WO1986007148A1 - Dispositif d'imagerie differentielle - Google Patents

Dispositif d'imagerie differentielle Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1986007148A1
WO1986007148A1 PCT/US1986/001096 US8601096W WO8607148A1 WO 1986007148 A1 WO1986007148 A1 WO 1986007148A1 US 8601096 W US8601096 W US 8601096W WO 8607148 A1 WO8607148 A1 WO 8607148A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
electromagnetic radiation
specimen
preselected
frequency
polarization
Prior art date
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PCT/US1986/001096
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English (en)
Inventor
Marcos Francisco Maestre
Ignacio Tinoco, Jr.
Original Assignee
The Regents Of The University Of California
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Application filed by The Regents Of The University Of California filed Critical The Regents Of The University Of California
Publication of WO1986007148A1 publication Critical patent/WO1986007148A1/fr

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N22/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of microwaves or radio waves, i.e. electromagnetic waves with a wavelength of one millimetre or more
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
    • G01N21/21—Polarisation-affecting properties
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
    • G01N2021/178—Methods for obtaining spatial resolution of the property being measured

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to the field of imaging r and more specifically, to imaging techniques for displaying details of a structure which result from the orientation of the specific structure or the components which make-up that structure.
  • An image may be defined to be a mapping of the spatial distribution of some property of the specimen being. imaged into another spatial distribution of that property or of a different property.
  • a typical black and white photographic negative of an object is a mapping of the spatial distribution of the intensity of light leaving each point on the object.
  • the mapping process consists of setting the density of silver grains at each point in the negative in proportion to the intensity of light leaving the corresponding point on the specimen.
  • an x-ray image is a mapping of the ability of each point in the imaged part of the specimen to absorb electromagnetic radiation in the x-ray frequency range.
  • a simple N R image is a mapping of the hydrogen nucleus density at each point in a plane intersecting the patient,'s body.
  • Imaging systems which display organizational differences based on polarized light are known to the prior art.
  • Smart U. S. Patent No. 3,525,803
  • the polarized light is composed of two components.
  • the polarization filter selects one of these components for viewing.
  • a structure in the image which is composed of molecules which are bundled with a specific orientation, will absorb one component of the polarized light in preference to the other of said components.
  • the image produced without the polarization filter will be different from that produced with the polarization filter if such structures are present.
  • this difference is often masked by other processes.
  • the plane polarized light used in the apparatus of Smart is composed of two components, a component with polarization in one direction, V, and a component, H, with polarization in a second direction at right angles to the first component.
  • the image measured without the polarization filter is the sum of the absorbances of the V and H components which are transmitted by the specimen.
  • the image measure with the polarization filter set to select the V component is the the V component which was transmitted by the specimen plus the V component of the light which resulted from the scattering of the H component. Since the scattering of the H component gives rise to light having a mixture of both the V and H polarizations, if this scattering is large, it may mask the differences in absorption of the V component which resulted from the oriented structure. This problem arises from attempting to measure the difference in absorbance for the two different polarization components by illuminating with a mixture of the two components and then sorting the light transmitted by the specimen using a filter.
  • a further problem with the type of apparatus exemplified by the Smart patent is that the apparatus is limited to polarized electromagnetic radiation in the frequence range for which an appropriate polarization filter can be constructed.
  • polarized electromagnetic radiation of very high energies i.e., gamma-rays, this is not practical.
  • a chiral structure is one whose mirror image is different from the structure.
  • helical molecules are either left or right handed depending on the twist of the helix. These molecules are chiral, since the mirror image of a right handed helix is a left handed helix, not a right handed one.
  • Such molecules preferentially absorb circularly polarized electromagnetic radiation, but do not preferentially absorb linearly polarized electromagnetic radiation unless they are organized into some larger structure which preferentially absorbs linearly polarized electromagnetic radiation as described above.
  • the present invention comprises an apparatus and method for forming an image based on the interactions of polarized electromagnetic radiation with the specimen being imaged.
  • the image formed by the apparatus of the present invention is the difference of two images of the specimen each made with electromagnetic radiation having a different polarization.
  • the apparatus of the present invention consists of a source of polarized electromagnetic radiation which produces electromagnetic radiation of either one of two preselected polarizations and a means for forming a difference image.
