WO1989007395A1 - Traitement de plantes avec des sels de chitosan - Google Patents

Traitement de plantes avec des sels de chitosan Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1989007395A1
WO1989007395A1 PCT/US1989/000429 US8900429W WO8907395A1 WO 1989007395 A1 WO1989007395 A1 WO 1989007395A1 US 8900429 W US8900429 W US 8900429W WO 8907395 A1 WO8907395 A1 WO 8907395A1
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Prior art keywords
chitosan
seed
coated
crop
solution
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PCT/US1989/000429
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English (en)
Inventor
Robert E. Lewis
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Bentech Laboratories, Inc.
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Publication of WO1989007395A1 publication Critical patent/WO1989007395A1/fr

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
    • A01N43/02—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • A01N43/04—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with one hetero atom
    • A01N43/14—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with one hetero atom six-membered rings
    • A01N43/16—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with one hetero atom six-membered rings with oxygen as the ring hetero atom

Definitions

  • This invention relates to methods and compounds for treatment of plants to obtain beneficial qualities, especially enhanced protein content, freeze protection, seed priming, seed toughening and increases in yield.
  • the invention comprises novel chitosan salt treatments that may be used to enhance the protein nutrient content of the "fruits" of treated crops.
  • the word "fruits” is used to refer to the desired harvest of the crop (grain, fruit, vegetable, root, flower, plant, timber, etc.). Plants treated according to the invention have also been found to increase pod set in legumes, give improved yields and enhance freeze protection.
  • the novel chitosan treatments may also be used as seed priming agents. Methods by which crops can be treated with chitosan salts in accordance with this invention include seed coating, seed priming, pre-germination soaking, post-emergent or transplant drench irrigation, flood or overhead irrigation, root dip, and foliar spray applications.
  • any of the preceding may be accompanied or followed by the application of a fixing agent to extend the protein enhancing effects of chitosan salts.
  • the invention supplies chitosan in appropriate molecular weights to the crop during its fruiting stage to enhance protein content of the fruits.
  • the degree of enhancement of protein may vary depending upon the molecular weight of the chitosan salt applied, the timing and frequency of treatment, and the amount of chitosan salts utilized.
  • an object of this invention is to enhance protein in "fruits" of existing varieties of food or feed crops over untreated crops grown under the same conditions.
  • Another object of this invention is to provide treatments for enhancing freeze and disease protection of crops and for seed priming to speed emergence and increase germination in seeds, and to toughen delicate seeds.
  • Chitosan is a polymer made up of a hexosa ine sugar (glucosamine) whose molecules are linked (Bl 4) into chains that can easily exceed molecular weights of one million.
  • Chitosan molecules in a range of up to and exceeding 1 x 10 (6) molecular weight (raw) are derived commercially from chitin.
  • Chitin, an amino cellulose derivate is the second most abundant polymer occurring in nature, existing, for example, in the cell walls of fungi, bovine cartilage, and the hard shells of insects and crustaceans.
  • Wastes from the shrimp, lobster, and crab seafood industries contain 10-30 % chitin.
  • Chitosan is produced by deacetylating chitin. This invention is effective if the deacetylation exceeds 70%, and it is most effective when exceeding 90% and even approaching 100% deacetylation, notably in foliar applications since polymer chains are usually shortened in production and the molecule is more readily absorbable. Deacetylation of 90% or greater is preferred for protein enhancement. Deacetylation of 80%-99%, where 85%-95% is preferred for enhancing yields by seed treatment. The degree of deacetylation and average molecular weights may easily be determined by methods disclosed in "Preparation and Characterization of Fully Deacetylated Chitosan", A.
  • Protein in fruits of crops is measured in wheat with an infranalyzer after being milled on a cyclone mill with 0.5 mm screen. All other crop proteins have been measured by the Lowry Colorametric Method.
  • a tree seed which is bonded to chitosan having a degree of deacetylation of at least 80%.
  • Seed treated in accordance with the present invention results in essentially disease-free trees.
  • Fir tree seed treated according to the present invention average about a 24% to 79% increased growth after only three weeks.
  • similarly chitosan- ⁇ coated seeds of flower including chrysanthemum, gypsophila (Baby's Breath) , azalea, mum and dahlia.
  • the method of providing a healthy crop of flower from the seeds of flower the improvement which comprises using as the seeds of flower the chitosan coated seed.
  • the chitosan solution described below appears to trigger a protective action in chrysanthemums inoculated with several fungal pathogens. Notably, all symptoms of fusarium oxysporum were eliminated in wounded inoculated plants.
  • the solution can be applied as a foliar spray as well as "in coating seeds.
  • Also provided in further aspects of the invention are similarly chitosan-coated seeds of corn, lettuce, onions, parsley, radishes, rapeseed, sugar cane, milo, cotton, grass, sunflower, and potatoes.
  • chitosan By describing the various seeds as "bonded" to chitosan is meant seed having a film of chitosan thereon.
  • the amount of chitosan solution used to treat the seed as described in the following examples is in the range of about 4 to about 32 oz. of 2.5% (w/w) aqueous chitosan solution per hundredweight (dwt) of seeds.
  • the amount used can vary within the range, the optimum amount for each type of seed being easily determinable by one skilled in the art.
  • the preferred treatment for soybeans and corn is about 16 oz./dwt. This results in about a 15-30% increase in soybean pod setting and ultimately in about a 7 bushel per acre increase in yield. In corn, it results in about 2.5 to 12 bushels per acre increase in yield.
