Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F214/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen
  • C08F214/02—Monomers containing chlorine
  • C08F214/04—Monomers containing two carbon atoms
  • C08F214/06—Vinyl chloride
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F114/00—Homopolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen
  • C08F114/02—Monomers containing chlorine
  • C08F114/04—Monomers containing two carbon atoms
  • C08F114/06—Vinyl chloride
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F2/00—Processes of polymerisation
  • C08F2/001—Multistage polymerisation processes characterised by a change in reactor conditions without deactivating the intermediate polymer
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F2/00—Processes of polymerisation
  • C08F2/12—Polymerisation in non-solvents
  • C08F2/16—Aqueous medium
  • C08F2/18—Suspension polymerisation

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a process for the suspension polymerization of vinyl chloride and optionally one or more co-monomers.
• Vinyl chloride is usually polymerized via a bulk polymerization process, a solution polymerization process, an emulsion polymerization process or a suspension polymerization process.
• a bulk polymerization process the liquid portion of the reaction mixture predominantly contains monomer.
• the resulting polymer will be present in the reaction mixture as solid particles suspended in the liquid monomer.
• the liquid portion of the reaction mixture is a suspension of the monomer in water.
• the polymerization takes place in the suspended monomer droplets.
• an initiator is selected that is poorly soluble in the water phase or at least preferentially soluble in the monomer phase.
• the suspension polymerization process is often preferred over a bulk polymerization process because of the better heat transfer and the higher conversion that can be reached in suspension polymerization.
• the disadvantage of solution polymerization processes is that these require the removal of solvent from the polymer.
• the disadvantage of emulsion processes is that these require large amounts of surfactants.
• Furthermore emulsion polymerization of vinyl chloride generally results in different PVC properties than other types of polymerization processes.
• the development of a suspension polymerization process is not straightforward. Especially if the initiator is dosed to the reactor at the reaction temperature, so-called “gels” or “fish eyes” are easily formed if the initiator has a low water solubility. The initiator in that case is not distributed evenly over the monomer droplets within the time needed to form a significant amount of radicals.
• a continuous process for suspension polymerization of vinyl chloride is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,004,013.
• This prior art process uses two stirred reactors. Vinyl chloride monomer, lauroyl peroxide, polyvinyl alcohol, and water are added to the first reactor wherein part of the polymerization reaction takes place. In the second reactor, the reaction is continued and completed. The polymerization temperature used is 50° C.
• WO 03/054040 discloses a process to polymerize vinyl chloride monomer and optionally further monomers using one or more initiators, wherein an organic initiator with a half-life of from 0.0001 hour to 0.050 hour at the polymerization temperature is dosed to the polymerization mixture.
• This document suggests to conduct the polymerization in a (semi-)continuous manner by using a continuous tube-like reactor and adding the initiator at various addition points in the reactor, such that the polymerization rate is adequate until the next injection point.
• Such a process requires a multitude of controlling and addition points, and is therefore quite complicated.
• the process of the invention and in particular the conversion level in the continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR), allow for the production of polyvinyl chloride or a copolymer thereof with a higher K-value compared to polymers obtained with conventional processes operated at the same average polymerization temperature. Therefore, the process can be conducted at a higher temperature, causing the reaction rate of the polymerization to be higher and the capacity of the production facilities to increase.
• a further advantage is the reduced initiator consumption compared to other processes where the same conversion level is reached using the same residence time/batch time. At the start-up of the polymerization reaction, i.e. at low conversion levels, the initiator consumption is considerably higher than when the polymerization reaction is conducted in continuous mode at a certain conversion level.
• An additional advantage of the present process is that additional cooling capacity can be obtained from the addition of a feed, e.g. from the first CSTR, having a lower temperature than the polymerization temperature in the subsequent reactor. This allows for a higher polymerization rate in the subsequent reactor, and an increase in the overall production capacity.
