US9502957B2 - System and method for supplying power at startup - Google Patents

System and method for supplying power at startup Download PDF

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Publication number
US9502957B2
US9502957B2 US14/289,922 US201414289922A US9502957B2 US 9502957 B2 US9502957 B2 US 9502957B2 US 201414289922 A US201414289922 A US 201414289922A US 9502957 B2 US9502957 B2 US 9502957B2
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Prior art keywords
voltage
switch
terminal
value
response
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Expired - Fee Related, expires
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US14/289,922
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US20140268937A1 (en
Inventor
Ravishanker Krishnamoorthy
Radu Pitigoi-Aron
Siew Yong Chui
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Marvell Asia Pte Ltd
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Marvell World Trade Ltd
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Priority claimed from US13/449,407 external-priority patent/US8742735B2/en
Priority claimed from US13/467,648 external-priority patent/US20120313692A1/en
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Priority to US14/289,922 priority Critical patent/US9502957B2/en
Publication of US20140268937A1 publication Critical patent/US20140268937A1/en
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/02—Circuits specially adapted for the generation of grid-control or igniter-control voltages for discharge tubes incorporated in static converters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/36—Means for starting or stopping converters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/02—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/04—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/06—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes without control electrode or semiconductor devices without control electrode
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/02—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/04—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/12—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M7/21—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M7/217—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/02—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/04—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/12—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M7/21—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M7/217—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M7/2176—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only comprising a passive stage to generate a rectified sinusoidal voltage and a controlled switching element in series between such stage and the output

