US9614288B2 - Device for receiving and/or emitting a wave, a system comprising the device, and use of such device - Google Patents

Device for receiving and/or emitting a wave, a system comprising the device, and use of such device Download PDF

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US9614288B2
US9614288B2 US14/114,977 US201114114977A US9614288B2 US 9614288 B2 US9614288 B2 US 9614288B2 US 201114114977 A US201114114977 A US 201114114977A US 9614288 B2 US9614288 B2 US 9614288B2
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resonant elements
passive
active
elements
gap
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US20140062821A1 (en
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Geoffroy Lerosey
Christian Leray
Fabrice Lemoult
Julien De Rosny
Arnaud Tourin
Mathias Fink
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS
Avantix SAS
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS
Time Reversal Communications
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q15/00—Devices for reflection, refraction, diffraction or polarisation of waves radiated from an antenna, e.g. quasi-optical devices
    • H01Q15/0006—Devices acting selectively as reflecting surface, as diffracting or as refracting device, e.g. frequency filtering or angular spatial filtering devices
    • H01Q15/006—Selective devices having photonic band gap materials or materials of which the material properties are frequency dependent, e.g. perforated substrates, high-impedance surfaces
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/40—Radiating elements coated with or embedded in protective material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
    • H01Q3/44—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the electric or magnetic characteristics of reflecting, refracting, or diffracting devices associated with the radiating element
    • H01Q3/446—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the electric or magnetic characteristics of reflecting, refracting, or diffracting devices associated with the radiating element the radiating element being at the centre of one or more rings of auxiliary elements

Definitions

  • the present invention concerns a device for receiving and/or emitting an electromagnetic wave, a system comprising said device, and a use of such device.
  • a device for receiving and/or emitting an electromagnetic wave comprising a plurality of passive reflective elements.
  • the passive reflective elements are periodically spaced inside the device, and said device uses specific Bragg law electromagnetic properties.
  • the passive reflective elements are spaced from each other of a distance that is a multiple of the wavelength ⁇ .
  • the distance is about ⁇ /2 or greater and such device has a large size.
  • Such device does not have a preferred direction for the electromagnetic wave.
  • One object of the present invention is to provide an improved device for receiving and/or emitting an electromagnetic wave.
  • the present invention proposes a device receiving and/or emitting an electromagnetic wave having a free space wavelength ⁇ 0 comprised between 1 mm and 10 m, comprising:
  • the device for receiving and/or emitting an electromagnetic wave is small compared to the equivalent known devices of the prior art.
  • the passive resonant elements are coupled to each others, and the device does not use the Bragg law: the passive resonant elements can be periodic or non periodic inside the medium.
  • the device uses a band-gap that is known as an hybridization band-gap.
  • a first region of the device comprising the passive resonant elements is preventing a propagation of electromagnetic waves at the second resonance frequency from the active resonant element through said first region.
  • the device comprises a directivity diagram that is determined by the shape of said first region.
  • the device is able to emit and/or receive an electromagnetic wave according to one or a plurality of predetermined directions.
  • the electromagnetic energy at the second resonance frequency is concentrated inside a second region around the active resonant element.
  • the device is able to emit and/or receive an electromagnetic wave at a greater distance from itself.
  • the device has a greater sensitivity and is more efficient.
  • one and/or other of the following features may optionally be incorporated.
  • the second shape is identical to said first shape, and at least one of the second physical parameters of the second structure is different to a corresponding first physical parameter of the first structure.
  • the first and second physical parameters comprise sizes and materials of the first and second structure, respectively.
  • the first distance and the second distance are lower than ⁇ /10.
  • the passive resonant elements are not periodically disposed inside the medium.
  • the active resonant element is in proximity of a lateral surface of the medium.
  • the active resonant element is at a third distance from the lateral surface, said third distance being lower than the wavelength ⁇ .
