USRE46953E1 - Single-arc dose painting for precision radiation therapy - Google Patents
Single-arc dose painting for precision radiation therapy Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- USRE46953E1 USRE46953E1 US14/020,500 US201314020500A USRE46953E US RE46953 E1 USRE46953 E1 US RE46953E1 US 201314020500 A US201314020500 A US 201314020500A US RE46953 E USRE46953 E US RE46953E
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- radiation
- leaf
- arc
- treatment
- aperture
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active, expires
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
- A61N5/00—Radiation therapy
- A61N5/10—X-ray therapy; Gamma-ray therapy; Particle-irradiation therapy
- A61N5/103—Treatment planning systems
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
- A61N5/00—Radiation therapy
- A61N5/10—X-ray therapy; Gamma-ray therapy; Particle-irradiation therapy
- A61N5/1042—X-ray therapy; Gamma-ray therapy; Particle-irradiation therapy with spatial modulation of the radiation beam within the treatment head
- A61N5/1045—X-ray therapy; Gamma-ray therapy; Particle-irradiation therapy with spatial modulation of the radiation beam within the treatment head using a multi-leaf collimator, e.g. for intensity modulated radiation therapy or IMRT
- A61N5/1047—X-ray therapy; Gamma-ray therapy; Particle-irradiation therapy with spatial modulation of the radiation beam within the treatment head using a multi-leaf collimator, e.g. for intensity modulated radiation therapy or IMRT with movement of the radiation head during application of radiation, e.g. for intensity modulated arc therapy or IMAT
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
- A61N5/00—Radiation therapy
- A61N5/10—X-ray therapy; Gamma-ray therapy; Particle-irradiation therapy
- A61N5/103—Treatment planning systems
- A61N5/1036—Leaf sequencing algorithms
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
- G21K—TECHNIQUES FOR HANDLING PARTICLES OR IONISING RADIATION NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; IRRADIATION DEVICES; GAMMA RAY OR X-RAY MICROSCOPES
- G21K1/00—Arrangements for handling particles or ionising radiation, e.g. focusing or moderating
- G21K1/02—Arrangements for handling particles or ionising radiation, e.g. focusing or moderating using diaphragms, collimators
- G21K1/04—Arrangements for handling particles or ionising radiation, e.g. focusing or moderating using diaphragms, collimators using variable diaphragms, shutters, choppers
- G21K1/046—Arrangements for handling particles or ionising radiation, e.g. focusing or moderating using diaphragms, collimators using variable diaphragms, shutters, choppers varying the contour of the field, e.g. multileaf collimators
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the field of radiation oncology for malignant tumors and the like. Specifically, the present invention provides methods and systems for planning delivery of radiation therapy by means of a single-arc dose of radiation.
- Conformal radiation therapy is an important procedure available to the physician for the treatment of malignant tumors. Such therapy is used for eradicating or shrinking tumors that are relatively inaccessible to other modes of treatment such as surgical excision.
- ionizing radiation that is administered is damaging to both healthy and malignant tissue, it is important to confine the effect of the irradiation to the target tissue, to the extent possible, while sparing the adjacent tissue by minimizing irradiation thereto.
- various techniques of irradiating a target tumor with a defined beam of ionizing radiation have been devised.
- Such beams are often provided from a radiation source, e.g., x-ray photons or high-energy electrons, mounted on a rotating gantry, so that the radiation source revolves in a generally circular path while providing a beam of radiation directed generally at the isocenter of such a path.
- a radiation source e.g., x-ray photons or high-energy electrons
- a patient is positioned within the circular path, preferably with the tumor located, to the extent possible, at the isocenter for receiving the maximum dose of radiation as the source is revolved.
- the cross-sectional shape and size of the radiation beam is typically varied as the source is positioned at different angles by rotation of the gantry in order to assure, to the extent possible, that the radiation is incident on the tumor itself and not on adjacent healthy tissue.
- IMR Intensity-modulated radiation therapy
- intensity-modulated radiation therapy has been widely adopted as a new tool in radiation therapy to deliver high doses of radiation to the tumor while providing maximal sparing of surrounding critical structures.
- IMRT intensity-modulated radiation therapy
- Both rotational and gantry-fixed IMRT techniques have been implemented clinically using dynamic multileaf collimation (DMLC) (1-6).
- IMRT In gantry-fixed IMRT, multiple radiation beams at different orientations, each with spatially modulated beam intensities, are used (1-2, 4).
- the beams may be administered to the patient in a single transverse plane as the source revolves around the patient (coplanar) or may be shifted axially with respect to the patient (non-coplanar).
- Rotational IMRT typically, administered by a continuously revolving source that is also moved axially along the patient, as it is currently practiced, mainly employs temporally modulated fan beams (3).
- IMAT intensity-modulated arc therapy
- Delivery of the radiation during overlapping multiple arcs achieves modulated beam intensities at all angles around the patient (5-6).
- IMAT has not been widely adopted for clinical use.
- the intensity distributions are first optimized using a treatment planning system for tightly-spaced beam angles every 5-10 degrees all around the tumor. These intensity distributions are then approximated by a stack of uniform intensity segments with different cross sectional shapes.
- the delivery of IMAT requires the use of multiple (4-11) arcs, each of which may take 1 to 2 minutes to deliver, the total treatment time is similar to that of fixed beam IMRT treatments. It is also relevant that, even when intensity distribution is determined for densely-spaced beam angles, i.e., 5 to 10 degrees, and sequenced for delivery in a limited number of multiple arcs, the resultant distribution of radiation absorption in the tumor can still only approximate that which would be provided by optimized beam intensities and cross-sections, because each of the planned beams may require significant variations that cannot be accommodated by the plan as executed by the equipment. As a result, the final IMAT plan is almost always degraded from the unconstrained optimized plan.
- Another method that can achieve very good efficiency utilizes optimization based on the direct aperture optimization method of Shepard et al (10).
- the optimization starts with a limited number of fields and the connectedness of the field shapes can be ignored, as the optimization progresses, constraint to force the shape-connectedness will compromise the quality of he treatment plans. As the result, one would know what the ultimate plan quality is like.
- the present invention is directed to a method for designing a radiation treatment for a subject using single arc dose painting.
- the method comprises providing an unconstrained optimization map which supplies intensity profiles of densely-spaced radiation beams and aligning each intensity profile to a pair of multiple leaf collimation (MLC) leaves.
- MLC multiple leaf collimation
- a shortest path algorithm is applied to convert each pair of MLC leaves to a set of leaf aperture sequences, where each set of leaf aperture sequences forms a shortest path single arc thereof and each single arc of leaf apertures is connected to form a final treatment single arc, thereby designing the single arc dose painting radiation treatment.
- the present invention is directed to a related method further comprising delivering a continuous dose of radiation to the subject through each aperture during a single rotation along one or more final treatment single arc paths.
- the present invention is directed to another related method further comprising adjusting a shape of the aperture as a radiation dose delivery angle changes along the final treatment single arc.
- the present invention is directed to yet another related method for irradiating a tumor in a subject with the continuous dose of radiation through sets of multiple leaf collimation (MLC) aperture sequences during a single rotation along one or more of the treatment single arc paths.
- MLC leaf collimation
- the present invention is directed a related method further comprising adjusting the aperture shape as described supra. Further still to these related methods the present invention is directed to a method further comprising repeating the irradiation step during another rotation along the treatment single arc path(s).
- the present invention is directed further to a system for delivering radiation treatment using single arc dose painting.
- the system comprises a radiation source for generating a radiation beam, a multiple leaf collimator having a plurality of leafs for shaping the radiation beam, a structure for generating an unconstrained optimization map of intensity profiles of densely-spaced radiation beams, a structure for aligning each intensity profile to a pair of multiple leaf collimation (MLC) leaves, and a structure for applying a shortest path algorithm, said shortest path algorithm converting each pair of MLC leaves to a set of leaf aperture sequences forming a shortest path single arc thereof, such that the shortest path algorithm further connects each single arc of leaf apertures to form a final treatment single arc effective for single arc dose painting.
- the present invention is directed a related system where the shortest path algorithm further comprises adjusting the aperture shape as described supra.
- the present invention is directed further still to a computer-readable medium tangibly storing an algorithm to determine a final single arc path for a single arc dose painting radiation treatment.
- the algorithm enables instructions to convert pairs of multiple leaf collimation (MLC) leaves to sets of leaf aperture sequences that form a shortest path single arc thereof, where the pairs of MLC leaves each are aligned to an intensity profile of densely-spaced radiation beams, and to connect each single arc of leaf apertures to form a final treatment single arc.
- the present invention is directed a related computer-readable medium where the shortest path algorithm further enables adjusting the aperture shape as described supra.
- FIGS. 2A-2D illustrate the transformation of G′ into ⁇ G ( FIGS. 2A-2B ) and the layered DAGs G i1,i1+1 , G i1,i1+2 , and G i1,n ( FIG. 2C ) where each vertex layer is represented by a vertical line segment, and the set of edges from one vertex layer to the next layer is represented by an arrow and the DAG Gi 1 after merging the DAGs G i1,i1+1 , G i1,i1+2 , and G i1,n ( FIG. 2D ).
- FIGS. 3A-3C illustrate the geometry of the vertex layer L′ i of the DAG G′ for l start ⁇ i ⁇ r start , r start ⁇ i ⁇ l end , and l end ⁇ i ⁇ r end .
- all vertices in the vertex layer L i (or L′ i ) are mapped to circled points on the 2-D plane; these points form all the lattice points in a convex polygon (possibly degenerated to a line segment) marked by the shaded area.
- FIGS. 4A-4B illustrates sliding window leaf sequencing.
- the desired intensity profile is aligned with a leaf pair.
- FIG. 4B shows separated intensity profiles to be conformed by the leading (right) and training (left) leaves.
- FIG. 4C shows adjusted leaf traveling trajectories after considering the physical constraints of leaf travel.
- FIGS. 5A-5D illustrate steps of the shortest path graph algorithm for converting an intensity profile into k MLC leaf openings with the minimum error.
- FIGS. 6A-6C illustrate a step of the shortest path graph algorithm for adjusting a one-dimensional IMAT arc.
- FIGS. 7A-7B illustrate the planning of a single arc dose painting.
- FIGS. 8A-8B illustrate leaf position and aperture weight optimization using the shortest path graph algorithm.
- FIGS. 9A-9D illustrate field width adjustment on the right side ( FIGS. 9A-9B ) and on the left side ( FIGS. 9C-9D ).
- FIGS. 10A-10C illustrate a planned ( FIGS. 10A-10B ) and delivered ( FIG. 10C ) dose distribution for a complicated head and neck case with single arc dose painting.
- “about” refers to numeric values, including whole numbers, fractions, percentages, etc., whether or not explicitly indicated.
- the term “about” generally refers to a range of numerical values, e.g., +/ ⁇ 5-10% of the recited value, that one would consider equivalent to the recited value, e.g., having the same function or result.
- the term “about” may include numerical values that are rounded to the nearest significant figure.
- the term “subject” refers to any recipient of single arc dose painting radiation treatment
- method for designing a radiation treatment for a subject using single arc dose painting comprising providing an unconstrained optimization map which supplies intensity profiles of densely-spaced radiation beams; aligning each intensity profile to a pair of multiple leaf collimation (MLC) leaves; applying a shortest path algorithm to convert each pair of MLC leaves to a set of leaf aperture sequences, where the set of leaf aperture sequences form a shortest path single arc thereof; and connecting each single arc of leaf apertures to form a final treatment single arc, thereby designing the single arc dose painting radiation treatment.
- MLC multiple leaf collimation
- the method comprises delivering a continuous dose of radiation to the subject through each aperture during a single rotation along one or more final treatment single arc paths.
- the method comprises adjusting a shape of the aperture as a radiation dose delivery angle changes along the final treatment single arc.
- the paths of more than one single arc may be non-coplanar.
- the apertures may sweep back and forth along the single arc path during delivery of the radiation dose.
- multiple leaf collimation may be dynamic.
- sequencing leaf apertures may comprise one or more of a line segment approximation on component intensity profiles leaf position, weight optimization of apertures or optimization of leaf position and aperture weight.
- the leaf aperture sequences in each set may have one or both of a different starting or ending leaf aperture.
- starting and ending positions of a leaf aperture trajectory may be fixed.
- a method irradiating a tumor in a subject with the continuous dose of radiation through sets of multiple leaf collimation (MLC) aperture sequences during a single rotation along one or more of the treatment single arc paths.
- the method may comprise adjusting a shape of the aperture as a radiation dose delivery angle changes along the treatment single arc to keep the dose constant.
- the method may comprise repeating the irradiation step during another rotation along the treatment single arc path(s).
- a system for delivering radiation treatment using single arc dose painting comprising a radiation source for generating a radiation beam; a multiple leaf collimator having a plurality of leafs for shaping the radiation beam; a structure for generating an unconstrained optimization map of intensity profiles of densely-spaced radiation beams; a structure for aligning each intensity profile to a pair of multiple leaf collimation (MLC) leaves; and a structure for applying a shortest path algorithm, where the shortest path algorithm converts each pair of MLC leaves to a set of leaf aperture sequences forming a shortest path single arc thereof and where the shortest path algorithm further connects each single arc of leaf apertures to form a final treatment single arc effective for single arc dose painting.
- MLC multiple leaf collimator
- the shortest path algorithm may adjust a shape of the leaf aperture as a radiation dose delivery angle changes along the final treatment single arc. Also the shortest path algorithm may sequence leaf apertures via one or more of a line segment approximation on component intensity profiles leaf position, weight optimization of apertures or optimization of leaf position and aperture weight. In addition multiple leaf collimation may be dynamic.
- a computer-readable medium tangibly storing an algorithm to determine a final single arc path for a single arc dose painting radiation treatment, said algorithm enabling processor-executable instructions to convert pairs of multiple leaf collimation (MLC) leaves to sets of leaf aperture sequences that form a shortest path single arc thereof, where the pairs of MLC leaves are each aligned to an intensity profile of densely-spaced radiation beams; and connect each single arc of leaf apertures to form a final treatment single arc.
- the algorithm may enable instructions to adjust a shape of the leaf aperture as a radiation dose delivery angle changes along the final treatment single arc thereby keeping the dose constant.
- the algorithm may sequence leaf apertures via one or more of a line segment approximation on component intensity profiles leaf position, weight optimization of apertures or optimization of leaf position and aperture weight.
- SADP single arc dose painting
- the intensity modulated beams are sequenced into a single arc delivery
- Planning a single arc capable of delivering the ultimately optimal radiation treatment is based on the recognition that the same intended dose to the tumor delivered by an aperture at a planned angle can be delivered by a slightly modified aperture from a slightly different angle. Consequently, a single rotation with dynamically varying apertures can achieve the same results as a procedure that delivers a plurality of intensity modulated fixed beams.
- inventive leaf sequencing method of the invention achieves an interconnected relationship of multiple leaf collimator (MLC) apertures so that the MLC leaves are not required to move large distances between adjacent angles of the planned treatment.
- MLC leaf collimator
- the dose rate can change among the angular intervals. However, such a change in dose rate is not a requirement.
- the aperture size and shape can be optimized to maintain a substantially constant dose rate throughout the entire treatment arc.
- the apertures can have different weights, delivered either through dose rate variation with all apertures occupying the same angular range or delivered without dose rate variation by allowing the aperture with higher weights to be delivered over a larger angular range. That is, the method is applicable to machines with and without the ability to change dose rates during delivery.
- multiple non-coplanar arcs can be planned according to the methods of the invention.
- single arc dose painting it is typically unnecessary to have overlapping arcs. Accordingly, the dose overlap in the tumor is considered, rather than beam overlap in each beam direction as with current IMRT planning. This relies on the recognition that the same dose can be delivered to the tumor by two beam apertures of slightly different shapes directed at the tumor from two angular directions a few degrees apart.
- Planning starts with an unconstrained optimization with a large number of beams evenly spaced, for example, every 5-10 degrees.
- different number of apertures and weights are initialized using a “sliding window” line-segment approximation. Because the initial shapes are derived from the “sliding window” principle, the apertures are interconnected. The shape and weights of these apertures are further optimized (fine-tuned) to improve the plan quality. To deliver these apertures in one arc, they are spaced within their own planning angular interval by moving the overlapping apertures to other beam angles within the interval.
- the aperture shapes are varied, depending on how many degrees they are moved from the planned angle. Adjusting the aperture shape is to faithfully create the intensity maps that were created under unconstrained optimization and to maintain the ultimate plan quality.
- Intensity modulation is allowed during intensity optimization and more than one aperture shapes is allowed within each planning angular interval.
- the apertures are spaced and adjusted within the planning angular interval rather than overlapped to be delivered by using multiple arcs. Because, as described herein, an entire treatment dose is delivered in a single rotation, the number of different apertures per planning angular interval can vary according to the complexity of the required intensity distribution.
- systems effective to deliver radiation to a tumor using single arc dose painting comprise those radiation delivery devices having suitable structures for radiation therapy of malignant tumors or other conditions responsive to such treatment.
- such devices comprise at least a source of radiation, amoveable, rotatable gantry, a multiple leaf collimator, e.g., a dynamic multiple leaf collimater, a platform for a subject receiving radiation therapy, and the necessary computer hardware and software, processor, memory and network or other connections necessary to run the device.
- system comprises a module or structure, such as, but not limited to, a computer memory, a computer-readable memory or computer program to, storage device which is suitable to tangibly store and execute the algorithms described herein, such as, standard algorithms for intensity profile optimization and the novel short path algorithms provided herein.
- a module or structure such as, but not limited to, a computer memory, a computer-readable memory or computer program to, storage device which is suitable to tangibly store and execute the algorithms described herein, such as, standard algorithms for intensity profile optimization and the novel short path algorithms provided herein.
- CCPP Constrained Coupled Path Planning
- constrained coupled path planning In constrained coupled path planning, the starting and ending points of the sought paths are prespecified. Precisely, the constrained coupled path planning (CCPP) problem is: Given an n ⁇ H uniform grid R g , a non-negative function ⁇ defined on the integers in ⁇ 1, 2, . . .
- the algorithm can be adapted easily to handle the other case in which l end ⁇ r start .
- the region P(p l , p r ) is a rectilinear xy-monotone polygon in R g and consists of a sequence of n vertical bars.
- the CCPP problem can be solved by transforming it to computing a shortest path in a directed acyclic graph, DAG G′.
- the DAG G′ ( FIG. 2A-2D ) also contains a source s, a sink t, and n layers of vertices, L′ 1 , L′ 2 . . . , L′ n , which are defined as follows to satisfy the additional geometric constraints of the CCPP problem:
- a shortest s-to-t path in G corresponds to an optimal solution for the CCPP problem and, further, the vertices and edges of G0 have geometric properties similar to those of dominated sets ( FIGS. 3A-3C ).
- Such similar dominated sets may be D(H,H), D( ⁇ ,H) (0 ⁇ H), D(0,H), D( ⁇ , ⁇ ) (0 ⁇ H) D(0, ⁇ ) (0 ⁇ H), and D(0, 0).
- the shortest path computation can be sped up and the CCPP algorithm takes O(nH ⁇ ) time.
- CCPP problem instances are solved on f, n, H, ⁇ , c, l start , r start , l end , and r end for all possible combinations of l start , r start , l end , and r end . Without loss of generality, only those combinations which satisfy l start ⁇ l end and r start ⁇ r end are considered. All problem instances are classified into two subsets S 1 and S 2 , with S 1 (resp., S 2 ) containing those with l end ⁇ r start (resp., l end ⁇ r start ).
- An instance l k (1 ⁇ k ⁇ N) corresponds to a shortest path problem on a vertex-weighted DAG, denoted by G′ k , of O(nH ⁇ ) vertices and O(nH 2 ⁇ 2 ) edges.
- G′ k can be transformed into an edge-weighted DAG, denoted by ⁇ G k , with only O( ⁇ ) vertices and O( ⁇ 2 ) edges.
- the algorithm consists of two main steps. First, prepare the weights of all edges in ⁇ G 1 , ⁇ G 2 , . . . , and ⁇ G N (O( ⁇ 2 ) edges for each ⁇ G k ). The weights of all the O(n 4 ⁇ 2 ) edges are implicitly computed and stored in a batch fashion, in totally O(n 2 H 2 ) time, such that for any edge, its weight can be reported in O(1) time. Second, a shortest path is computed in ⁇ G 1 , ⁇ G 2 , . . . , and ⁇ G N , respectively. It is shown that each ⁇ G k (1 ⁇ k ⁇ N) is a DAG satisfying the Monge property (1-2,4).
- a shortest path in ⁇ G k takes only O( ⁇ ) time to compute.
- the vertex set V( ⁇ G) is a subset of V( ⁇ G), and consists of two dummy vertices s and t and four vertex layers:
- the subgraph of ⁇ G between any two consecutive vertex layers is a complete bipartite graph.
- ⁇ (u, v) ⁇ + ⁇ if there is no path from u to v in G′.
- ⁇ G is an edge-weighted DAG and has O( ⁇ ) vertices and O( ⁇ 2 ) edges (by the definition of L′ i in Example 1).
- ⁇ u n ⁇ t is a shortest s-to-t path in G′
- ⁇ ( ⁇ p) ⁇ ′(p′′)
- Equation (1) Before explaining why the vertex layers L′ lstart , L′ rstart , L′ lend+1 , and L′ rend+1 , from G′ for the construction of ⁇ G were chosen, Equation (1) must be reviewed. Observe that if i is fixed and l start , r start, lend , and r end are temporarily viewed as parameters, then Equation (1) implies that the i-th vertex layer in any G (1 ⁇ k ⁇ N) is in exactly one of five possible states, denoted by ⁇ i (I) , ⁇ i (II) , ⁇ i (III) , ⁇ i (IV) , and ⁇ i (V) , e.g., ⁇ i (I) if 1 ⁇ i ⁇ l start ).
- the type II, III, IV, and V vertex layers are defined similarly.
- O(n 4 ⁇ 2 ) edges actually correspond to only O(n 2 ⁇ 2 ) distinct one-pair shortest path problem instances.
- SP(u, v, k) the corresponding one-pair shortest path instance, i.e., finding a shortest u-to-v path in G′ k .
- G i1,i2 be a layered DAG whose vertices consist of the vertex layers ⁇ II i1 , ⁇ III i1+1 , ⁇ III i1+2 , . . . , ⁇ III i2 ⁇ 1 , and ⁇ IV i2 , in this order, and whose edges are defined based on the same domination relation D(•,•).
- SP(u, v, k) is equivalent to finding a shortest u-to-v path in G i1,i2 . Since i i (resp., i2) ranges from 1 to n, G i1,i2 has O(n 2 ) possible choices. Note that u (resp., v) belongs to the layer ⁇ II i1 (resp., ⁇ IV i2 ), which contains O( ⁇ ) vertices for any i i (resp., i 2 ).
- SP(u, v, k) has O(n 4 ⁇ 2 ) possible choices for the case where u (resp., v) lies in the 2nd (resp., 3rd) layer of ⁇ G k .
- G i1,i2 contains the vertex layers ⁇ II i1 , ⁇ III i1+1 , ⁇ III i1+ , . . . , ⁇ III i2 ⁇ 1 , and ⁇ IV i2 .
- any vertex u is an element of ⁇ II i1 , its single-source shortest paths can be computed in G i1 , in O(nH ⁇ ) time as in the CCPP algorithm.
- the algorithm for computing a shortest path in the DAG ⁇ G as defined as defined above is presented.
- the key idea is to show that ⁇ G satisfies the Monge property [1, 2, 4], and thus a shortest path in ⁇ G can be computed by examining only a small portion of its edges.