  • soybeans grown from untreated seeds have about 36 pods per plant (each pod containing 3 seeds) , while the plants grown from treated seeds have 44- 55 pods per plant.
  • the chitosan has no observable fungicidal or pesticidal effect.
  • the chitosan treatment results in enhanced growth, yields, and frequently improves (desirable agronomic characteristics, i.e., protein, milling, etc.) of the "fruit".
  • the molecular weight of chitosan salts used in practicing this invention will vary directly with the proximity of the treatment to harvest; the closer the treatment is to harvest of the crop the lower the molecular weight of the chitosan salt applied. Conversely, the farther the treatment is in time from harvest, higher chitosan molecular weights must be used for optimum effectiveness. Additionally, the presence of chitosan degrading enzymes, soil microbes or fauna in the growing plant's environment should be taken into account (except for foliar treatments) and the molecular weight of the chitosan salt increased accordingly to compensate for degradation in the chitosan salt's molecular weight.
  • chitosan For below ground fruits, where seed treatment or treatment by drench irrigation may be preferable, higher molecular weights and dosages are required to obtain satisfactory results.
  • the molecular weight of chitosan is determined from intrinsic viscosity measurements. Dry chitosan as either flakes, granules, or powder, can be obtained by deacetylating chitin.
  • the chitosan is first dissolved in a dilute aqueous acid, e.g., 0.5% to 5%, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, formic acid, lactic acid, ascorbic acid, citric acid, malic acid, malonic acid, proprionic acid, pyruvic acid and succinic acid, or the like, with 1-2.5% preferred, acetic acid, to give a solution having a concentration of chitosan ranging from about 1% to about 10% by weight, based on the total weight of the solution. The solution is then filtered to remove undissolved particles.
  • a dilute aqueous acid e.g. 0.5% to 5%
  • hydrochloric acid sulfuric acid
  • formic acid lactic acid, ascorbic acid, citric acid, malic acid, malonic acid, proprionic acid, pyruvic acid and succinic acid, or the like
  • acetic acid e.g. 0.5% to 5%
  • acetic acid e.g. 0.5%
  • the acidity of the solution is adjusted to a pH between a preferred range of about 5.7 to about 6.4 as desired using a non-phytotoxic alkali or base; sodium carbonate is preferred.
  • bases suitable in such application would be NaOH, KOH, NH OH, sodium bicarbonate, and the like.
  • a quantity of 2.5% chitosan salt solution suitable for use in the invention may be mixed as follows: at ambient temperature, to obtain about 500 ml of chitosan acetate (or the like), add 12.5 g of chitosan of the desired molecular weight (as discussed above) to 450 ml of water in 600 ml beaker. This material is agitated with an overhead stirrer for several minutes. Then add 7 ml of 85% acetic acid (or other organic acid) (USP Grade) and allow to mix for one hour until the chitosan is dissolved. Continue agitation throughout this hour. The solution is then filtered and insoluble particles are removed.
  • the neutralization solution should be slowly added to the chitosan salt solution until the pH reaches between about 6 to about 6.4.
  • the total solution may then be diluted with water until the quantity of the total solution reaches about 500 ml.
  • the aqueous chitosan salt solution should not have precipitated or otherwise undissolved particles of chitosan.
  • the solution may be diluted to whatever concentration is called for by the method of treatment chosen.
  • Some acids may be more appropriate in different applications of the invention; appropriateness of acids in particular depends on the phyto toxicity of the resulting salts in various crops.
  • Such salts may be those formed with chitosan on dissolution and/or those formed on neutralizing the aqueous chitosan-acid solution. Selection of acids and concentrations used may also effect shelf life due to ensuing chemical breakdown by hydrolysis of the chitosan polymer. In foliar applications, this may ensure relatively rapid yet sustained uptake of the polymer into plant cells. However, total degration of the chitosan polymer to simple amino sugar residues renders the invention relatively ineffective.
  • Chitosan acetate (the chitosan is dissolved in acetic acid) is generally preferred for the seed treatment, root dip, foliar spray, and irrigation methods of application of chitosan salts according to the invention.
  • Chitosan lactate if used shortly after production, is, however, the most desirable and perhaps effective, due to the superior non-phytotoxicity of chitosan lactate.
  • Chitosan ascorbate is also particularly suitable for foliar spray methods of treatment in certain crops but is not particularly preferred over chitosan acetate or lactate.
  • the solution obtained as described above may be applied to crop seed at an appropriate concentration for the seed treatment embodiment of this invention.
  • the method of application should preferably coat the entire seed.
  • Cereal seed may be mixed with the chitosan salt solution by cement mixer-type devices or grain augers. More delicate seed, such as that of peas or beans, may be sprayed with the solution while in a rotating drum.
  • the treating of such traditionally fragile seed with this solution while transferring such seed through an auger has been shown to "toughen” the seed adding resiliency and allowing equal or higher germination than untreated seed not subjected to mechanical stress.
  • a "fixing agent" is employed as described below, the fixing agent may be applied to the seed either during or after the chitosan salt solution is applie .
  • Seed treatment offers significant cost effectiveness benefits due to its ideal placement at the root of the plant, immediate benefits to the germinating seedling, and extremely low dosage to obtain the desired response.
  • Chitosan must be made available to the plant during the fruiting stage, however, for seed treatments to have a protein enhancing effect.
  • the length of time between planting and fruition is important, therefore, because the chitosan polymer applied to the seed will be biodegraded with time and may not be available to the plant near maturity.