  • the device further comprises at least two active resonant elements, said two active resonant elements being separated from each other of a forth distance, and wherein said two active resonant elements have different second resonance frequencies, each of them being comprised inside said band-gap.
  • the two active resonant elements can therefore emit independent and uncorrelated electromagnetic waves.
  • the forth distance is lower than the wavelength ⁇ , and preferably lower than ⁇ /4.
  • the forth distance is adapted so that at least one passive resonant element is substantially between said two active resonant elements.
  • the two active resonant elements are positioned symmetrically in comparison to a geometrical centre of said device.
  • the device further comprises:
  • the two active resonant elements can therefore emit independent and uncorrelated electromagnetic waves.
  • the device further comprises:
  • the two active resonant elements can therefore emit independent and uncorrelated electromagnetic waves.
  • the first and second shapes are wires of electrical conductors, the first resonance frequency depending on a length of said first shape, and the second resonance frequency depending on a length of said second shape.
  • the first and second shapes are split rings of electrical conductors, the first resonance frequency depending on an electric capacitor and an electric inductance of said first shape, and the second resonance frequency depending on an electric capacitor and an electric inductance of said second shape.
  • the first and second shapes are slots on an electrical conductor plate, the first resonance frequency depending on a perimeter length of the slot of said first shape, and the second resonance frequency depending on a length of the slot of said second shape.
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide a system comprising a device for receiving and/or emitting an electromagnetic wave, wherein the active resonant element is connected to an electronic device for receiving and/or emitting a signal representative to said electromagnetic wave, said electric signal having at least a frequency component substantially equal to the second frequency.
  • Another object of the present invention is to use a device for receiving and/or emitting an electromagnetic wave having a free space wavelength ⁇ comprised between 1 mm and 1 m, and preferably between 10 cm and 40 cm.
  • FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a first embodiment of a device for receiving or emitting an electromagnetic wave according to the invention
  • FIG. 2 is an upper view of a variant of the first embodiment of FIG. 1 ,
  • FIG. 3 is a directivity diagram concerning an active element belonging to the device of FIG. 2 .
  • FIG. 4 is a band diagram of a device according to the invention.
  • FIGS. 5 a to 5 d are four variants of a passive or active resonant element belonging to the device of FIG. 1 ,
  • FIG. 6 is a view of a folded shape variant of the first embodiment
  • FIG. 7 is a perspective view of a second embodiment of a device for receiving or emitting an electromagnetic wave according to the invention.
  • FIGS. 8 a to 8 d are four variants of a passive or active resonant element belonging to the device of FIG. 6 .
  • FIG. 9 is a view of a third embodiment of a device for receiving or emitting an electromagnetic wave according to the invention.
  • the direction Z is a vertical direction.
  • a direction X or Y is a horizontal or lateral direction.
  • FIG. 1 shows a first embodiment of a device 10 for receiving or emitting an electromagnetic wave W in a space and having a free space wavelength ⁇ 0 comprised between 1 mm and 10 m, and preferably between 10 cm and 40 cm.
  • This device comprises:
  • the medium 11 has a refractive index n d .
  • the space may be air. In that case, its refractive index is equal to one.
  • the medium 11 is for example a parallelepiped, comprising a first surface S 1 and a second surface S 2 , the second surface S 2 being opposite to said first surface along the vertical direction Z.
  • the first and second surfaces S 1 , S 2 are substantially parallel planes.
  • a direction D is substantially a straight line perpendicular to said surfaces and parallel to the vertical direction Z.
  • the first and second surfaces S 1 , S 2 are distant of a height value H.
  • the medium 11 has an electric permeability of ⁇ d .
  • the passive resonant elements 12 have a first structure comprising at least a first shape and first physical parameters.
  • each passive resonant element is for example equal to the height value H of the medium 11 .
  • each passive resonant element 12 of the first embodiment are electrical conductive wires having a diameter a and extending along the direction D according to a length Lw 1 between a first end 12 a above the first surface S 1 and a second end 12 b above second surface S 2 .