- ⁇ ⁇ [0, ⁇ ] (rstart)
- 0 ⁇ H ⁇ c and
- ⁇ , where u k [0, ⁇ k ] (rstart) (1 ⁇ k ⁇
- Lemma (A) Let u i (resp., v j ) be a vertex on ⁇ L 2 (resp., ⁇ L 3 ) of ⁇ G, with 1 ⁇ i ⁇
- the first planning step for single arc dose painting is unconstrained intensity optimization. Different algorithms can be used for achieving this step (11-13). Suitable algorithms are available in the relevant literature (8,10). As with IMAT, an arc is approximated with multiple fixed radiation beams evenly spaced every 5-10 degrees (5).
- Step two in single-arc dose painting is the conversion of the optimized beam intensities into connected field apertures.
- the goal is to find a set of connected field shapes that when delivered dynamically based on linear interpolation between the apertures, will result in minimum discrepancy to the optimized intensity profile.
- leaf sequencing a hybrid approach has been developed. For simple cases the method called line segment approximation on component intensity profiles is appropriate. For more complicated cases, leaf position and aperture weight optimization and leaf position and aperture weight optimization may be used.
- This method is based on a “sliding window” technique. Recognizing that any intensity pattern can be delivered by sliding a varying aperture in either direction, each of the intensity patterns can be converted into “sliding window” dynamic control points. The only constraint to ensure the interconnectedness of the intensity patterns is that in the next interval, the direction of the “sliding window” has to be in the opposite direction. Accordingly, the apertures defined by the multi-leaf collimator (MLC) sweep back and forth, completing one cycle in every two intervals.
- MLC multi-leaf collimator
- FIGS. 4A-4B The conversion from fluence distributions to MLC “sliding window” delivery is illustrated by FIGS. 4A-4B .
- a separation is made between the portion to be delivered by the leading leaf (right leaf) and that to be delivered by the trailing leaf (left leaf).
- the radiation source turned on, for a fixed left leaf position, moving the right leaf towards the right will create a negative gradient.
- moving the left leaf towards the right will create a positive intensity gradient. Therefore, the method first finds the points that separate the positive and negative gradients, as illustrated by the vertical lines.
- the vertical axis represents beam intensity in radiation monitor units (MUs), which is also time for a given machine dose rate.
- MUs radiation monitor units
- FIG. 4B Inspection of FIG. 4B , reveals that for both leaves, there will be sections where the leaves are required to change positions with no elapsed time (the flat portions of the profiles). Accordingly, in order to make the dose delivery physically achievable, the minimum gradient required for leaf travel (governed by the maximum leaf traveling speed) is added to the flat portions, while the same amount is added to the other profile so that the difference between the two profiles is kept substantially constant ( FIG. 4C ).
- the apertures of varying width formed by both leaves will move smoothly from the left to the right.
- Such smooth motion is the origin of the term “sliding window technique”.
- the left leaf can alternatively be considered to be the leading leaf and the right leaf to be the trailing leaf, thereby delivering the same intensity distribution by sliding the “window” from the right to the left.
- the control-points are generated by evenly dividing the total monitor units (MUs) required by the number of segments, which is normally relatively large ( ⁇ 50). Rather than a pure “sliding window” leaf-sequencing as described in FIGS. 4A-4B , it is also possible to sequence the optimized intensity maps in a “sliding window” fashion using a graph algorithm known and standard in the art. Because the treatment apparatus, linac and MLC, performs the linear interpolation automatically, accurate delivery is ensured if the vertices that join two lines of different slopes are used as control points. Therefore, the gradient turning positions of the original intensity profile (the intercepts of the vertical lines with the profiles) are used as the initial estimations of the control points. In essence, the original component intensity profiles are approximated with connected line segments. These initial control points are used as the input to the next step of the leaf sequencing process.
- MUs monitor units
- the apertures selected from the sliding window leaf sequence are naturally interconnected within each planning interval.
- the apertures within each interval will move either left to right or right to left.
- the apertures are sequenced in such a way that: 1) the MLC leaves move in opposite directions in any two neighboring angular intervals; and 2) the two aperture shapes connecting any two angular intervals do not violate the physical constraints of the MLC (i.e., the shapes are not so drastically different as to require large MLC movements).
- any intensity map can be delivered dynamically in either left-to-right or right-to-left leaf motion, the direction of MLC motion alternates between neighboring beams and the aperture shape connectivity is considered throughout the arc.
- the shape-varying beam aperture (or “dynamic window”) slides back and forth while the gantry rotates around the patient.
- each pair of MLC leaves will deliver a set of densely-spaced intensity profiles that are aligned with this leaf pair.
- the method comprises the following key steps:
- each of its aligned intensity profiles is converted into a set of k leaf openings using a geometric k-link shortest path algorithm with equal beam-on times that incurs the minimum error.
- the leaf openings for the same pair of MLC leaves are connected together to form a single-arc of leaf openings using a geometric shortest path algorithm that ensures a smooth transition between adjacent leaf openings while minimizing the error incurred.
- the single-arcs for each pair of MLC leaves are then combined to form the final single-arc treatment plan.
- FIGS. 5A-5D illustrate the key idea of this step.
- the error here is the integral of the absolute difference between the two functions, ⁇
- each leaf opening is represented by a rectangle whose left and right ends are the positions of the MLC leaf pair and whose height is its beam-on time.
- the simplified intensity profile is created by “stacking up” these rectangles.
- the resulting profile g(x) can have up to k upward edges and k downward edges, if we traverse the profile curve from left to right ( FIG. 5B ).
- This problem can be solved by searching for an optimal k-weight path in a graph capturing the geometry of the problem; the total cost of the path represents the error between the simplified profile and the input profile, and its weight indicates how many leaf openings are needed to create the simplified profile.
- FIG. 5C illustrates such a k-weight path, where the k upward edges are highlighted in red (solid if black and white) and the error is the area sum of the shaded regions.
- a directed graph G is constructed as in FIG. 5D .
- a grid structure is imposed, whose vertical edge lengths are h and horizontal edge lengths are of the resolution size of the given intensity patterns.
- Each grid node is a vertex of the graph G.
- the lower leftmost grid node is the source vertex s of G, and the lower rightmost node is the sink vertex t.
- the k-link path algorithm above will convert each intensity profile into a simplified profile that can be deliverable by k leaf openings. For each simplified profile, there are potentially k! ways to break it up into leaf openings. In this algorithm, break each simplified intensity profile is broken into a set of canonical leaf openings.
- a set of leaf openings is called canonical if only if for any two leaf openings [l i , r i ] and [l j , r j ] (where and l i and l j denote the left leaf positions, and r i and r j denote the right leaf positions), either l i ⁇ l i, rj ⁇ r j , or l i ⁇ l i , r j ⁇ r j .
- a set of canonical leaf openings can be sorted from left to right.
- FIGS. 6A-6C illustrate the key concept for the second step, i.e., for combining the canonical leaf openings into arcs.
- its single-arc can be viewed as two curves, each representing the leaf trajectory as a function of the leaf position with respect to the gantry angles.
- the solid curves in FIG. 6B show the corresponding leaf trajectories of the single-arc illustrated in FIG. 6A . If this single-arc is not deliverable under the maximum leaf speed constraint, the arc has to be adjusted to make it deliverable while minimizing the error incurred by the adjustment.
- each leaf trajectory is a function of the leaf position with respect to the gantry angles, it can be viewed as a path of leaf positions along the gantry angle direction. This implies that the above adjustment problem can be solved by modeling it as a shortest path problem, in which the cost of a path is the error of the adjustment.
- FIG. 6C shows the graph construction. Each possible leaf position is a vertex, and two vertices for adjacent gantry angles are connected by an edge if they satisfy the maximum leaf speed constraint.
- Each vertex has a cost for the error incurred when adjusting the corresponding original leaf position for its gantry angle using that vertex. Geometrically, this error corresponds to a shaded region in FIG. 6B . Hence, the problem of adjusting a single arc as originally planned into a deliverable arc becomes a shortest path problem.
- the spacing of the apertures within each interval is also straightforward. This is because the apertures obtained for each angular interval can sorted from left to right.
- the angular interval can be evenly divided the by the number of apertures used to reproduce the intensity distribution.
- the apertures can be sequenced in such a way that: 1) the MLC leaves move in opposite directions in any two neighboring angular intervals; and 2) the two aperture shapes connecting any two angular intervals do not violate the physical constraints of the MLC, i.e., they are not so drastically different as to require large MLC movements.
- the shape-varying beam aperture slides back and forth while the gantry rotates around the patient. Since the apertures for different angular intervals are obtained with different dose rates, this single arc plan may require dose rate changes during the delivery.
- FIGS. 7A-7B show a sample single-arc plan, where the red curve represents the left leaf trajectory and the blue curve represents the right leaf trajectory. Note that, since, in a single-arc plan, the MLC keeps moving as the gantry rotates 360° around the patient at constant speed, the leaf trajectory is actually a functional curve between gantry angle and MLC leaf positions. For each small angular interval ⁇ (typically)5°-10°, the portions of the leaf trajectories deliver a fluence profile ( FIG. 7B ).
- the intensity profile in every planning beam interval for each pair of MLC leaves is converted to a set of candidate sequences of leaf openings using a shortest path algorithm with minimized error subject to the error bound.
- These candidate sequences may differ from each other in the starting and/or ending leaf openings.
- FIG. 8B shows a candidate sequence for the intensity profile as shown in FIG. 8A with certain starting and ending leaf trajectory positions.
- the goal here is to construct a graph whose nodes are the candidate leaf trajectories. Each node will have a cost associated with it, which is the error of the trajectory when delivering its own profile. Two nodes from adjacent angular intervals are connected together if their transitions are smooth.
- a shortest path here yields an optimal single-arc plan. To improve the running time, one limits the number of candidate trajectories. e.g., by restricting the trajectories to be monotonic.
- sequences computed in the first step are connected together to form a single arc of leaf openings using a shortest path to ensure a smooth transition of the leaf positions between adjacent planning beam intervals while minimizing the total error incurred.
- the single arcs for each pair of MLC leaves are then combined to form the final single-arc treatment plan.
- the method can compute a tradeoff between error and number of control points, or error and machine beam-on times.
- the apertures are all at the designated planning angle at the center of the planning interval.
- the apertures are adjusted as follows:
- FIG. 9B omits DABC for clarity. From FIGS. 9A-9B , the following equation may be written:
- the new aperture widths can be set to provide the same coverage at the new angle as the original aperture provided at the planned angle.
- a simple aperture weight and shape optimization can be performed to further refine the single arc to deplete any potential rooms of improvement of the treatment plan quality.
- Sample plans were developed for several clinical cases. The plans were transferred to a Varian linear accelerator and delivered to a phantom. Comparison of the delivered and measured doses showed good agreement.
- One plan is for a larynx case with 3 targets, each with different dose specifications ( FIG. 10A ).
- FIG. 10B shows the dose distribution on a transverse slice at neck level resulting from the single-arc plan and
- FIG. 10C is the result of dose verification by delivering the single-arc plan to a phantom. Note that the phantom is different in size and shape from the patient and the calculated dose from the same plan is therefore also different.
Abstract
Description
The edge set E(^G) is simply
Ut−1 3({circumflex over (L)}t×{circumflex over (L)}t+1)∪({s}×{circumflex over (L)}1)∪({circumflex over (L)}4×{t}).
Thus, the subgraph of ^G between any two consecutive vertex layers is a complete bipartite graph. For each edge (u, v) is an element of E(^G), a weight ^ω(u, v)=ω′(π′(u, v))−ω′ (u) is assigned to it, i.e., the weight of a shortest u-to-v path in G′ minus the vertex weight of u. For convenience, ^ω(u, v)Δ=+∞ if there is no path from u to v in G′.
Original profile=Trailing Profile−Leading profile.
The separated profiles become the leading and trailing leaf positions as functions of time. If both leaves are moved according to
This yields:
Substituting
the following is obtained:
Similarly, the adjustment on the other side can be deduced. From
This gives:
Substituting
the following is obtained:
- 1. Bortfeld et al., Int J Rad Oncol Biol Phys, 28(3):723-730 (1994).
- 2. Boyer, A. & Yu, C., Seminars in Radiation Oncol 9(1):48-59 (1999).
- 3. Mackie et al., Med Phys, 20(6):1709-19 (1993).
- 4. Yu et al., Phys. Med. Biol., 40:769-787 (1995).
- 5. Yu, C. X., Phys. Med. Biol., 40:1435-49, (1995).
- 6.Yu et al., Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 53(2):453-63 (2002).
- 7. Cho, P. S. & Marks, R. J. II, Phys. Med. Biol, 45(2):429-440 (2000).
- 8. Earl et al., Phys. Med. Biol. 48(8):075-89 (2003).
- 9. Cameron, C., Phys Med. 50(18):4317-36 (2005).
- 10. Shepard et al., Med. Phys. 34(2):464-470 (February 2007).
- 11. Brahme, A., Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 49(2):327-37 (2001).
- 12. Shepard et al., Physics in Medicine and Biology, 45(1): 69-90 (1999).
- 13. Webb, S., Phys. Med. Biol. 39(12):2229-2246 (1994).
Claims (48)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US14/020,500 USRE46953E1 (en) | 2007-04-20 | 2013-09-06 | Single-arc dose painting for precision radiation therapy |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US91317507P | 2007-04-20 | 2007-04-20 | |
PCT/US2008/005028 WO2008130634A1 (en) | 2007-04-20 | 2008-04-18 | Single-arc dose painting for precision radiation therapy |
US12/589,205 US8014494B2 (en) | 2009-10-20 | 2009-10-20 | Single-arc dose painting for precision radiation therapy |
US14/020,500 USRE46953E1 (en) | 2007-04-20 | 2013-09-06 | Single-arc dose painting for precision radiation therapy |
Related Parent Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US12/589,205 Reissue US8014494B2 (en) | 2007-04-20 | 2009-10-20 | Single-arc dose painting for precision radiation therapy |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
USRE46953E1 true USRE46953E1 (en) | 2018-07-17 |
Family
ID=62837361
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US14/020,500 Active 2030-02-25 USRE46953E1 (en) | 2007-04-20 | 2013-09-06 | Single-arc dose painting for precision radiation therapy |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | USRE46953E1 (en) |
Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US10449389B2 (en) * | 2016-12-05 | 2019-10-22 | Varian Medical Systems International Ag | Dynamic target masker in radiation treatment of multiple targets |
US10525283B2 (en) * | 2016-03-09 | 2020-01-07 | Dalhousie University | Systems and methods for planning and controlling the rotation of a multileaf collimator for arc therapy |
US20200197724A1 (en) * | 2016-06-13 | 2020-06-25 | The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University | Trajectory Optimization in Radiotherapy Using Sectioning |
US20200346038A1 (en) * | 2018-08-06 | 2020-11-05 | Accuray Incorporated | Delivering independent 2d sub-beam intensity patterns from moving radiation source |
US20210244970A1 (en) * | 2018-05-07 | 2021-08-12 | Dalhousie University | Systems and methods for planning, controlling and/or delivering radiotherapy and radiosurgery using combined optimization of dynamic axes (coda) |
US20210316158A1 (en) * | 2020-04-13 | 2021-10-14 | Richard Shaw | Adjustable multi-slit collimators |
Citations (265)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3133227A (en) | 1958-06-25 | 1964-05-12 | Varian Associates | Linear particle accelerator apparatus for high energy particle beams provided with pulsing means for the control electrode |
US3144552A (en) | 1960-08-24 | 1964-08-11 | Varian Associates | Apparatus for the iradiation of materials with a pulsed strip beam of electrons |
US3193717A (en) | 1959-03-09 | 1965-07-06 | Varian Associates | Beam scanning method and apparatus |
GB1328033A (en) | 1970-11-06 | 1973-08-22 | Philips Electronic Associated | Apparatus for measuring the surface configuration of at least part of a body |
US3906233A (en) | 1973-10-12 | 1975-09-16 | Varian Associates | System and method for administering radiation |
FR2269745A1 (en) | 1972-08-17 | 1975-11-28 | Lescrenier Charles | Position control of operating fable for radiation therapy - arrangement and method for holding a position reference between an emitter and a receiver object |
US3987281A (en) | 1974-07-29 | 1976-10-19 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Department Of Health, Education And Welfare | Method of radiation therapy treatment planning |
US4149248A (en) | 1975-12-23 | 1979-04-10 | Varian Associates, Inc. | Apparatus and method for reconstructing data |
US4149247A (en) | 1975-12-23 | 1979-04-10 | Varian Associates, Inc. | Tomographic apparatus and method for reconstructing planar slices from non-absorbed and non-scattered radiation |
US4208675A (en) | 1978-03-20 | 1980-06-17 | Agence Nationale De Valorization De La Recherche (Anvar) | Method and apparatus for positioning an object |
US4209706A (en) | 1976-11-26 | 1980-06-24 | Varian Associates, Inc. | Fluoroscopic apparatus mounting fixture |
EP0062941A1 (en) | 1981-04-08 | 1982-10-20 | Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. | Contour recording device |
JPS5976A (en) | 1982-06-22 | 1984-01-05 | 日本電気株式会社 | High energy ct for radiation treatment |
FR2551664A1 (en) | 1982-09-13 | 1985-03-15 | Varian Associates | Thin mirror for illuminating an area for a medical electron accelerator |
US4521808A (en) | 1979-03-22 | 1985-06-04 | University Of Texas System | Electrostatic imaging apparatus |
WO1985003212A1 (en) | 1984-01-18 | 1985-08-01 | Lescrenier, Charles | Improved means for visually indicating an x-ray field |
US4547892A (en) | 1977-04-01 | 1985-10-15 | Technicare Corporation | Cardiac imaging with CT scanner |
US4593967A (en) | 1984-11-01 | 1986-06-10 | Honeywell Inc. | 3-D active vision sensor |
US4628523A (en) | 1985-05-13 | 1986-12-09 | B.V. Optische Industrie De Oude Delft | Direction control for radiographic therapy apparatus |
EP0205720A1 (en) | 1985-06-28 | 1986-12-30 | Instrument Ab Scanditronix | CT scanner for radiation theraphy planning |
US4675731A (en) | 1983-02-01 | 1987-06-23 | Tokyo Shibaura Denki Kabushiki Kaisha | Diagnostic apparatus |
US4679076A (en) | 1983-06-08 | 1987-07-07 | Vikterloef Karl Johan | Means for registering coordinates |
US4726046A (en) | 1985-11-05 | 1988-02-16 | Varian Associates, Inc. | X-ray and electron radiotherapy clinical treatment machine |
US4741621A (en) | 1986-08-18 | 1988-05-03 | Westinghouse Electric Corp. | Geometric surface inspection system with dual overlap light stripe generator |
JPS63294839A (en) | 1987-05-27 | 1988-12-01 | Nec Corp | Ct simulator for radiotherapy |
JPS6440069A (en) | 1987-08-05 | 1989-02-10 | Nec Corp | Radiotherapic apparatus |
DE3828639A1 (en) | 1987-08-24 | 1989-03-16 | Mitsubishi Electric Corp | Ionised particle beam therapy device |
US4825393A (en) | 1986-04-23 | 1989-04-25 | Hitachi, Ltd. | Position measuring method |
JPH01162682A (en) | 1987-11-24 | 1989-06-27 | W Reiners Verwalt Gmbh | Traverse device for spinning machine |
US4853777A (en) | 1987-07-07 | 1989-08-01 | Ashland Oil, Inc. | Method for evaluating smooth surfaces |
US4868844A (en) | 1986-09-10 | 1989-09-19 | Varian Associates, Inc. | Mutileaf collimator for radiotherapy machines |
WO1990014129A1 (en) | 1989-05-18 | 1990-11-29 | University Of Florida | Dosimetric technique for stereotactic radiosurgery |
US5001344A (en) | 1988-08-26 | 1991-03-19 | Hitachi, Ltd. | Scanning electron microscope and method of processing the same |
US5014292A (en) | 1990-01-29 | 1991-05-07 | Siczek Bernard W | Tiltable x-ray table integrated with carriage for x-ray source and receptor |
WO1992000567A1 (en) | 1990-07-02 | 1992-01-09 | Varian Associates, Inc. | Computed tomography apparatus using image intensifier detector |
US5080100A (en) | 1988-10-04 | 1992-01-14 | Cgr Mev | System and method for measuring and/or checking the position of a patient in a radio-therapy machine |
