US9290485B2 - N-((6-amino-pyridin-3-yl)methyl)-heteroaryl-carboxamides - Google Patents

N-((6-amino-pyridin-3-yl)methyl)-heteroaryl-carboxamides Download PDF

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US9290485B2
US9290485B2 US13/194,009 US201113194009A US9290485B2 US 9290485 B2 US9290485 B2 US 9290485B2 US 201113194009 A US201113194009 A US 201113194009A US 9290485 B2 US9290485 B2 US 9290485B2
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methyl
amino
carboxamide
alkyl
dimethylpyridin
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Trixi Brandl
Stefanie Flohr
Sebastian KOPEC
Julie LACHAL
Christian Markert
Kenji Namoto
Perle NGANGA
Bernard Pirard
Martin RENATUS
Richard Sedrani
Thomas Zoller
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Novartis AG
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Definitions

  • the invention relates to N-((6-amino-pyridin-3-yl)methyl)-heteroaryl-carboxamides, to their preparation, to their use as medicaments and to medicaments comprising them.
  • Plasmakallikrein is the activated form of the trypsin-like serine protease plasma-prokallikrein and is mainly expressed by hepatocytes in the liver. Activation of plasma-prokallikrein is believed to be mainly mediated through coagulation factor XIIa (fXIIa). Binding of the zymogen factor XII (fXII) to negatively charged surfaces is thought to induce a major conformational change in the protein, resulting in the expression of endogeneous (auto)activity sufficient to activate a small number of plasma-prokallikrein molecules. In a positive feedback mechanism, active plasmakallikrein efficiently activates surface-bound fXII to fXIIa and vice versa.
  • FXIIa is the first component of the intrinsic pathway of coagulation activating factor XI to factor XIa.
  • plasmakallikrein activated by fXIIa cleaves high molecular weight kininogen to bradykinin (BK).
  • BK bradykinin
  • the nonapeptide BK is a potent mediator of inflammation, vasodilation, pain and increased vascular permeability.
  • the functional C1 esterase inhibitor (C1Inh) regulates the activation of several proteolytic systems in plasma and is the major endogeneous inhibitor of PK.
  • Low molecular weight plasmakallikrein inhibitors are described e.g. in WO2008016883.
  • Plasma kallikrein may have numerous implications in disorders such as hereditary angioedema (HAE) (J A Bernstein et al, Expert Rev. Clin. Immunol., 6, 29-39, 2010; U C Nzeako et al., Arch Intern Med., 161, 2417-2429, 2001), retinopathy or diabetic retinopathy (A C Clermont et al, Abstract 5035-D883, ARVO 2010, Fort Lauderdale, Fla.), proliferative and non-proliferative retinopathy, diabetic macular edema (DME), clinically significant macular edema (CSME), cystoid macular edema (CME), CME following cataract extraction, CME induced by cryotherapy, CME induced by uveitis, CME following vascular occlusion (e.g.
  • HAE hereditary angioedema
  • CSME clinically significant macular edema
  • CME cystoid macular edema
  • central retina vein occlusion branch retinal vein occlusion, or hemiretinal vein occlusion
  • retinal edema complications related to cataract surgery in diabetic retinopathy, hypertensive retinopathy (J A Phipps et al, Hypertension, 53, 175-181, 2009), retinal trauma, dry and wet aged-related macular degeneration (AMD), ischemic reperfusion injuries (C Storoni et al, JPET, 318, 849-954, 2006), e.g.
  • tissue and/or organ transplantation surgically-induced brain injury, focal cerebral ischemia, global cerebral ischemia, glioma-associated edema, spinal cord injury, pain, ischemia, focal brain ischemia, neurological and cognitive deficits, deep vein thrombosis, stroke, myocardial infarction, acquired angioedema drug-related (ACE-inhibitors), edema, high altitude cerebral edema, cytotoxic cerebral edema, osmotic cerebral edema, obstructive hydrocephalus, radiation induced edema, lymph edema, traumatic brain injury, hemorrhagic stroke (e.g., cerebral stroke or subarachnoid stroke), intracerebral hemorrhage, hemorrhagic transformation of ischemic stroke, cerebral trauma associate with injury or surgery, brain aneurysm, arterio-venous malformation, reduction of blood losses during surgical procedures (e.g.