  • the passive resonant elements 12 form on the first surface S 1 or any plane XY perpendicular to said vertical direction Z a regularly spaced square grid.
  • the passive resonant elements 12 are parallel to each other along the vertical direction Z.
  • the passive resonant elements 12 have at least one resonance frequency f 1 , a first resonance frequency.
  • the passive resonant elements 12 are spaced from each other along the direction X or Y of a first distance dl lower than ⁇ /4, and preferably lower than ⁇ /10.
  • This sub-wavelength first distance dl is the step of said grid.
  • the passive resonant elements 12 are therefore electromagnetically coupled to each other.
  • a hybridization band-gap is created around the first resonance frequency f 1 .
  • the band-gap will be above the resonance frequency of a single wire.
  • the passive resonant elements 12 form on FIG. 1 a regular lattice of wires (periodically spaced). But, such device can be operational if the passive resonant elements 12 are not regularly and periodically spaced.
  • FIGS. 5 a to 5 d represents a plurality of variants for the first shape of the passive resonant elements 12 .
  • the passive resonant elements 12 are composed of a single wire.
  • the first resonance frequency f 1 depends on the length L w1 that is a curvilinear length between the first end 12 a and the second end 12 b.
  • the length L w1 generates a plurality of first resonance frequencies f 1 , each of them being multiple of the first one. But, the present description will only refer to the first one of them for simplicity.
  • the passive resonant elements 12 are composed of a main wire extending between the first end 12 a and the second end 12 b , connected to additional wires, for example one additional wire extending between an end 12 d and an end 12 c , the end 12 d also belonging to the main wire and/or being connected to said main wire at an intermediate position between the main wire ends 12 a , 12 b.
  • Such passive resonant element comprises a plurality of geometrical lengths:
  • Each of these geometrical lengths L wi , i being an index representing a wire portion of the passive resonant element 12 is related to an electrical length L wi *, to a first resonance wavelength ⁇ 11 , and to a first resonance frequency f 1i .
  • the passive resonant element 12 has a plurality of resonance frequencies f 1i that can be represented, for the plurality of all of them, in a wavenumber-frequency diagram as shown on FIG. 4 .
  • a particular first frequency f 11 is given for a wavenumber k 1 .
  • All the pairs (f 1i , k i ) that are available for the plurality of passive resonant elements 12 are represented on this diagram by a plurality of curves 21 , 22 .
  • the scattering phenomenon forms asymptotes in this diagram and creates a frequency band-gap ⁇ f wherein the plurality of passive resonant elements 12 does not have any possibility for the propagation of an electromagnetic wave having a frequency f belonging to said band-gap ⁇ f, that is to say belonging to a frequency interval [f ⁇ 1 , f ⁇ 2 ].
  • the passive resonant elements 12 can be incorporated inside the medium 11 according to a periodic pattern.
  • the device has a simple geometry, and the device electromagnetic properties (sensitivity, directivity, performance or efficiency) can be more easily computed and predicted before fabrication.
  • the passive resonant elements 12 can be incorporated inside the medium 11 according to a non periodic pattern.
  • the device is less sensitive to fabrication uncertainties concerning the positions of the passive resonant elements 12 inside the medium 11 . Such problem is well known for Bragg band-gap materials or metamaterials.
  • One or several active resonant elements 13 are also incorporated inside the medium 11 between the passive resonant elements 12 .
  • the active resonant elements 13 are coupled or connected to an electronic device 14 for receiving or emitting a signal.
  • the active resonant elements 13 can be fed with a single electric signal S to emit or receive a single electromagnetic wave W, or they may be fed with a plurality of electric signals (one different signal for each active element) to emit or receive simultaneously the plurality of signals through a plurality of independent electromagnetic waves.
  • the active resonant elements 13 are close to the passive resonant elements 12 .
  • the active resonant element 13 is spaced apart from a passive resonant element 12 belonging to the plurality of resonant passive elements of a second distance d 2 that is lower than ⁇ 2, and eventually lower than ⁇ /10.