EP0471455A2 (en) | 1990-08-14 | 1992-02-19 | Picker International, Inc. | Imaging apparatus and methods |
WO1992002277A1 (en) | 1990-08-03 | 1992-02-20 | Siemens Medical Laboratories, Inc. | Portal imaging device |
US5099505A (en) | 1990-07-02 | 1992-03-24 | Varian Associates | Method for increasing the accuracy of a radiation therapy apparatus |
EP0480035A1 (en) | 1989-06-30 | 1992-04-15 | Yokogawa Medical Systems, Ltd | Radiotherapeutic system |
US5117445A (en) | 1990-07-02 | 1992-05-26 | Varian Associates, Inc. | Electronically enhanced x-ray detector apparatus |
US5157707A (en) | 1989-02-20 | 1992-10-20 | Ao Medical Products Ab | Method and a cassette holder for performing x-ray examination |
WO1992020202A1 (en) | 1991-05-06 | 1992-11-12 | Moore Robert M | Radiation image generating system and method |
US5168532A (en) | 1990-07-02 | 1992-12-01 | Varian Associates, Inc. | Method for improving the dynamic range of an imaging system |
JPH0557028A (en) | 1991-09-05 | 1993-03-09 | Nec Corp | Radiation treatment device |
US5207223A (en) | 1990-10-19 | 1993-05-04 | Accuray, Inc. | Apparatus for and method of performing stereotaxic surgery |
US5262649A (en) | 1989-09-06 | 1993-11-16 | The Regents Of The University Of Michigan | Thin-film, flat panel, pixelated detector array for real-time digital imaging and dosimetry of ionizing radiation |
DE4223488A1 (en) | 1992-07-17 | 1994-01-20 | Despina Dr Med Katsohi | Restitutable compensation device for radiation treatment |
US5332908A (en) | 1992-03-31 | 1994-07-26 | Siemens Medical Laboratories, Inc. | Method for dynamic beam profile generation |
US5335255A (en) | 1992-03-24 | 1994-08-02 | Seppi Edward J | X-ray scanner with a source emitting plurality of fan beams |
WO1995000204A1 (en) | 1993-06-18 | 1995-01-05 | Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation | Method for radiation therapy planning |
US5394452A (en) | 1992-03-19 | 1995-02-28 | Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation | Verification system for radiation therapy |
US5400255A (en) | 1994-02-14 | 1995-03-21 | General Electric Company | Reconstruction of images from cone beam data |
US5411026A (en) | 1993-10-08 | 1995-05-02 | Nomos Corporation | Method and apparatus for lesion position verification |
US5427097A (en) | 1992-12-10 | 1995-06-27 | Accuray, Inc. | Apparatus for and method of carrying out stereotaxic radiosurgery and radiotherapy |
US5438991A (en) | 1993-10-18 | 1995-08-08 | William Beaumont Hospital | Method and apparatus for controlling a radiation treatment field |
US5442675A (en) | 1992-03-19 | 1995-08-15 | Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation | Dynamic collimator for radiation therapy |
JPH07255717A (en) | 1994-03-25 | 1995-10-09 | Toshiba Corp | Radiation treatment system |
US5471546A (en) | 1993-12-29 | 1995-11-28 | Abb Research Ltd. | Fiber-optic transmission sensor with modulator |
US5471516A (en) | 1994-10-06 | 1995-11-28 | Varian Associates, Inc. | Radiotherapy apparatus equipped with low dose localizing and portal imaging X-ray source |
US5509042A (en) | 1991-02-13 | 1996-04-16 | Lunar Corporation | Automated determination and analysis of bone morphology |
US5521957A (en) | 1994-03-15 | 1996-05-28 | Hansen; Steven J. | X-ray imaging system |
US5537452A (en) | 1994-05-10 | 1996-07-16 | Shepherd; Joseph S. | Radiation therapy and radiation surgery treatment system and methods of use of same |
US5591983A (en) | 1995-06-30 | 1997-01-07 | Siemens Medical Systems, Inc. | Multiple layer multileaf collimator |
WO1997013552A1 (en) | 1995-10-07 | 1997-04-17 | Philips Electronics N.V. | Radiotherapy apparatus for treating a patient |
US5647663A (en) | 1996-01-05 | 1997-07-15 | Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation | Radiation treatment planning method and apparatus |
US5661773A (en) | 1992-03-19 | 1997-08-26 | Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation | Interface for radiation therapy machine |
US5663995A (en) | 1996-06-06 | 1997-09-02 | General Electric Company | Systems and methods for reconstructing an image in a CT system performing a cone beam helical scan |
US5663999A (en) | 1996-06-28 | 1997-09-02 | Systems Medical Systems, Inc. | Optimization of an intensity modulated field |
JPH09239044A (en) | 1996-03-01 | 1997-09-16 | Philips Electron Nv | Intensity modulating arc medical treatment by dynamic multileaf collimation |
US5673300A (en) | 1996-06-11 | 1997-09-30 | Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation | Method of registering a radiation treatment plan to a patient |
US5675625A (en) | 1994-06-17 | 1997-10-07 | Lap Gmbh Laser Applikationen | Apparatus for positioning and marking a patient at a diagnostic apparatus |
DE19614643A1 (en) | 1996-04-13 | 1997-10-16 | Werner Dipl Phys Brenneisen | Stereotaxial targetted irradiation process for brain tumours |
WO1997042522A1 (en) | 1996-05-07 | 1997-11-13 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Radiation therapy dose calculation engine |
US5719914A (en) | 1995-11-13 | 1998-02-17 | Imatron, Inc. | Method for correcting spherical aberration of the electron beam in a scanning electron beam computed tomography system |
US5724400A (en) | 1992-03-19 | 1998-03-03 | Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation | Radiation therapy system with constrained rotational freedom |
US5727554A (en) | 1996-09-19 | 1998-03-17 | University Of Pittsburgh Of The Commonwealth System Of Higher Education | Apparatus responsive to movement of a patient during treatment/diagnosis |
US5748703A (en) | 1994-03-22 | 1998-05-05 | Cosman; Eric R. | Dynamic collimator for a linear accelerator |
JPH10113400A (en) | 1996-10-11 | 1998-05-06 | Hitachi Medical Corp | Radiotherapy system |
US5757881A (en) | 1997-01-06 | 1998-05-26 | Siemens Business Communication Systems, Inc. | Redundant field-defining arrays for a radiation system |
US5802136A (en) | 1994-05-17 | 1998-09-01 | Nomos Corporation | Method and apparatus for conformal radiation therapy |
US5818902A (en) | 1996-03-01 | 1998-10-06 | Elekta Ab | Intensity modulated arc therapy with dynamic multi-leaf collimation |
US5835558A (en) | 1996-07-09 | 1998-11-10 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Mobile x-ray exposure apparatus |
WO1998052635A1 (en) | 1997-05-23 | 1998-11-26 | William Beaumont Hospital | Method and apparatus for delivering radiation therapy during suspended ventilation |
US5848126A (en) | 1993-11-26 | 1998-12-08 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Radiation computed tomography apparatus |
JPH10328318A (en) | 1997-05-29 | 1998-12-15 | Hitachi Medical Corp | Radiotherapy system |
US5858891A (en) | 1993-12-16 | 1999-01-12 | France Telecom | Glass-ceramic materials especially for lasers and optical amplifiers, doped with rare earths |
WO1999003397A1 (en) | 1997-07-17 | 1999-01-28 | Medlennium Technologies, Inc. | Method and apparatus for radiation and hyperthermia therapy of tumors |
US5877501A (en) | 1996-11-26 | 1999-03-02 | Picker International, Inc. | Digital panel for x-ray image acquisition |
JPH1199148A (en) | 1997-09-25 | 1999-04-13 | Masahiro Fukushi | Transmission ct device |
US5912943A (en) | 1997-11-26 | 1999-06-15 | Picker International, Inc. | Cooling system for a sealed housing positioned in a sterile environment |
EP0922943A2 (en) | 1997-11-28 | 1999-06-16 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Radiation detecting device and radiation detecting method |
US5926521A (en) | 1998-03-31 | 1999-07-20 | Siemens Corporate Research, Inc. | Exact region of interest cone beam imaging using 3D backprojection |
DE19800946A1 (en) | 1998-01-13 | 1999-07-22 | Siemens Ag | Volume computer tomography system |
US5929449A (en) | 1995-07-31 | 1999-07-27 | 1294339 Ontario, Inc. | Flat panel detector for radiation imaging with reduced electronic noise |
US5949811A (en) | 1996-10-08 | 1999-09-07 | Hitachi Medical Corporation | X-ray apparatus |
US5956382A (en) | 1997-09-25 | 1999-09-21 | Eliezer Wiener-Avnear, Doing Business As Laser Electro Optic Application Technology Comp. | X-ray imaging array detector and laser micro-milling method for fabricating array |
US5960055A (en) | 1997-12-19 | 1999-09-28 | Siemens Corporate Research, Inc. | Fast cone beam image reconstruction using a detector weight list |
WO1999048558A1 (en) | 1998-03-20 | 1999-09-30 | Elekta Ab (Publ) | Controlling delivery of radiotherapy |
EP0948930A1 (en) | 1998-04-06 | 1999-10-13 | Picker International, Inc. | Acquiring volumetric image data |
US5999587A (en) | 1997-07-03 | 1999-12-07 | University Of Rochester | Method of and system for cone-beam tomography reconstruction |
DE19931243A1 (en) | 1998-07-08 | 2000-02-17 | Siemens Medical Systems Inc | Method and system for reducing dosage errors with optimized static intensity modulation |
US6031888A (en) | 1997-11-26 | 2000-02-29 | Picker International, Inc. | Fluoro-assist feature for a diagnostic imaging device |
US6038283A (en) | 1996-10-24 | 2000-03-14 | Nomos Corporation | Planning method and apparatus for radiation dosimetry |
WO2000015299A1 (en) | 1998-09-10 | 2000-03-23 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Falcon: automated optimization method for arbitrary assessment criteria |
US6052430A (en) | 1997-09-25 | 2000-04-18 | Siemens Medical Systems, Inc. | Dynamic sub-space intensity modulation |
JP2000116638A (en) | 1998-10-15 | 2000-04-25 | Shimadzu Corp | Transmission type ct apparatus |
JP2000140137A (en) | 1998-08-31 | 2000-05-23 | Sumitomo Heavy Ind Ltd | Method and device for positioning patient of radiotherapy |
JP2000152927A (en) | 1998-11-19 | 2000-06-06 | Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd | Radiography device |
US6075836A (en) | 1997-07-03 | 2000-06-13 | University Of Rochester | Method of and system for intravenous volume tomographic digital angiography imaging |
US6078638A (en) | 1998-09-30 | 2000-06-20 | Siemens Corporate Research, Inc. | Pixel grouping for filtering cone beam detector data during 3D image reconstruction |
US6104778A (en) | 1997-10-16 | 2000-08-15 | Varian Systems, Inc. | X-ray treatment method and apparatus |
US6104780A (en) | 1997-11-24 | 2000-08-15 | Oec Medical Systems, Inc. | Mobile bi-planar fluoroscopic imaging apparatus |
US6108400A (en) | 1998-08-10 | 2000-08-22 | Siemens Medical Systems, Inc. | System and method for using precalculated strips in calculating scatter radiation |
US6113264A (en) | 1997-06-04 | 2000-09-05 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | X-ray diagnostic apparatus with C-shaped arms |
US6134296A (en) | 1999-01-20 | 2000-10-17 | Siemens Medical Systems, Inc. | Microgradient intensity modulating multi-leaf collimator |
US6142925A (en) | 1999-01-20 | 2000-11-07 | Siemens Medical Systems, Inc. | Method and system for increasing resolution in a radiotherapy system |
US6144875A (en) | 1999-03-16 | 2000-11-07 | Accuray Incorporated | Apparatus and method for compensating for respiratory and patient motion during treatment |
US6148058A (en) | 1998-10-23 | 2000-11-14 | Analogic Corporation | System and method for real time measurement of detector offset in rotating-patient CT scanner |
JP2000317000A (en) | 1999-05-13 | 2000-11-21 | Mitsubishi Electric Corp | Control unit of radiation irradiation device for radiation therapy |
US6152598A (en) | 1997-09-02 | 2000-11-28 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | R/F and chest radiography compatible X-ray imaging table |
JP2001029489A (en) | 1999-07-15 | 2001-02-06 | Mitsubishi Electric Corp | Irradiating device and method of radiation |
JP2001029491A (en) | 1999-07-15 | 2001-02-06 | Mitsubishi Electric Corp | Device and method for calculating exposure value and recording medium |
US6200024B1 (en) | 1998-11-27 | 2001-03-13 | Picker International, Inc. | Virtual C-arm robotic positioning system for use in radiographic imaging equipment |
JP2001095793A (en) | 1999-10-04 | 2001-04-10 | Hitachi Medical Corp | X-ray ct apparatus |
US6219441B1 (en) | 1993-06-22 | 2001-04-17 | General Electric Company | Reconstruction of images from three-dimensional cone beam data |
US6219403B1 (en) | 1999-02-17 | 2001-04-17 | Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha | Radiation therapy method and system |
US6222901B1 (en) | 1995-12-18 | 2001-04-24 | U.S. Philips Corporation | X-ray examination apparatus including an image sensor matrix with a correction unit |
EP1095628A2 (en) | 1999-10-29 | 2001-05-02 | Marconi Medical Systems, Inc. | Planning minimally invasive procedures for in - vivo placement of objects |
JP2001120528A (en) | 1999-10-29 | 2001-05-08 | Konica Corp | Medical imaging method and medical imaging apparatus |
US20010001807A1 (en) | 1997-12-19 | 2001-05-24 | Varian, Inc. | Radiotherapy machine including magnetic resonance imaging system |
US6240161B1 (en) | 1997-09-25 | 2001-05-29 | Siemens Medical Systems, Inc. | Multi-leaf collimator constrained optimization of intensity modulated treatments |
US6256366B1 (en) | 1999-07-22 | 2001-07-03 | Analogic Corporation | Apparatus and method for reconstruction of volumetric images in a computed tomography system using sementation of slices |
US20010008271A1 (en) | 2000-01-12 | 2001-07-19 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Planar X-ray detector |
US6269143B1 (en) | 1998-08-31 | 2001-07-31 | Shimadzu Corporation | Radiotherapy planning system |
US6269141B1 (en) | 1998-08-05 | 2001-07-31 | U.S. Philips Corporation | Computer tomography apparatus with a conical radiation beam and a helical scanning trajectory |
US6278766B1 (en) | 1996-10-25 | 2001-08-21 | Sherwood Services Ag | Jaw and circular collimator |
WO2001060236A2 (en) | 2000-02-18 | 2001-08-23 | William Beaumont Hospital | Cone-beam computerized tomography with a flat-panel imager |
US6285739B1 (en) | 1999-02-19 | 2001-09-04 | The Research Foundation Of State University Of New York | Radiographic imaging apparatus and method for vascular interventions |
EP0965104B1 (en) | 1997-03-07 | 2001-09-05 | Computerized Medical Systems, Inc. | Autosegmentation/autocontouring methods for use with three-dimensional radiation therapy treatment planning |
US6292526B1 (en) | 1999-10-27 | 2001-09-18 | General Electric Company | Methods and apparatus for preprocessing volumetric computed tomography data |
US6307914B1 (en) | 1998-03-12 | 2001-10-23 | Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha | Moving body pursuit irradiating device and positioning method using this device |
US6314159B1 (en) | 1999-12-08 | 2001-11-06 | Siemens Medical Systems, Inc. | System and method for optimizing radiation treatment with an intensity modulating multi-leaf collimator |
US6318892B1 (en) | 1998-10-28 | 2001-11-20 | Hitachi Medical Corporation | Radiography apparatus with rotatably supported cylindrical ring carrying image pickup unit |
US6325758B1 (en) | 1997-10-27 | 2001-12-04 | Nomos Corporation | Method and apparatus for target position verification |
US6325537B1 (en) | 1998-10-16 | 2001-12-04 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | X-ray diagnosis apparatus |
US6330300B1 (en) | 2000-08-23 | 2001-12-11 | Siemens Medical Solutions Usa, Inc. | High definition intensity modulating radiation therapy system and method |
US6335961B1 (en) | 1998-10-06 | 2002-01-01 | Siemens Medical Systems, Inc. | Integrated high definition intensity multileaf collimator system which provides improved conformal radiation therapy while minimizing leakage |
US20020006182A1 (en) | 2000-05-19 | 2002-01-17 | Siyong Kim | Multi-source intensity-modulated radiation beam delivery system and method |
US6345114B1 (en) | 1995-06-14 | 2002-02-05 | Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation | Method and apparatus for calibration of radiation therapy equipment and verification of radiation treatment |
US6349129B1 (en) | 1999-12-08 | 2002-02-19 | Siemens Medical Solutions Usa, Inc. | System and method for defining radiation treatment intensity maps |
WO2002013907A1 (en) | 2000-08-16 | 2002-02-21 | Elekta Ab (Publ) | Radiotherapy simulation apparatus |
US6353222B1 (en) | 1998-09-03 | 2002-03-05 | Applied Materials, Inc. | Determining defect depth and contour information in wafer structures using multiple SEM images |
WO2002024277A1 (en) | 2000-09-22 | 2002-03-28 | Radiological Imaging Technology, Inc. | Automated calibration for radiation dosimetry using fixed or moving beams and detectors |
US6370421B1 (en) | 2000-06-30 | 2002-04-09 | Siemens Corporate Research, Inc. | Density modulated catheter for use in fluoroscopy based 3-D neural navigation |
US6381302B1 (en) | 2000-07-05 | 2002-04-30 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Computer assisted 2D adjustment of stereo X-ray images |
US6385288B1 (en) | 2001-01-19 | 2002-05-07 | Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha | Radiotherapy apparatus with independent rotation mechanisms |
US6385286B1 (en) | 1998-08-06 | 2002-05-07 | Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation | Delivery modification system for radiation therapy |
US6385477B1 (en) | 1997-06-19 | 2002-05-07 | Elektra Ab | Method for automatized dose planning |
US6393096B1 (en) | 1998-05-27 | 2002-05-21 | Nomos Corporation | Planning method and apparatus for radiation dosimetry |
US20020066860A1 (en) | 2000-12-04 | 2002-06-06 | General Electric Company | Imaging array minimizing leakage currents |
US6411675B1 (en) | 2000-11-13 | 2002-06-25 | Jorge Llacer | Stochastic method for optimization of radiation therapy planning |
US6429578B1 (en) | 1999-01-26 | 2002-08-06 | Mats Danielsson | Diagnostic and therapeutic detector system for imaging with low and high energy X-ray and electrons |
WO2002061680A2 (en) | 2001-01-31 | 2002-08-08 | 3Q Technologies Ltd | Surface imaging |
US6438202B1 (en) | 1998-08-06 | 2002-08-20 | Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation | Method using post-patient radiation monitor to verify entrance radiation and dose in a radiation therapy machine |
US6435715B1 (en) | 1998-11-30 | 2002-08-20 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Radiography device |
US6445766B1 (en) | 2000-10-18 | 2002-09-03 | Siemens Medical Solutions Usa, Inc. | System and method for improved diagnostic imaging in a radiation treatment system |
US6463122B1 (en) | 2000-08-21 | 2002-10-08 | Bio-Imaging Resource, Inc. | Mammography of computer tomography for imaging and therapy |
US6473490B1 (en) | 2001-09-28 | 2002-10-29 | Siemens Medical Solutions Usa, Inc. | Intensity map reconstruction for radiation therapy with a modulating multi-leaf collimator |
US6480565B1 (en) | 1999-11-18 | 2002-11-12 | University Of Rochester | Apparatus and method for cone beam volume computed tomography breast imaging |
US20020179812A1 (en) | 2001-03-06 | 2002-12-05 | Topcon Corporation | Electron beam device and method for stereoscopic measurements |
US6504899B2 (en) | 2000-09-25 | 2003-01-07 | The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University | Method for selecting beam orientations in intensity modulated radiation therapy |
US6504892B1 (en) | 2000-10-13 | 2003-01-07 | University Of Rochester | System and method for cone beam volume computed tomography using circle-plus-multiple-arc orbit |
WO2003003796A1 (en) | 2001-06-26 | 2003-01-09 | Varian Medical Systems, Inc. | Method and system for predictive physiological gating |
US6508586B2 (en) | 2000-09-29 | 2003-01-21 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | IVR-CT apparatus |
WO2003008986A2 (en) | 2001-07-20 | 2003-01-30 | Elekta Ab (Publ) | Mri in guided radiotherapy and position verification |
DE10139934A1 (en) | 2001-08-14 | 2003-03-13 | Siemens Ag | Chemotherapy device with integral radiographic imaging device for preparation of 3-D data of the examination area so that radiation treatment is accurately targeted and its effect is maximized while side effects are minimized |
US6546073B1 (en) | 1999-11-05 | 2003-04-08 | Georgia Tech Research Corporation | Systems and methods for global optimization of treatment planning for external beam radiation therapy |
US6560311B1 (en) | 1998-08-06 | 2003-05-06 | Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation | Method for preparing a radiation therapy plan |
US20030086530A1 (en) | 2001-09-25 | 2003-05-08 | Karl Otto | Methods and apparatus for planning and delivering intensity modulated radiation fields with a rotating multileaf collimator |
US6582121B2 (en) | 2001-11-15 | 2003-06-24 | Ge Medical Systems Global Technology | X-ray positioner with side-mounted, independently articulated arms |
US6590953B2 (en) | 2000-09-12 | 2003-07-08 | Hitachi Medical Corporation | X-ray CT scanner |
US20030212325A1 (en) | 2002-03-12 | 2003-11-13 | Cristian Cotrutz | Method for determining a dose distribution in radiation therapy |
US20030219098A1 (en) | 2002-05-23 | 2003-11-27 | Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. | Inverse planning for intensity-modulated radiotherapy |
US6661872B2 (en) | 2000-12-15 | 2003-12-09 | University Of Florida | Intensity modulated radiation therapy planning system |
US6661870B2 (en) | 2001-03-09 | 2003-12-09 | Tomotherapy Incorporated | Fluence adjustment for improving delivery to voxels without reoptimization |
US20040001569A1 (en) | 2002-04-29 | 2004-01-01 | Chunsong Luo | Intensity modulated radiotherapy inverse planning algorithm |
US20040022438A1 (en) | 2002-08-02 | 2004-02-05 | Hibbard Lyndon S. | Method and apparatus for image segmentation using Jensen-Shannon divergence and Jensen-Renyi divergence |
US6714620B2 (en) | 2000-09-22 | 2004-03-30 | Numerix, Llc | Radiation therapy treatment method |
JP2004097646A (en) | 2002-09-11 | 2004-04-02 | Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd | Radiotherapy system |
US20040071261A1 (en) * | 2001-12-03 | 2004-04-15 | University Of Maryland At Baltimore | Novel method for the planning and delivery of radiation therapy |
US6744848B2 (en) | 2000-02-11 | 2004-06-01 | Brandeis University | Method and system for low-dose three-dimensional imaging of a scene |
JP2004166975A (en) | 2002-11-20 | 2004-06-17 | Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd | Radiotherapy system, and operation method therefor |
US20040116804A1 (en) | 1998-10-23 | 2004-06-17 | Hassan Mostafavi | Method and system for radiation application |
US20040120452A1 (en) | 2002-12-18 | 2004-06-24 | Shapiro Edward G. | Multi-mode cone beam CT radiotherapy simulator and treatment machine with a flat panel imager |