• conversion level or “conversion level of vinyl chloride” refers to the weight ratio of the amount of polymer to the amount of polymer and vinyl chloride monomer. If co-monomers are present, the conversion level refers to the weight ratio of the amount of copolymer to the total amount of vinyl chloride, co-monomer(s), and copolymer. The conversion level is expressed in percent by weight or wt %. Conversion levels can be determined using the heat balance over the system, or by taking samples of the aqueous suspension in the reactor followed by gravimetrical analysis.
• the conversion level in the CSTR generally is at least 10 wt %, preferably at least 15 wt %, and most preferably at least 20 wt %, and at most 60 wt %, preferably at most 50 wt %, and most preferably at most 40 wt %. Additional monomer is then polymerized in the reactor(s) downstream of this first reactor.
• the conversion level in the first CSTR is the steady state conversion level in the continuous operation of the CSTR, which means that the chosen rate of addition of (co)monomer(s), initiator, and optionally other ingredients to the CSTR and the chosen removal rate of the aqueous suspension from the CSTR result in a desired conversion level of the (co)monomer(s) in the CSTR.
• the process uses at least two continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTRs) connected in series, wherein an aqueous suspension comprising initiator, vinyl chloride, and optionally one or more co-monomers is partly reacted in a first CSTR and the resulting suspension is fed through at least one downstream CSTR, and wherein at least one initiator with a half-life of 0.0001 to 1.0 hour, preferably at least one initiator with a half-life of 0.0001 to 0.5 hour, at the polymerization temperature is dosed to either the CSTR downstream of the first reactor or at least one of the CSTRs downstream of the first reactor.
• CSTRs continuous stirred tank reactors
• This embodiment provides a process in which the amount of peroxide remaining in the final product is relatively low and which does not have the disadvantages associated with stirred tube-like reactors. Further, the largest part of the cooling capacity of the reactors can be utilized, resulting in good economics.
• the second reactor may be any reactor known in the art. Generally, this second reactor is suitable for continuously producing polymers in accordance with the invention. Examples of suitable reactors are a continuous stirred tank reactor and a tube reactor. A second continuous stirred tank reactor is preferred.
• the various reactors used in the process may have the same size or they may differ in size.
• the size of the reactor may be determined by the desired conversion level and/or the throughput in said reactor, which allows for further optimization of the present process.
• the suspension is transported from the first CSTR to an inlet of a second CSTR and, after that, optionally through further reactors, all connected in series.
• This transportation can be performed using a feed pump or by making use of a pressure difference between the reactors.
• a pressure difference over the transportation line from one reactor to the next will automatically result when the upstream reactor is fully filled with liquid, provided that use is made of a feed pump upstream of the reactor that exceeds the (highest) vapour pressure.
• a pressure difference is created if the temperature of the suspension in one reactor differs from that in the next, or at higher conversion levels when the pressure drops.
• the series of reactors preferably contains 2-5 CSTRs.
• the transport of the suspension from one reactor to the next is facilitated by transport pumps.
• the transport is controlled by valves reacting on the suspension levels in the reactor, or by pressure relief valves.
• the outgoing feed of one reactor, in particular the CSTR of step a) of the process is used to supply two or more reactors which may be positioned in respect of each other in parallel or in sequence. It is also envisaged that the last reactor in the sequence of reactors is a batch reactor. In such case the preceding reactor(s) serve(s) to fill the batch reactor. In the batch reactor, the polymerization proceeds and is finalized.
• water, initiator, vinyl chloride monomer (VCM), and optionally co-monomer(s) are continuously fed to a first CSTR.
• conventional additives for suspension polymerization may also be fed to this CSTR, such as surfactant(s), protective colloid(s), anti-fouling agent(s), and pH buffers.
• Anti-fouling agent(s) may also be applied in the reactor(s) prior to the start-up of the process.
• the ingredients can be fed to the first CSTR individually.
• two or more of the ingredients can be mixed in a pre-reactor, after which the resulting mixture is fed to the first CSTR. It is also possible to pre-charge ingredients to one or more of the reactors before the start of the process.
• the VCM concentration preferably is at least 50 wt %, more preferably at least 80 wt %, and most preferably about 100 wt %.
• Co-monomers that can be used are of the conventional type and include vinylidene chloride, vinyl acetate, ethylene, propylene, acrylonitrile, styrene, and (meth)acrylates.