  • the active resonant element 13 is preferably positioned inside the medium 11 , in proximity of a periphery of said medium that is to say in proximity of lateral surface LS.
  • the distance between the active resonant element 13 and the proximal lateral surface from said active resonant element is lower than a third distance d 3 .
  • a third distance d 3 Between said active resonant element 13 and said proximal lateral surface there is no or only one passive resonant element 12 .
  • the active resonant element 13 is therefore able to emit an electromagnetic wave W laterally from said lateral surface LS ( FIGS. 1 and 2 ), said wave W propagating in space mainly according to plane XY.
  • the third distance d 3 is lower than the wavelength ⁇ , and preferably lower than ⁇ /4.
  • the active resonant element 13 is near the proximal lateral surface LS.
  • the active resonant element 13 is preferably at the periphery.
  • the device has a small size.
  • the active resonant element 13 has a second structure comprising a second shape and second physical parameters.
  • the second shape of the active resonant element is identical to the first shape of the passive resonant element.
  • the active resonant element 13 differs from the passive resonant element 12 only by the length L w2 that is shorter than the length L w1 .
  • the passive and active resonant elements 12 , 13 only differ by their physical parameters.
  • the second structure of the active resonant element is therefore different to the first structure of the passive resonant element.
  • the active resonant element 13 has a resonance frequency, named a second resonance frequency f 2 .
  • the second resonance frequency f 2 is comprised between f ⁇ 1 and f ⁇ 2 , i.e. inside the band-gap ⁇ f of the plurality of passive resonant elements 12 .
  • the electrical length of the wire of the active resonant element 13 is for example reduced compared to the electrical length of the wire of the passive resonant element 12 :
  • the second resonance frequency f 2 of the active resonant element 13 is higher than the first frequency f 1 of the passive resonant elements 12 , and said second resonance frequency f 2 can fall inside the band-gap ⁇ f.
  • the plurality of passive resonant elements 12 does not propagate waves belonging to said band-gap ⁇ f.
  • An emitted wave W emitted form the active resonant element 13 is attenuated in the direction of the plurality of passive resonant elements 12 .
  • the device behaves such as having a first region R 1 comprising most of the passive resonant elements 12 , and a second region R 2 comprising the active resonant elements 13 , the first and second region R 1 , R 2 excluding each other and being separated by a boundary 19 ( FIG. 2 ).
  • the second region R 2 around the active resonant elements 13 concentrates the electromagnetic energy coming from the active resonant element 13 and the first region R 1 prevents the propagation of said energy through it.
  • FIG. 3 is an example of directivity diagram corresponding to one active resonant element 13 of the device shown on FIG. 2 .
  • Such device has a clear directivity curve 30 oriented to the direction of 180°.
  • the device can emit a different signal from each active resonant element 13 for a multi-input multi-output (MIMO) application.
  • MIMO multi-input multi-output
  • a signal having a frequency component substantially equal to the second frequency f 2 can be efficiently emitted or received.
  • the device can emit or receive an electromagnetic wave in the far field, with an improved sensitivity compared with a device wherein the second frequency f 2 of the active resonant element 13 is not inside the band-gap ⁇ f of the plurality of passive resonant elements 12 .
  • the shapes of the active resonant elements 13 are preferably identical to the shape of the passive resonant element 12 . At least one of the physical parameters of the active resonant elements 13 is different than physical parameters of the passive resonant elements 12 .
  • the active resonant element 13 can have a second resonance frequency f 2 inside the band-gap ⁇ f of the plurality of passive resonant elements 12 .
  • the device of FIG. 2 comprises four active resonant elements 13 1 , 13 2 , 13 3 , 13 4 , each of them emitting or receiving an electromagnetic wave W according to a different direction, for example according to a direction of each quadrant in the plane XY.