US6757355B1 (en) * | 2000-08-17 | 2004-06-29 | Siemens Medical Solutions Usa, Inc. | High definition radiation treatment with an intensity modulating multi-leaf collimator |
US6760402B2 (en) | 2002-08-01 | 2004-07-06 | Siemens Medical Solutions Usa, Inc. | Verification of mlc leaf position and of radiation and light field congruence |
JP2004194697A (en) | 2002-12-16 | 2004-07-15 | Toshiba Corp | X-ray diagnostic apparatus |
DE10305421A1 (en) | 2003-02-05 | 2004-08-26 | Universität Rostock | Method for the automatic calculation of at least one upper barrier, at least one aperture and at least one parameter set for the irradiation of a target volume in a body |
US20040165696A1 (en) * | 1999-11-05 | 2004-08-26 | Lee Eva K. | Systems and methods for global optimization of treatment planning for external beam radiation therapy |
US6792074B2 (en) | 2001-03-05 | 2004-09-14 | Brainlab Ag | Method for producing or updating radiotherapy plan |
US20040190680A1 (en) | 2003-03-28 | 2004-09-30 | The University Of North Carolina At Chapel Hill | Residual map segmentation method for multi-leaf collimator-intensity modulated radiotherapy |
US6813336B1 (en) | 2000-08-17 | 2004-11-02 | Siemens Medical Solutions Usa, Inc. | High definition conformal arc radiation therapy with a multi-leaf collimator |
US20040254448A1 (en) | 2003-03-24 | 2004-12-16 | Amies Christopher Jude | Active therapy redefinition |
US6850252B1 (en) | 1999-10-05 | 2005-02-01 | Steven M. Hoffberg | Intelligent electronic appliance system and method |
EP1165182B1 (en) | 1999-04-02 | 2005-03-02 | Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation | Megavoltage computed tomography during radiotherapy |
US6865254B2 (en) | 2002-07-02 | 2005-03-08 | Pencilbeam Technologies Ab | Radiation system with inner and outer gantry parts |
US20050061972A1 (en) | 2003-07-24 | 2005-03-24 | Topcon Corporation | Electron beam system and electron beam measuring and observing methods |
US6879659B2 (en) | 2000-12-13 | 2005-04-12 | Elekta Ab | Radiotherapeutic apparatus |
US6888919B2 (en) | 2001-11-02 | 2005-05-03 | Varian Medical Systems, Inc. | Radiotherapy apparatus equipped with an articulable gantry for positioning an imaging unit |
US20050096515A1 (en) | 2003-10-23 | 2005-05-05 | Geng Z. J. | Three-dimensional surface image guided adaptive therapy system |
US20050111621A1 (en) | 2003-10-07 | 2005-05-26 | Robert Riker | Planning system, method and apparatus for conformal radiation therapy |
WO2005057738A2 (en) | 2003-12-02 | 2005-06-23 | Fox Chase Cancer Center | Method of modulating protons for radiation therapy |
US6914959B2 (en) | 2001-08-09 | 2005-07-05 | Analogic Corporation | Combined radiation therapy and imaging system and method |
US20050148841A1 (en) * | 2003-12-15 | 2005-07-07 | Srijit Kamath | Leaf sequencing method and system |
US6937693B2 (en) | 2003-03-12 | 2005-08-30 | Siemens Medical Solutions Usa, Inc. | Optimal configuration of photon and electron multileaf collimators in mixed beam radiotherapy |
US20050197564A1 (en) | 2004-02-20 | 2005-09-08 | University Of Florida Research Foundation, Inc. | System for delivering conformal radiation therapy while simultaneously imaging soft tissue |
US6968035B2 (en) | 2002-05-01 | 2005-11-22 | Siemens Medical Solutions Usa, Inc. | System to present focused radiation treatment area |
US6990175B2 (en) | 2001-10-18 | 2006-01-24 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | X-ray computed tomography apparatus |
JP2006079006A (en) | 2004-09-13 | 2006-03-23 | Ricoh Co Ltd | Electrophotographic photoreceptor and electrophotographic method using the same |
US20060060780A1 (en) | 2004-09-07 | 2006-03-23 | Masnaghetti Douglas K | Apparatus and method for e-beam dark field imaging |
US7030386B2 (en) | 2002-10-07 | 2006-04-18 | Sunnybrook And Women's College Health Scinences Centre | High quantum efficiency x-ray detector for portal imaging |
US20060176295A1 (en) | 2003-05-30 | 2006-08-10 | Lattice Technology, Inc. | 3-Dimensional graphics data display device |
US7096055B1 (en) | 1998-06-24 | 2006-08-22 | Achim Schweikard | Method to control delivery of radiation therapy |
US20060235260A1 (en) | 2004-07-20 | 2006-10-19 | Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System | Adaptive intracavitary brachytherapy applicator |
US20060256915A1 (en) * | 2005-05-13 | 2006-11-16 | Karl Otto | Method and apparatus for planning and delivering radiation treatment |
US20060274061A1 (en) | 2005-06-02 | 2006-12-07 | Hongwu Wang | Four-dimensional volume of interest |
US20060274925A1 (en) | 2005-06-02 | 2006-12-07 | West Jay B | Generating a volume of interest using a dose isocontour |
JP2006339541A (en) | 2005-06-03 | 2006-12-14 | Citizen Electronics Co Ltd | Chip led |
US7180980B2 (en) | 2004-08-25 | 2007-02-20 | Prowess, Inc. | Method for intensity modulated radiation treatment using independent collimator jaws |
US7221733B1 (en) | 2002-01-02 | 2007-05-22 | Varian Medical Systems Technologies, Inc. | Method and apparatus for irradiating a target |
US7227925B1 (en) | 2002-10-02 | 2007-06-05 | Varian Medical Systems Technologies, Inc. | Gantry mounted stereoscopic imaging system |
US20070220108A1 (en) | 2006-03-15 | 2007-09-20 | Whitaker Jerry M | Mobile global virtual browser with heads-up display for browsing and interacting with the World Wide Web |
US20070221842A1 (en) | 2006-03-14 | 2007-09-27 | Hidetoshi Morokuma | Workpiece size measurement method and apparatus |
US20070230770A1 (en) | 2005-11-18 | 2007-10-04 | Ashok Kulkarni | Methods and systems for determining a position of inspection data in design data space |
US20070242797A1 (en) | 2005-11-09 | 2007-10-18 | Dexela Limited | Methods and apparatus for obtaining low-dose imaging |
US7346144B2 (en) | 2002-03-14 | 2008-03-18 | Siemens Medical Solutions Usa, Inc. | In vivo planning and treatment of cancer therapy |
US7349522B2 (en) | 2005-06-22 | 2008-03-25 | Board Of Trustees Of The University Of Arkansas | Dynamic radiation therapy simulation system |
US7369645B2 (en) | 2004-06-21 | 2008-05-06 | Derek Graham Lane | Information theoretic inverse planning technique for radiation treatment |
US20080114564A1 (en) | 2004-11-25 | 2008-05-15 | Masayoshi Ihara | Information Classifying Device, Information Classifying Method, Information Classifying Program, Information Classifying System |
JP2008163575A (en) | 2006-12-27 | 2008-07-17 | Comany Inc | Moving wall speed reducer at intersection of ceiling rail |
US20080226030A1 (en) | 2005-07-25 | 2008-09-18 | Karl Otto | Methods and Apparatus For the Planning and Delivery of Radiation Treatments |
US7438685B2 (en) | 2001-11-05 | 2008-10-21 | Computerized Medical Systems, Inc. | Apparatus and method for registration, guidance and targeting of external beam radiation therapy |
US20080298550A1 (en) | 2005-07-25 | 2008-12-04 | Karl Otto | Methods and apparatus for the planning and delivery of radiation treatments |
US20080317330A1 (en) | 2006-02-28 | 2008-12-25 | Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation | Circuit-pattern inspecting apparatus and method |
US7525090B1 (en) | 2007-03-16 | 2009-04-28 | Kla-Tencor Technologies Corporation | Dynamic centering for behind-the-lens dark field imaging |
US7529599B1 (en) | 2003-09-30 | 2009-05-05 | Rockwell Automation Technologies, Inc. | Systems and methods for coordination motion instructions |
US20090161827A1 (en) | 2007-12-23 | 2009-06-25 | Oraya Therapeutics, Inc. | Methods and devices for detecting, controlling, and predicting radiation delivery |
US20090207975A1 (en) * | 2008-02-15 | 2009-08-20 | Elekta Ab (Publ) | Multi-leaf collimator |
US20090213991A1 (en) * | 2006-04-27 | 2009-08-27 | Elekta Ab (Publ) | Radiotherapeutic apparatus |
US20090220046A1 (en) * | 2008-02-29 | 2009-09-03 | Korea Institute Of Radiological & Medical Sciences | Collimator device for radiotherapy and radiotherapy apparatus using the same |
US20090230304A1 (en) | 2008-03-13 | 2009-09-17 | Michio Hatano | Scanning electron microscope |
US20090297019A1 (en) | 2005-11-18 | 2009-12-03 | Kla-Tencor Technologies Corporation | Methods and systems for utilizing design data in combination with inspection data |
US20090322973A1 (en) | 2008-06-26 | 2009-12-31 | Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation | Charged particle beam apparatus |
US20100020931A1 (en) | 2006-07-27 | 2010-01-28 | British Columbia Cancer Agency Branch | Systems and methods for optimization of on-line adaptive radiation therapy |
US7657304B2 (en) | 2002-10-05 | 2010-02-02 | Varian Medical Systems, Inc. | Imaging device for radiation treatment applications |
US20100054410A1 (en) * | 2008-08-28 | 2010-03-04 | Varian Medical Systems International Ag, Inc. | Trajectory optimization method |
US7755043B1 (en) | 2007-03-21 | 2010-07-13 | Kla-Tencor Technologies Corporation | Bright-field/dark-field detector with integrated electron energy spectrometer |
EP1308185B1 (en) | 2001-11-02 | 2010-12-29 | Siemens Medical Solutions USA, Inc. | System and method for measuring beam quality using electronic portal imaging |
US7872236B2 (en) | 2007-01-30 | 2011-01-18 | Hermes Microvision, Inc. | Charged particle detection devices |
US20110012911A1 (en) | 2009-07-14 | 2011-01-20 | Sensaburo Nakamura | Image processing apparatus and method |
US7881772B2 (en) | 2002-03-15 | 2011-02-01 | Siemens Medical Solutions Usa, Inc. | Electronic portal imaging for radiotherapy |
EP1383427B1 (en) | 2001-04-12 | 2011-03-16 | Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. | Mr-based real-time radiation therapy oncology simulator |
EP1397700B1 (en) | 2001-06-01 | 2015-07-22 | Koninklijke Philips N.V. | Diagnostic imaging system comprising a source of penetrating radiation and also a radiopharmaceutical source injected into the subject |
JP5894835B2 (en) | 2012-03-30 | 2016-03-30 | Kyb株式会社 | Seal structure of endless track drive |
-
2013
- 2013-09-06 US US14/020,500 patent/USRE46953E1/en active Active
Patent Citations (321)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3133227A (en) | 1958-06-25 | 1964-05-12 | Varian Associates | Linear particle accelerator apparatus for high energy particle beams provided with pulsing means for the control electrode |
US3193717A (en) | 1959-03-09 | 1965-07-06 | Varian Associates | Beam scanning method and apparatus |
US3144552A (en) | 1960-08-24 | 1964-08-11 | Varian Associates | Apparatus for the iradiation of materials with a pulsed strip beam of electrons |
GB1328033A (en) | 1970-11-06 | 1973-08-22 | Philips Electronic Associated | Apparatus for measuring the surface configuration of at least part of a body |
FR2269745A1 (en) | 1972-08-17 | 1975-11-28 | Lescrenier Charles | Position control of operating fable for radiation therapy - arrangement and method for holding a position reference between an emitter and a receiver object |
US3906233A (en) | 1973-10-12 | 1975-09-16 | Varian Associates | System and method for administering radiation |
US3987281A (en) | 1974-07-29 | 1976-10-19 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Department Of Health, Education And Welfare | Method of radiation therapy treatment planning |
US4149247A (en) | 1975-12-23 | 1979-04-10 | Varian Associates, Inc. | Tomographic apparatus and method for reconstructing planar slices from non-absorbed and non-scattered radiation |
US4149248A (en) | 1975-12-23 | 1979-04-10 | Varian Associates, Inc. | Apparatus and method for reconstructing data |
US4209706A (en) | 1976-11-26 | 1980-06-24 | Varian Associates, Inc. | Fluoroscopic apparatus mounting fixture |
US4547892A (en) | 1977-04-01 | 1985-10-15 | Technicare Corporation | Cardiac imaging with CT scanner |
US4208675A (en) | 1978-03-20 | 1980-06-17 | Agence Nationale De Valorization De La Recherche (Anvar) | Method and apparatus for positioning an object |
US4521808A (en) | 1979-03-22 | 1985-06-04 | University Of Texas System | Electrostatic imaging apparatus |
EP0062941A1 (en) | 1981-04-08 | 1982-10-20 | Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. | Contour recording device |
JPS5976A (en) | 1982-06-22 | 1984-01-05 | 日本電気株式会社 | High energy ct for radiation treatment |
FR2551664A1 (en) | 1982-09-13 | 1985-03-15 | Varian Associates | Thin mirror for illuminating an area for a medical electron accelerator |
US4675731A (en) | 1983-02-01 | 1987-06-23 | Tokyo Shibaura Denki Kabushiki Kaisha | Diagnostic apparatus |
US4679076A (en) | 1983-06-08 | 1987-07-07 | Vikterloef Karl Johan | Means for registering coordinates |
WO1985003212A1 (en) | 1984-01-18 | 1985-08-01 | Lescrenier, Charles | Improved means for visually indicating an x-ray field |
US4593967A (en) | 1984-11-01 | 1986-06-10 | Honeywell Inc. | 3-D active vision sensor |
US4628523A (en) | 1985-05-13 | 1986-12-09 | B.V. Optische Industrie De Oude Delft | Direction control for radiographic therapy apparatus |
EP0205720A1 (en) | 1985-06-28 | 1986-12-30 | Instrument Ab Scanditronix | CT scanner for radiation theraphy planning |
US4726046A (en) | 1985-11-05 | 1988-02-16 | Varian Associates, Inc. | X-ray and electron radiotherapy clinical treatment machine |
US4825393A (en) | 1986-04-23 | 1989-04-25 | Hitachi, Ltd. | Position measuring method |
US4741621A (en) | 1986-08-18 | 1988-05-03 | Westinghouse Electric Corp. | Geometric surface inspection system with dual overlap light stripe generator |
US4868843A (en) | 1986-09-10 | 1989-09-19 | Varian Associates, Inc. | Multileaf collimator and compensator for radiotherapy machines |
US4868844A (en) | 1986-09-10 | 1989-09-19 | Varian Associates, Inc. | Mutileaf collimator for radiotherapy machines |
JPS63294839A (en) | 1987-05-27 | 1988-12-01 | Nec Corp | Ct simulator for radiotherapy |
US4853777A (en) | 1987-07-07 | 1989-08-01 | Ashland Oil, Inc. | Method for evaluating smooth surfaces |
JPS6440069A (en) | 1987-08-05 | 1989-02-10 | Nec Corp | Radiotherapic apparatus |
DE3828639A1 (en) | 1987-08-24 | 1989-03-16 | Mitsubishi Electric Corp | Ionised particle beam therapy device |
US5039867A (en) | 1987-08-24 | 1991-08-13 | Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha | Therapeutic apparatus |
JPH01162682A (en) | 1987-11-24 | 1989-06-27 | W Reiners Verwalt Gmbh | Traverse device for spinning machine |
US5027818A (en) | 1987-12-03 | 1991-07-02 | University Of Florida | Dosimetric technique for stereotactic radiosurgery same |
US5001344A (en) | 1988-08-26 | 1991-03-19 | Hitachi, Ltd. | Scanning electron microscope and method of processing the same |
US5080100A (en) | 1988-10-04 | 1992-01-14 | Cgr Mev | System and method for measuring and/or checking the position of a patient in a radio-therapy machine |
US5247555A (en) | 1988-10-28 | 1993-09-21 | Nucletron Manufacturing Corp. | Radiation image generating system and method |
US5157707A (en) | 1989-02-20 | 1992-10-20 | Ao Medical Products Ab | Method and a cassette holder for performing x-ray examination |
WO1990014129A1 (en) | 1989-05-18 | 1990-11-29 | University Of Florida | Dosimetric technique for stereotactic radiosurgery |
EP0480035B1 (en) | 1989-06-30 | 1994-11-09 | Yokogawa Medical Systems, Ltd | Radiotherapeutic system |
EP0480035A1 (en) | 1989-06-30 | 1992-04-15 | Yokogawa Medical Systems, Ltd | Radiotherapeutic system |
US5262649A (en) | 1989-09-06 | 1993-11-16 | The Regents Of The University Of Michigan | Thin-film, flat panel, pixelated detector array for real-time digital imaging and dosimetry of ionizing radiation |
US5014292A (en) | 1990-01-29 | 1991-05-07 | Siczek Bernard W | Tiltable x-ray table integrated with carriage for x-ray source and receptor |
US5117445A (en) | 1990-07-02 | 1992-05-26 | Varian Associates, Inc. | Electronically enhanced x-ray detector apparatus |
US5168532A (en) | 1990-07-02 | 1992-12-01 | Varian Associates, Inc. | Method for improving the dynamic range of an imaging system |
US5099505A (en) | 1990-07-02 | 1992-03-24 | Varian Associates | Method for increasing the accuracy of a radiation therapy apparatus |
WO1992000567A1 (en) | 1990-07-02 | 1992-01-09 | Varian Associates, Inc. | Computed tomography apparatus using image intensifier detector |
US5692507A (en) | 1990-07-02 | 1997-12-02 | Varian Associates, Inc. | Computer tomography apparatus using image intensifier detector |
WO1992002277A1 (en) | 1990-08-03 | 1992-02-20 | Siemens Medical Laboratories, Inc. | Portal imaging device |
EP0713677A1 (en) | 1990-08-14 | 1996-05-29 | Picker International, Inc. | Imaging apparatus and methods |
EP0471455A2 (en) | 1990-08-14 | 1992-02-19 | Picker International, Inc. | Imaging apparatus and methods |
US5207223A (en) | 1990-10-19 | 1993-05-04 | Accuray, Inc. | Apparatus for and method of performing stereotaxic surgery |
US5509042A (en) | 1991-02-13 | 1996-04-16 | Lunar Corporation | Automated determination and analysis of bone morphology |
WO1992020202A1 (en) | 1991-05-06 | 1992-11-12 | Moore Robert M | Radiation image generating system and method |
JPH0557028A (en) | 1991-09-05 | 1993-03-09 | Nec Corp | Radiation treatment device |
US5394452A (en) | 1992-03-19 | 1995-02-28 | Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation | Verification system for radiation therapy |
US5661773A (en) | 1992-03-19 | 1997-08-26 | Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation | Interface for radiation therapy machine |
US5724400A (en) | 1992-03-19 | 1998-03-03 | Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation | Radiation therapy system with constrained rotational freedom |
DE69319010T2 (en) | 1992-03-19 | 1998-10-08 | Wisconsin Alumni Res Found | X-ray therapy device |
US5442675A (en) | 1992-03-19 | 1995-08-15 | Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation | Dynamic collimator for radiation therapy |
US5335255A (en) | 1992-03-24 | 1994-08-02 | Seppi Edward J | X-ray scanner with a source emitting plurality of fan beams |
US5332908A (en) | 1992-03-31 | 1994-07-26 | Siemens Medical Laboratories, Inc. | Method for dynamic beam profile generation |
DE4223488A1 (en) | 1992-07-17 | 1994-01-20 | Despina Dr Med Katsohi | Restitutable compensation device for radiation treatment |
US5427097A (en) | 1992-12-10 | 1995-06-27 | Accuray, Inc. | Apparatus for and method of carrying out stereotaxic radiosurgery and radiotherapy |
EP0810006B1 (en) | 1993-06-09 | 2000-08-30 | Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation | Radiation therapy system |
EP0656797B1 (en) | 1993-06-18 | 1998-09-23 | Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation | Apparatus and method for radiation therapy planning |
WO1995000204A1 (en) | 1993-06-18 | 1995-01-05 | Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation | Method for radiation therapy planning |
US6219441B1 (en) | 1993-06-22 | 2001-04-17 | General Electric Company | Reconstruction of images from three-dimensional cone beam data |
US5411026A (en) | 1993-10-08 | 1995-05-02 | Nomos Corporation | Method and apparatus for lesion position verification |
US5438991A (en) | 1993-10-18 | 1995-08-08 | William Beaumont Hospital | Method and apparatus for controlling a radiation treatment field |
US5848126A (en) | 1993-11-26 | 1998-12-08 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Radiation computed tomography apparatus |
US5858891A (en) | 1993-12-16 | 1999-01-12 | France Telecom | Glass-ceramic materials especially for lasers and optical amplifiers, doped with rare earths |
US5471546A (en) | 1993-12-29 | 1995-11-28 | Abb Research Ltd. | Fiber-optic transmission sensor with modulator |
US5400255A (en) | 1994-02-14 | 1995-03-21 | General Electric Company | Reconstruction of images from cone beam data |
US5521957A (en) | 1994-03-15 | 1996-05-28 | Hansen; Steven J. | X-ray imaging system |
US5748703A (en) | 1994-03-22 | 1998-05-05 | Cosman; Eric R. | Dynamic collimator for a linear accelerator |
JPH07255717A (en) | 1994-03-25 | 1995-10-09 | Toshiba Corp | Radiation treatment system |
US5748700A (en) | 1994-05-10 | 1998-05-05 | Shepherd; Joseph S. | Radiation therapy and radiation surgery treatment system and methods of use of same |
US5537452A (en) | 1994-05-10 | 1996-07-16 | Shepherd; Joseph S. | Radiation therapy and radiation surgery treatment system and methods of use of same |
US5802136A (en) | 1994-05-17 | 1998-09-01 | Nomos Corporation | Method and apparatus for conformal radiation therapy |
US5675625A (en) | 1994-06-17 | 1997-10-07 | Lap Gmbh Laser Applikationen | Apparatus for positioning and marking a patient at a diagnostic apparatus |
US5471516A (en) | 1994-10-06 | 1995-11-28 | Varian Associates, Inc. | Radiotherapy apparatus equipped with low dose localizing and portal imaging X-ray source |
US6345114B1 (en) | 1995-06-14 | 2002-02-05 | Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation | Method and apparatus for calibration of radiation therapy equipment and verification of radiation treatment |
US5591983A (en) | 1995-06-30 | 1997-01-07 | Siemens Medical Systems, Inc. | Multiple layer multileaf collimator |
US5929449A (en) | 1995-07-31 | 1999-07-27 | 1294339 Ontario, Inc. | Flat panel detector for radiation imaging with reduced electronic noise |
US5751781A (en) | 1995-10-07 | 1998-05-12 | Elekta Ab | Apparatus for treating a patient |
WO1997013552A1 (en) | 1995-10-07 | 1997-04-17 | Philips Electronics N.V. | Radiotherapy apparatus for treating a patient |
EP0814869B1 (en) | 1995-10-07 | 2004-12-29 | Elekta Ab | Radiotherapy apparatus for treating a patient |
US5719914A (en) | 1995-11-13 | 1998-02-17 | Imatron, Inc. | Method for correcting spherical aberration of the electron beam in a scanning electron beam computed tomography system |
US6222901B1 (en) | 1995-12-18 | 2001-04-24 | U.S. Philips Corporation | X-ray examination apparatus including an image sensor matrix with a correction unit |
US5647663A (en) | 1996-01-05 | 1997-07-15 | Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation | Radiation treatment planning method and apparatus |
JPH09239044A (en) | 1996-03-01 | 1997-09-16 | Philips Electron Nv | Intensity modulating arc medical treatment by dynamic multileaf collimation |
US5818902A (en) | 1996-03-01 | 1998-10-06 | Elekta Ab | Intensity modulated arc therapy with dynamic multi-leaf collimation |
US6260005B1 (en) | 1996-03-05 | 2001-07-10 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Falcon: automated optimization method for arbitrary assessment criteria |