  • the intensity of each point in the difference image is equal to the difference of the intensity of electromagnetic radiation that would be measured if two images were formed using each polarization separately and the intensities of electromagnetic radiation at each point in each of these two images were subtracted from one another to produce the intensity of electromagnetic radiation represented by the corresponding point in said difference image.
  • the polarized electromagnetic radiation source may produce electromagnetic radiation of any wave length from the low frequency radio waves to high energy gamma rays, as well as electromagnetic radiation in the visible range. The choice of wave length and polarization will depend on the structure or compounds to be accentuated in the image.
  • the images may be constructed in either of two scanning modes.
  • the specimen may be scanned sequentially at each point to be included in the image with a beam of polarized electromagnetic radiation and the resulting electromagnetic radiation which reaches a detector measured.
  • a data processing system connected to the detector records the intensity of electromagnetic radiation measured by the detector when each point on the specimen is illuminated with polarized electromagnetic radiation of one polarization and then the other polarization.
  • the difference image may be constructed by first illuminating the specimen with the polarized electromagnetic radiation of one polarization and forming an image in a plane with an imaging lens. This image is then be inputed to a data processing system together with an image similarly produced using the other polarization.
  • the apparatus of the present invention may be operated in any of four modes described in detail below. These operational modes are selected by choosing the geometric relationship between the image forming means and the polarized electromagnetic radiation source, the wavelength of polarized electromagnetic radiation produced by the polarized electromagnetic radiation source relative to the wavelength detected by the image forming means, and the timing of the detection of the electromagnetic radiation relative to the timing of the emission of the polarized electromagnetic radiation by the polarized electromagnetic radiation source. Each of these modes produces a difference image in which different features of the specimen under investigation are accentuated.
  • FIGURE 1 is a block diagram of an apparatus according to the present invention.
  • FIGURE 2 is a block diagram of the preferred embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIGURE 3 is a block diagram of a second apparatus according to the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
  • the apparatus of the present invention constructs an image of a specimen by measuring the difference in the intensity of electromagnetic radiation leaving each point on the specimen when the specimen is illuminated with electromagnetic radiation of different polarization.
  • the detected electromagnetic radiation may be the result of incident electromagnetic radiation which passed through the specimen without being absorbed or which was scattered by the specimen. It may also be the result of incident electromagnetic radiation which was absorbed by the specimen and then re-emitted either immediately (referred to as fluorescence) or after some time delay (referred to as phosphorescence) .
  • the re-emitted electromagnetic radiation will, in general, be at an energy less than that of the incident electromagnetic radiation.
  • Electromagnetic radiation is said to be polarized if the vibrations of the electric, or magnetic, field vector representing the radiation at a fixed point in its path exhibits a preference to direction or sense of vibration.
  • the electric field vector representing linearly polarized radiation vibrates parallel to a fixed direction.
  • Electromagnetic radiation is said to be circularly polarized if the tip of the electric field vector, at a fixed point in the path of the radiation, generates a circular pattern in time.
  • a circularly polarized wave is mathematically equivalent to two orthogonal linearly polarized waves of equal magnitude but differing in phase by a quarter wave.
  • the sense of circular polarization, right or left, is determined by the sense of the circular pattern, clockwise or counterclockwise.
  • the interaction of polarized electromagnetic radiation depends on the direction or sense of the polarization. For example, if a structure consisting of a bundle of hemoglobin molecules, similar to a bundle of straws, is illuminated with linear polarized electromagnetic radiation in which the direction of polarization is parallel to the axis of the bundle, the electromagnetic radiation will be less strongly absorbed than it would be if the direction of polarization was orthogonal to the axis of the bundle. Similarly, if a solution of chiral molecules is illuminated with circularly polarized electromagnetic radiation, the amount of circularly polarized electromagnetic radiation absorbed by the solution will be different for left handed circularly polarized electromagnetic radiation than for right handed circularly polarized electromagnetic radiation.
  • a means 30 for illuminating a specimen 18 with monochromatic polarized electromagnetic radiation having either one of two polarizations a detector 28 for measuring the intensity of electromagnetic radiation leaving each of the points on the specimen which is to be included in the image, and a means for forming the difference 26 of the intensities so measured when the specimen is first illuminated with electromagnetic radiation of one of said polarizations and then illuminated with electromagnetic radiation of the other of said polarizations.
