Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01P—MEASURING LINEAR OR ANGULAR SPEED, ACCELERATION, DECELERATION, OR SHOCK; INDICATING PRESENCE, ABSENCE, OR DIRECTION, OF MOVEMENT
  • G01P3/00—Measuring linear or angular speed; Measuring differences of linear or angular speeds
  • G01P3/42—Devices characterised by the use of electric or magnetic means
  • G01P3/44—Devices characterised by the use of electric or magnetic means for measuring angular speed
  • G01P3/48—Devices characterised by the use of electric or magnetic means for measuring angular speed by measuring frequency of generated current or voltage
  • G01P3/481—Devices characterised by the use of electric or magnetic means for measuring angular speed by measuring frequency of generated current or voltage of pulse signals
  • G01P3/489—Digital circuits therefor

Definitions

• This invention relates to a device that converts the signals generated by a vehicle speed sensor and a vehicle engine rpm sensor into a standardized output signal for transmission to devices, such as an electronic speedometer and/or an engine rpm indicator, that display or otherwise use the signals.
• Modern vehicles, particularly heavy duty trucks, are commonly equipped with one or more devices which display or otherwise utilize signals generated by electronic engine rpm sensors and by speed sensors which generate a pulsed output in proportion to wheel or engine rotational speed.
• Such devices include electronic speedometers, electronic rpm indicators, and other devices such as trip recorders. It is, of course, desirable that the signals be calibrated and transmitted by a single device, instead of being calibrated by each apparatus which uses the signals. Calibration in a single device avoids the prior art problem that the receiving devices disagree with one another (for example, a trip recorder may state that the vehicle traveled at 65 miles per hour, but the speedometer showed only 60 miles per hour) .
• the accuracy of the system may be checked and adjusted at a single device.
• the present invention not only accomplishes the above-mentioned objectives, but provides a way to calibrate both the speed and engine rpm signals in a single microcontroller having only two internal timers. In general, it is necessary for a microcontroller to have one timer which is used to calibrate the incoming signals and a second timer to time the periods of the signals on the output ports of the microcontroller.
• the present invention effects calibration and transmission of both vehicle speed and engine rpm signals using a single microcontroller.
• Figure 1 is a diagrammatic illustration indicating the relationship between the microcontroller used in the present invention and the various inputs and outputs to and from the microcontroller;
• Figures 2 and 3 are time variant graphs indicating, respectively, the relationship with respect to time of the input signals to the microcontroller and the - output signals from the microcontroller;
• Figure 4 is a diagrammatic illustration of the overall scheme in which the various inputs to the microcontroller are calibrated and transmitted to the output ports thereof; and Figure 5-11 are detailed block system diagrams illustrating the manner in which the calculations effected as indicated in Figure 4 are made.
• the speed/rpm calibration sender unit is generally- indicated by the numeral 10.
• Unit 10 includes a microprocessor 12 (which may, for example, be a 80c51 microprocessor available from Intel. Corporation) that has a first input port 14 which is connected to a conventional speed sensor 16.
• Speed sensor 16 is of a type which is commonly used with vehicle adaptive braking systems and which includes a toothed tone wheel that is rotatable with, for example, a vehicle wheel or transmission shaft and an electromagnetic pickup mechanism disposed adjacent to the tone wheel. Accordingly, the pickup, will produce a pulsed output, the frequency of pulses varying with the speed of rotation of the wheel.
• a similar sensor 18 generates a similar signal which is representative of the speed of rotation of the engine crankshaft.
• the signal from the rpm sensor 18 is transmitted to the in port 20 of microprocessor 12.
• a calibration switch 22, which will hereinafter be described, is connected to still another port 24 of the microprocessor 12, and a two speed axle switch 26 is connected to port 28 of microprocessor 12.
• Two speed axle switch 26 generates an input to the port 28 that is either high or low depending on the axle ratio selected by the vehicle operator.
• a speed output port 30 and a rpm output port 32 are connected to, respectively, one or more speed utilization devices 34 and rpm utilization devices 36.
• the utilization devices 34, 36 may be, for example, an electronic digital speedometer or electronic digital rpm indicator, vehicle trip recorder, etc.
