinations of spectral sensitizers are also useful.
• the photographic silver bromoiodide emulsion of the invention can be used in many ways, in photographic element formats and for purposes that core-shell silver bromoiodide emulsions have been used in the photographic art.
• Photographic silver halide elements comprising a photographic silver bromoiodide emulsion as described can be either single color or multicolor elements.
• a cyan dye-forming coupler is typically associated with a red-sensitive emulsion
• a magenta dye-forming coupler is typically associated with a green—sensitive emulsion
• a yellow dye-forming coupler is associated with a blue—sensitive emulsion.
• Multicolor elements typically contain dye-forming units sensitive to each of the three primary regions of the spectrum. Each unit can comprise a single emulsion layer or multiple emulsion layers. The layers of the element and the image-forming units can be arranged in various orders as known in the photographic art.
• the photographic element can contain added layers, such as filter layers, interlayers, overcoat layers, subbing layers and other layers known in the art.
• Silver halide emulsions that can be employed in combination with the silver bromoiodide emulsion of the invention can be comprised of silver bromide, silver chloride, silver iodide, silver chloroiodide, silver chlorobromide or mixtures thereof.
• the silver halide emulsions that are useful with the silver bromoiodide emulsions of the invention can be polydisperse or monodisperse as precipitated.
• the grain size distribution of these emulsions can be controlled by silver halide grain separation techniques or by blending silver halide emulsions of differing grain sizes. For example, silver bromo ⁇ iodide or silver bromides,of different sizes of the same type and shape can be blended.
• Any coupler known in the photographic art can be used with the silver bromoiodide emulsions as described. Examples of useful couplers are described in, for example, Research Disclosure Section VII, paragraphs D,E,F and G and in U.S. Patent 4,433,048 and the publications cited therein. The couplers can be incorporated as described in Research Disclosure Section VII and the publications cited therein.
• the photographic emulsions and elements can contain addenda known to be useful in the photographic art.
• the photographic emulsions and elements can contain brighteners (Research Disclosure Section V), antifoggants and stabilizers (Research Disclosure Section VI), antistain agents and image dye stabilizers (Research Disclosure Section VII, paragraphs I and J), light absorbing and scattering materials (Research Disclosure Section VIII), hardeners (Research Disclosure Section X), coating aids (Research Disclosure Section XI), plasticizers and lubricants (Research Disclosure Section XII), antistatic agents (Research Disclosure Section XIII), matting agents (Research Disclosure Section XVI) and development modifiers (Research Disclosure Section XXI).
• the photographic elements can be coated on a variety of supports as described in Research Disclosure Section XVII and the references described therein.
• the photographic elements can be exposed to actinic radiation, typically in the visible region of the spectrum, to form a latent image as described in Research Disclosure Section XVIII and then processed in a reversal process to form a visible image using process steps and processing compositions known in the photographic art.
• a reversal color photographic silver haloiodide element as described is typically processed in a color reversal photographic process, such as the E-6 process of Eastman Kodak Company, U.S.A.
• a typical reversal process in which the photographic element comprises dye—forming couplers includes developing the exposed element in a first black-and-white developer; washing the element in water; processing the resulting element in a reversal processing solution or reversal exposure; developing the resulting element in a color developer; and bleaching and fixing the element.
• a typical reversal process and processing compositions are described in Japanese Published Patent Application 63-264753 published November 1, 1988; The British Journal of Photography Annual. 1982. pages 201-203; and The British Journal of Photography Annual. 1977, pages 194-197.
• a process as described in, for example, U.S. Patent 2,252,718 can be used.
• a 12 liter reaction vessel was charged with 4 liters of distilled water, 50 gm/1 of photographic gel (57o) and .1212 gm/1 of NaBr (0.00118N). The reactor was then adjusted to a pH of 3.0 at 40 ⁇ C.
• the flow rate was then accelerated to 45 cc/minute over a period of 10 minutes while still maintaining vAg control.
• the precipitation was then interrupted and a change was made to 3.0 N growth AgN0 3 and a mixed halide solution (3.1 N) which was 6.8 mole percent KI.
• a cubic core—shell silver bromoiodide (Emulsion E) (Example 3) was prepared as follows: The core was precipitated by double—jet addition of 2.5 liters of 2.0M AgNOg and a 2.0M halide solution consisting of 0.159M KI and 1.841M NaBr into a kettle containing 7.5 liters deionized water, 2.25 g l,8-dihydroxy-3,6-dithia-octane and 240 g phthalated gelatin. The precipitation was carried out at 45°C at pAg controlled at 8.24 that corresponds to a pBr of 3.16. The AgN0 ⁇ flow was linearly accelerated from 40 to 81.24 cc/minute over 41.24 minutes .
• the final core-shell emulsion was prepared by double-jet precipitation onto the above described core. Conditions used were the same as those for the core except that a 2.0M NaBr solution replaced the solution of mixed NaBr and KI, and the AgN0 ⁇ flow was accelerated from 81 to 107.5 cc/minute over 26.5 • minutes .
• the emulsion was washed by conventional coagulation at pH 3.85.
• a second core-shell emulsion (Emulsion D) (comparative emulsion D) was prepared similarly except the core was precipitated with 1.25 liters of 2.0M AgN0 3 and a 2.0M halide solution consisting of 0.317M KI and 1.683M NaBr, and the AgN0 3 flow was accelerated linearly from 26 to 61.04 cc/minute over 28.72 minutes; and the shell was prepared with 3.75 liters of 2.0M AgN0 3 and about 3.8 liters 2.0M NaBr, the AgN0 3 being accelerated linearly from 51 to 104.52 cc/minute over 48.22 minutes. Grain size and width were the same as Emulsion E.
• the silver haloiodide grains of Emulsions A, B and C described in the examples were coated on a cellulose triacetate support.
• the emulsion layer was comprised of octahedral silver haloiodide grains (0.807 g Ag/m 2 ) and gelatin (3.23 g/m 2 ) to which had been added the cyan-dye-forming coupler 2-[2,4-bi ⁇ (1,1-dimethylpropyl)phenoxy]-N- ⁇ 4-
• the silver haloiodide grains of Emulsions D and E described in the examples were coated on a cellulose triacetate support.
• the emulsion layer was comprised of cubic silver haloiodide grains (1.08 g
• the resulting photographic films were exposed through a 0—3.0 density step tablet to a 5500K tungsten light source on a commercial sensitometer. Examples A, 1 and 2 were exposed for 1/10 second and examples B and 3 were exposed for 2 seconds. Processing was for 4 minutes in the KODAK E-6 process First Developer, followed by the rest of the E-6 process, as described in the British Journal of Photography Annual. 1977, pages 194-197. (KODAK is a trademark of Eastman Kodak Company, U.S.A.) The standard deviation of the density fluctuations of a uniformly exposed and developed patch of each photographic film was measured with a 48 micron diameter circular aperture, as described in James, The Theory of the Photographic Process. 4th Edition, MacMillan, 1977, Chapter 21. This standard deviation will be referred to as the RMS granularity. For the purposes of comparison, the RMS granularities were measured for all of the above coatings at an optical density of 1.0.
• example C The examples in the above table that use no solvent (example C) are processed in the same E-6 process as the other examples with the exception that potassium sulfite and sodium thiocyanate (two silver halide solvents that are typically present in the first developer of the E—6 process) are not included in the composition of the first developer of the E-6 process .

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• 1991
  • 1991-02-04 JP JP3504919A patent/JPH04506271A/ja active Pending
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