DE19614643A1 (en) | 1996-04-13 | 1997-10-16 | Werner Dipl Phys Brenneisen | Stereotaxial targetted irradiation process for brain tumours |
WO1997042522A1 (en) | 1996-05-07 | 1997-11-13 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Radiation therapy dose calculation engine |
US5663995A (en) | 1996-06-06 | 1997-09-02 | General Electric Company | Systems and methods for reconstructing an image in a CT system performing a cone beam helical scan |
US5673300A (en) | 1996-06-11 | 1997-09-30 | Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation | Method of registering a radiation treatment plan to a patient |
US5663999A (en) | 1996-06-28 | 1997-09-02 | Systems Medical Systems, Inc. | Optimization of an intensity modulated field |
US5835558A (en) | 1996-07-09 | 1998-11-10 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Mobile x-ray exposure apparatus |
US5727554A (en) | 1996-09-19 | 1998-03-17 | University Of Pittsburgh Of The Commonwealth System Of Higher Education | Apparatus responsive to movement of a patient during treatment/diagnosis |
US5949811A (en) | 1996-10-08 | 1999-09-07 | Hitachi Medical Corporation | X-ray apparatus |
JPH10113400A (en) | 1996-10-11 | 1998-05-06 | Hitachi Medical Corp | Radiotherapy system |
US6038283A (en) | 1996-10-24 | 2000-03-14 | Nomos Corporation | Planning method and apparatus for radiation dosimetry |
US6278766B1 (en) | 1996-10-25 | 2001-08-21 | Sherwood Services Ag | Jaw and circular collimator |
US5877501A (en) | 1996-11-26 | 1999-03-02 | Picker International, Inc. | Digital panel for x-ray image acquisition |
US5757881A (en) | 1997-01-06 | 1998-05-26 | Siemens Business Communication Systems, Inc. | Redundant field-defining arrays for a radiation system |
EP0965104B1 (en) | 1997-03-07 | 2001-09-05 | Computerized Medical Systems, Inc. | Autosegmentation/autocontouring methods for use with three-dimensional radiation therapy treatment planning |
WO1998052635A1 (en) | 1997-05-23 | 1998-11-26 | William Beaumont Hospital | Method and apparatus for delivering radiation therapy during suspended ventilation |
JPH10328318A (en) | 1997-05-29 | 1998-12-15 | Hitachi Medical Corp | Radiotherapy system |
US6113264A (en) | 1997-06-04 | 2000-09-05 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | X-ray diagnostic apparatus with C-shaped arms |
EP0989886B1 (en) | 1997-06-19 | 2004-09-15 | Elekta Ab | Method and device for automatized dose planning |
US6385477B1 (en) | 1997-06-19 | 2002-05-07 | Elektra Ab | Method for automatized dose planning |
US6075836A (en) | 1997-07-03 | 2000-06-13 | University Of Rochester | Method of and system for intravenous volume tomographic digital angiography imaging |
US5999587A (en) | 1997-07-03 | 1999-12-07 | University Of Rochester | Method of and system for cone-beam tomography reconstruction |
WO1999003397A1 (en) | 1997-07-17 | 1999-01-28 | Medlennium Technologies, Inc. | Method and apparatus for radiation and hyperthermia therapy of tumors |
US6152598A (en) | 1997-09-02 | 2000-11-28 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | R/F and chest radiography compatible X-ray imaging table |
US5956382A (en) | 1997-09-25 | 1999-09-21 | Eliezer Wiener-Avnear, Doing Business As Laser Electro Optic Application Technology Comp. | X-ray imaging array detector and laser micro-milling method for fabricating array |
US6052430A (en) | 1997-09-25 | 2000-04-18 | Siemens Medical Systems, Inc. | Dynamic sub-space intensity modulation |
JPH1199148A (en) | 1997-09-25 | 1999-04-13 | Masahiro Fukushi | Transmission ct device |
US6240161B1 (en) | 1997-09-25 | 2001-05-29 | Siemens Medical Systems, Inc. | Multi-leaf collimator constrained optimization of intensity modulated treatments |
US6104778A (en) | 1997-10-16 | 2000-08-15 | Varian Systems, Inc. | X-ray treatment method and apparatus |
US6325758B1 (en) | 1997-10-27 | 2001-12-04 | Nomos Corporation | Method and apparatus for target position verification |
US6104780A (en) | 1997-11-24 | 2000-08-15 | Oec Medical Systems, Inc. | Mobile bi-planar fluoroscopic imaging apparatus |
US6031888A (en) | 1997-11-26 | 2000-02-29 | Picker International, Inc. | Fluoro-assist feature for a diagnostic imaging device |
US5912943A (en) | 1997-11-26 | 1999-06-15 | Picker International, Inc. | Cooling system for a sealed housing positioned in a sterile environment |
JPH11160440A (en) | 1997-11-28 | 1999-06-18 | Canon Inc | Device and method for detecting radiation |
EP0922943A2 (en) | 1997-11-28 | 1999-06-16 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Radiation detecting device and radiation detecting method |
US20010001807A1 (en) | 1997-12-19 | 2001-05-24 | Varian, Inc. | Radiotherapy machine including magnetic resonance imaging system |
US5960055A (en) | 1997-12-19 | 1999-09-28 | Siemens Corporate Research, Inc. | Fast cone beam image reconstruction using a detector weight list |
DE19800946A1 (en) | 1998-01-13 | 1999-07-22 | Siemens Ag | Volume computer tomography system |
US6307914B1 (en) | 1998-03-12 | 2001-10-23 | Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha | Moving body pursuit irradiating device and positioning method using this device |
WO1999048558A1 (en) | 1998-03-20 | 1999-09-30 | Elekta Ab (Publ) | Controlling delivery of radiotherapy |
US5926521A (en) | 1998-03-31 | 1999-07-20 | Siemens Corporate Research, Inc. | Exact region of interest cone beam imaging using 3D backprojection |
US6041097A (en) | 1998-04-06 | 2000-03-21 | Picker International, Inc. | Method and apparatus for acquiring volumetric image data using flat panel matrix image receptor |
EP0948930A1 (en) | 1998-04-06 | 1999-10-13 | Picker International, Inc. | Acquiring volumetric image data |
EP0948930B1 (en) | 1998-04-06 | 2007-09-05 | Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. | Acquiring volumetric image data |
US6393096B1 (en) | 1998-05-27 | 2002-05-21 | Nomos Corporation | Planning method and apparatus for radiation dosimetry |
US7096055B1 (en) | 1998-06-24 | 2006-08-22 | Achim Schweikard | Method to control delivery of radiation therapy |
DE19931243A1 (en) | 1998-07-08 | 2000-02-17 | Siemens Medical Systems Inc | Method and system for reducing dosage errors with optimized static intensity modulation |
US6269141B1 (en) | 1998-08-05 | 2001-07-31 | U.S. Philips Corporation | Computer tomography apparatus with a conical radiation beam and a helical scanning trajectory |
US6438202B1 (en) | 1998-08-06 | 2002-08-20 | Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation | Method using post-patient radiation monitor to verify entrance radiation and dose in a radiation therapy machine |
US6385286B1 (en) | 1998-08-06 | 2002-05-07 | Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation | Delivery modification system for radiation therapy |
US6560311B1 (en) | 1998-08-06 | 2003-05-06 | Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation | Method for preparing a radiation therapy plan |
AU746987B2 (en) | 1998-08-06 | 2002-05-09 | Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation | Delivery modification system for radiation therapy |
EP1525902B1 (en) | 1998-08-06 | 2015-04-22 | Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation | Delivery modification system for radiation therapy |
US6108400A (en) | 1998-08-10 | 2000-08-22 | Siemens Medical Systems, Inc. | System and method for using precalculated strips in calculating scatter radiation |
US6269143B1 (en) | 1998-08-31 | 2001-07-31 | Shimadzu Corporation | Radiotherapy planning system |
JP2000140137A (en) | 1998-08-31 | 2000-05-23 | Sumitomo Heavy Ind Ltd | Method and device for positioning patient of radiotherapy |
US6353222B1 (en) | 1998-09-03 | 2002-03-05 | Applied Materials, Inc. | Determining defect depth and contour information in wafer structures using multiple SEM images |
WO2000015299A1 (en) | 1998-09-10 | 2000-03-23 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Falcon: automated optimization method for arbitrary assessment criteria |
US6078638A (en) | 1998-09-30 | 2000-06-20 | Siemens Corporate Research, Inc. | Pixel grouping for filtering cone beam detector data during 3D image reconstruction |
US6335961B1 (en) | 1998-10-06 | 2002-01-01 | Siemens Medical Systems, Inc. | Integrated high definition intensity multileaf collimator system which provides improved conformal radiation therapy while minimizing leakage |
JP2000116638A (en) | 1998-10-15 | 2000-04-25 | Shimadzu Corp | Transmission type ct apparatus |
US6325537B1 (en) | 1998-10-16 | 2001-12-04 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | X-ray diagnosis apparatus |
US6148058A (en) | 1998-10-23 | 2000-11-14 | Analogic Corporation | System and method for real time measurement of detector offset in rotating-patient CT scanner |
US8788020B2 (en) | 1998-10-23 | 2014-07-22 | Varian Medical Systems, Inc. | Method and system for radiation application |
US20040116804A1 (en) | 1998-10-23 | 2004-06-17 | Hassan Mostafavi | Method and system for radiation application |
US6318892B1 (en) | 1998-10-28 | 2001-11-20 | Hitachi Medical Corporation | Radiography apparatus with rotatably supported cylindrical ring carrying image pickup unit |
JP2000152927A (en) | 1998-11-19 | 2000-06-06 | Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd | Radiography device |
US6200024B1 (en) | 1998-11-27 | 2001-03-13 | Picker International, Inc. | Virtual C-arm robotic positioning system for use in radiographic imaging equipment |
US6435715B1 (en) | 1998-11-30 | 2002-08-20 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Radiography device |
US6134296A (en) | 1999-01-20 | 2000-10-17 | Siemens Medical Systems, Inc. | Microgradient intensity modulating multi-leaf collimator |
US6142925A (en) | 1999-01-20 | 2000-11-07 | Siemens Medical Systems, Inc. | Method and system for increasing resolution in a radiotherapy system |
US6429578B1 (en) | 1999-01-26 | 2002-08-06 | Mats Danielsson | Diagnostic and therapeutic detector system for imaging with low and high energy X-ray and electrons |
US6219403B1 (en) | 1999-02-17 | 2001-04-17 | Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha | Radiation therapy method and system |
US6285739B1 (en) | 1999-02-19 | 2001-09-04 | The Research Foundation Of State University Of New York | Radiographic imaging apparatus and method for vascular interventions |
US6144875A (en) | 1999-03-16 | 2000-11-07 | Accuray Incorporated | Apparatus and method for compensating for respiratory and patient motion during treatment |
EP1165182B1 (en) | 1999-04-02 | 2005-03-02 | Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation | Megavoltage computed tomography during radiotherapy |
JP2000317000A (en) | 1999-05-13 | 2000-11-21 | Mitsubishi Electric Corp | Control unit of radiation irradiation device for radiation therapy |
JP2001029489A (en) | 1999-07-15 | 2001-02-06 | Mitsubishi Electric Corp | Irradiating device and method of radiation |
JP2001029491A (en) | 1999-07-15 | 2001-02-06 | Mitsubishi Electric Corp | Device and method for calculating exposure value and recording medium |
US6256366B1 (en) | 1999-07-22 | 2001-07-03 | Analogic Corporation | Apparatus and method for reconstruction of volumetric images in a computed tomography system using sementation of slices |
JP2001095793A (en) | 1999-10-04 | 2001-04-10 | Hitachi Medical Corp | X-ray ct apparatus |
US6850252B1 (en) | 1999-10-05 | 2005-02-01 | Steven M. Hoffberg | Intelligent electronic appliance system and method |
US6292526B1 (en) | 1999-10-27 | 2001-09-18 | General Electric Company | Methods and apparatus for preprocessing volumetric computed tomography data |
EP1095628A2 (en) | 1999-10-29 | 2001-05-02 | Marconi Medical Systems, Inc. | Planning minimally invasive procedures for in - vivo placement of objects |
JP2001120528A (en) | 1999-10-29 | 2001-05-08 | Konica Corp | Medical imaging method and medical imaging apparatus |
US7046762B2 (en) | 1999-11-05 | 2006-05-16 | Georgia Tech Research Corporation | Systems and methods for global optimization of treatment planning for external beam radiation therapy |
US6741674B2 (en) | 1999-11-05 | 2004-05-25 | Georgia Tech Research Corporation | Systems and methods for global optimization of treatment planning for external beam radiation therapy |
US6546073B1 (en) | 1999-11-05 | 2003-04-08 | Georgia Tech Research Corporation | Systems and methods for global optimization of treatment planning for external beam radiation therapy |
US20040165696A1 (en) * | 1999-11-05 | 2004-08-26 | Lee Eva K. | Systems and methods for global optimization of treatment planning for external beam radiation therapy |
US6480565B1 (en) | 1999-11-18 | 2002-11-12 | University Of Rochester | Apparatus and method for cone beam volume computed tomography breast imaging |
US6349129B1 (en) | 1999-12-08 | 2002-02-19 | Siemens Medical Solutions Usa, Inc. | System and method for defining radiation treatment intensity maps |
US6314159B1 (en) | 1999-12-08 | 2001-11-06 | Siemens Medical Systems, Inc. | System and method for optimizing radiation treatment with an intensity modulating multi-leaf collimator |
US20010008271A1 (en) | 2000-01-12 | 2001-07-19 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Planar X-ray detector |
US6744848B2 (en) | 2000-02-11 | 2004-06-01 | Brandeis University | Method and system for low-dose three-dimensional imaging of a scene |
US7826592B2 (en) | 2000-02-18 | 2010-11-02 | William Beaumont Hospital | Cone-beam computed tomography with a flat-panel imager |
US20030007601A1 (en) | 2000-02-18 | 2003-01-09 | Jaffray David A. | Cone-beam computerized tomography with a flat-panel imager |
WO2001060236A2 (en) | 2000-02-18 | 2001-08-23 | William Beaumont Hospital | Cone-beam computerized tomography with a flat-panel imager |
US6842502B2 (en) | 2000-02-18 | 2005-01-11 | Dilliam Beaumont Hospital | Cone beam computed tomography with a flat panel imager |
US7471765B2 (en) | 2000-02-18 | 2008-12-30 | William Beaumont Hospital | Cone beam computed tomography with a flat panel imager |
US20020006182A1 (en) | 2000-05-19 | 2002-01-17 | Siyong Kim | Multi-source intensity-modulated radiation beam delivery system and method |
US6370421B1 (en) | 2000-06-30 | 2002-04-09 | Siemens Corporate Research, Inc. | Density modulated catheter for use in fluoroscopy based 3-D neural navigation |
US6381302B1 (en) | 2000-07-05 | 2002-04-30 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Computer assisted 2D adjustment of stereo X-ray images |
WO2002013907A1 (en) | 2000-08-16 | 2002-02-21 | Elekta Ab (Publ) | Radiotherapy simulation apparatus |
US6757355B1 (en) * | 2000-08-17 | 2004-06-29 | Siemens Medical Solutions Usa, Inc. | High definition radiation treatment with an intensity modulating multi-leaf collimator |
US6813336B1 (en) | 2000-08-17 | 2004-11-02 | Siemens Medical Solutions Usa, Inc. | High definition conformal arc radiation therapy with a multi-leaf collimator |
US6463122B1 (en) | 2000-08-21 | 2002-10-08 | Bio-Imaging Resource, Inc. | Mammography of computer tomography for imaging and therapy |
US6330300B1 (en) | 2000-08-23 | 2001-12-11 | Siemens Medical Solutions Usa, Inc. | High definition intensity modulating radiation therapy system and method |
US6590953B2 (en) | 2000-09-12 | 2003-07-08 | Hitachi Medical Corporation | X-ray CT scanner |
US6714620B2 (en) | 2000-09-22 | 2004-03-30 | Numerix, Llc | Radiation therapy treatment method |
US6934653B2 (en) | 2000-09-22 | 2005-08-23 | Radiological Imaging Technology, Inc. | System or method for calibrating a radiation detection medium |
WO2002024277A1 (en) | 2000-09-22 | 2002-03-28 | Radiological Imaging Technology, Inc. | Automated calibration for radiation dosimetry using fixed or moving beams and detectors |
EP1318857B1 (en) | 2000-09-22 | 2008-07-09 | Radiological Imaging Technology, Inc. | Automated calibration for radiation dosimetry |
US6504899B2 (en) | 2000-09-25 | 2003-01-07 | The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University | Method for selecting beam orientations in intensity modulated radiation therapy |
US6508586B2 (en) | 2000-09-29 | 2003-01-21 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | IVR-CT apparatus |
US7813822B1 (en) | 2000-10-05 | 2010-10-12 | Hoffberg Steven M | Intelligent electronic appliance system and method |
AU2002215340B2 (en) | 2000-10-13 | 2005-04-14 | University Of Rochester | System and method for cone beam volume computed tomography using circle-plus-multiple-ARC orbit |
US6504892B1 (en) | 2000-10-13 | 2003-01-07 | University Of Rochester | System and method for cone beam volume computed tomography using circle-plus-multiple-arc orbit |
US6445766B1 (en) | 2000-10-18 | 2002-09-03 | Siemens Medical Solutions Usa, Inc. | System and method for improved diagnostic imaging in a radiation treatment system |
US6411675B1 (en) | 2000-11-13 | 2002-06-25 | Jorge Llacer | Stochastic method for optimization of radiation therapy planning |
US20020066860A1 (en) | 2000-12-04 | 2002-06-06 | General Electric Company | Imaging array minimizing leakage currents |
US6879659B2 (en) | 2000-12-13 | 2005-04-12 | Elekta Ab | Radiotherapeutic apparatus |
US6661872B2 (en) | 2000-12-15 | 2003-12-09 | University Of Florida | Intensity modulated radiation therapy planning system |
US6385288B1 (en) | 2001-01-19 | 2002-05-07 | Mitsubishi Denki Kabushiki Kaisha | Radiotherapy apparatus with independent rotation mechanisms |
WO2002061680A2 (en) | 2001-01-31 | 2002-08-08 | 3Q Technologies Ltd | Surface imaging |
US6792074B2 (en) | 2001-03-05 | 2004-09-14 | Brainlab Ag | Method for producing or updating radiotherapy plan |
US20020179812A1 (en) | 2001-03-06 | 2002-12-05 | Topcon Corporation | Electron beam device and method for stereoscopic measurements |
US20050040332A1 (en) | 2001-03-06 | 2005-02-24 | Topcon Corporation | Electron beam device and method for stereoscopic measurements |
US6852974B2 (en) | 2001-03-06 | 2005-02-08 | Topcon Corporation | Electron beam device and method for stereoscopic measurements |
US6661870B2 (en) | 2001-03-09 | 2003-12-09 | Tomotherapy Incorporated | Fluence adjustment for improving delivery to voxels without reoptimization |
EP1383427B1 (en) | 2001-04-12 | 2011-03-16 | Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. | Mr-based real-time radiation therapy oncology simulator |
EP1397700B1 (en) | 2001-06-01 | 2015-07-22 | Koninklijke Philips N.V. | Diagnostic imaging system comprising a source of penetrating radiation and also a radiopharmaceutical source injected into the subject |
WO2003003796A1 (en) | 2001-06-26 | 2003-01-09 | Varian Medical Systems, Inc. | Method and system for predictive physiological gating |
WO2003008986A2 (en) | 2001-07-20 | 2003-01-30 | Elekta Ab (Publ) | Mri in guided radiotherapy and position verification |
US6914959B2 (en) | 2001-08-09 | 2005-07-05 | Analogic Corporation | Combined radiation therapy and imaging system and method |
DE10139934A1 (en) | 2001-08-14 | 2003-03-13 | Siemens Ag | Chemotherapy device with integral radiographic imaging device for preparation of 3-D data of the examination area so that radiation treatment is accurately targeted and its effect is maximized while side effects are minimized |
US6907105B2 (en) * | 2001-09-25 | 2005-06-14 | Bc Cancer Agency | Methods and apparatus for planning and delivering intensity modulated radiation fields with a rotating multileaf collimator |
US20030086530A1 (en) | 2001-09-25 | 2003-05-08 | Karl Otto | Methods and apparatus for planning and delivering intensity modulated radiation fields with a rotating multileaf collimator |
US6473490B1 (en) | 2001-09-28 | 2002-10-29 | Siemens Medical Solutions Usa, Inc. | Intensity map reconstruction for radiation therapy with a modulating multi-leaf collimator |
US6990175B2 (en) | 2001-10-18 | 2006-01-24 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | X-ray computed tomography apparatus |
EP1308185B1 (en) | 2001-11-02 | 2010-12-29 | Siemens Medical Solutions USA, Inc. | System and method for measuring beam quality using electronic portal imaging |
US6888919B2 (en) | 2001-11-02 | 2005-05-03 | Varian Medical Systems, Inc. | Radiotherapy apparatus equipped with an articulable gantry for positioning an imaging unit |
US7438685B2 (en) | 2001-11-05 | 2008-10-21 | Computerized Medical Systems, Inc. | Apparatus and method for registration, guidance and targeting of external beam radiation therapy |
US6582121B2 (en) | 2001-11-15 | 2003-06-24 | Ge Medical Systems Global Technology | X-ray positioner with side-mounted, independently articulated arms |
US7162008B2 (en) | 2001-12-03 | 2007-01-09 | University Of Maryland, Baltimore | Method for the planning and delivery of radiation therapy |
US7333591B2 (en) | 2001-12-03 | 2008-02-19 | University Of Maryland, Baltimore | Method for the planning and delivery of radiation therapy |
US20040071261A1 (en) * | 2001-12-03 | 2004-04-15 | University Of Maryland At Baltimore | Novel method for the planning and delivery of radiation therapy |
US7221733B1 (en) | 2002-01-02 | 2007-05-22 | Varian Medical Systems Technologies, Inc. | Method and apparatus for irradiating a target |
US20030212325A1 (en) | 2002-03-12 | 2003-11-13 | Cristian Cotrutz | Method for determining a dose distribution in radiation therapy |
US7346144B2 (en) | 2002-03-14 | 2008-03-18 | Siemens Medical Solutions Usa, Inc. | In vivo planning and treatment of cancer therapy |
US7881772B2 (en) | 2002-03-15 | 2011-02-01 | Siemens Medical Solutions Usa, Inc. | Electronic portal imaging for radiotherapy |
US6882702B2 (en) | 2002-04-29 | 2005-04-19 | University Of Miami | Intensity modulated radiotherapy inverse planning algorithm |
US20040001569A1 (en) | 2002-04-29 | 2004-01-01 | Chunsong Luo | Intensity modulated radiotherapy inverse planning algorithm |
US6968035B2 (en) | 2002-05-01 | 2005-11-22 | Siemens Medical Solutions Usa, Inc. | System to present focused radiation treatment area |
US20030219098A1 (en) | 2002-05-23 | 2003-11-27 | Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. | Inverse planning for intensity-modulated radiotherapy |
WO2003099380A1 (en) | 2002-05-23 | 2003-12-04 | Koninklijke Philips Electronics Nv | Inverse planning for intensity-modulated radiotherapy |
US6735277B2 (en) | 2002-05-23 | 2004-05-11 | Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. | Inverse planning for intensity-modulated radiotherapy |
US6865254B2 (en) | 2002-07-02 | 2005-03-08 | Pencilbeam Technologies Ab | Radiation system with inner and outer gantry parts |