  • Fixing agents are compounds designed to be applied concurrently or consecutively with chitosan seed treatment to immobilize and reduce the rate of degradation of the chitosan salt.
  • Fixing agents may be solids, liquids or gases as long as they reprecipitate the chitosan salt film on the seed by the time the seed is planted.
  • Examples of successful fixing agents are zinc oxide, sodium phosphate (dibasic) , potassium phosphate (monobasic or tribasic) , potato starch, corn starch and almost any fertilizer.
  • the fixing agent greatly extends the benefits of the chitosan seed coat, although slight increases in chitosan salt dosage may be required to achieve beneficial results of this invention in some crops.
  • protein enhancement due to seed treatment with chitosan salts is observed inconsistently unless supplemented with a fixing agent or an additional treatment at about 45-60 days after planting.
  • Such additional treatment may be via roots or by foliar application. Foliar applications proved more beneficial in above-ground crops.
  • drench or flood treatments may be preferable to obtain a premium crop.
  • Some leaf tissue irritation due to foliar treatments is observed in such crops with the use of chitosan ascorbate.
  • This disadvantage may be overcome by utilizing a different salt of chitosan (such as chitosan acetate or lactate) or by treating further from harvest with increased molecular weights and/or lower dosages.
  • plants may be given a supplemental dose of chitosan salts as discussed above by irrigation or foliar spray.
  • Such treatments may be tailored to various molecular weights and dosages to provide the desired residual treatment effects.
  • application of a fixing agent may be appropriate to keep the salts in the vicinity of the roots, particularly in the case of acid soils.
  • Use of a fixing agent in acid soils can reduce mobility, leaching, and degradation of the chitosan salt polymer in irrigation applications of chitosan salts.
  • Treatment by foliar methods may find a fixing agent beneficial if rain is expected a short time after treatment. Otherwise a fixing agent in foliar application may not be beneficial.
  • Chitosan is commercially available in relatively low molecular weights (10 cps (centipoise) and above at about 230,000 mw) .
  • extremely low molecular weights are desirable to rapidly induce the protein enhancement, particularly for foliar spray applications.
  • the following process will produce extremely low molecular weight chitosan.
  • Chitosan of 45 cps was ground to pass 60 mesh screen. Then up to 300 grams of chitosan is added to 3,000 ml of hot water (72 C) on a magnetic stirring hot plate, agitated with a stir bar at 100 rpm.
  • 70 grams of the above (6 cps) chitosan sample can be degraded to 2.0 cps (25,000 mw) by mixing with 700 ml of water, adding 12.33 ml hydrogen peroxide (50%) at 75° C heat and then slowly adding 14 grams sodium carbonate while agitating. The mixture is rinsed and dried as above.
  • 70 grams of the above (6 cps) chitosan sample may be degraded to 1.2 cps (10,000 mw) by being added to 700 ml of water, adding 23.8 ml hydrogen peroxide (50%) at 75° C heat and then slowly adding 14 grams of sodium carbonate while agitating. The mixture is rinsed and dried as above.
  • 25 grams of the above (1.2 cps) chitosan sample may be degraded to l.l cps (5,000 mw) by adding it to 250 ml of water, adding 10 ml hydrogen peroxide (50%) at ambient temperature and slowing adding 5 grams of sodium carbonate while agitating for about four hours. The mixture is rinsed and dried as above.
  • the procedures for obtaining low molecular weight chitosan described above may be scaled up as desired.
  • the mixture should not be allowed to brown during this procedure. Browning indicates that the chitosan in the mixture is turning into glucosamine.
  • Chitosan salt (5,000- (0.5-2.5% (50 ⁇ g/g- Seed Treatment 1,500,000) chitosan) i-ooo ⁇ g/g chitosan/seed
  • Fixing Agents various (.1 mM - .5M) (1 ⁇ g/g- 250 ⁇ g/g fixing agent/ seed)
  • chitosan salt treatments The improved freeze protection demonstrated by chitosan salt treatments is believed to be due to a slight increase of about 10% in cell wall thickness in the tissue of the plant. A small infusion of chitosan salts into the tissue is believed to be an additional cause of slightly increased freeze tolerance. Both factors are believed to be instrumental in keeping cell walls from rupturing to the extent of untreated plants. The most recently treated (18 days prior to freeze) plants and those treated at highest dosage were observed to be most protected.
  • Seed priming is a technique frequently used to revitalize old or damaged seed, improve seed germination, and improve stand in less than ideal temperatures or moisture conditions upon planting. Priming involves controlling the time seed is exposed to water, by keeping water temperature below optimum for germination, or by limiting water availability. Controlling the amount of water imbibed by seed and the rate of uptake is the most reliable and widely practiced method of seed priming.
  • Osmotic agents are used to control rate of " water uptake and are frequently salts, polyethylene glycol (PEG), and mannitol. Seeds for some crops are adversely affected by the osmoticum of salt. For such crops, currently PEG is the most widely accepted osmoticum.
  • Aqueous chitosan salt solutions are a suitable alternative to PEG. Chitosan is not toxic to seed at adjusted pH and sufficiently high molecular weights which do not allow absorption of the chitosan polymer.
  • aqueous chitosan salts having polymers of less than 250,000 mw are removed by column separation. Ideally, removal of short polymers should be practiced but lower molecular weight chitosan salts may be used, particularly in short dwell treatments.