Definitions

  • the present disclosure relates to a high-voltage startup circuit for systems that require DC power to operate when power is initially turned on.
  • a power supply 100 converts an alternating current (AC) line voltage 101 to one or more direct current (DC) voltages that are suitable for a load 102 .
  • the AC line voltage 101 may be 110V, 60 Hz or 220V, 50 Hz.
  • the DC voltages may include a fraction of 1V, 1.5V, ⁇ 5V, ⁇ 12V, 24V, or any other suitable value to drive the load 102 .
  • the power supply 100 includes a step-down transformer 104 and a rectifier 106 .
  • the step-down transformer 104 converts the AC line voltage 101 to an AC voltage having a smaller value than the AC line voltage 101 (e.g., 24V AC, 12V AC, and so on) depending on the value of the DC voltage to be generated.
  • the rectifier 106 converts the AC voltage output by the step-down transformer 104 to the DC voltage and outputs the DC voltage to the load 102 .
  • a power supply 150 converts the AC line voltage 101 to one or more DC voltages that are suitable for the load 102 .
  • the power supply 150 includes a rectifier 152 and a DC-to-DC converter 154 .
  • the rectifier 152 converts the AC line voltage 101 to a DC voltage.
  • the DC-to-DC converter 154 converts the DC voltage output by the rectifier 152 to the one or more DC voltages that are suitable for operating the load 102 .
  • the DC-to-DC converter 154 typically includes a switching controller (e.g., a pulse width modulation (PWM) controller).
  • the switching controller requires a DC voltage for operation.
  • the DC voltage required to operate the switching controller at startup i.e., when power is turned on
  • the resistor drops the AC line voltage 101 to a low value, which is used to power the switching controller at startup. Subsequently, when the DC voltages to operate the load 102 are generated, the switching controller is operated using one of the DC voltages.
  • An efficiency of a power supply is given by a ratio of an output voltage of the power supply to an input voltage of the power supply.
  • the resistor used to power the switching controller at startup dissipates power. Further, in some applications, the power supply 150 continues to operate and therefore dissipates power although the load 102 may be switched from a normal operating mode to a power-save mode.
  • a system comprises a power transistor configured to receive an alternating current (AC) line voltage and a control circuit.
  • the control circuit is configured to turn on the power transistor when the AC line voltage reaches a first value and turn off the power transistor when the AC line voltage reaches a second value.
  • the second value is greater than the first value.
  • the control circuit is configured to turn on the power transistor when the AC line voltage reaches the second value and turn off the power transistor when the AC line voltage reaches the first value.
  • the system further comprises a capacitance, where the power transistor charges the capacitance when the power transistor is turned on, and where the capacitance outputs a voltage having a value less than the first value.
  • control circuit is configured to turn off the power transistor when the voltage output by the capacitance is greater than or equal to the first value.
  • system further comprises a power supply configured to generate a direct current (DC) voltage based on the AC line voltage and a controller configured to control the power supply.
  • DC direct current
  • control circuit is configured to disable the power transistor.
  • a system comprises a power transistor configured to receive an alternating current (AC) line voltage and charge a capacitance to an output voltage based on when the power transistor is turned on during a half cycle of the AC line voltage.
  • the system further comprises a control circuit configured to turn on the power transistor to charge the capacitance when the AC line voltage is between a first value and a second value during a half cycle of the AC line voltage, where the first value is greater than or equal to the output voltage, and where the second value is greater than the first value by a predetermined amount.
  • the control circuit is further configured to turn off the power transistor when the AC line voltage is not between the first value and the second value during the half cycle of the AC line voltage or when the capacitance is charged to the output voltage.
  • system further comprises a controller configured to control a power supply, where the power supply generates a direct current (DC) voltage based on the AC line voltage, and where the capacitance outputs the output voltage to the controller.
  • DC direct current
  • control circuit is configured to turn off the power transistor and components of the control circuit.
  • control circuit comprises a voltage divider configured to divide the AC line voltage, a comparator configured to compare an output of the voltage divider to a reference voltage, and a switch configured to, based on the comparison, turn on the power transistor when the AC line voltage is between the first value and the second value, and to turn off the power transistor when the AC line voltage is not between the first value and the second value.
  • control circuit comprises a voltage divider configured to divide the output voltage, a comparator configured to compare an output of the voltage divider to a reference voltage, and a switch configured to, based on the comparison, turn on the power transistor when the AC line voltage is between the first value and the second value and when the capacitance is charged to less than the output voltage, and to turn off the power transistor when the capacitance is charged to greater than or equal to the output voltage.
  • an integrated circuit comprises a first resistance having a first end connected to an alternating current (AC) line voltage, and a second end; and a second resistance having a first end connected to the second end of the first resistance, and a second end.
  • the system further comprises a first comparator having a first input connected to the second end of the first resistance, a second input connected to a reference voltage, and a first output.
  • the system further comprises a first transistor having a gate connected to the first output of the first comparator, a source connected to the second end of the second resistance, and a drain; and a second transistor having a source connected to the second end of the second resistance, a drain connected to the drain of the first transistor, and a gate.
  • the system further comprises a second comparator having a second output connected to the gate of the second transistor, a first input connected to the reference voltage, and a second input.