US6760402B2 (en) | 2002-08-01 | 2004-07-06 | Siemens Medical Solutions Usa, Inc. | Verification of mlc leaf position and of radiation and light field congruence |
US20040022438A1 (en) | 2002-08-02 | 2004-02-05 | Hibbard Lyndon S. | Method and apparatus for image segmentation using Jensen-Shannon divergence and Jensen-Renyi divergence |
JP2004097646A (en) | 2002-09-11 | 2004-04-02 | Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd | Radiotherapy system |
US7227925B1 (en) | 2002-10-02 | 2007-06-05 | Varian Medical Systems Technologies, Inc. | Gantry mounted stereoscopic imaging system |
US7657304B2 (en) | 2002-10-05 | 2010-02-02 | Varian Medical Systems, Inc. | Imaging device for radiation treatment applications |
US7030386B2 (en) | 2002-10-07 | 2006-04-18 | Sunnybrook And Women's College Health Scinences Centre | High quantum efficiency x-ray detector for portal imaging |
JP2004166975A (en) | 2002-11-20 | 2004-06-17 | Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd | Radiotherapy system, and operation method therefor |
JP2004194697A (en) | 2002-12-16 | 2004-07-15 | Toshiba Corp | X-ray diagnostic apparatus |
US7945021B2 (en) | 2002-12-18 | 2011-05-17 | Varian Medical Systems, Inc. | Multi-mode cone beam CT radiotherapy simulator and treatment machine with a flat panel imager |
US20040120452A1 (en) | 2002-12-18 | 2004-06-24 | Shapiro Edward G. | Multi-mode cone beam CT radiotherapy simulator and treatment machine with a flat panel imager |
US8116430B1 (en) | 2002-12-18 | 2012-02-14 | Varian Medical Systems, Inc. | Multi-mode cone beam CT radiotherapy simulator and treatment machine with a flat panel imager |
DE10305421A1 (en) | 2003-02-05 | 2004-08-26 | Universität Rostock | Method for the automatic calculation of at least one upper barrier, at least one aperture and at least one parameter set for the irradiation of a target volume in a body |
US6937693B2 (en) | 2003-03-12 | 2005-08-30 | Siemens Medical Solutions Usa, Inc. | Optimal configuration of photon and electron multileaf collimators in mixed beam radiotherapy |
US20040254448A1 (en) | 2003-03-24 | 2004-12-16 | Amies Christopher Jude | Active therapy redefinition |
US6853705B2 (en) | 2003-03-28 | 2005-02-08 | The University Of North Carolina At Chapel Hill | Residual map segmentation method for multi-leaf collimator-intensity modulated radiotherapy |
US20040190680A1 (en) | 2003-03-28 | 2004-09-30 | The University Of North Carolina At Chapel Hill | Residual map segmentation method for multi-leaf collimator-intensity modulated radiotherapy |
US20060176295A1 (en) | 2003-05-30 | 2006-08-10 | Lattice Technology, Inc. | 3-Dimensional graphics data display device |
US20050061972A1 (en) | 2003-07-24 | 2005-03-24 | Topcon Corporation | Electron beam system and electron beam measuring and observing methods |
US20060289757A1 (en) | 2003-07-24 | 2006-12-28 | Topcon Corporation | Electron beam system and electron beam measuring and observing methods |
US7329867B2 (en) | 2003-07-24 | 2008-02-12 | Topcon Corporation | Electron beam system and electron beam measuring and observing methods |
US7151258B2 (en) | 2003-07-24 | 2006-12-19 | Topcon Corporation | Electron beam system and electron beam measuring and observing methods |
US7529599B1 (en) | 2003-09-30 | 2009-05-05 | Rockwell Automation Technologies, Inc. | Systems and methods for coordination motion instructions |
US7831289B2 (en) | 2003-10-07 | 2010-11-09 | Best Medical International, Inc. | Planning system, method and apparatus for conformal radiation therapy |
US20050111621A1 (en) | 2003-10-07 | 2005-05-26 | Robert Riker | Planning system, method and apparatus for conformal radiation therapy |
US20050096515A1 (en) | 2003-10-23 | 2005-05-05 | Geng Z. J. | Three-dimensional surface image guided adaptive therapy system |
WO2005057738A2 (en) | 2003-12-02 | 2005-06-23 | Fox Chase Cancer Center | Method of modulating protons for radiation therapy |
US20050148841A1 (en) * | 2003-12-15 | 2005-07-07 | Srijit Kamath | Leaf sequencing method and system |
US7085348B2 (en) | 2003-12-15 | 2006-08-01 | The University Of Florida Research Foundation, Inc. | Leaf sequencing method and system |
US20050197564A1 (en) | 2004-02-20 | 2005-09-08 | University Of Florida Research Foundation, Inc. | System for delivering conformal radiation therapy while simultaneously imaging soft tissue |
US7907987B2 (en) | 2004-02-20 | 2011-03-15 | University Of Florida Research Foundation, Inc. | System for delivering conformal radiation therapy while simultaneously imaging soft tissue |
US7369645B2 (en) | 2004-06-21 | 2008-05-06 | Derek Graham Lane | Information theoretic inverse planning technique for radiation treatment |
US7556596B2 (en) | 2004-07-20 | 2009-07-07 | Board Of Regents The University Of Texas System | Adaptive intracavitary brachytherapy applicator |
US20060235260A1 (en) | 2004-07-20 | 2006-10-19 | Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System | Adaptive intracavitary brachytherapy applicator |
US7180980B2 (en) | 2004-08-25 | 2007-02-20 | Prowess, Inc. | Method for intensity modulated radiation treatment using independent collimator jaws |
US20060060780A1 (en) | 2004-09-07 | 2006-03-23 | Masnaghetti Douglas K | Apparatus and method for e-beam dark field imaging |
JP2006079006A (en) | 2004-09-13 | 2006-03-23 | Ricoh Co Ltd | Electrophotographic photoreceptor and electrophotographic method using the same |
US7693683B2 (en) | 2004-11-25 | 2010-04-06 | Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha | Information classifying device, information classifying method, information classifying program, information classifying system |
US20080114564A1 (en) | 2004-11-25 | 2008-05-15 | Masayoshi Ihara | Information Classifying Device, Information Classifying Method, Information Classifying Program, Information Classifying System |
US20060256915A1 (en) * | 2005-05-13 | 2006-11-16 | Karl Otto | Method and apparatus for planning and delivering radiation treatment |
US20060274925A1 (en) | 2005-06-02 | 2006-12-07 | West Jay B | Generating a volume of interest using a dose isocontour |
US20060274061A1 (en) | 2005-06-02 | 2006-12-07 | Hongwu Wang | Four-dimensional volume of interest |
US7352370B2 (en) | 2005-06-02 | 2008-04-01 | Accuray Incorporated | Four-dimensional volume of interest |
JP2006339541A (en) | 2005-06-03 | 2006-12-14 | Citizen Electronics Co Ltd | Chip led |
US7349522B2 (en) | 2005-06-22 | 2008-03-25 | Board Of Trustees Of The University Of Arkansas | Dynamic radiation therapy simulation system |
US7880154B2 (en) | 2005-07-25 | 2011-02-01 | Karl Otto | Methods and apparatus for the planning and delivery of radiation treatments |
US7906770B2 (en) | 2005-07-25 | 2011-03-15 | Karl Otto | Methods and apparatus for the planning and delivery of radiation treatments |
US20080226030A1 (en) | 2005-07-25 | 2008-09-18 | Karl Otto | Methods and Apparatus For the Planning and Delivery of Radiation Treatments |
US8696538B2 (en) | 2005-07-25 | 2014-04-15 | Karl Otto | Methods and apparatus for the planning and delivery of radiation treatments |
US20080298550A1 (en) | 2005-07-25 | 2008-12-04 | Karl Otto | Methods and apparatus for the planning and delivery of radiation treatments |
US20070242797A1 (en) | 2005-11-09 | 2007-10-18 | Dexela Limited | Methods and apparatus for obtaining low-dose imaging |
US20070230770A1 (en) | 2005-11-18 | 2007-10-04 | Ashok Kulkarni | Methods and systems for determining a position of inspection data in design data space |
US20090297019A1 (en) | 2005-11-18 | 2009-12-03 | Kla-Tencor Technologies Corporation | Methods and systems for utilizing design data in combination with inspection data |
US20080317330A1 (en) | 2006-02-28 | 2008-12-25 | Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation | Circuit-pattern inspecting apparatus and method |
US20070221842A1 (en) | 2006-03-14 | 2007-09-27 | Hidetoshi Morokuma | Workpiece size measurement method and apparatus |
US20070220108A1 (en) | 2006-03-15 | 2007-09-20 | Whitaker Jerry M | Mobile global virtual browser with heads-up display for browsing and interacting with the World Wide Web |
US20090213991A1 (en) * | 2006-04-27 | 2009-08-27 | Elekta Ab (Publ) | Radiotherapeutic apparatus |
US7961843B2 (en) | 2006-04-27 | 2011-06-14 | Elekta Ab (Publ) | Radiotherapeutic apparatus |
US20100020931A1 (en) | 2006-07-27 | 2010-01-28 | British Columbia Cancer Agency Branch | Systems and methods for optimization of on-line adaptive radiation therapy |
JP5057028B2 (en) | 2006-12-27 | 2012-10-24 | コマニー株式会社 | Moving wall speed reducer at the intersection of ceiling rails |
JP2008163575A (en) | 2006-12-27 | 2008-07-17 | Comany Inc | Moving wall speed reducer at intersection of ceiling rail |
US7872236B2 (en) | 2007-01-30 | 2011-01-18 | Hermes Microvision, Inc. | Charged particle detection devices |
US7525090B1 (en) | 2007-03-16 | 2009-04-28 | Kla-Tencor Technologies Corporation | Dynamic centering for behind-the-lens dark field imaging |
US7755043B1 (en) | 2007-03-21 | 2010-07-13 | Kla-Tencor Technologies Corporation | Bright-field/dark-field detector with integrated electron energy spectrometer |
US20090161827A1 (en) | 2007-12-23 | 2009-06-25 | Oraya Therapeutics, Inc. | Methods and devices for detecting, controlling, and predicting radiation delivery |
US20090207975A1 (en) * | 2008-02-15 | 2009-08-20 | Elekta Ab (Publ) | Multi-leaf collimator |
US20090220046A1 (en) * | 2008-02-29 | 2009-09-03 | Korea Institute Of Radiological & Medical Sciences | Collimator device for radiotherapy and radiotherapy apparatus using the same |
US20090230304A1 (en) | 2008-03-13 | 2009-09-17 | Michio Hatano | Scanning electron microscope |
US20090322973A1 (en) | 2008-06-26 | 2009-12-31 | Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation | Charged particle beam apparatus |
US20100054410A1 (en) * | 2008-08-28 | 2010-03-04 | Varian Medical Systems International Ag, Inc. | Trajectory optimization method |
US20110012911A1 (en) | 2009-07-14 | 2011-01-20 | Sensaburo Nakamura | Image processing apparatus and method |
JP5894835B2 (en) | 2012-03-30 | 2016-03-30 | Kyb株式会社 | Seal structure of endless track drive |
Non-Patent Citations (358)
Title |
---|
A CCTV-Microcomputer Biostereometric System for Use in Radiation Therapy (Topography, Medical Physics, Tissue Compensators) Optimization by simulated annealing, Keys, D , et al., 1984, p. 3857. |
A cone-beam megavoltage CT scanner for treatment verification in conformal radiotherapy, M. Shirazi, P. Evans, W. Swindell, S. Webb, M. Partridge, 1998, pp. 319-328. |
A diagnostic X ray field verification device for a 10 MV linear accelerator, Biggs PJ,Goitein M,Russell MD, Mar. 1985, pp. 635-643. |
A dual computed tomography linear accelerator unit for stereotactic radiation therapy: a new approach without cranially fixated stereotactic frames, Uematsu M, Fukui T, Shioda A, Tokumitsu H, Takai K, Kojima T, Asai, Jun. 1, 1996, pp. 587-592. |
A Feasibility Study for Megavoltage Cone Beam CT Using a Commercial EPID, Midgley, S., et al., 1998, pp. 155-169. |
A ghost story: spatio-temporal response characteristics of an indirect-detection flat- panel imager, J. H. Siewerdsen and D. A. Jaffray, 1999, pp. 1624-1641. |
A method for implementing dynamic photon beam intensity modulation using independent jaws and a multileaf collimator, Yu C. et al., 1995, pp. 769-787. |
A Method to Analyze 2-Dimensional Daily Radiotherapy Portal Images from an On-Line Fiber-Optic Imaging System, Graham M. et al., 1991, pp. 613-619. |
A Model to Accumulate Fractionated Dose in a Deforming Organ, Yan D. et al., 1999, pp. 665-675. |
A Multileaf Collimator Field Prescription Preparation System for Conventional Radiotherapy, Du M. et al., 1994, pp. 707-714. |
A Multileaf Collimator Field Prescription Preparation System for Conventional Radiotherapy, Du M. et al., 1995, pp. 513-520. |
A multiray model for calculating electron pencil beam distribution, Yu C. et al., 1988, pp. 662-671. |
A new approach to CT pixel-based photon dose calculations in heterogeneous media, Wong J. and Henkelman M., 1983, pp. 199-208. |
A New Model for "Accept or Reject" Strategies in Off-Line and On-Line Megavoltage Treatment Evaluation, Yan D. et al., 1995, pp. 943-952. |
A Performance Comparison of Flat-Panel Imager-Based MV and kV Conebeam CT, Groh, B A., et al., Jun. 2002, pp. 967-975. |
A Radiographic and Tomographic Imaging System Integrated into a Medical Linear Accelerator for Localization of a Bone and Soft-Tissue Targets, D. Jaffray, D. Drake, M. Moreau, A. Martinez, J. Wong, 1999, pp. 773-789. |
A Radiographic and Tomographic Imaging System Integrated into a Medical Linear Accelerator for Localization of Bone and Soft-Tissue Targets, Jaffray, D A., et al., 1999, pp. 773-789. |
A Real-Time, Flat-Panel, Amorphous Silicon, Digital X-ray Imager, Antonuk L, et al., Jul. 1995, pp. 993-1000. |
A review of electronic portal imaging devices, Boyer A et al., 1992, pp. 1-16. |
A room-based diagnostic imaging system for measurement of patient setup, Schewe JE, Lam KL, Baiter JM, Ten Haken RK, Dec. 1998, pp. 2385-2387. |
A video-Based Patient Contour Acquisition System for the Design Radiotherapy Compensators, Andrew, et al., 1989, pp. 425-430. |
AAPM Report No. 54—Stereotactic Radiosurgery, Schell et al., Jun. 1995, pp. 1-88. |
Accuracy improvement of irradiation position and new trend, Nakagawa T., et al., 2001, pp. 102-105. |
Active Breathing Control (ABC) for Hodgkin's Disease: Reduction in Normal Tissue Irradiation with Deep Inspiration and Implications for Treatment, Stromberg J. et al., 2000, pp. 797-806. |
Adaptive Modification of Treatment Planning to Minimize the Deleterious Effects of Treatment Setup Errors, D. Yan, J. Wong, F. Vicini, J. Michalski, C. Pan, A. Frazier, E. Horwitz, A. Martinez, 1997, pp. 197-206. |
Adaptive Radiation Therapy, Yan D. et al., 1997, pp. 123-132. |
Advanced Workstation for Irregular Field Simulation and Image Matching, MDS Nordion, 1999, 7 pages. |
AIM Project A2003: COmputer Vision in RAdiology (COVIRA), Kuhn, MH, Oct. 1994, pp. 17-31. |
An Interactive Computer System for Studying Human Mucociliary Clearance, Bassett P., 1979, pp. 97-105. |
Analysis of various beamlet sizes for IMRT with 6 MV Photons, Sohn et al., 2003, pp. 2432-2439. |
Anderson, R., "Software system for automatic parameter logging on Philips SL20 linear accelerator", 1995, p. 220-222. |
Antonuk, L.E. et al., Demonstration of megavoltage and diagnostic x-ray imaging with hydrogenated amorphous silicon arrays, 1992, p. 1455-1466. |
Antonuk, L.E. et al., Thin-Film, Flat-Panel, Composite Imagers for Projection and Tomographic Imaging, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, 1994, p. 482-490. |
Aperture modulated arc therapy, S. Crooks, X.Wu, C. Takita, M. Watzich, L. Xing, 2003, pp. 1333-1344. |
Arnfield et al., "The use of film dosimetry of the penumbra region to improve the accuracy of intensity modulated radiotherapy", 2005, p. 12-18. |
Automated selection of beam orientations and segmented intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) for treatment of oesophagus tumors, E. Woudstra, B. Heijmen, P. Storchi, 2005, pp. 254-261. |
Automatic generation of beam apertures, Brewster, et al., 1993, pp. 1337-1342. |
Automatic Variation of Field Size and Dose Rate in Rotation Therapy, Mantel and Perry, 1977, pp. 697-704. |
Bedford, J.L. et al., "Constrained segment shapes in direct-aperture optimization for step-and shoot IMRT", Med. Phys. 33(4). 944-958 (Mar. 17, 2006). |
Bergman et al., "The use modified single pencil beam dose kernels to improve IMRT dose calculation accuracy", 2004, p. 3279-3287. |
Bissonnette, J-P et al., An Alternative X-Ray Detector for Portal Imaging: High Density Glass Scintillator, 1993, p. 36-37. |
Bissonnette, J-P et al., Physical characterization and optimal magnification of a portal imaging system, 1992, p. 182-188. |
Bjamgard, BE, and Kijewski, PK. Computer-Controlled Radiation Therapy. Proceedings of the Annual Symposium on Computer Application in Medical Care. 1978 86-92. |
Bortfeld et al., "Clinically relevant intensity modulation optimization using physical criteria," In Proceedings of the XII International Conference on the Use of Computers in Radiation Therapy, Salt Lake City, Utah, 1-4 (1997). |
Bortfeld, et al. X-Ray Field Compensation with Multileaf Collimaters, Int. J. Radiation Oncology Biol. Phys. vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 723-730, 1994. |
Boyer et al., A review of electronic portal imaging devices (EPIDs), 1992, pp. 1-16. |
Boyer et al., Laser "Cross-hair" sidelight, 1978, p. 58-60. |
Boyer, A.L. and Yu, C.X. Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy with Dynamic Multileaf Collimators, Seminars in Radiation Oncology, vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 48-59, Jan. 1999. |
Braime, Anders, Individualizing Cancer Treatment: Biological Optimization Models in Treatment Planning and Delivery, Int. J. Radiation Oncology Biol. Phys, vol. 49, No. 2, pp. 327-337, 2001. |
BrainLAB New Gating System from BrainLAB Enables Breakthrough in the Radiotherapy Treatment of Lung and Liver Patients, Sep. 28, 2004, 4 pages. |
Bratengeier, K. "2-Step IMAT and 2-Step IMRT in three dimensions," Med. Phys. 32, pp. 3849-3861, 2005. |
Brock, K.K. et al., "Feasibility of a novel deformable image registration technique to facilitate classification, targeting, and monitoring of tumor and normal tissue", Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. 64(4), 1245-1254 (2006). |
Budgell, "Temporal resolution requirements for intensity modulated radiation therapy delivered by multileaf collimators", 1999, p. 1581-1596. |
Bzdusek et al. Development and Evaluation of an Efficient Approach to Volumetric Arc Therapy Planning, Med Phys, vol. 36, No. 6, pp. 2328-2339, Jun. 2009. |
C. X. Yu, "Intensity-modulated arc therapy with dynamic multileaf collimation: An alternative to tomotherapy," Phys. Med. Biol. 40, pp. 1435-1449, 1995. |
C.T. Kelly, "Iterative Methods for Optimization", North Carolina State University, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, 1999, p. 1-188. |
Cameron, C., "Sweeping-window arc therapy: An implementation of rotational IMRT with automatic beam-weight calculation," Phys. Med. Biol. 50, pp. 4317-4336, 2005. |
Cameron, C., Sweeping-Window Arc Therapy: An Implementation of Rotational IMRT with Automatic Beam-Weight Calculation, Phys. Med. Biol., vol. 50, pp. 4317-4336, 2005. |
Cao et al., "Continuous Intensity Map Optimization (CIMO): A Novel Approach to Leaf Sequencing in Step and Shoot IMRT", Med. Phys. 33 (4) (2006), pp. 859-867. |
Chabbal, J. et al., Amorphous Silicon X-ray Image Sensor, 1996, p. 499-510. |
Chang SX, and Gibbons JP. Clinical Implementation of Non-Physical Wedges. AAPM Refresher Course presented at 41st Annual Meeting, American Association of Physicists in Medicine, Jul. 29, 1999. |
Characterization of a Fluoroscopic Imaging System for kV and MV Radiography, Drake, D.G. et al., May 2000, pp. 898-905. |
Chin LM, Kijewski PK, Svensson GK, Bjärngard BE. Dose optimization with computer-controlled gantry rotation, collimator motion and dose-rate variation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1983. 9(5):723-9. |
Cho, P.S. and Marks II, R.J., Hardware-Sensitive Optimization for Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy, Phys. Med. Biol., vol. 45, pp. 429-440, 2000. |
Cho, Y., et al., Thermal Modelling of a Kilovoltage X-Ray Source for Portal Imaging, 2000, p. 1856-1860. |
Christos H. Papadimitriou, "Combinatorial Optimization: Algorithms and Complexity", Dover Books on Mathematics, 1982, Chapter 1, p. 2-25. |
Chui, C.S. et al., "Dose calculation for photon beams with intensity modulation generated by dynamic jaw or multileaf collimations", Med. Phys, 21(8), 1237-1244 (1994). |
Clinac 600C & 600 C/D Equipment Specifications, Varian Medical Systems, 2000. |
Clinac Accelerators, Varian Medical Systems, 2003. |
Clinical Implementation of Intensity-Modulated Arc Therapy (IMAT) for Rectal Cancer, W. Duthoy, W. De Gersem, K. Vergote, T. Boterberg, C. Derie, P. Smeets, C. Wagter, W. De Neve, 2004, pp. 794-806. |
Colbeth, R. et al., 40×30 cm Flat Panel Imager for Angiography, R&F, and Cone-Beam CT Applications, 2001, p. 94-102. |
Colbeth, R. et al., A Multi-mode X-ray Imager for Medical and Industrial Applications, 1998, p. 629-632. |
Colbeth, R. et al., Characterization of a third generation, multi-mode sensor panel, 1999, p. 491-500. |
Colbeth, R. et al., Characterization of an Amorphous Silicon Fluoroscopic Imager, 1997, p. 42-51. |
Colbeth, R. et al., Flat panel imaging system for fluoroscopy applications, 1998, p. 376-387. |
Comparison of CT numbers determined by a simulator CT & a diagnostic scanner, M. Hartson, D. Champney, J. Currier, J. Krise, J. Marvel, M. Schrijvershof, J. Sensing, 1995, pp. 37-45. |
Comparison of flat-panel detector and image-intensifier detector for cone-beam CT, R. Baba, Y. Konno, K. Ueda, S. Ikeda, 2002, pp. 153-158. |
Cone-beam computed tomography with a flat-panel imager: Effects of image lag, J. Siewerdsen, D. Jaffray, 1999, pp. 2635-2647. |
Cone-beam computed tomography with a flat-panel imager: Initial performance characterization, D. Jaffray, J. Siewerdsen, Jun. 2000, pp. 1311-1323. |
Cone-Beam CT for Radiotherapy Applications, Cho, Paul S. et al., 1995, pp. 1863-1883. |
Cone-Beam CT with a Flat-Panel Imager: Noise Considerations for Fully 3-D Computed Tomography, J. Siewerdsen, D. Jaffray, 2000, pp. 408-416. |
Cone-beam CT: applications in image-guided external beam radiotherapy and brachytherapy, Jaffray, DA, et al., Jul. 2000, p. 2044. |
Cortrutz, C. et al., "Segment-based dose optimization using a genetic algorithm", Phys. Med. Biol. 48(18), 2987-2998 (2003). |
Court, L. et al, "An automatic CT-guided adaptive radiation therapy technique by on-line modification of MLC leaf positions for prostate cancer", Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. 62(1), 154-163 (2005). |
Court, L.E. et al., "Automatic online adaptive radiation therapy techniques for targets with significant shape change: A feasibility study", Phys. Med. Biol. 51(10), 2493-2501 (Apr. 27, 2006). |
Crooks et al., "Linear algebraic methods applied to intensity modulated radiation therapy", 2001, p. 2587-2606. |
Crooks, S.M. et al., "Aperture modulated arc therapy," Phys. Med. Biol. 48, pp. 1333-1344, 2003. |