  • the electric signals of the plurality of active resonant elements 13 can be different from each other. In case of reception, the electric signals of the plurality of active resonant elements 13 can be different and uncorrelated to each other.
  • These active resonant elements 13 may be used independently from each other and may be used in a MIMO configuration of the device.
  • This device comprising a plurality of active resonant elements 13 is an extremely compact array of antenna.
  • two active resonant elements ( 13 1 , 13 2 ) are separated from each other of a forth distance d 4 .
  • the forth distance d 4 between two active resonant elements 13 is preferably higher than the second distance d 2 between an active resonant element 13 and a neighbour passive resonant element 12 .
  • At least one passive resonant element 12 is for example between two active resonant elements 13 .
  • the active resonant elements 13 belonging to the plurality are not coupled to each other.
  • the forth distance d 4 is for example lower than the wavelength in the medium 11 , and preferably lower than ⁇ /4.
  • the device comprising a plurality of active resonant elements 13 is small.
  • the electric signals of the plurality of active resonant elements 13 are therefore more uncorrelated to each other, so that they can be used independently.
  • the two active resonant elements may also have different second physical parameters, so that the first active resonant element 13 1 has a second resonant frequency f 21 that is different than the second resonant frequency f 22 of the second active resonant element 13 2 .
  • the two active resonant elements ( 13 1 , 13 2 ) are then not coupled to each other, and the signals of the active resonant elements 13 are again more uncorrelated.
  • FIG. 6 represents a variant of the first embodiment of the invention, wherein the shapes of passive and active resonant elements 12 , 13 are folded wires.
  • the passive resonant elements 12 are conductive wires of approximately 30 mm length, with first half portion in direction Z and second half portion in direction Y.
  • the first resonance frequency f 1 corresponds to the above lengths of the passive resonant elements 12 conductive wires. In that case, the first resonance frequency f 1 is approximately of 2.2 GHz.
  • the active resonant element 13 is a conductive wire of approximately 25 mm length, with first portion in direction Z and second portion in direction Y above the second half portions of the passive resonant elements 12 .
  • the second resonance frequency f 2 corresponds to the above length of the active resonant element 13 conductive wire. In that case, the second resonance frequency f 2 is approximately of 2.45 GHz.
  • the different portions of wires that are parallel to each other are distant of 2 mm.
  • the device can then emit and receive wave at a central frequency of approximately 2.45 GHz corresponding to the second resonance frequency f 2 , and with a frequency bandwidth of approximately 100 MHz, said frequency bandwidth being comprised inside the frequency band-gap ( ⁇ f) of the passive resonant elements.
  • the central frequency corresponds to a free space wavelength ⁇ 0 between 20 cm and 12 cm.
  • the first and second distances (d 1 , d 3 ) are lower than ⁇ /10.
  • the size of the device in the Y and Z directions of this variant is therefore smaller than in the device of FIG. 1 .
  • FIG. 7 shows a second embodiment of a device 10 for receiving or emitting an electromagnetic wave W comprising a plurality of passive resonant elements 12 and at least one active resonant element 13 .
  • passive and active resonant elements have a different shape compared with those of the first embodiment.
  • passive and active resonant elements 12 , 13 are in the form of a split ring element extending in a plane XY above the first surface S 1 . Their structure also uses electrical conductive elements.
  • Such second embodiment of the invention is smaller in the direction Z compared to the first embodiment of the invention.
  • the first shape and the second shape are small loops having at least one opening, like a C letter.
  • the loop behaves like an electric inductance L.
  • the opening behaves like an electric capacitor C.
  • the passive or active resonant element 12 , 13 behaves like a small electric circuit having a resonance frequency f c that is substantially equal to
  • the passive resonant element 12 has a first resonance frequency f 1 depending on an electric capacitor C 1 and an electric inductance L 1 .
  • the active resonant element 13 has a second resonance frequency f 2 depending on an electric capacitor C 2 and an electric inductance L 2 .