  • Chitosan salt seed treatments are most effective in wet and/or cold soils. This effect may be due to the seed priming characteristics of the chitosan salt seed coat.
  • Treatment with chitosan salts provides an osmotic membrane shown to be beneficial to seed imbibition. This osmoticum is particularly beneficial to seed planting in wet and cold environments. It is also beneficial on roots. Shrubs being planted into marsh—like conditions that had their roots dipped into a chitosan salt solution dip all survived, whereas only 30% of the untreated plants survived. Whether the chitosan salts merely metered the uptake of water or provided some source of oxygen to the roots, or both, is unknown. The dip included an acid known to oxidize chitosan and rapidly degrade the polymer. The osmotic coating certainly reduces excess water uptake and consequently may reduce oxygen requirements of the plant to keep it from drowning.
  • a chitosan salt membrane certainly provides seed priming benefits to rejuvenate old or damaged seed lots. In field trials very visible stand differences were observed in germination of seed only one year old. In laboratory trials very old seed with a chitosan salt coating germinated at a rate of 50-300% higher than untreated seed.
  • the following data illustrate examples of enhancing protein in "fruits" of crops through the use of this invention. The crops examined to demonstrate the applicability of this invention were selected entirely at random. For the sake of brevity only a representative selection of such crops and their treatment is given in the working examples below. Replicative results should be obtainable in nearly all crops, since the mode of action for chitosan salt applied in accordance with this invention appears to be similar in all plants. Each crop tested demonstrated a slight to significant positive response to treatment carried out according to this invention.
  • EXAMPLE I Protein Enhancement Resulting From Seed Treatment
  • Seeds of radishes were treated with 62 ⁇ g to 1000 ⁇ g chitosan salt (average molecular weight: 5,000 mw) per gram of seed; 62 ⁇ g to 1000 ⁇ g chitosan salt (average molecular weight: 25,000 mw) per gram seed; 62 ⁇ g to 1000 ⁇ g chitosan salt (average molecular weight: one million mw) per gram seed.
  • the chitosan salt seed treatments were tested against untreated controls. Untreated seed was also planted for drench control irrigation-only treatments, and for subsequent foliar-only treatments.
  • EXAMPLE II Protein enhancement due to one time pot emergent irrigation at 8 days with varying strengths (ppm) and molecular weights (mw) on radishes not given any seed treatment.
  • Chitosan salts were applied with a fixing agent to prevent initial over stressing of seed and to extend the chitosan salt's ability to function as a protein enhancer.
  • Rice seed was treated with an aqueous solution of chitosan salt prepared as described in the specification above.
  • a fixing agent was applied consisting of zinc oxide in a water slurry, at the rate of 4 oz. zinc oxide to 100 lbs. seed. This fixing agent reprecipitated the chitosan directly upon the seed. Reprecipitation of the chitosan is required since the direct seed soaking frequently utilized in rice treatment was phytotoxic to the seedling and caused reduced germination.
  • the reprecipitated chitosan-salt treated seed was allowed to dehydrate for six hours and then soaked in the usual manner with water prior to seeding. Seed treatments are given in terms of ug of chitosan per g of seed.
  • Treated seed with and without a fixing agent were planted against a control.
  • Chitosan lactate (molecular weight: 50k mw) foliar spray on untreated rice 15 days prior to harvest.
  • Seeds of peas were treated with chitosan lactate at the rate of 250 ⁇ g/g and then treated with a fixing agent of zinc oxide (10%) slurry with water at the rate of one ounce zinc oxide per hundred pounds seed.
  • Seeds of soybeans were treated with chitosan acetate at the rate of 250 ⁇ g/g and then treated with a fixing agent of potato starch (20%) in water at the rate of one ounce of potato starch per hundred pounds seed.
  • Seeds of corn were treated with chitosan lactate at the rate of 500 ⁇ g/g and then fixed with a weal solution of corn starch at the rate of one ounce of corn starch per hundred pounds seed.
  • Seeds of lettuce were treated at the rate of 125 ⁇ g/g and fixed with a weak salt of potassium phosphate K3PO4 (0.05 molar) .
  • Control 100 100 125 107 111
  • Seeds of cabbage were treated with aqueous chitosan lactate (average molecular weight 1M+ mw) lactate (2.5% solution), pH neutralized to 6.3, diluted with water and soaked at the concentration of 250 to 1000 g/kg. Priming took place at 15°C for 1 to 14 days under normal priming conditions with oxygen being injected. Seedlings were tested for emergence times and percent germination. Seeds were planted in both warm, moist and cold, wet soils with the following results. Treatment Emergence & Germination % Solution Temp Duration Control Treated a. Seeded in normal warm, moist soil
  • EXAMPLE VIII - Spot Irrigation & Improved Freeze Protection Tomato plants were spot irrigated upon transplant with 16 oz. of dilute aqueous salts of chitosan ascorbate (CA) . Plants were about 6 inches tall at time of transplanting. Plants were spaced at 24" X 36" and alternated with rows of controls. The following tables illustrate overall results:
  • Supplemental treatments were applied to immediate root areas. Highest treatment level (1000 ppm) caused significant yellowing in plant tissue. Water soluble fertilizer treatment, which acted as a fixing agent, subsequently brought back healthy green colors to plants, but there was some stunting of growth during the 15 day period immediately following initial treatment. Fertilizer treatments were subsequently applied immediately after chitosan treatment. Some indications of phytotoxicity persisted at 1000 pm treatment levels.