• the utilization devices 34, 36 "count up” starting from each change of state of their corresponding ports 30 or 32 until the next change of state.
• the length of time between the changes of states at the ports 30, 32 is calculated to be proportional to the frequency of the pulses generated by the corresponding sensors 16 or 18. Accordingly, the function of the microprocessor 12 is to calibrate the pulsed inputs from the sensors 16, 18 into a speed output period signal at port 30 or an rpm output signal at port 32.
• the microprocessor 12 includes two internal timers. One of the timers is used to calibrate the input signals from the sensor 16, 18. The other timer is used to time the speed output periods and rpm output periods transmitted to the utilization devices 34, 36. An important feature of this invention is that the same timer is used to calibrate both the speed sensor and rpm sensor inputs, and that the other timer is used to calculate the output periods for both the speed output by port 30 and the rpm output on port 32. Prior art devices required separate microprocessors for each of the input signals.
• the present invention accordingly , provides substantial economies by using a single microprocessor to process both signals, even though this microprocessor includes only two internal timers.
• the incoming signal which may be either the speed or rpm signal (since the same calibration routine is used for both using the same timer)
• the changes in state of the square wave representing the speed or rpm signal are hereinafter referred to as "external interrupts”.
• the timer periods are indicated at the top of Figure 2 as time ta. Time ta in the present case, is set equal to 20 milliseconds, but any arbitrarily small timer period may be used.
• the first timing period t_ before the time t is shown as a partial cycle, since it cannot be assured that the change in state of the speed or rpm signal will always occur at the same time that the timer times out.
• the time between the start of the measured period indicated at t. and the first timer interrupt at t , and the time between the last timer interrupt t during the measurement period and the next external interrupt at t are added together and are hereinafter referred to as the "net time".
• the measured output period of the signal illustrated in Figure 2 can then be calculated by counting the number of..sample periods (t ), multiplying by the length of the timer period (a constant) and adding on the net time, and then dividing by the number of external interrupts.
• the measured period In order to determine the speed output period at output ports 30 or 32, the measured period must be multiplied by a speed or rpm factor.
• the speed factor is a constant for any particular vehicle, and may be calculated from the rolling radius of the tire and the number teeth on the tone wheel, or may be measured by running the vehicle over a measured mile and counting the number of pulses produced by the corresponding speed sensor.
• the rpm factor may be calculated or measured in a similar manner.
• the speed output period is illustrated as the top curve on the graph of Figure 3, and the rpm output period is indicated as the lower curve on Figure 3.
• time t This difference is illustrated as time tfoli in Figure 3.
• the timer is then loaded with the time t-, and the speed output port 30 is then toggled when the timer times out.
• the timer is then reloaded with the time t., which is the difference between the time t ⁇ and the time t_, and the port 32 is toggled when the timer times out. If either t_ or t. are smaller than the timer load limit, both port 30 and 32 are toggled at the same time, but the difference is either added'or subtracted from the period on the next cycle to prevent this inaccuracy from stacking up. The manner in which this is done will be described hereinafter.
• the initialization process calls the subroutines that calculate the speed output period and the rpm output period as indicated at 40 and 42 respectively. However, before the speed and rpm output periods may be calculated, it is necessary to gather speed data as indicated at 44 and to gather rpm data as indicated at 46.
• the initialization subroutine is illustrated in Figure 5; the speed output period subroutine 40 is illustrated in Figure 9; the rpm output period referenced at 42 as illustrated in Figure 10, and the speed data gathering subroutine 44 and rpm gathering subroutine 46 are illustrated in Figures 6 and 7 respectively.
• the interrupts must be controlled as indicated at 48 and 50. Although different subroutines are indicated for both the speed and rpm calculations, these subroutines are both illustrated in Figure 8. Values calculated for the speed output period and rpm output period is indicated by 40 and 42 are then used to calculate the output timer periods and bits states as indicated at 52. The subroutine for doing so is illustrated in Figure 11. The timer periods and bit states calculated in 52 are then transmitted to the output timer and bits queue 54, which is used to load the output timer 56_. Since the queue 54 and timer 56 are both conventional, they are not illustrated in detail herein.
• the initialization routine 38 is disclosed in detail.