D. Verellen et al., A (short) history image-guided radiotherapy, Radiotherapy & Oncology, vol. 86, 2008, p. 4-13. |
Dadone et al., "Progressive Optimization", Computers & Fluids, 29 (2000), p. 1-32. |
Daily Monitoring and Correction of Radiation Field Placement Using a Video-Based Portal Imaging System: A Pilot Study, Ezz A. et al., 1991, pp. 159-165. |
Daily Targeting of Intrahepatic Tumors for Radiotherapy, Baiter, James M. et al., 2002, pp. 266-271. |
Davis, B.C. et al., "Automatic segmentation of intra-treatment CT images for adaptive radiation therapy of the prostate", Med. Image Comput. Comput. Assist. Interv. Int. Conf. Med. Image. Comput. Comput. Assist Interv. 8(Pt 1), 442-450 (2005). |
De Gersem, W. et al. "Leaf position optimization for step-and-shoot IMRT," Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 51, pp. 1371-1388, 2001. |
De Neve, W., et al., Routine clinical on-line portal imaging followed by immediate field adjustment using a tele-controlled patient couch, 1992, p. 45-54. |
Development of a Second-Generation Fiber-Optic On-Line Image Verification System, Wong J. et al., 1993, pp. 311-320. |
Development of corn beam X-ray CT system, Watanabe Y., Oct. 2002, pp. 778-783. |
Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM), Supplement 11, Radiotherapy Objects, final text dated Jun. 4, 1997, as a supplement to the DICOM Standard, and an extension to Parts 3, 4, and 6 of the published DICOM Standard. |
Digital radiotherapy simulator, P. Cho, K. Lindsley, J. Douglas, K. Stelzer, T. Griffin, 1998, pp. 1-7. |
DMLC Implementation Guide. ("DMLCIG"). Varian Medical Systems. 2006. 1-44. |
Dosimetric Evaluation of the Conformation of the Multileaf Collimator to Irregularly Shaped Fields, Frazier A. et al., 1995, pp. 1229-1238. |
Duan J, Shen S, Fiveash JB, Brezovich IA, Popple RA, Pareek PN. Dosimetric effect of respiration-gated beam on IMRT delivery. Med Phys. 2003. 30(8):2241-52. |
Duthoy W, De Gersem W, Vergote K, Coghe M, Boterberg T, De Deene Y, De Wagter C, Van Belle S, De Neve, W. Whole Abdominopelvic Radiotherapy (Waprt) Using Intensitymodulated Arc Therapy (Imat): First Clinical Experience Int. J. Radiation Oncology Biol, Phys,, 2003. 57:1019-1032. |
Dynamic Beam Delivery (DBD) Toolbox User's Manual. Varian Medical Systems. |
Earl et al. Inverse Planning for Intensity-Modulated Arc Therapy Using Direct Aperture Optimization, Phy. Med. Biol., vol. 48, pp. 1075-1089, 2003. |
Earl et al., "Inverse Planning for Intensity-Modulated Arc Therapy Using Direct Aperture Optimization", Physics in Medicine and Biology 48 (2003), Institute of Physics Publishing, pp. 1075-1089. |
Effect of small Inhomogeneities on dose in a cobalt-60 beam, Wong J. et al., 1981, pp. 783-791. |
Effects of the intensity levels and beam map resolutions on static IMRT plans, Sun et al., 2004, pp. 2402-2411. |
Effects of Treatment Setup Variation on Beam's Eye View Dosimetry for Radiation Therapy Using the Multileaf Collimator vs. the Cerrobend Block, Frazier A. et al., 1995, pp. 1247-1256. |
Elbert, M. et al., 3D image guidance in radiotherapy: a feasibility study, 2001, p. 1807-1816. |
Electronic portal imaging devices: a review and historical perspective of contemporary technologies and research, Antonuk, 2002, pp. R31-R65. |
Elements of X-Ray Diffraction, Cullity B., 1978, pp. 6-12. |
Entwicklung eines inversen Bestrahlungsplans mit linearer Optimierung, Matthias Hilbig; Robert Hanne; Peter Kneschaurek; Frank Zimmermann, Achim Schweikard, 2002, v. 12, pp. 89-96. |
Feasible Cone Beam Scanning Methods for Exact Reconstruction in Three-Dimensional Tomography, Kudo et al., 1990, p. 2169. |
Ferris et al., An optimization approach for radiosurgery treatment planning, 2003, vol. 13, pp. 921-937. |
Ferris, M. et al., "An Optimization Approach for Radiosurgery Treatment Planning", 2003, p. 921-937. |
Ferris, M. et al., "Radiosurgery Treatment Planning via Nonlinear Programming", 2003, p. 247-260. |
Flat-Panel Cone-Beam Computed Tomography for Image-Guided Radiation Therapy, Jaffray et al., 2002, pp. 1337-1349. |
Flat-Panel Cone-Beam CT on a Mobile Isocentric C-Arm for Image-Guided Brachytherapy, D. Jaffray, J. Siewerdsen, G. Edmundson, J. Wong, A. Martinez, 2002, pp. 209-217. |
Fluenzmodulierte Strahlentherapie mit in die Optimierung integrierter Segmentierung, Werner Baer; Markus Alber; Fridtjof Nuesslin, 2003, v. 13, pp. 12-15. |
Ford, E.C. et al., Cone-beam CT with megavoltage beams and an amorphous silicon electronic portal imaging device: Potential for verification of radiotherapy of lung cancer, 2002, p. 2913-2924. |
Foskey, M., "Large deformation three-dimensional image registration in image-guided radiation therapy", Phys. Med. Biol. 50(24), 5869-5892 (Dec. 7, 2005). |
Galvin JM, Chen XG, Smith RM. Combining multileaf fields to modulate fluence distributions. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. Oct. 20, 1993;27(3):697-705. |
Gélinas D. Commissioning A Dynamic Multileaf Collimator On A Linear Accelerator. Thesis, Department of Medical Physics, McGill University, Montrea, Canada 1999. |
Gerard Verfaillie et al., Russian Doll Search for Solving Constraint Optimization Problems, AAAI-96 Proceedings, 1996, p. 181-187. |
Ghilezan, M.J. et al., "Prostate gland motion assessed with cine-magnetic resonance imaging (cine-MRI)", Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. 62(2), 406-417 (2005). |
Gilblom, D. et al., A real-time, high-resolution camera with an amorphous silicon large-area sensor, 1998, p. 29-38. |
Gilblom, D. et al., Real-time x-ray imaging with flat panels, 1998, p. 213-223. |
Gladwish, A. et al., "Segmentation and leaf sequencing for intensity modulated arc therapy," Med. Phys. 34, pp. 1779-1788, 2007. |
Godfrey, D.J. et al., "Digital tomosynthesis with an on-board kilovoltage imaging device", Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. 65(1), 8-15 (2006). |
Graham Carey, Computational Grids Generational, Adaptation and Solution Strategies, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas, 1997. |
Guidance document on delivery, treatment planning, and clinical implementation of IMRT: Report of the IMRT subcommittee of the AAPM radiation therapy committee, Ezzell et al., Aug. 2003, pp. 2089-2115. |
Hardemark et al., "Direct Machine Parameter Optimization with RayMachine in Pinnacle", RaySearch White Paper, RaySearch Laboratories (2003), pp. 1-3. |
Harms W. et al., A software tool for the qualitative evaluation of 3D dose calculation algorithms,1998, pp. 1830-1836. |
Hatano, Clinical application of IMRT, 2002, pp. 199-204. |
Heikki Joensuu, "Intensiteettimuokattu sadehoito—uusi tekniikka parantanee hoitotuloksia", 2001, p. 389-394. |
Herman M. et al., Clinical use of electronic portal imaging: Report of AAPM Radiation Therapy Committee Task Group 58, 2001, pp. 712-737. |
Hoogeman, M.S. et al, "A model to simulate day-to-day variations in rectum shape", Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. 54(2), 615-625 (2002). |
Hunt, P. et al., Development of an IMRT quality assurance program using an amorphous silicon electronic portal Imaging device, 2000, 1 page. |
I.M.R.T.C.W. Group, "Intensity-modulated radiotherapy: Current status and issues of interest", Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. 51(4), 880-914 (2001). |
Implementing multiple static field delivery for intensity modulated beams, Wu Y. et al., Nov. 2001, pp. 2188-2197. |
Initial Performance Evaluation of an Indirect-Detection, Active Matrix Flat-Panel Imager (AMFPI) Prototype for Megavoltage Imaging, Antonuk L, et al., 1998, pp. 661-672. |
Intensity modulated arc therapy (IMAT) with centrally blocked rotational fields, C. Cotrutz, C. Kappas, S. Webb, 2000, pp. 2185-2206. |
Intensity Modulated Arc Therapy: Technology and Clinical Implementation, C. Yu, Sep. 1995, pp. 1-14. |
Intensity-Modulated Arc Therapy for Treatment of High-Risk Endometrial Malignancies, E. Wong, D. D'Souza, J. Chen, M. Lock, G. Rodrigues, T. Coad, K. Trenka, M. Mulligan, G. Bauman, 2005, pp. 830-841. |
Intensity-Modulated Arc Therapy Simplified, E. Wong, J. Chen, J. Greenland, 2002, pp. 222-235. |
Intensity-modulated arc therapy with dynamic multileaf collimation: An alternative to tomotherapy, C. X. Yu, 1995, pp. 1435-1449. |
Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy: Current Status and Issues of Interest, Boyer A et al., 2001, pp. 880-914. |
Interactive image segmentation for radiation treatment planning, Elliott, PJ, et al., 1992, pp. 620-634. |
Intersection of shaped radiation beams with arbitrary image sections, Mohan, R, et al., Jun. 1987, pp. 161-168. |
Inverse Bestrahlungsplanung fuer intensitaetsmodulierte Strahlenfelder mit Linearer Programmierung als Optimierungsmethode, Matthias Hilbig, 2003, 156 pages. |
Inverse Planning for Intensity-Modulated Arc Therapy Using Direct Aperture Optimization, Earl et al., 2003, pp. 1075-1089. |
Ion Beam Sputter-Deposited SiN/TiN Attenuating Phase-Shift Photoblanks, Dieu L. et al., 2001, pp. 810-817. |
Jaffray D. and Battista J., X-ray sources of medical linear accelerators: Focal and extra-focal radiation, 1993, pp. 1417-1427. |
Jaffray D. and Wong J., Exploring "Target of the Day" Strategies for a Medical Linear Accelerator With Conebeam-CT Scanning Capability,1997, pp. 172-174. |
Jaffray D. and Wong J., Managing Geometric Uncertainty in Conformal Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy, 1999, pp. 4-19. |
Jaffray D. et al., Activity distribution of a cobalt-60 teletherapy source, 1991, pp. 288-291. |
Jaffray D. et al., Conebeam Tomographic Guidance of Radiation Field Placement for Radiotherapy of the Prostate, 1998, pp. 1-32. |
Jaffray D. et al., Dual-Beam Imaging for Online Verification of Radiotherapy Field Placement,1995, pp. 1273-1280. |
Jaffray D., X-ray scatter in megavoltage transmission radiography: Physical characteristics and influence on image quality, 1994, pp. 45-60. |
Jaffray et al., A Volumentric Cone-Beam CT System Based on a 41×41 cm2 Flat-Panel Imager, 2001, p. 800-807. |
Jaffray et al., Image Guided Radiotherapy of the Prostate, 2001, p. 1075-1080. |
Jaffray, D. et al., Medical linear accelerator x-ray sources: Variation with make, model, and time, 1992, p. 174-181. |
Jaffray, et al., "Cone-beam computed tomography on a medical linear accelerator using a flat-panel imager", 2000, p. 558-560. |
Jan Blachut et al., "Emerging Methods for Multidisciplinary Optimization", CISM Courses and Lectures No. 425, International Centre for Mechanical Science, 2001, p. 1-337. |
Jiang, Z. et al., "An examination of the number of required apertures for step-and-shoot-IMRT", Phys. Med. Biol. 50 (23), 5653-5663 (Nov. 24, 2005). |
Johnsen, S. et al., "Improved Clinac Electron Beam Quality", 1983, p. 737. |
Jyrki Alakuijala, "Algorithms for modeling anatomic and target volumes in image-guided neurosurgery and radiotherapy", 2001, p. 1-121. |
Karzmark, C. J., "A Primer on Theory and Operation of Linear Accelerators in Radiation Therapy", 1981, p. 1-61. |
Kaver G, Lind BK, Lof J, Liander A, Brahme A. Stochastic optimization of intensity modulated radiotherapy to account or uncertainties in patient sensitivity. Phys. Med. Biol. 1999. 44:2955-2969. |
Kestin L. et al., Improving the Dosimetric Coverage of Interstitial High-Dose-Rate Breast Implants, 2000, pp. 35-43. |
Kestin L. et al., Intensity Modulation to Improve Dose Uniformity With Tangential Breast Radiotherapy: Initial Clinical Experience, 2000, pp. 1559-1568. |
Kini V. et al., Use of Three-Dimensional Radiation Therapy Planning Tools and Intraoperative Ultrasound to Evaluate High Dose Rate Prostate Brachytherapy Implants., 1999, pp. 571-578. |
Kirby, M.C. et al., Clinical Applications of Composite and Realtime Megavoltage Imaging, 1995, p. 308-316. |
Kirkpatrick, S. et al., "Optimization by simulated annealing", Science 220, 671-680 (1983). |
Klausmeier-Brown, M.E. et al., Real-Time Image Processing in a Flat-Panel, Solid-State, Medical Fluoroscopic Imaging System, 1998, p. 2-7. |
Kolda et al., "Optimization by Direct Search: New Perspectives on Some Classical and Modern Methods", 2003, p. 385-482. |
Kubo, H., Potential and role of a prototype amorphous silicon array electronic portal imaging device in breathing synchronized radiotherapy, 1999, p. 2410-2414. |
Kumar MD, Thirumavalavan N, VenugopalKrishna D, Babaiah M. QA of intensity-modulated beams using dynamic MLC log files. 2006. Med. Phys., 31(1 ):36-41. |
Laughlin J. et al. Evaluation of High Energy Photon External Beam Treatment Planning: Project Summary, 1991, pp. 3-8. |
Lim, J., Optimization in Radiation Treatment Planning, 2002. |
Lof J, Lind BK, Brahme A. An adaptive control algorithm for optimization of intensity modulated radiotherapy considering uncertainties in beam profiles, patient set-up and internal organ motion. Phys. Med. Biol. 1998. 43:1605-1628. |
Lof J, Lind BK, Brahme A. Optimal radiation beam profiles considering the stochastic process of patient positioning in fractionated radiation therapy. Inverse Problems. 2005. 11:1189-1209. |
Lof J, Lind BK, Liander A, Brahme A. Simultaneous Optimization of Beam Orientations and Intensity Modulation in Radiation Therapy Using the New Optimization Strategy P. ELEKTA-ITC968-00122743. pp. 1-18. |
Lof, J. Development of a general framework for optimization of radiation therapy. Department of Medical Radiation Physics, Stockholm 2000. pp. 1-42. |
Low DA, Mutic S, Dempsey JF, Markman J, Goddu SM, Purdy JA. Abutment region dosimetry for serial tomotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1999. 45(1):193-203. |
Lu et al., "Fast free-form deformable registration via calculus of variations", 2004, p. 3067-3087. |
M. Van Herk et al., Automatic three-dimensional correlation of CT-CT, CT-MRI, and CT-SPECT using chamfer matching, Medical Physics, 1994, p. 1163-1178. |
MacKenzie, M. et al., Intensity modulated arc deliveries approximated by a large number of fixed gantry position sliding window dynamic multileaf collimator fields, 2002, p. 2359-2365. |
Mackie et al. Tomotherapy: A New Concept for the Delivery of Dynamic Conformal Radiotherapy, Med. Phys., vol. 20, No. 6, pp. 1709-1719, Nov./Dec. 1993. |
MacKie, T.R. et al., "Image guidance for precise conformal radiotherapy", Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. 56(1), 89-105 (2003). |
Malik, R. et al., "Simulator Based CT: 4 Years of Experience at the Royal North Shore Hospital", Sydney, Australia, 1993, p. 177-185. |
Maria Korteila, "Varianin avulla Ade tappaa kasvaimen tarkasti", 2000, p. 1-8. |
Martinez A. et al., Improvement in Dose Escalation Using the Process of Adaptive Radiotherapy Combined with Three-Dimensional Conformal or Intensity-Modulated Beams for Prostate Cancer, 2001, pp. 1226-1234. |
Masterson M. et al., Interinstitutional Experience in Verification of External Photon Dose Calculations,1991, pp. 37-58. |
Meedt G, Alber M, Nüsslin F.. Non-coplanar beam direction optimization for intensity-modulated radiotherapy. Phys Med Biol. 2003. 48(18):2999-3019. |
Megavoltage Imaging with a Large-Area, Flat-Panel, Amorphous Silicon Imager, Antonuk L, et al., 1996, pp. 661-672. |
Mestovic, A. et al., "Direct aperture optimization for online adaptive radiation therapy", Med. Phys. 34(5), Apr. 19, 2007, pp. 1631-1646. |
Methods of mathematical simulation and planning of fractionated irradiationof malignant tumors, Klepper L. Ya., Sotnikov V.M., Zamyatin O.A., Nechesnyuk A.V., 2000, v. 2, pp. 73-79. |
Michalski J. et al., An Evaluation of Two Methods of Anatomical Alignment of Radiotherapy Portal Images, 1993, pp. 1199-1206. |
Michalski J. et al., Prospective Clinical Evaluation of an Electronic Portal Imaging Device, 1996, pp. 943-951. |
Michalski J. et al., The Use of On-line Image Verification to Estimate the Variation in Radiation Therapy Dose Delivery, 1993, pp. 707-716. |
Midgley, S.M. et al., A Feasibility Study for the Use of Megavoltage Photons and a Commercial Electronic Portal Imaging Area Detector for Beam Geometry CT Scanning to Obtain 3D Tomographic Data Sets of Radiotherapy Patients in the Treatment Position, 1996, 2 pages. |
Milette, M.P. et al., "Maximizing the potential of direct aperture optimization through collimator rotation," Med. Phys. 34, pp. 1431-1438, 2007. |
Milliken B. et al., Verification of the omni wedge technique, 1998, pp. 1419-1423. |
Mohan R., Three-Dimensional Dose Calculations for Radiation Treatment Planning, 1991, pp. 25-36. |
Mohan, R. et al., "Use of deformed intensity distributions for on-line modification of image-guided IMRT to account for interfractional anatomic changes", Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. 61(4), 1258-1266 (2005). |
Mosleh-Shirazi et al., Rapid portal imaging with a high-efficiency, large field-of-view detector, 1998, pp. 2333-2346. |
Mosleh-Shirazi MA, Evans PM, Swindell W, Webb S, Partridge M.. A cone-beam megavoltage CT scanner for treatment verification in conformal radiotherapy. Radiother Oncol. 1998. 48(3):319-28. |
Mueller, Fast and Accurate Three-Dimensional Reconstruction from Cone-Beam Projection Data Using Algebraic Methods,1998, pp. 1-114. |
Mueller, K. et al., Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CT) for a Megavoltage Linear Accelerator (LINAC) Using an Electronic Portal Imaging Device (EPID) and the Algebraic Reconstruction Technique (ART), 2000, p. 2875-2878. |
Munbodh, R. et al., "Automated 2D-3D registration of a radiograph and a cone beam CT using line-segment enhancement", Med. Phys. 33(5), 1398-1411 (Apr. 27, 2006). |
Munro P., et al., Therapy imaging⋅ limitations of imaging with high energy x-ray beams, 1987, p. 178-184. |
Munro, P. et al., "Megavoltage Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Using a High Quantum Efficiency Image Receptor", 2002, p. 1340. |
Munro, P. et al., A Digital Fluoroscopic Imaging Device for Radiotherapy Localization, 1990, p. 641-649. |
Munro, P., "On Line Portal Imaging", 1997, p. 114. |
Munro, P., Portal Imaging Technology: Past, Present, and Future, Seminars in Radiation Oncology, 1995, p. 115-133. |
Nag, S., et al., Intraoperative Planning and Evaluation of Permanent Prostate Brachytherapy: Report of the American Brachytherapy Society, 2001, p. 1422-1430. |
Nakagawa, Keiichi, et al., Megavoltage CT-Assisted Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Thoracic Tumors: Original Research in the Treatment of Thoracic Neoplasms, 2000, pp. 449-457. |
New development of integrated CT simulation system for radiation therapy planning, Kushima, T, et al., 1993, pp. 197-213. |
New Patient Set Up in Linac-CT Radiotherapy System—First Mention of a Hybrid CT-Linac System, Akanuma, A., et al., 1984, pp. 465-467. |
Nichol, A.M. et al., "A magnetic resonance imaging study of prostate deformation relative to implanted gold fiducial markers", Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. 67(1), 48-56 (2007). |
Nichol, A.M. et al., "Intra-prostatic fiducial markers and concurrent androgen deprivation", Clin. Oncol. (R Coll. Radiol) 17(6), 465-468 (2005). |
Niemierko, A. et al., "Random sampling for evaluation treatment plans", Med. Phys. 17(5), 753-762 (1990). |
Ning, R, Wang, X., Shen, J, Conover DL., An Image Intensifier-Based Volume Tomograpric Angiography Imaging System: System Evaluation, SPIE, 2432 280-290. |
Ning, R. et al., Real Time Flat Panel Detector-Based Volume Tomographic Angiography Imaging: Detector Evaluation, 2000, p. 396-407. |
Ning, R. et al., Selenium Flat Panel Detector-Based Volume Tomographic Angiography Imaging: Phantom Studies, 1998, p. 316-324. |
Ning, R., Chen, B., Yu, R., Conover, D. Tang, X., Ning, Y., Flat Panel Detector-Based Cone-Beam Volume CT Angiography Imaging: System Evaluation, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, 19: 949-963, 2000. |
Novel Approximate Approach for High-Quality Image Reconstruction in Helical Cone Beam CT at Arbitrary Pitch, Schaller et al., 2001, pp. 113-127. |
Oldham M. et al., Practical aspects of in situ 16O (y,n) 15O activation using a conventional medical accelerator for the purpose of perfusion imaging, 2001, pp. 1669-1678. |
On methods of inhomogeneity corrections for photon transport, Wong J. and Purdy J., 1990, pp. 807-814. |
On-line image verification in radiation therapy: an early USA experience, Wong J. et al., 1993, pp. 43-54. |
On-line Readiotherapy Imaging with an Array of Fiber-Optic Image Reducers, Wong J. et al., 1990, pp. 1477-1484. |
Optimal radiographic magnification for portal imaging, Bissonnette J. et al.,1994, pp. 1435-1445. |
Optimization of Gamma Knife Radiosurgery, Ferris et al., Apr. 8, 2004, pp. 1-76. |
Optimization of the scintillation detector in a combined 3D megavoltage CT scanner and portal imager, Mosleh-Shirazi M. et al., Oct. 1998, pp. 1880-1890. |
Optimization of x-ray imaging geometry (with specific application to flat-panel cone—beam computed tomography), J. Siewerdsen, D. Jaffray, Aug. 2000, pp. 1903-1914. |
Optimized Intensity-modulated Arc Therapy for Prostate Cancer Treatment, L. Ma, C. Yu, M. Earl, T. Holmes, M. Sarfaraz, X. Li, D. Shepard, P. Amin, S. DiBiase, M. Suntharalingam, C. Mansfield, 2001, pp. 379-384. |
Otto et al., "Enhancement of IMRT Delivery through MLC Rotation", Phys. Med. Biol. 47, 3997-4017 (2002). |
Otto, K, Intensity Modulation of Therapeutic Photon Beams Using a Rotating Multileaf Collimator, 2004, vol. 31 (3), p. 686. |
P. Rizo, P. Grangeat, P. Sire, P. Lemasson, and P. Melennec, Comparison of two three-dimensional x-ray cone-beam-reconstruction algorithms with circular source trajectories, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 8: 1639-1648. 1991. |
Partridge et al., Linear accelerator output variations and their consequences for megavoltage imaging, 1998, pp. 1443-1452. |
Patient Beam Positioning System Using CT Images, Masshiro, et al., 1982, pp. 301-305. |
Pekka Kolmonen, "The direct control of the Multi-Leaf Collimator in the inverse problem of radiotherapy treatment planning", Mar. 19, 2004, p. 1-81. |
Perera H. et al., Rapid Two-Dimensional Dose Measurement in Brachytherapy Using Plastic Scintillator Sheet: Linearity, Signal-to-Noise Ratio, and Energy Response Characteristics, 1992, pp. 1059-1069. |
Performance of a Volumetric CT Scanner Based Upon a Flat-Panel Imager, D. Jaffray, J. Siewersen, D. Drake, Feb. 1999, pp. 204-214. |