  • the viscosity of the opaque aqueous preparation of chitosan is reduced to the designed viscosity with H 2 O to approximately 26 gallons. From this, approximately 16 ounces is added per hundredweight of soybeans. This treatment increases the yield by up to 20- 30%.
  • the sodium hydroxide solution can be from about 5.0 to about 7.5 N, but 6.0 N is preferred. Any alkali, such as potassium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, and soda ash can be used in place of the sodium hydroxide.
  • the preferred alkali is soda ash. In that case, a solution of from about 63 to about 77 pounds of soda ash, preferably 75 pounds, in about 750 gallons of water is first made up. Enough of the soda ash solution is used to raise the pH to about 6.0 to about 6.5.
  • Chitosan seed treatments are applied using rates ranging from at least about 12, and preferably at about 16 oz. (of 2.5% concentration w/w) chitosan solution per dwt. of soybeans.
  • Plants and micro-organisms contain chitosanase and other degradative enzymes with the potential to digest chitosan into smaller fragments and eventually into hexosamines that can be utilized as nutrients by soil microflora. If seed is treated in a humid environment, a post- treatment drying step must be added to reduce the moisture content of the treated grain to the 10-14% range in order to prevent premature germination of the seed; therefore, the more viscous the chitosan preparation, the less drying that will be required. Highly viscous chitosan preparations can be mixed with seed using any machinery marketed for cement mixing. Modifications of grain angering devices will also enable chitosan to be added to seed as it is being loaded aboard trucks just prior to transport to the field for planting. This eliminates the need for extensive drying to prevent seed germination.
  • Chitosan seed applications are not detrimentally influenced by fertilizer supplements, herbicide applications or irrigation programs.
  • Other commercial seed treatments e.g., insecticides and fungicides, can be applied prior to chitosan. Components already on the seed will be attached to the seed by the chitosan, which leaves a "cellophane-like" surface on seed after drying.
  • the chitosan-treated seed can be planted directly in any commercial planter. Special planters that automatically administer fertilizers, soil sterilants, herbicides, etc. can be utilized to treat seeds with chitosan as they are being planted. Chitosan labelled with tritium, [ 3 H]- Chitosan, added to seeds was translocated to the developing plant indicating that a large portion of the chemical is distributed systemically.
  • Dry chitosan can be stored indefinitely at room temperature without loss of biological activity. Chitosan can be mixed as described above at room temperature. Chitosan has no known toxicity and can be supplemental to the diet of animals without detrimental side effects. The physical irritation properties of chitosan have not been investigated in long term studies, however, and, therefore, the same basic precautions taken in the handling of other fibrous materials or powders, e.g., cotton fibers or flour, may apply to chitosan. EXAMPLE X
  • Soybeans treated with chitosan generally along the lines of Example IX have been tested in field trials. In one season where there was "normal” (about the same as the past 5 year average) weather, the trials met the objectives; yield was increased 18%.
  • EXAMPLE XII Tree seeds treated with chitosan generally along the lines of Example IX are being tested with favorable results.
  • the applicability of this invention is widespread, including conifer, pine, fir, other evergreen trees and deciduous trees including fruit trees. Data has been positive as to treated seed, which also tested disease-free, while every control developed disease symptoms. Fir tree seeds averaged a 25-79 percent increased growth after only 3 weeks.
  • the tree seeds are treated with chitosan generally along the lines of Example IX.
  • the aqueous chitosan solution may be obtained using acetic acid, hydrochloric acid, formic acid, dilute sulfuric acid, or any other dilute acid.
  • the applicability of this aspect of the invention is to tree seed. Chitosan seed treatments are applied using rates ranging from about 12 to about 64 oz. (2.5% concentration)/dwt.
  • chrysanthemums seeds treated with chitosan there are provided chrysanthemums seeds treated with chitosan.
  • the chitosan may be obtained using acetic acid, hydrochloric acid, formic acid, dilute sulfuric acid, or any other dilute acid. Chitosan seed treatments are applied using rates ranging from about 12 to about 32 oz. (2.5% concentration)/dwt.
  • EXAMPLE XIV in a further aspect of the invention, there are provided corn seeds treated with chitosan generally along the lines of Example IX.
  • the chitosan may be obtained using acetic acid, hydrochloric acid, formic acid, dilute sulfuric acid, or any other dilute acid.
  • Chitosan seed treatments are applied using rates ranging from about 12 to about 64 oz. (2.5% concentration)/dwt. , preferably about 16 oz./dwt.
  • EXAMPLE XV In a further aspect of the invention, there are provided lettuce seeds treated with chitosan generally along the lines of Example IX.
  • the chitosan may be obtained using acetic acid, hydrochloric acid, formic acid, dilute sulfuric acid, or any other dilute acid. Chitosan seed treatments are applied using rates ranging from about 4 to about 16 oz. (2.5% concentration)/dwt.
  • onion seeds treated with chitosan generally along the lines of Example IX there are provided onion seeds treated with chitosan generally along the lines of Example IX.
  • the chitosan may be obtained using acetic acid, hydrochloric acid, formic acid, dilute sulfuric acid, or any other dilute acid.
  • Chitosan seed treatments are applied using rates ranging from about 12 to about 32 oz./dwt.
  • EXAMPLE XVII there are provided parsley seeds treated with chitosan generally along the lines of Example IX.
  • the chitosan may be obtained using acetic acid, hydrochloric acid, formic acid, dilute sulfuric acid, or any other dilute acid. Chitosan seed treatments are applied using rates ranging from about 12 to about 32 oz./dwt.