• all the random access memories are cleared as indicated- at 58, the speed factor and rpm factors, which will be used as described hereinafter, are obtained from memory as indicated at 60, the timers are loaded as indicated at 62, and the timer interrupts are enabled as indicated at 64.
• timer 0 is the timer used to calibrate the incoming signals
• timer 1 is the timer used to time the output periods of the output ports 30, 32.
• the initialization routine 38 then checks the speed data valid flag, as indicated at 66.
• the speed data valid flag is set at the end of the measurement cycle, so if the flag has been set, the program proceeds to call the calculate speed output period routine as indicated at 68.
• the calculated speed output period routine is indicated at 40 and is illustrated in detail in Figure 9 hereof.
• the rpm data valid flag is then tested at 70.
• the rpm data valid flag is set during the calculation of the rpm output -period in much the same way as the speed data valid flag is set during the speed output period calculation. If the rpm data valid flag is set, the rpm output period is calculated as indicated at 72 using the routine illustrated at 42 in Figure 4 and as illustrated in Figure 10. Before calculation of the speed output periods and rpm output periods can begin, the wheel speed and rpm data must be initialized.
• the Gather Speed Data routine is illustrated .at 44 in Figure 4 and illustrated in detail in Figures 6, 6A, and 6B.
• the Gather Speed Data routine is started and receives the first speed interrupt as indicated at 74 from the vehicle speed sensors.
• the speed interrupt is defined as the second change in state of the output signals from the speed sensor.
• the routine jumps to the address in the speed queue as illustrated at 76.
• the speed queue is normally programmed to jump to the start speed routine illustrated in Figure 6A unless the speed queue is instructed differently. Accordingly, when the first interrupt is received, the routine jumps to the routine illustrated in Figure 6A.
• a speed start time is stored in memory and is set equal to the current value of the timer 0.
• the address in the speed queue is then changed as indicated at 80 to' the address of the run speed routine in Figure 6B. Accordingly, when the next interrupt is received, the routine will jump to Figure 6B instead of 6A.
• the number of speed interrupts are counted and stored in memory. In the routine illustrated in Figure 6A, the number of speed interrupts is set equal to 0 as indicated at 82. As also to be described hereinafter, the calculations also require that the number of interrupts made by the timer 0 during the speed calculation also be counted. This is stored in memory as the number of speed timer interrupts, and is set equal to 0 as at 84.
• the address set in the queue as at 76 will be the run speed routine illustrated at 6B, since the address in the queue was changed at 80 in Figure 6A.
• the end speed run flag is tested to see if it has been set, as will be described in later calculations. This is indicated at 86 in Figure 6B.
• the number of speed interrupts is then incremented as indicated at 88, and the results stored in memory.
• the routine then returns. If the end speed run has been set equal to 1, then the number of speed interrupts is incremented as indicated at 90.
• the speed interrupts from the speed sensors are then disabled as indicated at 92, and the speed stop time is stored in memory as the current value of the timer 0, as indicated at 94.
• the end speed run flag is set equal to 0, the speed data running flag is set equal-,to 0 and the speed data valid flag is set equal to 1.
• the rpm data is gathered similarly as the speed data is gathered.
• the gathered rpm data routine is illustrated in the detailed. Figure 7, and is illustrated schematically at 46 in Figure 4.
• An rpm interrupt is -. received as at 98, and, as indicated at 100, the routine is caused to jump to the address stored in the rpm queue.
• the address stored in the rpm queue is the start rpm routine illustrated in Figure 7A. Referring to 7A, the rpm start 'time is stored in memory as the current value of the timer 0 as indicated at 102.
• the address in the rpm queue 100 is changed to the address of the run rpm routine illustrated ' in Figure 7B.
• rpm interrupt is the second change in state of the output of the rpm sensor, as illustrated graphically in Figure 2.
• a subsequent rpm interrupt causes the rpm queue to jump to the beginning of the routine illustrated in 7B, since the address in the rpm queue has been readdressed as indicated at 104 in Figure 7A.