• the polymerization temperature of such processes to a large extent determines the molecular weight (commonly referred to as the K-value) of the resulting (co)polymer.
• the initiator fed to the first CSTR can be any initiator suitable for the polymerization of vinyl chloride.
• this initiator has a half-life of 0.0001 to 1.0 hour at the reaction temperature, although it is also possible to add one or more initiators with a longer half-life to this first CSTR.
• the initiator has a half-life of 0.0001 to 0.5 hour at the reaction temperature. It is also envisaged to use a combination of two or more initiators, with at least one initiator having a half-life of 0.0001 to 1.0 hour, preferably of 0.0001 to 0.5 hour, at the reaction temperature.
• the amount of initiator dosed to the first CSTR preferably is 50-2,000 ppm, based on the total mass flow rate of monomer entering this reactor.
• a continuous stirred tank reactor is defined as a tank-shaped reactor equipped with some means of agitation (e.g. stirring) into which reactants and optionally other components are introduced and from which the resulting reacted mixture is withdrawn continuously and/or intermittently, provided that the CSTR is not operated under plug flow conditions.
• plug flow conditions is meant that the process is conducted in a reactor at a Peclet number of above 50, similarly to the processes conducted in tube-like reactors as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,424,301.
• the CSTR is operated at a Peclet number of below 20, more preferably the Peclet number is below 15, even more preferably the Peclet number is below 10, more preferably still the Peclet number is below 5, and most preferably the Peclet number is below 2.
• the Peclet number is well known and applied in the art, and is explained for example by S. M. Walas in “Section 23: Chemical Reactors” in Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 7 th edition, McGraw-Hill, 1997.
• ingredient streams can be introduced and/or withdrawn with varying flow rates. This can result in varying liquid levels of the CSTR during the process. It is desired that the liquid level in a CSTR in the period between (i) the initial filling of that CSTR at the start of the continuous process and (ii) the end of the continuous process does not change by more than a factor of 4, more preferably by not more than a factor of 2, most preferably by not more than 30%, relative to the time averaged liquid level of that CSTR during the continuous process.
• the CSTRs may include any of the well-known geometrical aspects of batch PVC reactors, such as cooled baffles. Further, segmented CSTRs containing several mixing zones can be used. These mixing zones can be created by using multiple-stage radial pumping impellers.
• feed(s) dosed to that CSTR is/are preferably held at a temperature below the temperature of the suspension in that CSTR. This results in increased cooling of the CSTR, thereby allowing a higher conversion rate in the CSTR operating at the desired temperature. More preferably, the feed(s) is/are held at a temperature of at least 10° C. below the temperature of the suspension in the CSTR. Even more preferably, the feed(s) is/are held at a temperature of at least 20° C. below the temperature of the suspension in the CSTR.
• Stirring equipment and/or heat exchangers may be added to the feed lines and/or in dosing tanks in order to optimize efficiency.
• the temperature in the first CSTR preferably ranges from 40 to 75° C.
• a series of CSTRs may be followed by a tube reactor.
• the average temperature in this tube reactor is at least 1° C., more preferably at least 2° C., yet more preferably at least 3° C. above the temperature of the most downstream CSTR. This will have the effect that the residual peroxide level in the resulting vinyl chloride (co)polymer is further reduced.
• the heat of reaction in this tube reactor itself may (partly) be used for the temperature rise.
• a temperature rise is also useful for the successive step of degassing the reaction slurry.
• the temperature change over the length of the tube reactor may be controlled by means of a heat exchanging medium circulating through a shell around the tube reactor.
• the tube reactor may have the shape of a helix coil that is submerged in an—optionally stirred—tank filled with the heat exchanging medium.
• the temperature in the second reactor downstream of the first CSTR, in particular of the further CSTR(s) downstream of the first CSTR can be equal to the temperature in the first CSTR.
• the temperature in the first CSTR and the second reactor(s), in particular in the further CSTR(s) may differ.