  • the system further comprises a third resistance having a first end connected to the second end of the second resistance and a second end connected to the second input of the second comparator; and a fourth resistance having a first end connected to the second input of the second comparator and a second end.
  • the system further comprises a fifth resistance having a first end connected to the second end of the fourth resistance and a second end connected to the drain of the first transistor.
  • the system further comprises a diode having a cathode connected to the first end of the fifth resistance and an anode.
  • the system further comprises a third transistor having a source connected to the anode of the diode, a drain connected to the first end of the first resistance, and a control terminal connected to the drain of the second transistor.
  • the system further comprises a capacitance having a first end connected to the cathode of the diode and a second end connected to the second end of the second resistance.
  • FIG. 1 is a functional block diagram of a power supply that rectifies a stepped-down alternating current (AC) line voltage according to the prior art;
  • FIG. 2 is a functional block diagram of a power supply that rectifies the AC line voltage and generates one or more DC voltages according to the prior art
  • FIGS. 3A and 3B are functional block diagrams of a power supply including a startup circuit according to the present disclosure
  • FIG. 4A is a schematic of the startup circuit
  • FIG. 4B is a graph depicting the AC line voltage, an output voltage of the startup circuit, and a drain current supplied by the startup circuit as a function of time;
  • FIG. 5 is a flowchart of a method for powering a controller of a power supply at startup (i.e., when power is turned on).
  • the present disclosure relates to a startup circuit that supplies power at startup (i.e., when power is turned on) to a system that draws power from AC line voltage (e.g., 120V AC) and that requires power (e.g., 5V DC) to operate at startup.
  • the startup circuit provides power to a switching controller of a power supply at startup. Based on the power provided by the startup circuit, the switching controller can control the operation of the power supply at startup so that the power supply can generate one or more DC voltages from the AC line voltage to operate a load.
  • one of the DC voltages can be used to power the switching controller. Based on the DC voltage generated by the power supply, the switching controller continues operation and controls the power supply.
  • the startup circuit can be disabled after the DC voltage generated by the power supply is used to power the switching controller.
  • a power supply 200 comprising a startup circuit 202 according to the present disclosure is shown.
  • the startup circuit 202 is arranged between a rectifier 204 and a DC-to-DC converter 206 .
  • the startup circuit 202 is arranged between the AC line voltage 101 and the rectifier 204 .
  • the startup circuit 202 draws power from the AC line voltage 101 during startup and supplies a DC voltage suitable for operating components (e.g., a switching controller) of the DC-to-DC converter 206 .
  • the DC-to-DC converter 206 generates one or more DC voltages suitable for operating the load 102 .
  • the DC-to-DC converter 206 uses one of the DC voltages to operate components such as the switching controller of the DC-to-DC converter 206 and disables the startup circuit 202 .
  • the startup circuit 202 charges a capacitor C out during each half cycle of the AC line voltage at startup.
  • the startup circuit 202 charges the capacitor C out to an output voltage V out .
  • the capacitor C out supplies the output voltage V out to a component such as a switching controller (not shown) of the DC-to-DC converter 206 at startup.
  • a switching controller not shown
  • the startup circuit 202 charges the capacitor C out to 5V DC and supplies 5V DC to the switching controller at startup.
  • the startup circuit 202 charges the capacitor C out when the value of the AC line voltage is between a first value and a second value during each half cycle of the AC line voltage.
  • the first value is selected based on the value of the output voltage V out .
  • the second value may be 6V, 7V, 8V, or any value greater than the first value. For example only, suppose that the second value is 6V.
  • the startup circuit 202 begins charging the capacitor C out at time t1 during a half cycle of the AC line voltage when the AC line voltage increases from zero to a first value greater than 5V RMS (e.g., 5.1V RMS).
  • the startup circuit 202 charges the capacitor C out until time t2 when the AC line voltage increases to a second value greater than the first value (e.g., 6V RMS).
  • the startup circuit 202 stops charging the capacitor C out at time t2 when the AC line voltage is greater than or equal to the second value (e.g., 6V RMS).
  • the AC line voltage increases to a peak value (e.g., 1.44*110V) and begins to decrease.
  • the startup circuit 202 again begins charging the capacitor C out at time t3 when the AC line voltage decreases from the peak value to the second value (e.g., 6V RMS).
  • the startup circuit 202 charges the capacitor C out until time t4 when the AC line voltage decreases from the second value to the first value (e.g., from 6V RMS to 5.1V RMS).
  • the startup circuit 202 stops charging the capacitor C out at time t4 when the AC line voltage is less than or equal to the first value (e.g., 5.1V RMS).
  • the AC line voltage then returns to zero, and the cycle is repeated according to a line frequency of the AC line voltage (e.g., 50 Hz).
  • the switching controller of the DC-to-DC converter 206 operates during startup, and the DC-to-DC converter 206 generates one or more DC voltages to operate the load 102 . Subsequently, one of the DC voltages generated by the DC-to-DC converter 206 (e.g., 5V) is used to power the switching controller, and the startup circuit 202 can be disabled.
  • one of the DC voltages generated by the DC-to-DC converter 206 e.g., 5V
  • the startup circuit 202 is now described in detail.
  • the startup circuit 202 can be manufactured as an integrated circuit (IC) having four pins: V AC , V out , disable (DIS), and ground (GND).
  • V AC pin is connected to the AC line voltage 101 .
  • V out pin is connected to the output capacitor C out and supplies the output voltage V out generated by the startup circuit 202 to the DC-to-DC converter 206 at startup.
  • the GND pin is connected to ground.
  • the DIS pin can be used to input a disable signal to turn off the startup circuit 202 after the startup (i.e., after the DC-to-DC converter 206 generates the one or more DC voltages) to save power.
  • the DC-to-DC converter 206 may send a control signal to the DIS pin after the DC-to-DC converter 206 generates the one or more DC voltages.