• the number of rpm interrupts is then incremented as indicated at 110, and the end rpm run flag is tested as indicated at 112. If the end rpm run flag has been set, the address in the rpm queue is changed to the address of the stop rpm routine illustrated at Figure 7C, as indicated at 114. If the end rpm run flag has not been set, the program continues to calculate the rpm output period, as illustrated at 42 in Figure 4 and in Figure 10 hereof.
• the next rpm interrupt causes the program to jump, because of the readdress of the rpm queue as indicated at 114 in Figure 7B, to the routine illustrated in Figure 7C.
• This routine disables the rpm interrupts as indicated at 116, increments the number of rpm interrupts as indicated at 118, and sets the rpm stop time in memory as the current value of the timer 0 as indicated at 120.
• the routine sets the end rpm run flag equal to 0, sets the rpm data running flag equal to 0, and sets the rpm data valid flag equal to 1, as indicated at 122.
• the speed data valid flag and the rpm data valid flags are used to determine whether to continue to calculate a speed output period or a rpm output period respectively.
• the output period for both speed and rpm are calculated over a predetermined number of timer interrupts.
• three timer interrupts are illustrated.
• the speed signal output period is calculated over three timer interrupts, but the rpm output period is calculated over only two timer interrupts.
• the timer interrupts are calculated and incremented, and the decision made as to whether to continue calculation of the output period or if the calculation has been completed, by use of the routine illustrated in Figure 8.
• the interrupts calculated in Figure 8 are used to calculate the speed output period and the rpm output periods 40 and 42 respectively, as illustrated in detail in Figures 9 and 10, and, as has already been described, are also used in the gather rpm data routines and gather rpm speed data routines illustrated at 44, and 46.
• timer 0 when a timer 0 interrupt occurs timer 0 is reloaded as indicated at 124 and the interrupts are enabled as indicated at 126.
• the rpm data valid flag is checked. The routine branches to the speed data portion of the program if the rpm data valid flag has been set equal to 1. It will be recalled that the rpm data valid flag is set equal to 1 by the stop rpm routine illustrated in 7C, thereby indicating the end of a rpm measurement period. If the rpm data valid flag has not been set, the routine then checks the rpm data running flag as indicated at 130. This flag is set and reset as will be hereinafter described.
• the time period over which the rpm output period is calculated is the time between two timer interrupts, plus the net time before and after the interrupts as will be hereinafter described.
• the number of rpm timer interrupts stored in memory is not equal to 2, the number is interrogated to determine if it is equal to 3, as indicated at 136. If the number of rpm interrupts is not equal to 3, indicating either that the measurement period has not yet been completed (if the number of timer interrupts is equal to 1 or 0), or that a new rpm output period can be calculated beginning at the next interrupt if the number of rpm timer interrupts is equal to 3. Accordingly, it is assured that at least 1 rpm timer interrupt occurs between calculation of successive measurement periods. If the number of rpm timer interrupts is equal to 3, the number of rpm interrupts is set equal to 0, as indicated at 138, and the rpm data valid, the. rpm data running, and the end rpm run 5 flags are reset, as indicated at 140.
• the rpm data running flag is not set equal to 1, indicating that at least one timer interrupt has occurred after the end of a measurement period, the number of rpm interrupts and the number of timer interrupts 10 stored in memory are reset equal to 0, as indicated at
• the address in the rpm queue is then reset equal to the address of the start rpm routine, as indicated at 144, the rpm data running flag is reset equal to 1 as indicated at 146, thereby enabling the start of a new measurement 15 period, as indicated at 148.
• the speed interrupts are calculated by the portion of the routine illustrated in Figure 8 indicated generally by the numeral 48 (see Figure 4). The calculation is made in an analogous way as to the rpm - 20 interrupt calculation described hereinabove.
• the speed data valid flag is tested, to determine if a new speed output period should be calculated.
• the speed data valid flag is set and reset as described hereinafter with respect to the calculation illustrated in 25 Figure 9, and with respect to the stop speed routine illustrated in Figure 6.
• the speed data running flag is then tested as indicated 152, to determine if a new speed output period is now being calculated. If the flag is set equal to 1, the number of speed timer interrupts stored in 30 memory is incremented as indicated at 154.
• the number of speed timer interrupts stored in memory is then tested, as » indicated at 156, to determine if the number stored in memory is equal to 3.