Photon does calculation incorporating explicit electron transport, Yu C. et al., Jul. 1995, pp. 1157-1166. |
Photon dose perturbations due to small inhomogeneities, Yu C. et al., 1987, pp. 78-83. |
Pisani, L., Lockman, D., Jaffray, D.,Yan, D. Martinez, A., Wong, J., Setup Error in Radiotherapy: On-Line correction Using Electronic Kilovoltage and Megavoltage Radiographs. |
Podgorsak EB, Olivier A, Pla M, Lefebvre PY, Hazel J. Dynamic stereotactic radiosurgery. Int J Radial Oncol Biol Phys. 1988. 14(1):115-26. |
Portal Dose Images I: Quantitative Treatment Plan Verification, Wong J. et al., 1990, pp. 1455-1463. |
Portal Dose Images II: Patient Dose Estimation, Ying X. et al., 1990, pp. 1465-1475. |
Powell, M.J.D., "Direct search algorithms for optimization calculations", Cambridge University Press, Acta Numerica (1998), p. 287-336. |
Practical Cone-Beam Algorithm, Feldkamp, L.A. et al., Jun. 1984, pp. 612-619. |
Preciado-Walters, "A coupled column generation, mixed integer approach to optimal planning of intensity modulated radiation therapy for cancer", 2004, p. 319-338. |
Purdy J. et al., State of the Art of High Energy Photon Treatment Planning,1987, pp. 4-24. |
Qiuwen, Wu et al., Dynamic Splitting of Large Intensity-Modulated Fields, Phys. Med. Biol. 45 (2000), Richmond, VA, USA, p. 1731-1740. |
R. A. Reynolds, M. R. Sontag, and L. S. Chen, "An algorithm for three-dimensional visualization of radiation therapy beams", Med. Phys. 15, pp. 24-28, 1988. |
R. Fletcher, "Practical Methods of Optimization", Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Dundee, Scotland, UK, Wiley-Interscience Publication,1987, p. 1-436. |
R.P. Woods et al., MRI-PET Registration with Automated Algorithm, Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography, 1993, p. 536-546. |
R.T.O.G. 0415, "A Phase III Randomized Study of Hypofractionated 3D-CRT/IMRT Versus Conventionally Fractionated 3D-CRT/IMRT in patients with favourable-risk prostate cancer", (www.RTOG.orgaccessed on Jul. 2006) (2006). |
Ragan, D.P., Tongming He, T., Liu, X., Correction for distortion in a beam outline transfer device in radiotherapy CT-based simulation, Medical Physics 20: 179-185 ,1993. |
Rangarajan K. Sundaram, "A First Course in Optimization Theory", New York University, Cambridge University Press, 1996. |
Reconsideration of the power-law (Batho) equation for inhomogeneity corrections, Wong J. and Henkelman M., 1982, pp. 521-530. |
Redpath, A.T. et al., Chapter 6: Simulator Computed Tomography, The Modern Technology of Radiation Oncology, 1999, pp. 169-189. |
Redpath, A.T., Wright, D.H., The use of a Simulator and Treatment Planning Computer as a CT Scanner for Radiotherapy Planning, Eight International Conference on the use of computer in radiation therapy, IEEE Computer Society Press, ISBN 0-8186-0559-6, 1984. |
Relative dosimetry using active matrix flat-panel imager (AMFPI) technology, El-Mohri Y. et al., 1999, pp. 1530-1541. |
Role of Inhomogeneity Corrections in Three-Dimensional Photon Treatment Planning, Wong J. et al., 1991, pp. 59-69. |
Rostkowska, J. et al., "Physical and Dosimetric Aspects of Quality Assurance in Sterotactic Radiotherapy", 2001, p. 53-54. |
Rowbottom, C. et al., "Simultaneous optimization of beam orientations and beam weights in conformal radiotherapy", 2001, p. 1696-1702. |
Ruchala, K.J., Olivera, G.H., Schloesser, E.A., Mackie, T.R., Megavoltage CT on a tomotherapy system, Phys. Med. Biol. 44: 2597-2621, 1999. |
S. Agostinelli, F. Foppiano, A prototype 3D CT extension for radiotherapy simulators, 2001, pp. 11-21. |
Sampling Issues for Optimization in Radiotherapy, Ferris et al., 2006, pp. 95-115. |
Sanguineti, G. et al., "Neoadjuvant androgen deprivation and prostate gland shrinkage during conformal radiotherapy", Radiother, Oncol. 66(2), 151-157 (2003). |
Scholz, C. et al., "Development and clinical application of a fast superposition algorithm in radiation therapy", 2003, p. 79-90. |
Second scatter contribution to dose in a cobalt-60 beam, Wong J. et al., 1981, pp. 775-782. |
Selected pages of Appendix 2 to Complainants' Eighth Supplemental Responses and Objections to Respondents' First Set of Interrogatories, dated Mar. 28, 2016 in Certain Radiotherapy Systems and Treatment Planning Software, and Components Thereof, Investigation No. 337-TA-968. |
Sephton, R., et al., A diagnostic-quality electronic portal imaging system, 1995, p. 204-247. |
Sharpe M. et al., Compensation of x-ray beam penumbra in conformal radiotherapy, 2000, pp. 1739-1745. |
Sharpe M. et al., Monitor unit settings for intensity modulated beams delivered using a step-and-shoot approach, 2000, pp. 2719-2725. |
Shepard et al. An Arc-Sequencing Algorithm for Intensity Modulated Arc Therapy, Med. Phys., vol. 34, No. 2, pp. 464-470, Feb. 2007. |
Shepard et al. Iterative Approaches to Dose Optimization in Tomotherapy, Phys. Med. Biol. vol. 45, pp. 69-90, 2000. |
Shepard et al., "An Arc-Sequencing Algorithm for Intensity Modulated Arc Therapy", Med. Phys. 34 (2) (2007), pp. 464-470. |
Shepard et al., "Direct Aperture Optimization: A Turnkey Solution for Step-and-Shoot IMRT", Med. Phys. 29 (6) (2002), pp. 1007-1018. |
Shiu A. et al., Verification data for electron beam dose algorithms, 1992, pp. 623-636. |
Sidhu, K. et al., "Optimization of Conformal Thoracic Radiotherapy Plance While Using Cone-Beam CT Imaging for Treatment Verification", 2001, p. 175-176. |
Siewerdsen J. et al., Empirical and theoretical investigation of the noise performance of indirect detection, active matrix flat-panel imagers (AMFPIs) for diagnostic radiology, 1997, pp. 71-89. |
Siewerdsen J. et al., Signal, noise power spectrum, and detective quantum efficiency of indirect-detection flat-panel imagers for diagnostic radiology, 1998, pp. 614-628. |
Siewerdsen, J.H. and Jaffray, D.A., Optimization of x-ray imaging geometry (with specific application to flat-panel conebeam computed tomography), Medical Physics 27: 1903-1914, 2000. |
Siewerdsen, JH and Jaffray, D.A. Cone-beam computed tomography with a flat-panel imager: Magnitude and effects of xray scatter, Medical Physics 28: 220-231, 2001. |
Signal, noise, and readout considerations in the development of amorphous silicon photodiode arrays for radiotherapy and diagnostic x-ray imaging, Antonuk et al., 1991, pp. 108-119. |
Sillanpaa J, Chang J and Mageras G. Developments in megavoltage cone beam CT with an amorphous silicon EPID: Reduction of exposure and synchronization with respiratory gating 2005. Medical Physics, 32:819-829. |
Simo Muinonen, "Sadehoiden valmistelun optimointi fysiikan keinoin", 1995, p. 1-166. |
Singiresu S. Rao, "Engineering Optimization: Theory and Practice", 1996, p. 1-840. |
Smith, R. et al., "Development of cone beam CT for radiotherapy treatment planning", 2001, p. 115. |
Spirou et al., "A Gradient Inverse Planning Algorithm with Dose-Volume Contraints", Med. Phys. 25, pp. 321-333 (1998). |
Spirou et al., "Generation of Arbitrary Intensity Profiles by Dynamic Jaws or Multileaf Collimators", Med. Phys. 21, pp. 1031-1041 (1994). |
State-of-the-Art of External Photon Beam Radiation Treatment Planning, Sontag M. et al., 1991, pp. 9-23. |
Strategies to improve the signal and noise performance of active matrix, flat-panel imagers for diagnostic x-ray applications, Antonuk L. et al., Feb. 2000, pp. 289-306. |
Stromberg, J.S., Sharpe, M.D., Kim, L.H., Kini, V.R., Jaffray, D.A., Martinez, A.A., Wong, J.W., Active Breathing control (ABC) for Hodgkins Disease Reduction in Normal Tissue Irradiation with Deep Inspiration and Implications for Treatment, Int. J. Radiation Oncology Biol. Phys.,2000 vol. 48, pp. 797-806. |
Studholme et al., "Automated three-dimensional registration of magnetic resonance and positron emission tomography brain images by multiresolution optimization of voxel similarity measures", 1997, p. 25-35. |
Study of Treatment Variation in the Radiotherapy of Head and Neck Tumors Using a Fiber-Optic On-Line Radiotherapy Imaging System, Halverson K. et al., 1991, pp. 1327-1336. |
Swindell, W., Simpson, R.G., Oleson, J.R., Chen, C.T., Grubbs, E.A., Computed tomography with a linear accelerator with radiotherapy applications, Medical Physics 10, 416-420, 1983. |
Synchronized moving aperture radiation therapy (SMART): average tumour trajectory for lung patients, T. Neicu, H. Shirato, Y. Seppenwoolde, S. Jiang, 2003, pp. 587-598. |
Systematic verification of a three-dimensional electron beam dose calculation algorithm, Cheng A. et al., 1996, pp. 685-693. |
Takahashi S. Conformation Radiotherapy: Rotation Techniques As Applied to Radiography and Radiotherapy of Cancer, ACTA Radiologica Supplementum 242, Stockholm 1965. 11-142. |
Teicher B. et al., Allosteric effectors of hemoglobin as modulators of chemotherapy and radiation therapy in vitro and in vivo,1998, pp. 24-30. |
Tepper J. et al., Three-Dimensional Display in Planning Radiation Therapy: A Clinical Perspective, 1991, pp. 79-89. |
Tervo et al., "A Model for the Control of a Multileaf Collimator in Radiation Therapy Treatment Planning", Inverse Problems 16 (2000), pp. 1875-1895. |
The application of dynamic field shaping and dynamic does rate control in conformal rotational treatment of prostate, Tobler, 2003. |
The Influence of Interpatient and Intrapatient Rectum Variation on External Beam Treatment of Prostate Cancer, Yan D. et al., 2001, pp. 1111-1119. |
The Physics of Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy, Boyer, 2002, pp. 38-44. |
The Relationship Between the Number of Shots and the Quality of Gamma Knife Radiosurgeries, Cheek et al., 2005, pp. 449-462. |
The Stanford medical linear accelerator. II. Installation and physical measurements, Weissbluth, M., C. J. Karzmark et al., 1959, pp. 242-253. |
The Use of Active Breathing Control (ABC) to Reduce Margin for Breathing Motion, Wong J. et al., 1999, pp. 911-919. |
The Use of Adaptive Radiation Therapy to Reduce Setup Error: A Prospective Clinical Study, Yan D. et al., 1998, pp. 715-720. |
Three-Dimensional Computed Tomographic Reconstruction Using a C-Arm Mounted XRII: Image Based Correction of Gantry Motion Nonidealities, Fahrig and Holdsworth, Jan. 2000, pp. 30-38. |
Three-Dimensional Photon Treatment Planning for Hodgkin's Disease, Brown A. et al., May 1992, pp. 205-215. |
Three-dimensional radiation planning. Studies on clinical integration, Gademann, G, et al., 1993, pp. 159-167. |
Tina Seppala, "FiR 1 epithermal neutron beam model and dose calculation for treatment planning in neutron capture therapy", 2002, p. 1-46. |
Tobler M, Watson G, Leavitt DD. The application of dynamic field shaping and dynamic dose rate control in conformal rotational treatment of the prostate. Med Dosim. 2002 Winter;27(4):251-4. |
Tomotherapy: a new concept for the delivery of dynamic conformal radiotherapy, Mackie TR, Holmes T, Swerdloff S, Reckwerdt P, Deasy JO, Yang J, Paliwal, 1993, pp. 1709-1719. |
Treatment Verifications and Patient Dose Estimations Using Portal Dose Imaging, Wong J. et al., 1988, pp. 213-225. |
Uematsu, M., Fukui, T., Shioda, A., Tokumitsu, H., Takai, K., Kojima, T., Asai, Y. Kusano, S., Dual Computed Tomography Linear Accelerator Unit for Stereotactic Radiation Therapy: A New Approach Without Cranially Fixated Stereotactic Frames, Int. J. Radiation Oncology Biol. Phys., vol. 35, No. 3, pp. 587-592, 1996. |
Uematsua, M., Shioda, A., Suda, A., Taharaa, K., Kojima, T, Hama, Y, Kono, M., Wong, J.R., Fukui, T, Kusanoa, S., Intrafractional Tumor Position Stability During Computed Tomography (CT)-Guided Frameless Stereotactic Radiation Therapy for Lung or Liver Cancers With a Fusion of CT and Linear Accelerator (Focal) Unit, Int. J. Radiation Oncology Biol. Phys., 48: 443-448, 2000. |
Uematsua, M., Sonderegger, M., Shioda, A., Taharaa, K., Fukui, T., Hama, Y., Kojima, T., Wong, J.R., Kusanoa, S., Daily positioning accuracy of frameless stereotactic radiation therapy with a fusion of computed tomography and linear accelerator (focal) unit: evaluation of z-axis with a z-marker, Radiotherapy and Oncology 50: 337-339, 1999. |
Ulrich et al., "Development of an Optimization Concept for Arc-Modulated Cone Beam Therapy", Phys. Med. Biol. 52 (2007), pp. 4099-4119. |
Urie M. et al., The Role of Uncertainty Analysis in Treatment Planning, 1991, pp. 91-107. |
Varian 2002 Annual Report, 2002, p. 1-28. |
Varian Medical Systems, Radiation Therapy Acuity, 2005, 1 page. |
Verfaillie G, Lemaitre M, Schiex T. Russian Doll Search for Solving Constraint Optimization Problems. 1996. AAAI-96 Proceedings: 181-187. |
Vicini F. et al., Dose-Volume Analysis for Quality Assurance of Interstitial Brachytherapy for Breast Cancer,1999, pp. 803-810. |
Vicini F. et al., Implementation of 3D-Virtual Brachytherapy in the Management of Breast Cancer: A Description of a New Method of Interstitial Brachytherapy, 1998, pp. 620-635. |
Vicini F. et al., Low-Dose-Rate Brachytherapy as the Sole Radiation Modality in the Management of Patients with Early-Stage Breast Cancer Treated with Breast-Conserving Therapy: Preliminary Results of a Pilot Trial, 1997, pp. 301-310. |
Wang X, Zhang X, Dong L, Liu H, Wu Q, Mohan R.. Development of methods for beam angle optimization for IMRT using an accelerated exhaustive search strategy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004. 60(4):1325-37. |
Webb et al., "Inverse planning with constraints to generate smoothed intensity-modulated beams", 1998, p. 2785-2794. |
Webb, Optimizing the Planning of Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy, Phys. Med. Biol. vol. 39, pp. 2229-2246, 1994. |
Webb, S. et al., Tomographic Reconstruction from Experimentally Obtained Cone-Beam Projections, 1987, p. 67-73. |
Williamson J. et al., One-dimensional scatter-subtraction method for brachytherapy dose calculation near bounded heterogeneities, 1993, pp. 233-244. |
Wong J. et al., Conservative management of osteoradionecrosis, 1997, pp. 16-21. |
Wong J. et al., The Cumulative Verification Image Analysis Tool for Offline Evaluation of Portal Images, 1995, pp. 1301-1310. |
Wong, E. et al., "Intensity-modulated arc therapy simplified," Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 53, pp. 222-235, 2002. |
Wong, J. et al., "Behandlung des Lungenkarzinoms mittels stereotaktischer Strahlentherapie unter Verwednung des weltweit ersten PRIMATOM Systems—eine Fallstudie", 2001, p. 133-136. |
Wong, J. et al., "Initial clinical experience with a gantry mounted dual beam imaging system for setup error localization", 1998, p. 138. |
Wright, M. et al., Amorphous silicon dual mode medical imaging system, 1998, p. 505-514. |
Wu et al., "Algorithm and Functionality of an Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy Optimization System", Med. Phys. 27, pp. 701-711 (2000). |
Xia et al., "Multileaf Collimator Leaf Sequencing Algorithm for Intensity Modulated Beams with Multiple Static Segments", Med. Phys. 25, pp. 1424-1434 (1998). |
Xia P, Chuang CF, Verhey LJ. Communication and sampling rate limitations in IMRT delivery with a dynamic multileaf collimator system. Med Phys. 2002. 29(3):412-23. |
Xing et al., "Dosimetric verification of a commercial inverse treatment planning system", 1999, p. 463-478. |
Xing et al., "Iterative methods for inverse treatment planning", 1996, p. 2107-2123. |
X-ray detector in IT era—FPD : Flat Panel Detector, Nishiki M., 2001, pp. 1-2. |
Yan, D. et al., "Computed tomography guided management of interfractional patient variation", Semin. Radiat, Oncol. 15, 168-179 (2005). |
Yan, D. et al., "The influence of interpatient and intrapatient rectum variation on external beam treatment of prostate cancer", Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. 51(4), 1111-1119 (2001). |
Yan, X. H., and Leahy, R.M., Derivation and Analysis of a Filtered Backprojection Algorithm for Cone Beam Projection Data, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging. 10, 462-472, 1991. |
Yu CX, Li XA, Ma L, Chen D, Naqvi S, Shepard D, Sarfaraz M, Holmes TW, Suntharalingam M, Mansfield CM. Clinical implementation of intensity-modulated arc therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2002. 53(2):453-63. |
Yu et al. Clinical Implementation of Intensity-Modulated Arc Therapy, Int. J. Radiation Oncology Biol. Phys, vol. 53, No. 2, pp. 453-463, 2002. |
Yu, C.X., Intensity-Modulated Arc Therapy with Dynamic Multileaf Collimation: An Alternative to Tomotherapy, hys. Med. Biol., vol. 40, pp. 1435-1449, 1995. |
Zellars, R.C. et al., "Prostate position late in the course of external beam therapy: Patterns and predictors", Int. J. Radiat. Oncol., Biol., Phys. 47(3), 655-660 (2000). |
Zheng, Z, et al., Fast 4D Cone-Beam Reconstruction Using the McKinnon-Bates Algorithm with Truncation Correction and Non Linear Filtering, , 2011, p. 1-8. |
Cited By (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US10525283B2 (en) * | 2016-03-09 | 2020-01-07 | Dalhousie University | Systems and methods for planning and controlling the rotation of a multileaf collimator for arc therapy |
US20200197724A1 (en) * | 2016-06-13 | 2020-06-25 | The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University | Trajectory Optimization in Radiotherapy Using Sectioning |
US10792513B2 (en) * | 2016-06-13 | 2020-10-06 | The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University | Trajectory optimization in radiotherapy using sectioning |
US10449389B2 (en) * | 2016-12-05 | 2019-10-22 | Varian Medical Systems International Ag | Dynamic target masker in radiation treatment of multiple targets |
US20210244970A1 (en) * | 2018-05-07 | 2021-08-12 | Dalhousie University | Systems and methods for planning, controlling and/or delivering radiotherapy and radiosurgery using combined optimization of dynamic axes (coda) |
US20200346038A1 (en) * | 2018-08-06 | 2020-11-05 | Accuray Incorporated | Delivering independent 2d sub-beam intensity patterns from moving radiation source |
US11697030B2 (en) * | 2018-08-06 | 2023-07-11 | Accuray Incorporated | Delivering independent 2D sub-beam intensity patterns from moving radiation source |
US20210316158A1 (en) * | 2020-04-13 | 2021-10-14 | Richard Shaw | Adjustable multi-slit collimators |
US11679277B2 (en) * | 2020-04-13 | 2023-06-20 | Unm Rainforest Innovations | Adjustable multi-slit collimators |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US8014494B2 (en) | Single-arc dose painting for precision radiation therapy | |
USRE46953E1 (en) | Single-arc dose painting for precision radiation therapy | |
Cedric et al. | Clinical implementation of intensity-modulated arc therapy | |
Yang et al. | Choreographing couch and collimator in volumetric modulated arc therapy | |
Bortfeld | IMRT: a review and preview | |
US7162008B2 (en) | Method for the planning and delivery of radiation therapy | |
US7734010B2 (en) | Method and apparatus for planning and delivering radiation treatment | |
US7839974B2 (en) | ARC-sequencing technique for intensity modulated ARC therapy | |
JP3775993B2 (en) | System for creating radiation treatment plans | |
US7180980B2 (en) | Method for intensity modulated radiation treatment using independent collimator jaws | |
US8663084B2 (en) | Method and apparatus for intensity modulated arc therapy sequencing and optimization | |
US10744343B2 (en) | Convex inverse planning method | |
US10828511B2 (en) | System and method for optimizing a treatment plan for irradiation therapy | |
US10987523B2 (en) | Platform for intensity modulated radiation therapy | |
WO2008130634A1 (en) | Single-arc dose painting for precision radiation therapy | |
JP2019517880A (en) | Robust Broad-Beam Optimization for Proton Therapy | |
US20210244970A1 (en) | Systems and methods for planning, controlling and/or delivering radiotherapy and radiosurgery using combined optimization of dynamic axes (coda) | |
Otto et al. | Enhancement of IMRT delivery through MLC rotation | |
US9597529B2 (en) | Rapid range stacking (RRS) for particle beam therapy | |
Chen et al. | Coupled path planning, region optimization, and applications in intensity-modulated radiation therapy | |
Beaulieu et al. | Simultaneous optimization of beam orientations, wedge filters and field weights for inverse planning with anatomy‐based MLC fields | |
Rocha et al. | Noncoplanar beam angle optimization in IMRT treatment planning using pattern search methods | |
US20200164227A1 (en) | Coordinated radiotherapy for plural targets | |
US11458331B2 (en) | Convex inverse planning method | |
Craft et al. | On the tradeoff between treatment time and plan quality in rotational arc radiation delivery |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: THE REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO, NEW M Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:LUAN, SHUANG;REEL/FRAME:032219/0061 Effective date: 20140128 Owner name: STC.UNM, NEW MEXICO Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:THE REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO;REEL/FRAME:032219/0118 Effective date: 20140207 |
|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND, BALTIMORE, MARYLAND Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:YU, XINSHENG;EARL, MATTHEW;SIGNING DATES FROM 20130918 TO 20130929;REEL/FRAME:032459/0781 Owner name: STC.UNM, NEW MEXICO Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO;REEL/FRAME:032459/0387 Effective date: 20140207 Owner name: REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW MEXICO, NEW MEXIC Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:LUAN, SHUANG;REEL/FRAME:032459/0491 Effective date: 20140128 Owner name: UNIVERSITY OF NOTRE DAME DU LAC, INDIANA Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:CHEN, DANNY Z.;WANG, CHAO;REEL/FRAME:032459/0344 Effective date: 20131008 |
|
MAFP | Maintenance fee payment |
Free format text: PAYMENT OF MAINTENANCE FEE, 8TH YEAR, LARGE ENTITY (ORIGINAL EVENT CODE: M1552); ENTITY STATUS OF PATENT OWNER: LARGE ENTITY Year of fee payment: 8 |
|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH (NIH), U.S. DEPT. OF Free format text: CONFIRMATORY LICENSE;ASSIGNOR:UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND, BALTIMORE;REEL/FRAME:048929/0832 Effective date: 20180731 |
|
MAFP | Maintenance fee payment |
Free format text: PAYMENT OF MAINTENANCE FEE, 12TH YEAR, LARGE ENTITY (ORIGINAL EVENT CODE: M1553); ENTITY STATUS OF PATENT OWNER: LARGE ENTITY Year of fee payment: 12 |