  • the means for illuminating the specimen consists of a monochromator 12 which provides monochromatic unpolarized electromagnetic radiation which is polarized by a polarizer 14 and a lens 16 which focuses the electromagnetic radiation leaving the polarizer onto the specimen 18.
  • the monochromator is of conventional design. In the preferred embodiment, it is a high intensity filament based light source and an appropriate filter to remove light of undesired wave lengths. Monochromators based on lasers will be apparent to those skilled in the art.
  • the polarizer 14 selects the appropriate components of the electromagnetic radiation produced by the monochromator to convert the output of the monochromator to a polarized source.
  • the output of the polarizer 14 is either linearly polarized electromagnetic radiation or circularly polarized electromagnetic radiation. If linearly polarized electromagnetic radiation is choosen, the two polarizations correspond to the electric field vector being aligned along two orthogonal directions indicated by the arrows shown at 31 and 32 respectively. If circularly polarized electromagnetic radiation is chosen, the polarized electromagnetic radiation leaving the polarizer 24 will either be left or right handed circularly polarized electromagnetic radiation.
  • the polarizer 14 may be constructed using the Pockels Effect which is known to those skilled in the art.
  • a suitable crystal for example, potassium dideuterium phosphate (KD2PO4) is subjected to an applied electric field.
  • KD2PO4 potassium dideuterium phosphate
  • Circularly polarized electromagnetic radiation at wave lengths in the radio frequency range may be produced using a helical antenna.
  • Linearly polarized electromagnetic radiation in the radio frequency range may be generated by use of a phased array of dipole antennae.
  • Both helical antennae and phased arrays of dipole antennae are conventional in the art.
  • both linearly polarized electromagnetic radiation and circularly polarized electromagnetic radiation may be produced from synchrotron radiation using the method of Kim which is described in detail in an article by Kwang Kim entitled "Synchrotron Radiation Source with Arbitrarily Adjustable Elliptical Polarization", Nuclear Instruments and Methods. Vol. 219, P. 425, 1984 which is hereby incorporated by reference.
  • wave length of polarized electromagnetic radiation to be used for illuminating the specimen will depend on the type of compound or object which is to be emphasized in the image. If chiral objects are to be emphasized, the maximum difference in absorbance and difference in scattering of the polarized electromagnetic radiation will occur at a wave length which is the same order of magnitude as the diameter of the chiral object in question. However, satisfactory signals can be obtained with wavelengths which are a thousand to ten thousand times larger or smaller than this diameter in many cases. If one wished to scan the surface of the earth for large objects which were chiral in nature using polarized electromagnetic radiation, wave lengths in the radio frequency band would be appropriate. Images of biological specimens based on clusters of protein molecules can be produced by using wave lengths in the visible regions and linear and circular polarization.
  • a wave length which coincides with a strong absorption band of the species in question would be appropriate.
  • an image could be constructed to accentuate chiral molecules which contain a known chemical group which absorbs electromagnetic radiation strongly at a particular wave length by setting the wave length of the source of polarized electromagnetic radiation to that wave length and using circular polarization.
  • the wave length may be varied until a wave length which maximizes the difference between the two samples is found.
  • the choice of detector 28 will depend on the frequency region of the polarized electromagnetic radiation being used. For electromagnetic radiation with frequencies between infrared and ultraviolet, this detector may be constructed from a lens 20 and a two dimensional detector 24 which measures the intensity of electromagnetic radiation at each point in a plane associated with the detector. The lens 20 focuses the electromagnetic radiation leaving the specimen onto this plane. Image detectors in which this image is first focused on a surface other than a plane will be obvious to those skilled in the art.
  • a conventional television camera may be used for the detector 24.
  • Vidicon cameras with sensitivities in the infrared are also conventional in the art.
  • detectors constructed from a screen which emits light in the visible region when electromagnetic radiation in the frequency region above the visible region strikes it and a television camera are conventional in the art.
  • detectors constructed from a material which emits electrons when struck by electromagnetic radiation in or above the visible region followed by an electron multiplier and an electron detector are also conventional in the art. In those energy regions for which a suitable two dimensional imaging detector 24 cannot be constructed, the apparatus may operated in the scanning mode described below.
  • the detector 28 is coupled to an image processing system 26 which provides a means for forming the difference of the two intensities measured at each point by the detector 28.
  • the image processing system 26 is a digital computer of conventional design.