• a speed measurement period is calculated, as illustrated in Figure 2, but over 3 35 complete speed timer periods (plus any net time, as will be discussed hereinafter) . If the number of speed timer interrupts is equal to 3, the end speed run flag is set as indicated at 158. If the speed timer interrupts is not equal to 3, the number in memory is tested to determine if it is equal to 7, as indicated at 160. If the number of speed timers is equal to 7, thereby assuring that several timer periods have occurred between calculation of a speed output period, the number of speed interrupts is set equal to 0 as indicated at 162, and the various flags are set as indicated at 164.
• the speed data running flag has not been set equal to 1, thereby indicating that a new speed measurement period can be calculated, the number of speed timer interrupts is reset equal to 0, as indicated at 166, and the address stored in the speed queue is set equal to that of the start speed routine as indicated at 168. The speed data running flag is then reset equal to 1, as indicated at
• the number of speed timer interrupts is incremented as indicated at 172, and the speed interrupts are enabled, as indicated at 174.
• the speed gathered as indicated at 44 ( Figure 6) and the speed interrupts calculated at 48 ( Figure 8) are used to calculate the speed output period.
• the calibration port 24 is tested to see if it is active or not, as indicated at 176.
• the meter calibration port can be controlled by a technician to display a predetermined output period, to thereby determine if one or more of the speed utilization devices 34 are functioning properly. If the meter calibration port is active, the speed output period is set equal to the period for 50 miles per hour, as indicated at 178. Accordingly, 50 miles per hour should be displayed on, for example, the vehicle electronic speedometer, to enable the technician to determine if this device is functional.
• the number of speed interrupts is tested to determine if it is equal to 0, as indicated at 179. If it is equal to 0 during the calculation of speed measurement period, the period is merely set equal to 0 as indicated at 180.
• the net time that is, referring to Figure 2, the sum of the times between t. and t , and the time between tz and tc, is then calculated.
• the speed stop time is checked to see if it is equal to or greater than the speed start time as indicated at 182. If it is, the net time is merely the difference between the stop time and the start time, as indicated at 184.
• the net time is the difference between 20,000 (since the timer period is set equal to 20 milliseconds) minus the speed start time plus the speed stop time, as indicated at 186.
• the measured speed time can now be calculated as indicated at 188, as equal to the number of speed timer interrupts times the length of the timer (in this case 20 milliseconds) plus the net time, divided by the number of speed interrupts.
• the number of speed timer interrupts times the length of the timer gives the time between t ⁇ and t z, while the net time adds on the time between t b. and tx and between tz and tc.
• the two speed axle port is then tested at 190. The.
• two speed axle port 28 will be active, if the two speed axle is set in one of two speeds and inactive if set in the other.
• the speed factors from which the speed output period is calculated will change depending upon which of the speed ranges the two speed axle has been placed in. If the two speed axle port is active, the speed value is set at speed factor #2 stored in memory, as indicated in 192 and if the two speed axle port is not active, the speed value is set equal to the first speed factor, as stored in memory, as indicated at 194.
• the speed output period is then calculated as indicated at 196 as equal to the measured speed time calculated at 188 times the speed value divided by a constant.
• the speed data valid flag is then reset equal to 0 as indicated at 198.
• the rpm output period is calculated similar to the manner in which the speed output period is calculated using the routine illustrated in Figure 9.
• the meter calibration port 24 is tested, as indicated at 200, and if active, the rpm output period is set equal to the period for 1500 rpm, as indicated at 202, thereby enabling testing of the rpm utilization device 36. If the calibration port is not active, the number of rpm interrupts is tested as indicated at 204 to determine if it is equal to 0. If the number of rpm interrupts is equal to 0, the rpm output period is also set equal to 0, as indicated at 206.
• the rpm stop time is tested to see if it is equal to or greater than the rpm start time, as indicated at 208. If it is, the net time is calculated as equal to the rpm stop time minus the rpm start time, as indicated at 210. If the rpm stop time is not equal to or greater than the rpm start time, the net time is calculated, as indicated at 212, as equal to 20,000 minus the rpm start time plus the rpm stop time.
• the calculations made at 208, 210 and 212 are analogous to the calculations made at 182, 184 and 186 for the speed output period and will not be further described in detail herein.