  • ACE-inhibitors acquired angioedema drug
  • cardiothoracic surgery such as cardiopulmonary bypass or coronary artery bypass grafting
  • blood coagulation disorders such as thrombosis, itch, disorders with an inflammation component (such as multiple sclerosis), epilepsy, encephalitis, Alzheimer's disease, excessive daytime sleepiness, essential hypertension, increased blood pressure associated with diabetes or hyperlipidemia, renal insufficiency, chronic kidney disease, heart failure, microalbuminuria, albuminuria, proteinuria, disorders associated with increased vascular permeability (e.g.
  • vascular permeability increased retinal vascular permeability, increased leg, feet, ankle vascular permeability), cerebral hemorrhage, microalbuminuria, albuminuria and proteinuria, deep vein thrombosis, coagulation from post fibrinolytic treatments, angina, angioedema, sepsis, arthritis (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, infection arthritis), lupus, gout, psoriasis, blood loss during cardiopulmonary bypass, inflammatory bowel, diabetes, diabetic complications, infectious diseases, astrocyte-activation related diseases (e.g. Alzheimer's disease or multiple sclerosis), Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Creutzfeld-Jacob disease, stroke, epilepsy and trauma (e.g. brain trauma).
  • astrocyte-activation related diseases e.g. Alzheimer's disease or multiple sclerosis
  • Parkinson's disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
  • Plasma kallikrein inhibitors are considered to be useful in the treatment of a wide range of disorders, in particular retinopathy or edema-associated diseases, such as hereditary angioedema, macular edema and brain edema.
  • Plasma kallikrein inhibitors are considered to be especially useful in the treatment of retinopathy, e.g. retinopathy associated with diabetes and/or hypertension.
  • Plasma kallikrein inhibitors are considered to be especially useful in the treatment of hereditary angioedema.
  • Plasma kallikrein inhibitors are considered to be especially useful in the treatment of edema formation in diseases, e.g. edema formation related to ischemic reperfusion injuries.
  • Plasma kallikrein inhibitors are considered to be especially useful in the treatment of macular edema, e.g. macular edema associated with diabetes and/or hypertension.
  • preferred compounds should bind potently to plasmakallikrein whilst showing little affinity for other proteases. They should be well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, be sufficiently metabolically stable and possess favorable pharmacokinetic properties. They should be non-toxic and demonstrate few side-effects. Furthermore, the ideal drug candidate will be able to exist in a physical form that is stable, non-hygroscopic and easily formulated.
  • the compounds of the invention are plasmakallikrein inhibitors and are therefore potentially useful in the treatment of a wide range of disorders, particularly retinopathy or edema-associated diseases.
  • FIG. 1 shows the leakage vs min after dextran sulfate (DX) injection for a compound of the invention at doses of 3, 30 and 100 mg/kg po.
  • the invention relates to a compound of the formula I
  • A is a five-membered monocyclic aromatic ring system which contains from 1 to 4 hetero atoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, wherein the ring system may contain not more than 1 hetero atom selected from oxygen and sulfur, and wherein the group L is attached to a ring atom being separated by one further ring atom from the ring atom to which the carboxamide group is attached, wherein the ring system may be substituted once, twice or three times by R 8 , and wherein a substituent on a ring nitrogen atom may not be halogen;
  • B is a five- to ten-membered monocyclic or fused polycyclic aromatic ring system which may contain from 1 to 4 hetero atoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, wherein the ring system may contain not more than 2 oxygen atoms and not more than 2 sulfur atoms, and wherein the ring system may be substituted once or more than once by R 12 , and wherein a substituent on a nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring system may not be halogen;