  • the control signal turns off the startup circuit 202 .
  • the DIS pin can be connected to ground when unused.
  • the startup circuit 202 includes a super-high voltage, depletion-mode power transistor M 1 that is controlled by comparators CI and C 2 ; transistors M 2 , M 3 , and M 4 ; and resistors R 1 through RS.
  • the comparators CI and C 2 ; transistors M 2 , M 3 , and M 4 ; and resistors R 1 through RS may be called a control circuit that controls the power transistor MI.
  • the transistors M 2 , M 3 , and M 4 may be CMOSFETs.
  • the resistors R 1 and R 2 are high-voltage resistors.
  • a gate voltage of the power transistor M 1 is determined by the resistor RS and the transistors M 2 , M 3 , and M 4 .
  • the transistors M 2 , M 3 , and M 4 are controlled by the AC line voltage V AC , the output voltage V out , and the disable input (DIS), respectively.
  • the resistor R 5 is used to charge the gate voltage of the power transistor M 1 to V out .
  • a diode D is a reverse blocking diode that prevents the output voltage V out from discharging through a body diode of the power transistor MI.
  • V out When power is turned on (i.e., at startup), V out is initially low; the transistors M 2 , M 3 , and M 4 are turned off; and the gate voltage of the power transistor M 1 is equal to V out . Since the power transistor M 1 is a depletion mode MOSFET, the threshold voltage is negative, and the channel is already formed. Consequently, the power transistor M 1 is turned on when power is initially turned on. The capacitor C out is charged by the AC line voltage close to the threshold voltage of the power transistor MI.
  • a bandgap reference (BGR) generator (not shown) supplies a reference voltage V ref to the comparators CI and C 2 .
  • the comparator CI receives a signal V ac _ sense that provides an indication of the AC line voltage V AC .
  • V AC is greater than V ac _ sense
  • the transistor M 2 turns on and pulls the gate voltage of the power transistor M 1 to ground to turn off the power transistor MI.
  • the comparator CI turns off the power transistor M 1 when V AC is greater than or equal to 6V RMS.
  • V AC at which to turn off the power transistor M 1 can be set to any value (e.g., 7V RMS, 8V RMS, 9V RMS, and so on) by selecting values of the resistors R 1 and R 2 .
  • the comparator C 2 receives a signal V out _ sense that provides an indication of the output voltage V out .
  • V out _ sense V out *R 4 /(R 3 +R 4 ).
  • the comparator C 2 turns off the power transistor M 1 and stops charging the capacitor C out when the output voltage V out reaches SV.
  • the output voltage V out is therefore limited to 5V and cannot exceed 5V.
  • the comparator CI turns on the power transistor M 1 and allows charging of the capacitor C out when V AC is less than 6V RMS and V out is less than 5V, and turns off the power transistor M 1 and stops charging the capacitor C out when V AC is greater than or equal to 6V RMS.
  • the comparator C 2 allows the comparator CI to turn on the power transistor M 1 when V AC is less than 6V RMS and allows charging of the capacitor C out when V out is less than 5V, and turns off the power transistor M 1 and stops charging the capacitor C out when V out is equal to 5V.
  • the disable (DIS) input of the startup circuit 202 is an optional control that can be used by an independent application-specific controller to turn off the start-up circuit 202 to save power.
  • the transistor M 4 turns on and pulls the gate voltage of the power transistor M 1 to ground to turn off the power transistor MI.
  • the transistor M 4 turns off the power transistor M 1 regardless of the states of the transistors M 2 and M 3 determined by the comparators CI and C 2 .
  • the power transistor M 1 can also be turned off by applying a voltage greater than V out at the V out pin.
  • the voltage greater than V out may be generated by a power supply (e.g., the DC-to-DC converter 206 ).
  • V AC when power is turned on, the AC line voltage V AC (or the output voltage V rect of the rectifier 204 ) increases from zero.
  • V AC increases from zero to 5.1V RMS, for example.
  • the power transistor M 1 is turned on at time t1.
  • V AC increases from 5.1V RMS to 6V RMS, for example.
  • the power transistor M 1 is turned on until time t2 and turned off at time t2.
  • V AC increases to a peak value of V AC and starts to decrease.
  • V AC decreases from the peak value to 6V, for example.
  • the power transistor M 1 is turned on at time t3.
  • V AC decreases from 6V to 5.1V, for example.
  • the power transistor M 1 is turned on until time t4 and turned off at time t4.
  • V AC decreases to OV, and the cycle repeats at the line frequency of the AC line voltage V AC .
  • a drain current I drain flows through the power transistor M 1 and charges the capacitor C out to the output voltage V out from time t1 to t2 and from time t3 to t4.
  • the output voltage V out increases from time t1 to t2 and from time t3 to t4.
  • the power transistor M 1 is turned off and does not charge the capacitor C out at other times during the half cycle.
  • the capacitor C out discharges from time t2 to t3 and from time t4 to t1.
  • the output voltage V out therefore decreases from time t2 to t3 and from time t4 to t1.
  • control determines if power to a power supply (e.g., AC line voltage) is turned on and waits until power is turned on.
  • a power supply e.g., AC line voltage
  • control turns on a power transistor and charges a capacitor when the AC line voltage is between a first value and a second value during rising and falling portions of each half cycle of the AC line voltage.
  • Control turns off the power transistor at other times during each half cycle.
  • Control also turns the power transistor on and off based on whether the output voltage of the capacitor is less than or equal to a desired voltage (e.g., 5V DC).
  • control uses the voltage output by the capacitor to power the controller of the power supply. Accordingly, the power supply can generate one or more DC voltages from the AC line voltage.
  • control determines if the output of the power supply is stable. Control returns to 254 if the output of the power supply is not yet stable.
  • control uses the output of the power supply to power the controller and turns of the startup circuit comprising the power transistor and the capacitor.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Dc-Dc Converters (AREA)
  • Rectifiers (AREA)
  • Direct Current Feeding And Distribution (AREA)
  • Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)
  • Power Conversion In General (AREA)
US14/289,922 2011-05-16 2014-05-29 System and method for supplying power at startup Expired - Fee Related US9502957B2 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