• the measured rpm time is then calculated at 214 as equal to the number of rpm timer interrupts times the length of the timer (20 milliseconds) plus the net time (calculated at 210 or 212) divided by the number of rpm interrupts.
• the measured rpm time so calculated is, referring to Figure 2, equal to the net time between t, and t , divided by the number of rpm interrupts.
• This measured rpm time like the measured speed time calculated at 188 in Figure 9, will vary in direct relation with the frequency of the pulses generated by the speed sensor 16 and the rpm sensor 18 respectively.
• the rpm output period is then calculated by multiplying the measured rpm time times the rpm factor divided by a constant, as indicated at 216.
• the rpm data valid flag is then reset as indicated at 218. Accordingly, the speed output period and the rpm output period will vary in direct proportion to the frequency of the pulses generated by the speed sensor 16 and the rpm sensor 18 respectively. Therefore, the port 30 should be turned on and off at the beginning of a speed output period and the port 32 should be turned on and off at the beginning and end of an rpm output period. Accordingly, the speed utilization device and rpm utilization devices 34, 36, can "count up" during the period between changes of the states of the ports 30, 32 respectively.
• ports 30 and 32 are controlled by a single timer (referred herein as timer 1), thereby permitting control of both the devices 34 and the devices 36 by a single microprocessor 12, even though the output periods for the ports 30 and 32 are different.
• timer 1 a single timer
• the manner in which the ports 30 and 32 are controlled is illustrated in Figure 11. Referring to Figure 11, the routine is initialized as indicated at 220 by setting the variable t. equal to 0 and the flag Bit, equal to 0. Referring to 222, the variable t, is set equal to the rpm output period calculated as set forth in Figure 10 and t_ is set equal to the speed output period calculated in
• the variable shortbit is set equal to t
• the variable longbit is set equal to t_.
• the "shortbit" is complemented, that is, its state is changed upon time out of timer 1.
• the port 30 bit state will be changed when the flow chart in Figure 11 refers to the longbit being complemented, and the rpm output port 32 will have its state changed when the flow chart Figure 11 indicates that the shortbit is being complemented.
• the periods t, and t 2 are checked as indicated at 226, to establish that t, is greater than t_. If t, is not greater than t ⁇ , t, and.
• the flag Bit is checked as indicated at 232, to see if it equals 1 or not. As discussed hereinabove, Bit, is set equal to 0 when the system is initialized at
• variable t4 is then checked as indicated at 238 to see if it is less than 0. If it is not, it is checked to see if it is equal to 0 at 240, and if t. is not equal to 0, the timer queue 54 is loaded with the shorter period t 2 and the queue is instructed to complement shortbit upon timer time out, as indicated at 242. The routine then returns to 236, where another increment of the shorter period t ? is subtracted from t.. " Referring to
• the timer queue is loaded with the time t 2 , and the timer queue instructs the timer 1 to complement both the bits 30 and 32 upon timer time out.
• the value t- (which is the old value of t., as 3 was set equal to t. at 236) is interrogated to determine if it is less than the timer load limit. A very small time cannot be loaded into the timer, because of the physical limitations of the timer. If t-, as tested at 246, is less than the timer load limit, t- is set equal to - 3 , shortbit is complemented, thereby indicating the end of a timer period, and Bit, is set equal to 1, all as indicated at
• the timer queue is then loaded with t ⁇ , as indicated at 253, which represents the difference in values between t, and the value in t 2 when the difference between t, and t 2 goes negative after subsequent values of t 2 are subtracted from t1, . Since the time t4. is within the timer load limit, the timer queue is loaded with the time t_ (see Figure 3) so that both bits may be complemented at the same time upon timer time out. The fact that t. (again see Figure 3) is less than timer load limit indicates that the period t, is almost an even multiple of t 2 . t, is then set equal to -t 4 , where it is used to adjust the period (see block 234) ' to permit these extremely small differences less than a timer load limit from accumulating into major errors in calculations.
• calculation block 254 loads the timer with the value indicated at t_, which is the difference between the leading edge of the period t 2 and the trailing edge of the time period t,.

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• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Combined Controls Of Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)
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• 1988
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