  • X 3 is bond or C 1-3 alkylene, wherein one carbon atom of the C 1-3 alkylene may be replaced by a group selected from carbonyl; oxygen; sulfur; —S(O)—; —S(O) 2 —; amino, which may be substituted by C 1-4 alkyl; —NH—C(O)—; —C(O)—NH—; —C(O)—O—; —O—C(O)—; —NH—S(O) 2 —; —S(O) 2 —NH—; and —NHC(O)NH—;
  • B 1 is a three- to seven-membered monocyclic ring system which may be aromatic, saturated or unsaturated non-aromatic and which may contain from 1 to 4 hetero atoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, wherein the ring system may contain not more than 2 oxygen atoms and not more than 2 sulfur atoms, wherein the ring system may in turn be substituted once or more than once by R 14 , and wherein a substituent on a nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring system may not be halogen;
  • each R 14 independently is halogen, cyano, C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 halogenalkyl, C 1-4 alkoxy, or C 1-4 halogenalkoxy; or two R 14 at the same ring atom together are oxo;
  • R 12 at adjacent ring atoms atoms form together with said ring atoms a fused five- to seven-membered monocyclic unsaturated non-aromatic ring system which may contain from 1 to 4 hetero atoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, wherein the ring system may contain not more than 2 oxygen atoms and not more than 2 sulfur atoms, and wherein the ring system may in turn be substituted once or more than once by R 15 , and wherein a substituent on a nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring system may not be halogen; and wherein each R 15 independently is halogen, C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 alkoxy, or C 1-4 alkoxyC 1-4 alkyl, or two R 15 at the same ring atom together are oxo;
  • B is a three- to ten-membered monocyclic or fused polycyclic saturated or unsaturated non-aromatic ring system which may contain from 1 to 4 hetero atoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, wherein the ring system may contain not more than 2 oxygen atoms and not more than 2 sulfur atoms, and wherein the ring system may be substituted once or more than once by R 16 , and wherein a substituent on a nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring system may not be halogen;
  • X 4 is selected from bond; carbonyl; oxygen; sulfur; —S(O)—; —S(O) 2 —; amino, which may be substituted by C 1-4 alkyl; —NH—C(O)—; —C(O)—NH—; —C(O)—O—; —O—C(O)—; —NH—S(O) 2 —; —S(O) 2 —NH—; and —NHC(O)NH—;
  • R 17 is C 1-6 alkyl; C 1-6 halogenalkyl; C 1-6 cyanoalkyl; C 1-6 -carboxyalkyl; C 1-6 hydroxyalkyl; C 1-4 alkoxy-C 1-6 alkyl; C 1-4 alkoxy-C 1-4 alkoxy-C 1-6 alkyl; C 1-4 alkylcarbonyl-C 1-6 alkyl; C 1-4 alkoxycarbonyl-C 1-6 alkyl; C 1-4 alkylcarbonyloxy-C 1-6 alkyl; C 1-6 aminoalkyl; C 1-4 alkylamino-C 1-6 alkyl; di(C 1-4 alkyl)amino-C 1-6 alkyl; aminocarbonyl-C 1-6 alkyl; C 1-4 alkylaminocarbonyl-C 1-6 alkyl; di(C 1-4 alkyl)aminocarbonyl-C 1-6 alkyl; C 1-4 alkylcarbonylamino-C 1-6 alkyl
  • X 5 is bond or C 1-3 alkylene, wherein one carbon atom of the C 1-3 alkylene may be replaced by a group selected from carbonyl; oxygen; sulfur; —S(O)—; —S(O) 2 —; amino, which may be substituted by C 1-4 alkyl; —NH—C(O)—; —C(O)—NH—; —C(O)—O—; —O—C(O)—; —NH—S(O) 2 —; —S(O) 2 —NH—; and —NHC(O)NH—;
  • B 2 is a three- to seven-membered monocyclic ring system which may be aromatic, saturated or unsaturated non-aromatic and which may contain from 1 to 4 hetero atoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, wherein the ring system may contain not more than 2 oxygen atoms and not more than 2 sulfur atoms, wherein the ring system may in turn be substituted once or more than once by R 18 , and wherein a substituent on a nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring system may not be halogen;
  • the invention relates to a compound of the formula I