  • EXAMPLE XIX there are provide radish seeds treated with chitosan generally along the lines of Example IX.
  • the chitosan may be obtained using acetic acid, hydrochloric acid, formic acid, or dilute sulfuric acid, or any other dilute acid.
  • Chitosan seed treatments are applied using rates ranging from about 12 to about 32 oz./dwt.
  • EXAMPLE XX In a further aspect of the invention, there are provided rapeseed seeds treated with chitosan generally along the lines of Example IX.
  • the chitosan may be obtained using acetic acid, hydrochloric acid, formic acid, dilute sulfuric acid, or any other dilute acid. Chitosan seed treatments are applied using rates ranging from about 12 to about 32 oz./dwt.
  • sugar cane seeds treated with chitosan generally along the lines of Example IX there are provided sugar cane seeds treated with chitosan generally along the lines of Example IX.
  • the chitosan may be obtained using acetic acid, hydrochloric acid, formic acid, dilute sulfuric acid, or any other dilute acid.
  • Chitosan seed treatments are applied using rates ranging from about 12 to about 32 oz./dwt.
  • EXAMPLE XXII there are provided milo seeds treated with chitosan generally along the lines of Example IX.
  • the chitosan may be obtained using acetic acid, hydrochloric acid, formic acid, dilute sulfuric acid, or any other dilute acid. Chitosan seed treatments are applied using rates ranging from about 12 to about 32 oz./dwt.
  • EXAMPLE XXIII In a further aspect of the invention, there are provided cotton seeds treated with chitosan generally along the lines of Example IX.
  • the chitosan may be obtained using acetic acid, hydrochloric acid, formic acid, dilute sulfuric acid, or any other dilute acid.
  • Chitosan seed treatments are applied using rates ranging from about 12 to about 32 oz./dwt.
  • EXAMPLE XXIV In a further aspect of the invention, there are provided grass seeds treated with chitosan generally along the lines of Example IX.
  • the chitosan may be obtained acetic acid, hydrochloric acid, formic acid, or dilute sulfuric acid, or any other dilute acid.
  • Chitosan seed treatments are applied using rates ranging from about 12 to about 32 oz./dwt.
  • potato seeds treated with chitosan generally along the lines of Example IX.
  • the chitosan may be obtained using acetic acid, hydrochloric acid, formic acid, or dilute sulfuric acid, or any other dilute acid.
  • Chitosan seed treatments are applied using rates ranging from about 12 to about 32 oz./dwt.
  • EXAMPLE XXVI in a further aspect of the invention, there are provided soybean seeds treated with chitosan through an auger generally along the lines of Example IX. The chitosan coating "toughened" the seeds, providing greatly improved resiliency and protection from mechanical damage not found in seeds run through the same mechanical device without the application of chitosan.
  • EXAMPLE XXIX In a further aspect of the invention are provided field test yield results in wheat utilizing the compound DCPTA cited in Example XXVII. This table shows the benefit of somewhat reduced planting rates in conjunction with the proposed dosages and also the inability of either compound to exceed the untreated controls in these essentially ideal growing con d itions, but the excellent synergism of the two together on ultimate yields.
  • EXAMPLE XXX in a further aspect of the invention, is the compound chitosan in conjunction with that of its insoluble parent chitin. It is proposed that the effect of chitin powder (60 mesh or finer) in the immediate presence of the developing roots provides a host for beneficial soil micro ⁇ organisms which provide some benefit to developing seedlings from various pathogens and parasites (i.e., nematodes) .
  • Chitin is believed to play an important role in reduction of symptoms from cephalosporium stripe where benefits were also observed and may have been responsible for increasing yields in the above trials.
  • EXAMPLE XXXI In further aspect of the invention is the compound of chitosan salts which were prepared as previously stated but immediately after solubilization and neutralization spray dried utilizing commercially available equipment to form a non-clumping high viscosity water soluble product for field testing. Such a product is deemed to a high commercial value due to ease of handling, lack of preservatives since chitosan salts dehydrated to low moisture levels is relatively inert and not subject to biodegradation or significant chemical degradation which enhances shelf life.
  • EXAMPLE XXXII In further aspect of the invention is the insecticidal benefit observed in treating roses with the compound to obtain at least a dietary preference away from treated plants. Although this has certainly not been observed in all plants in roses with every other plant in a row receiving a dose of 32 oz.
  • the corn can be colorized with such endophytes which occur naturally in bermuda grass, but not in corn. Transference capabilities of such natural predators or defenses is highly probable with chitosan salts. Further genetic stimulation of certain natural proteins for the plant's bioinsecticidal defense with chitosan salts alone cannot be dismissed. Certainly, the potential for biologic inoculation with chitosan has been demonstrated in trials on soybeans with Guzobium organisms.
  • a further apsect of this invention is the ability of chitosan salts to bind previously applied agrichemicals notably slurries which present personal health hazards, environmental safety, and waste disposal problems for treaters, handlers, and users.
  • agrichemicals notably slurries which present personal health hazards, environmental safety, and waste disposal problems for treaters, handlers, and users.
  • Such slurry applied chemicals are only loosely adhered to seeds at the time of application and unless planted quickly, are easily dislodged becoming airborne or accumulating at the bottom of bags, transport containers, or invading the air breathed by anyone in the vicinity.
  • Such a binder coat would ensure treated seed was sowed with most of the chemical applied to it.