• the temperature in a downstream CSTR is lower—preferably by at least 2° C. and more preferably by at least 3° C.—than the temperature in the preceding CSTR. As explained above, this will result in a pressure difference between the reactors, thereby facilitating the transportation of the suspension from one reactor to the next.
• the temperature in a downstream reactor is higher—preferably by at least 3° C. and more preferably by at least 5° C.—than the temperature in the preceding reactor. This provides a higher cooling capacity of the downstream reactor due to the cold feed from the upstream reactor. This also reduces the half-life of the initiator in the downstream reactor, thereby reducing the residual peroxide level.
• a heat exchanger is present in between two reactors, in order to increase the cooling capacity of the overall system.
• the initiator used in the process of the invention can be any initiator known in the art.
• at least one initiator with a half-life at the polymerization temperature in the range 0.0001 to 1.0 hour is dosed to (any one of) the downstream reactor(s), in particular the second reactor.
• the half-life of this initiator at the polymerization temperature preferably is 0.0001 to 0.5 hour, more preferably it is 0.001 to 0.4, and most preferably 0.01 to 0.3 hour. In this specification, these initiators are referred to as “fast initiators”.
• the temperature in a downstream reactor is at least 5° C., preferably at least 8° C., and most preferably at least 10° C. above the temperature of the reactor into which the initiator was dosed.
• Suitable initiators are listed below.
• the half-lives of initiators at different temperatures can be determined by conventional thermal decomposition studies in monochlorobenzene, as is well known in the art (see for instance the brochure “Initiators for high polymers” with code 10737 obtainable from Akzo Nobel).
• the term “half-life at the polymerization temperature” in the present specification refers to the half-life at the suspension's temperature in the reactor with the highest temperature, provided that this temperature does not exceed 75° C. If the temperature of the suspension does exceed 75° C., the term “half-life at the polymerization temperature” refers to the half-life at 75° C.
• the half-life of the fast initiator is preferably between 0.0001 and 1.0 at 60° C.
• redox initiation systems can also be used.
• the reducing agent, the oxidizing agent, or both can be dosed in accordance with the invention.
• the rate of formation of free radicals for redox systems is often determined by the dosing rate of the components and the time it takes for the components to be mixed. Therefore, in determining the half-life at the polymerization temperature for redox systems, a time required to mix the components has to be accounted for.
• the half-life at the polymerization temperature is the half-life as measured when all components of the system are present plus a typical mixing time in a stirred tank reactor of 0.01 hr.
• the initiators of the present invention preferably are not such redox initiation systems.
• Preferred fast initiators are diisobutyryl peroxide, 1,1-dimethyl-3-hydroxybutyl peroxyneodecanoate, tetramethylbutyl peroxymethoxyacetate, tert-amyl peroxymethoxyacetate, and mixtures thereof.
• the most preferred fast initiator is diisobutyryl peroxide.
• the total amount of initiator to be used in the process according to the invention is within the range conventionally used in polymerization processes. Typically, from 0.01 to 1 wt % of initiator, more specifically 0.01-0.5 wt %, based on the weight of the monomer(s) to be polymerized, is used.
• dosing is used to describe the step of adding fast initiator to the aqueous suspension at polymerization conditions. This dosing can be done intermittently or continuously.
• the fast initiator is added to the CSTR or other type of reactor in at least 2, preferably at least 10, more preferably at least 30, and most preferably at least 100 portions during the process of the invention. These portions are preferably dosed with intervals between the portions of less than 2 times the mean residence time, more preferably less than 0.5 times the mean residence time, and most preferably less than 0.1 times the mean residence time.
• the mean residence time is defined as the average content, in kg, of the reactor to which the addition is made divided by the total average flow rate, in kg/hr, of all streams added to that reactor.
• the fast initiator can also be dosed continuously.
• a combination of continuous and intermittent dosing is used.
• An example of such a combination is a process in which periods of continuous addition alternate with periods wherein the addition of fast initiator is interrupted.