  • the plurality of passive resonant elements 12 has a band-gap ⁇ f.
  • the active resonant element 13 is designed to have a second resonance frequency inside the band-gap.
  • Such device is small and efficient to emit or receive an electromagnetic wave W from or to far field.
  • FIGS. 8 a to 8 d shows four variants of shapes for the passive or active elements 12 , 13 .
  • the variants of FIG. 7 c provide two different second resonance frequencies (f 21 , f 22 ).
  • the two second resonance frequencies can be positioned inside the frequencies band-gap ⁇ f of the passive resonant elements 12 .
  • FIG. 9 shows a third embodiment of a device 10 for receiving or emitting an electromagnetic wave W comprising a plurality of passive resonant elements 12 and at least one active resonant element 13 .
  • These passive and active resonant elements have a different shape compared with those of the first embodiment: they are slots on an electrical conductor plate extending along a plane XY.
  • the device of this third embodiment is smaller than the first and second ones.
  • a first resonance frequency (f 1 ) depends on a perimeter length of the slot, and not a length of it. The perimeter is approximately twice longer than the length.
  • the passive resonant elements 12 are slots in an electric conductive plate of 24 mm length and 0.5 mm width.
  • the first resonance frequency f 1 corresponds to the above length and width (perimeter) of the passive resonant elements 12 slots. In that case, the first resonance frequency fl is approximately of 2.2 GHz.
  • the active resonant element 13 is a slot of 19 mm length and 0.5 mm width.
  • the second resonance frequency f 2 corresponds to the above length and width of the active resonant element 13 slot. In that case, the second resonance frequency f 2 is approximately of 2.45 GHz.
  • the slots are distant from each other of 2 mm.
  • the device can then emit and receive wave at a central frequency of approximately 2.45 GHz corresponding to the second resonance frequency f 2 , and with a frequency bandwidth of approximately 100 MHz, said frequency bandwidth being comprised inside the frequency band-gap ( ⁇ f) of the passive resonant elements.
  • the first and second distances (d 1 , d 3 ) are also lower than ⁇ /10.
  • This device in Y direction is twice lower than the size of FIG. 6 . Such device is smaller.
  • the device for receiving and/or emitting an electromagnetic wave is small compared to the equivalent known devices of the prior art.
  • Such device has a high efficiency to emit or receive an electromagnetic wave, so that data can be transmitted to a great distance from the device.
  • the device can be designed to provide a predetermined directivity diagram that is determined by the first and second region shapes (region with passive resonant elements and region with active resonant element).
  • the device can comprise a plurality of active resonant elements that are isolated from each other by the passive resonant elements 12 band-gap.
  • the device can be used for MIMO application with very low correlation between the channels.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Aerials With Secondary Devices (AREA)
  • Details Of Aerials (AREA)
  • Waveguide Connection Structure (AREA)
  • Variable-Direction Aerials And Aerial Arrays (AREA)
US14/114,977 2011-05-06 2011-05-06 Device for receiving and/or emitting a wave, a system comprising the device, and use of such device Active 2032-10-20 US9614288B2 (en)

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PCT/IB2011/002453 WO2012153164A1 (fr) 2011-05-06 2011-05-06 Dispositif pour la réception et/ou l'émission d'une onde, système comprenant le dispositif, et utilisation d'un tel dispositif

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US9614288B2 true US9614288B2 (en) 2017-04-04

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US (1) US9614288B2 (fr)
EP (1) EP2705570B1 (fr)
JP (1) JP5833743B2 (fr)
CN (1) CN103636063B (fr)
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CN103636063A (zh) 2014-03-12
EP2705570B1 (fr) 2020-07-08
EP2705570A1 (fr) 2014-03-12
CN103636063B (zh) 2016-10-12
JP5833743B2 (ja) 2015-12-16
JP2014520420A (ja) 2014-08-21
WO2012153164A1 (fr) 2012-11-15
US20140062821A1 (en) 2014-03-06

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