  • the "cellophane like" wrapper thereby obtained tends to immobilize the slurried chemicals in the immediate vicinity of the seed (decreasing leaching) , and enhancing effectiveness of the chemical for its intended purpose. It appears that dosages of such chemicals may be open to reduction at higher levels of treatment approaching 5-10 ⁇ g/g which would easily offset the cost of such treatments.
  • a further aspect of this invention is the application of chitosan salts to serve as an encapsulation coat for various agri-chemicals to provide sustained release.
  • the ability to reduce leaching of such chemicals as herbicides, insecticides, or fertilizers and to provide sustained release thereof is a further way to improve agrichemical efficiency, reduce health risks to the public at large, and minimize adverse toxicologic impacts on the environment.
  • a novel method of treating dry fertilizers with salts of chitosan has been developed wherein an atomized spray of aqueous solution is applied directly to such granules at concentrations of about 5-50 ⁇ g/g which allows a very sustained release of the fertilizer.
  • EXAMPLE XXXV As a further aspect of this invention is the ability of the compound chitosan to improve the yield in perennial alfalfa when sprayed on the crop at the rate of 1 pint of 2.5% chitosan acetate solution diluted into 10 gallons and applied uniformly to one acre. The height of the alfalfa was visually checked and measured showing an additional six inches height on the treated field and resulted in a 12% increase in tonnage from the treated field.
  • a quantity of 2% chitosan solution suitable for use in the invention may be mixed as follows: at ambient temperature, to obtain about 500 ml of aqueous chitosan acetate, add 10 g of chitosan of high molecular weight (over 500,000 mw preferred) to 450 ml of water in a 600 ml beaker. This material is agitated with an overhead stirrer for several minutes. Then add 5 ml of glacial acetic acid (USP Grade) and allow to mix for one hour until the chitosan is dissolved. Continue agitation throughout this hour. The concentrated solution is then filtered and insoluble particles are removed.
  • Other ingredients may be added to this base formulation including but not limited to the following:
  • a wetting agent may be added for oily seeds (i.e., canola) but is not required.
  • the solution pH may be raised but when diluted adequately no ill effects to germination were seen.
  • the aqueous chitosan may be combined with a small amount of hydrating agent (such as polyethylene glycol) which improves film flexibility and reduces its tendency to fracture during post dried handling.
  • a hydrating agent such as polyethylene glycol
  • up to 10% by volume of a hydrating agent may be added to the concentrated solution prior to packaging during production or before dilution and application.
  • This concentrate is then diluted immediately prior to use to provide a rate of 1/2 fl. oz. to 1 fl. oz. of concentrate per 100 lbs.
  • the lower rate provides adequate coverage.
  • small, light seeds i.e., grasses, lettuce, etc.
  • the higher rate provides a more uniform treatment film.
  • the binder coat treatment was effective in virtually eliminating dust in later handling of seed. Even after it had been dried for a prolonged time.
  • Seed may be treated by first diluting from 4 up to 10 parts or more water to 1 part aqueous concentrate chitosan solution (prepared as described above) and by injecting a fine spray or fog mist into the seed transfer device.
  • a fine spray or fog mist into the seed transfer device.
  • This may be pneumatic tubes, an auger, or a similar device for seed transfer.
  • the application point is after all other suspension treatments are applied (preferably immediately thereafter) and the final seed coating.
  • Injection of the fine spray or mist causes small droplets of dilute aqueous chitosan to be deposited on the prior seed coats and seed causing any powdery material to be adhered to the polymer which is in turn bound to itself and the seed.
  • the additional travel through the seed transfer device causes further dispersion of the coating until it thoroughly covers the seed.

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Agronomy & Crop Science (AREA)
  • Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
  • Plant Pathology (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Dentistry (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Zoology (AREA)
  • Environmental Sciences (AREA)
  • Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
  • Pretreatment Of Seeds And Plants (AREA)

Abstract

On applique aux cultures des solutions de sels de chitosan, afin d'apporter du chitosan à la culture pendant l'étape de fructification, de manière à augmenter la teneur en protéines des fruits, à améliorer la résistance contre plusieurs pathogènes fongiques et à accroître le rendement. On peut procédér à l'application par traitement des semences, irrigation, trempage des racines ou pulvérisation foliaire. Le procédé d'application influence le poids molécualire de chitosan nécessaire. Il convient d'utiliser un agent fixateur ou un traitement supplémentaire pour les traitements de semences de toutes les plantes exceptées les plantes à courte durée de vie. Om peut également appliquer des solutions de sels de chitosan aux cultures afin d'améliorer la protection contre le gel ou à des semences de cultures afin d'activer la germination.