  • the image processing system 26 is coupled to the source of electromagnetic radiation 30.
  • the imaging processing system records the intensities measured by the detector 28 at each point on the specimen and then forms an image of the specimen in which each point in the image is related to the difference of the measured intensities taken with the two alternative directions of polarization.
  • each point in the image has an intensity proportional to the difference in intensities measured with the different directions of polarization at the corresponding point on the specimen.
  • the apparatus of the present invention may be used to form images in one of 4 modes.
  • the particular selected mode is determined by the geometric relationship of the illuminating source 30 and the detector 28, by the relationship between the frequency of electromagnetic radiation emitted by the illuminating source and the frequency of electromagnetic radiation detected by the detector, and by the temporal relationship of the emission of the electromagnetic radiation relative to the detection of electromagnetic radiation by the detector.
  • the optical axis of the illuminating source 30 is the same as the optical axis of the detector 28.
  • the detector 28 is adjusted to measure electromagnetic radiation of the same wavelength as that emitted by the illuminating source 30.
  • the electromagnetic radiation measured by the detector 28 is essentially the electromagnetic radiation which was not absorbed or scattered by the specimen.
  • the optical axis of the illuminating source must be moveable relative to the optical axis of the detector, the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation measured by the detector must be variable over a range of wavelengths, and the illuminating source must be capable of emitting electromagnetic radiation in short pulses.
  • FIGURE 2 A schematic diagram of an apparatus according to the present invention which is capable of making measurements in all four modes is shown at 50 in FIGURE 2. It comprises an illuminating source 44 which illuminates a specimen in a sample plane 40 with monochromatic electromagnetic radiation which consists of primarily either left or right handed circular polarized electromagnetic radiation or of primarily linearly polarized electromagnetic radiation with the direction of the polarization being parallel to one of two orthogonal directions indicated by the arrows at 54 and 55, a means such as a lens 48 for focusing the electromagnetic radiation leaving the sample plane 40 onto an image plane 47, and a detector 46 for measuring the intensity of electromagnetic radiation having a frequency in a specified frequency interval, at each point in the plane 47.
  • monochromatic electromagnetic radiation which consists of primarily either left or right handed circular polarized electromagnetic radiation or of primarily linearly polarized electromagnetic radiation with the direction of the polarization being parallel to one of two orthogonal directions indicated by the arrows at 54 and 55
  • a means such as a lens 48 for focusing the electromagnetic radiation leaving
  • the angle of illumination 42 at which the illuminating electromagnetic radiation strikes the plane 40 containing the specimen is specified by the angle of the normal to said plane indicated by the arrow 43 and the direction of emission of the electromagnetic radiation indicated by the arrow 45.
  • the output of the detector is used as input to an image processing circuit 52 which is also coupled to the illuminating source 44.
  • the image processing circuit 52 forms an image of the specimen by taking the difference of the intensities measured at each point in the plane 47 when electromagnetic radiation of different polarizations is used to illuminate the specimen.
  • a digital computer is preferred for the image processing circuit 52.
  • a detector 46 consisting of a vidicon camera is preferred.
  • the image plane 47 is contained in the vidicon camera, i.e., the photocathode of the camera.
  • the image plane 47 may be constructed from a material which emits light when it absorbs electromagnetic radiation. Such image planes are commonly used in fluoroscopic imaging. Screen based on zinc sulfide will also be apparent to those skilled in the fluoriscopic arts.
  • the angle 42 is 180 degrees and the frequency of electromagnetic radiation detected by the detector 46 is the same as the frequency of electromagnetic radiation emitted by the illuminating source 44.
  • each point in the image will reflect the difference of the absorption of electromagnetic radiation measured with the two different polarizations. Since different chemicals absorb electromagnetic radiation at different energies, by varying the wavelength of the illuminating source and the frequency sensitivity of the detector, different images based on different chemicals may be produced. -16-
  • the angle 42 is less than 180 degrees. This angle is set so that electromagnetic radiation from the illuminating source 44 does not reach the image plane 49 if no sample is present in the sample plane 40.
  • the frequency of electromagnetic radiation detected by the detector 46 is again adjusted to be the same as the frequency of electromagnetic radiation emitted by the illuminating source 44.
  • the electromagnetic radiation from the illuminating source 44 is scattered by the specimen in the sample plane 40. Some of the scattered electromagnetic radiation is imaged onto the image plane by the imaging means 48. If the angle 42 is small, the detector will measure "back-scattered" electromagnetic radiation.