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US14/289,922 US9502957B2 (en) 2011-05-16 2014-05-29 System and method for supplying power at startup

Applications Claiming Priority (5)

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US201161486488P 2011-05-16 2011-05-16
US201161494619P 2011-06-08 2011-06-08
US13/449,407 US8742735B2 (en) 2011-05-16 2012-04-18 High-voltage startup circuit
US13/467,648 US20120313692A1 (en) 2011-06-08 2012-05-09 Super-high-voltage resistor on silicon
US14/289,922 US9502957B2 (en) 2011-05-16 2014-05-29 System and method for supplying power at startup

Related Parent Applications (1)

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US13/449,407 Continuation US8742735B2 (en) 2011-05-16 2012-04-18 High-voltage startup circuit

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US20140268937A1 US20140268937A1 (en) 2014-09-18
US9502957B2 true US9502957B2 (en) 2016-11-22

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EP (1) EP2710724A2 (zh)
JP (1) JP6109817B2 (zh)
KR (1) KR101909696B1 (zh)
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US8913409B2 (en) * 2010-02-12 2014-12-16 City University Of Hong Kong Self-driven AC-DC synchronous rectifier for power applications
EP2775604A1 (en) * 2013-03-07 2014-09-10 Nxp B.V. A mains power converter, and methods of operating and equipment incorporating the same
US9603205B2 (en) * 2014-07-07 2017-03-21 Dialog Semiconductor Inc. Multi-function terminal configurable to implement two functionalities
CN108302134B (zh) * 2017-01-13 2019-10-18 柯尼卡美能达办公系统研发（无锡）有限公司 电源装置
CN116760041A (zh) * 2017-03-06 2023-09-15 豪倍公司 用于电力分配的系统和方法

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KR101909696B1 (ko) 2018-12-19
TW201308847A (zh) 2013-02-16
US20140268937A1 (en) 2014-09-18
WO2012158496A4 (en) 2013-09-12
JP6109817B2 (ja) 2017-04-05
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WO2012158496A3 (en) 2013-08-01
EP2710724A2 (en) 2014-03-26

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