• the dosing of fast initiator can be effected at any suitable entry point to the reactor(s). It can be advantageous to use the line through which this water is dosed to also dose the fast initiator. It is noted that if the formation of the initiator is fast enough, one can dose the raw materials for said initiator into piping or hold-up vessels, from which the fast initiator is then dosed to the reactor(s). Alternatively, but less desirably, one can add the raw materials to prepare the fast initiator to the aqueous suspension.
• the fast initiator is dosed in pure form or, preferably, in the form of a dilute solution or dispersion.
• One or more suitable solvents can be used to dilute the initiator.
• such solvents are easily removed during the work-up of the polymer after the polymerization process, or they are of such a nature that it is acceptable to leave them as a residue in the final polymer.
• such solvents preferably do not adversely affect the thermal stability of the fast initiator dissolved therein, as can be verified by analyzing the half-life temperature of the initiator in said solvent.
• An example of a suitable solvent is isododecane.
• the dispersion can be of either the fast initiator itself or of a solution of the fast initiators preferably in said suitable solvents.
• the dispersion is an aqueous dispersion. More preferably, the dispersion is an aqueous dispersion with a medium droplet size below 10 microns. That allows a better distribution of initiator over the VCM droplets.
• the fast initiator is dosed in a concentration of 1 to 70 wt %, more preferably 20 to 65 wt %.
• At least one, but preferably all of the dosed initiator(s) has/have a solubility in water of at least 5 ppm, more preferably at least 50 ppm, and most preferably at least 200 ppm. This will increase the mass transfer of the initiator to the VCM droplets, thereby reducing the formation of fish eyes.
• the initiator(s) may be added to the second and further reactors, such as VCM, co-monomers, water, surfactant(s), protective colloid(s) (e.g. polyvinyl alcohol), anti-fouling agent(s), pH-buffer(s), dispersants, and other additives that are usually added to PVC production processes, so as to to obtain effects well known in classical PVC suspension polymerization, for instance, to influence porosity, bulk density, particle size, etc.
• VCM co-monomers
• surfactant(s) e.g. polyvinyl alcohol
• anti-fouling agent(s) e.g. polyvinyl alcohol
• pH-buffer(s) e.g. polyvinyl alcohol
• dispersants e.g. polyvinyl alcohol
• additives e.g. polyvinyl alcohol
• dispersants e.g. polyvinyl alcohol
• additives e.g. polyvinyl alcohol
• the residence time of the suspension in the series of reactors preferably is in the range of 1 to 10 hours.
• the resulting (co)polymer suspension is collected in a blow-down vessel, after which it is transported to a (continuous) degassing and/or drying section.
• a blow-down vessel After leaving the last reactor, the resulting (co)polymer suspension is collected in a blow-down vessel, after which it is transported to a (continuous) degassing and/or drying section.
• a blow-down vessel may be used. In such case part of the degassing can be performed in the blow-down vessel.
• the monomer conversion level (that is the conversion level in the most downstream reactor) is lower than would be economically attractive as a final conversion level in classical PVC suspension polymerization processes.
• the overall conversion level is below 80 wt %, preferably below 75 wt %, and most preferably below 70 wt %.
• the lower final conversion level has the advantage that the thermal and colour stability of the resulting PVC is improved.
• the reactor capacity increases due to the increased latent heat of the reaction components per weight unit (kg) of converted monomer.
• At least one and preferably all of the reactors i.e. the first CSTR and second reactor(s), in particular further CSTRs or a batch reactor, used in the process is/are equipped with a (reflux) condenser to provide additional cooling.
• a (reflux) condenser to provide additional cooling.
• the reflux of any of these condensers is returned to another reactor.
• the reflux from the condenser(s) of one or more reactors downstream of the first CSTR can be returned to a more upstream reactor, most preferably to the first CSTR.
• At least the most downstream reactor is equipped with a condenser of which the reflux is returned to any one of the more upstream reactors.
• a condenser of which the reflux is returned to any one of the more upstream reactors.
• This will help to operate the most downstream reactor under so-called pressure drop conditions, i.e. conditions at which the pressure in the reactor is below the vapour pressure of the vinyl chloride monomer. This will compensate for the effects of residence time distribution, because it allows the monomer from monomer-rich droplets to dissolve in the aqueous phase.