  • Such backscattering emphasizes objects which are large compared to the wave length of the polarized electromagnetic radiation emitted by the illuminating source 44. This mode is also useful for forming an image of the surface of an opaque object in which chiral or ordered structures are to be accentuated.
  • the frequency of electromagnetic radiation detected by the detector 46 is adjusted to be less than the frequency of electromagnetic radiation emitted by the illuminating source 44.
  • the angle of illumination 42 may be less than or equal to 180 degrees. In the preferred embodiment, this angle is set such that no electromagnetic radiation reaches the detector 46 when no specimen is present in the sample plane 40.
  • the detector 46 detects electromagnetic radiation which is emitted as the result of the absorption of the polarized electromagnetic radiation used to illuminate the specimen followed by the immediate re-emission of this electromagnetic radiation at lower frequencies. The frequencies at which the electromagnetic radiation is absorbed and the frequencies at which it is re-emitted will depend on the chemical composition of the specimen.
  • the frequency of the electromagnetic radiation detected and the angle of illumination are adjusted as in the case of the fluorescent mode; however, only electromagnetic radiation which is emitted from the specimen having a predetermined temporal relationship with respect to the illuminating electromagnetic radiation is measured by the detector 46.
  • the illuminating source 44 emits electromagnetic radiation in short pulses and the detector 46 only measures the intensity of electromagnetic radiation in the image plane 49 during the time periods in which said illuminating source 44 is not emitting electromagnetic radiation.
  • Many chemicals of interest absorb electromagnetic radiation and then emit electromagnetic radiation at one or more lower frequencies at a later time.
  • which chemicals form the basis of the image may be determined by setting the frequency range over which the detector 46 measures electromagnetic radiation intensities.
  • This mode provides another means of forming images based on linearly ordered or chiral objects which contain a chemical group which has a known emission spectral line, in this case a phosphorescent emission line which is excited by the incident electromagnetic radiation.
  • This mode of operation has the advantage of being less sensitive to effects resulting from chemicals which emit electromagnetic radiation of similar frequencies in the fluorescent mode.
  • a second embodiment of the present invention is shown at 100 in figure 3.
  • This embodiment is well suited to measurements at frequencies outside the visible range.
  • frequencies above and below the visible range it is not always possible to construct a satisfactory detector 28 consisting of a lens and a two-dimensional detector on which an image of the specimen is formed.
  • a pinhole lens can be used to image the electromagnetic radiation on a fluorescent screen which is viewed by a vidicon or other two dimensional detector in the visible range.
  • the time required to make the measurements may be too long, because of the small aperture of the pinhole lens.
  • wave lengths i.e., radio frequencies, it is difficult to find a satisfactory two-dimensional detector.
  • This embodiment differs from the one shown in FIGURE 2 in that the specimen is illuminated at only one point at a given time.
  • the illumination source 44 illuminates the entire specimen and the lens 48 in conjunction with the image plane 49, separates the electromagnetic radiation which originated at each point on the specimen so that the detector 46 can measure the intensity of electromagnetic radiation that left each of said points.
  • the lens 48 and image plane 49 are not needed.
  • this second embodiment of the present invention consists of a source of monochromatic polarized electromagnetic radiation 82 which produces a narrow beam of polarized electromagnetic radiation 80, a means 84 for causing said narrow beam 80 to scan a specimen in a sample plane 86 in a sequential manner, and a detector 88 which measures the intensity of electromagnetic radiation leaving the specimen.
  • the detector 88 is connected to a data processing system 90 of conventional design which controls the state of polarization of the source of polarized electromagnetic radiation 82 and the point (x,y) on the specimen at which the polarized electromagnetic radiation is directed. Since only one point on the specimen is illuminated at a given time, the lens 20 and two-dimensional detector 28 shown in FIGURE 1 may be replaced by a single detector 88 which measures the total electromagnetic radiation coming from the specimen.
  • the means for causing the beam 80 to scan the specimen may be an x-y drive of conventional design which causes the specimen to move in relation to the source 82.
  • the source could be mounted on a platform which may be caused to move relative to the specimen.
  • This embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention may be used in the four modes described above for the embodiment shown in FIGURE 2.