PCT/US1989/000429 1988-02-19 1989-02-07 Traitement de plantes avec des sels de chitosan WO1989007395A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US251,693 1981-04-07
US15822788A 1988-02-19 1988-02-19
US158,227 1988-02-19
US25169388A 1988-09-27 1988-09-27

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WO1995019109A1 (fr) * 1994-01-13 1995-07-20 Envirogen, Inc. Systeme organique de lutte contre les maladies
US5554445A (en) * 1992-07-29 1996-09-10 Novasso Oy Method for seed encrusting
WO1997009879A1 (fr) * 1995-09-14 1997-03-20 Bioestimulantes Orgânicos, Lda. Formule et procede faisant appel au chitosane pour ameliorer la resistance des plantes vis-a-vis des agents pathogenes et des agressions de l'environnement
WO1998032335A1 (fr) * 1997-01-23 1998-07-30 Dcv, Inc. Procede de traitement de plantes a cotyledons
WO1998034464A2 (fr) * 1997-02-12 1998-08-13 Dcv, Inc. Procede destine a traiter les plantes cotyledonees
EP0878129A1 (fr) * 1997-05-15 1998-11-18 Iskra Industry Co., Ltd. Composition contenant du chitosan pour l'amélioration de la résistance aux maladies des plantes
WO1999040790A1 (fr) * 1998-02-12 1999-08-19 Dcv, Inc. Procede de traitement de plantes cotyledonees
US6167652B1 (en) 1997-01-23 2001-01-02 Dcv, Inc. Method for treating cotyledonous plants
WO2001087067A1 (fr) * 2000-05-12 2001-11-22 The Procter & Gamble Company Compositions a base de polymer chitosan pour le soin des plantes
KR100412027B1 (ko) * 2002-01-15 2003-12-24 건 식 조 식물면역활성 물질을 이용한 마늘의 재배방법
WO2010029067A2 (fr) * 2008-09-11 2010-03-18 Basf Se Procédé permettant d'augmenter le nombre de semis par rapport au nombre de graines semées
US20110160060A1 (en) * 2008-08-04 2011-06-30 Valagro S.P.A. agricultural composition, method for the production thereof and uses in the treatment of cultures
WO2011157747A3 (fr) * 2010-06-16 2012-06-14 Agrinos AS Procédé microbien et composition à usage agricole
WO2013044212A1 (fr) * 2011-09-23 2013-03-28 Novozymes Biologicals Holdings A/S Chito-oligosaccharides et leurs méthodes d'utilisation pour améliorer la croissance du soja
WO2013044211A1 (fr) * 2011-09-23 2013-03-28 Novozymes Biologicals Holdings A/S Chito-oligosaccharides et leurs méthodes d'utilisation pour améliorer la croissance du maïs
US8748124B2 (en) 2009-12-23 2014-06-10 Agrinos AS Biodegradation process and composition
US8992653B2 (en) 2011-09-08 2015-03-31 Novozymes Bioag A/S Seed treatment methods and compositions
US9055746B2 (en) 2011-09-23 2015-06-16 Novozymes Bioag A/S Chitooligosaccharides and methods for use in enhancing plant growth
CN105189526A (zh) * 2013-02-28 2015-12-23 株式会社爱茉莉太平洋 用于制备香豆雌酚或香豆雌甙的方法
US9554575B2 (en) 2011-09-23 2017-01-31 Novozymes Bioag A/S Combinations of lipo-chitooligosaccharides and methods for use in enhancing plant growth
CN107223661A (zh) * 2016-03-23 2017-10-03 陕西韦尔奇作物保护有限公司 一种含增产胺的农药组合物
CN115176811A (zh) * 2022-08-12 2022-10-14 桂林集琦生化有限公司 一种果蔬品质调节剂及其应用
CN117467200A (zh) * 2023-10-31 2024-01-30 陕西中医药大学 一种植物生长用防冻复合液及其制备方法和应用
ES2963858A1 (es) * 2022-08-30 2024-04-02 Idebio S L Una composicion para plantas basada en quitosano y usos de la misma como elicitor y plaguicida biologico
US11999666B2 (en) 2011-09-14 2024-06-04 Novozymes Bioag A/S Use of lipo-chitooligosaccharides and/or chitooligosaccharides in combination with phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms to enhance plant growth

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US5554445A (en) * 1992-07-29 1996-09-10 Novasso Oy Method for seed encrusting
WO1995019109A1 (fr) * 1994-01-13 1995-07-20 Envirogen, Inc. Systeme organique de lutte contre les maladies
WO1997009879A1 (fr) * 1995-09-14 1997-03-20 Bioestimulantes Orgânicos, Lda. Formule et procede faisant appel au chitosane pour ameliorer la resistance des plantes vis-a-vis des agents pathogenes et des agressions de l'environnement
US6167652B1 (en) 1997-01-23 2001-01-02 Dcv, Inc. Method for treating cotyledonous plants
WO1998032335A1 (fr) * 1997-01-23 1998-07-30 Dcv, Inc. Procede de traitement de plantes a cotyledons
WO1998034464A3 (fr) * 1997-02-12 1999-01-21 Dcv Inc Procede destine a traiter les plantes cotyledonees
WO1998034464A2 (fr) * 1997-02-12 1998-08-13 Dcv, Inc. Procede destine a traiter les plantes cotyledonees
EP0878129A1 (fr) * 1997-05-15 1998-11-18 Iskra Industry Co., Ltd. Composition contenant du chitosan pour l'amélioration de la résistance aux maladies des plantes
US6413910B1 (en) 1997-05-15 2002-07-02 Iskra Industry Co., Ltd. Composition comprising chitosan for enhancing resistance to plant diseases
WO1999040790A1 (fr) * 1998-02-12 1999-08-19 Dcv, Inc. Procede de traitement de plantes cotyledonees
WO2001087067A1 (fr) * 2000-05-12 2001-11-22 The Procter & Gamble Company Compositions a base de polymer chitosan pour le soin des plantes
KR100412027B1 (ko) * 2002-01-15 2003-12-24 건 식 조 식물면역활성 물질을 이용한 마늘의 재배방법
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US8748124B2 (en) 2009-12-23 2014-06-10 Agrinos AS Biodegradation process and composition
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