• Returning the reflux from a condenser to another reactor can also be done to influence any of the properties of the resulting (co)polymer, such as the porosity and the bulk density.
• a reactor preferably a CSTR, situated upstream of the CSTR of step a) is operated at a conversion level below 10 wt %.
• the resulting (co)polymer will be worked up as is usual in the art.
• the (co)polymer obtained by the process of the invention can, for example, be submitted to the usual drying and screening steps.
• (co)polymers with excellent heat stability can be prepared. This heat stability can be measured with a testing oven according to method ASTM 1925.
• the (co)polymer hardly discolours when submitted to melt-processing steps, e.g., to form shaped articles.
• a continuous suspension PVC polymerization was earned out using two stainless steel 10 l Büchi autoclaves with an inner diameter of 18 cm.
• Each autoclave was provided with: one baffle; a temperature sensor; two flat-bladed stirrers of 1 ⁇ 3 of the vessel diameter, about one stirrer diameter apart, a pressure transducer, a level sensor, a vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) feed line, a nitrogen purge line, a water feed line and a water/PVA feed line and a peroxide feed line.
• VCM vinyl chloride monomer
• Dosing pumps for VCM, water, PVA solution, and initiator were connected to the first reactor A second initiator dosing pump was connected to the second reactor.
• the two reactors were connected by means of a 10 mm stainless steel line, running from a dip tube in the first reactor via an automatic ball valve to the top of the second reactor.
• the second reactor also contained a dip pipe, connected via a 10 mm steel tube to a 300 ml metering vessel between two automatic ball valves.
• the metering vessel served to discharge portions of polymer suspension to a stripping section.
• the first reactor was loaded with 2 l water containing about 0.47 g Alcotex B72 (PVA ex Harco) and 0.08 g Gohsenol GH 23 (PVA ex Nippon Gohsei). Subsequently the reactor was pressurized with nitrogen at about 15 bara. After that, the reactor was evacuated for 3 minutes at 75 mm Hg, and 700 grams of VCM were added.
• the second reactor followed the same procedure, but was charged with 2 l containing half the amount of PVAs and about half the amount of VCM (300-350 g) was added.
• the stirring speed in both reactors was 800 rpm.
• VCM VCM
• water PVA
• peroxide dosing was started, in this case a VCM flow or 1.35 kg/h was used together with in total 3 l water/h and PVAs in the ratio of 700 ppm Alcotex to 115 ppm Gohsenol based on the VCM/h.
• the initiator used in the current process was Tx 187-W26 (a 26% emulsion of di-isobutyryl peroxide in water ex Akzo Nobel Polymer Chemicals).
• the initiator was dosed at 1.56 g/h (neat isobutyryl peroxide emulsified in water) for 45 minutes. Then the dosing rate was set to 0.31 g/h.
• the first reactor was run at a higher temperature (i.e. 59° C. instead of 57° C.) until the second reactor reached pressure drop. After that the reactors were both kept at 57° C. When a predefined level was reached (65%), the automatic valve opened and a first amount of the slurry was transferred to the second reactor.
• the initiator dosing to the second reactor was started. Until the pressure dropped, 1.56 g/h (neat di-isobutyryl peroxide) was dosed, then the dosing rate was reduced to 0.6 g/h to maintain an average pressure drop of 0.5-1 bar in the second reactor. Thus, in the steady state process the total initiator dosing was 0.39 g/h (neat di-isobutyryl peroxide) for 1.35 kg/h VCM.
• Example 2 the first reactor was filled with 3 l water containing 0.95 g Alcotec B 72, 0.16 g Gohsenol GH23, and 1350 g VCM.
• the second reactor was filled with 3 l water containing 0.48 g Alcotec B 72, 0.08 g Gohsenol GH23, and 300 g VCM.
• the procedure in this Example was the same as that followed in Example 1.
• Example 2 The same procedure was followed as in Example 2, except that in the second reactor also PVA was dosed at a rate of 350 ppm Alcotex B72 and 60 ppm Gohsenol GH23 based on the VCM dosed per hour.

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