  • This embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention would be particularly useful for scanning the surface of the Earth from a satellite using a polarized electromagnetic radiation source in the radio frequency range.
  • the apparatus would be operated in the dark field mode described above. If linearly polarized electromagnetic radiation is used, ordered structures such as rows of buildings on the surface of the Earth could be detected. If circularly polarized electromagnetic radiation is used, chiral structures would be detected.
  • the source of polarized electromagnetic radiation may be constructed from an ordinary transmitter in the relevant radio frequency range driving an appropriate antenna. In the case of circularly polarized- electromagnetic radiation, a helical antenna or. phased array antenna would be used. If linearly polarized electromagnetic radiation were used, a phased array of dipole antennae would be employed. The source would scan the "specimen" on the surface of the Earth by varying the angle of the antennae by conventional mechanical means.
  • Narrow beam x-ray sources can be constructed from conventional x-ray sources and a collimating device such as the hole in a lead shield. These sources can be made to scan the specimen by mechanically moving the source relative to the specimen. Scanning x-ray sources which function by electrical means are also known to those skilled in the art of CT-scanning.
  • the choice of the detector 88 will depend on the frequency range of the electromagnetic radiation being detected. In the radio frequency range, the detector would be an ordinary antenna for receiving electromagnetic radiation of the desired frequency. In the infrared to ultraviolet range, numerous detectors are known to those skilled in the art. A photomultiplier tube or solid state light detector are preferred. At frequencies above the ultraviolet, a detector consisting of scintillation counter of conventional design is preferred.

Abstract

Un appareil et un procédé de formation d'images se fondent sur l'interaction d'un rayonnement électromagnétique polarisé avec le spécimen dont on veut obtenir l'image. L'image formée par cet appareil constitue la différence entre deux images du spécimen (18, 40, 86) obtenues chacune par un rayonnement électromagnétique ayant une polarisation différente. Le choix de la longueur d'onde et de la polarisation dépendra de la structure ou des composés que l'on veut faire ressortir sur l'image. Cette invention peut fonctionner en quatre modes divers, sélectionnés en choisissant la relation géométrique entre le dispositif de formation d'images (28, 46, 88) et la source (30, 44, 82) de rayonnement électromagnétique polarisé, en choisissant la longueur d'onde du rayonnement électromagnétique polarisé produit par la source (30, 44, 82) de rayonnement électromagnétique polarisé par rapport à la longueur d'onde détectée par le dispositif de formation d'images (28, 46, 88), et en synchronisant la détection du rayonnement électromagnétique par rapport au moment de l'émission du rayonnement électromagnéttique polarisé par la source (30, 44, 82) de rayonnement électromagnétique polarisé.
PCT/US1986/001096 1985-05-20 1986-05-19 Dispositif d'imagerie differentielle WO1986007148A1 (fr)

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US73643485A 1985-05-20 1985-05-20
US736,434 1985-05-20

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GB2335977A (en) * 1997-10-17 1999-10-06 Thomson Csf Imaging device using polarimetry
GB2335977B (en) * 1997-10-17 2001-12-12 Thomson Csf An imaging device
EP1205753A3 (fr) * 1997-12-02 2002-09-11 Abbott Laboratories Capteur multiplex et procédé d'utilisation
EP1205753A2 (fr) * 1997-12-02 2002-05-15 Abbott Laboratories Capteur multiplex et procédé d'utilisation
US6567678B1 (en) 1997-12-02 2003-05-20 Abbott Laboratories Multiplex sensor and method of use
EP1128160A1 (fr) * 2000-02-22 2001-08-29 Thomson-Csf Dispositif de contrôle de l'état d'une surface
WO2007082371A1 (fr) * 2006-01-17 2007-07-26 University Of Northern British Columbia Procédés et appareil permettant de déterminer l'orientation de fibres
US7829855B2 (en) 2006-01-17 2010-11-09 University Of Northern British Columbia Methods and apparatus for determining fibre orientation
GB2451494A (en) * 2007-08-01 2009-02-04 Qinetiq Ltd Polarimetric imaging apparatus
GB2451494B (en) * 2007-08-01 2011-06-08 Qinetiq Ltd Polarimetric imaging apparatus

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0227739A4 (fr) 1988-05-10
JPS62503055A (ja) 1987-12-03
EP0227739A1 (fr) 1987-07-08

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