  • C 3-7 cycloalkyl wherein one carbon atom may be replaced by an oxygen atom, wherein the C 3-7 cycloalkyl may be attached directly to the pyridine ring or via a C 1-2 alkylene or an oxygen, and wherein the C 3-7 cycloalkyl may be substituted once or more than once by halogen, C 1-4 alkyl or C 1-4 alkoxy;
  • R 6 is C 1-6 alkyl; C 1-6 halogenalkyl; C 1-6 cyanoalkyl; C 1-6 carboxyalkyl; C 1-6 hydroxyalkyl; C 1-4 alkoxy-C 1-6 alkyl; C 1-4 alkylcarbonyl-C 1-6 alkyl; C 1-4 alkoxycarbonyl-C 1-6 alkyl; C 1-4 alkylcarbonyloxy-C 1-6 alkyl; C 1-6 aminoalkyl; di(C 1-4 alkyl)amino-C 1-6 alkyl; aminocarbonyl-C 1-6 alkyl; C 1-4 alkylaminocarbonyl-C 1-6 alkyl; di(C 1-4 alkyl)aminocarbonyl-C 1-6 alkyl; C 1-4 alkylcarbonylamino-C 1-6 alkyl; C 1-4 alkylaminosulfonyl-C 1-6 alkyl; di(C 1-4 alkyl)aminosulfonyl-C
  • R 6 is a three- to seven-membered monocyclic ring system which may be aromatic, saturated or unsaturated non-aromatic and which may contain from 1 to 4 hetero atoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, wherein the ring system may contain not more than 2 oxygen atoms and not more than 2 sulfur atoms, wherein the ring system may be attached directly to group X 1 or via a C 1-2 alkylene, wherein the ring system may in turn be substituted once or more than once by R 7 , and wherein a substituent on a nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring system may not be halogen;
  • each R 7 independently is halogen, cyano, C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 halogenalkyl, C 1-4 alkoxy, or C 1-4 halogenalkoxy; or two R 7 at the same ring atom together are oxo;
  • A is a five-membered monocyclic aromatic ring system which contains from 1 to 4 hetero atoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, wherein the ring system may contain not more than 1 hetero atom selected from oxygen and sulfur, and wherein the group L is attached to a ring atom being separated by one further ring atom from the ring atom to which the carboxamide group is attached, wherein the ring system may be substituted once, twice or three times by R 8 , and wherein a substituent on a ring nitrogen atom may not be halogen;
  • R 13 is C 1-6 alkyl; C 1-6 halogenalkyl; C 1-6 cyanoalkyl; C 1-6 carboxyalkyl; C 1-6 hydroxyalkyl; C 1-4 alkoxy-C 1-6 alkyl; C 1-4 alkoxy-C 1-4 alkoxy-C 1-6 alkyl; C 1-4 alkylcarbonyl-C 1-6 alkyl; C 1-4 alkoxycarbonyl-C 1-6 alkyl; C 1-4 alkylcarbonyloxy-C 1-6 alkyl; C 1-6 aminoalkyl; C 1-4 alkylamino-C 1-6 alkyl; di(C 1-4 alkyl)amino-C 1-6 alkyl; aminocarbonyl-C 1-6 alkyl; C 1-4 alkylaminocarbonyl-C 1-6 alkyl; di(C 1-4 alkyl)aminocarbonyl-C 1-6 alkyl; C 1-4 alkylcarbonylamino-C 1-6 alkyl; C
  • X 3 is bond or C 1-3 alkylene, wherein one carbon atom of the C 1-3 alkylene may be replaced by a group selected from carbonyl; oxygen; sulfur; —S(O)—; —S(O) 2 —; amino, which may be substituted by C 1-4 alkyl; —NH—C(O)—; —C(O)—NH—; —C(O)—O—; —O—C(O)—; —NH—S(O) 2 —; —S(O) 2 —NH—; and —NHC(O)NH—;
  • B 1 is a three- to seven-membered monocyclic ring system which may be aromatic, saturated or unsaturated non-aromatic and which may contain from 1 to 4 hetero atoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, wherein the ring system may contain not more than 2 oxygen atoms and not more than 2 sulfur atoms, wherein the ring system may in turn be substituted once or more than once by R 14 , and wherein a substituent on a nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring system may not be halogen;
  • R 17 is C 1-6 alkyl; C 1-6 halogenalkyl; C 1-6 cyanoalkyl; C 1-6 carboxyalkyl; C 1-6 hydroxyalkyl; C 1-4 alkoxy-C 1-6 alkyl; C 1-4 alkylcarbonyl-C 1-6 alkyl; C 1-4 alkoxycarbonyl-C 1-6 alkyl; C 1-4 alkylcarbonyloxy-C 1-6 alkyl; C 1-6 aminoalkyl; di(C 1-4 alkyl)amino-C 1-6 alkyl; aminocarbonyl-C 1-6 alkyl; C 1-4 alkylaminocarbonyl-C 1-6 alkyl; di(C 1-4 alkyl)aminocarbonyl-C 1-6 alkyl; C 1-4 alkylcarbonylamino-C 1-6 alkyl; C 1-4 alkylaminosulfonyl-C 1-6 alkyl; di(C 1-4 alkyl)aminosulfonyl-C
  • X 5 is bond or C 1-3 alkylene, wherein one carbon atom of the C 1-3 alkylene may be replaced by a group selected from carbonyl; oxygen; sulfur; —S(O)—; —S(O) 2 —; amino, which may be substituted by C 1-4 alkyl; —NH—C(O)—; —C(O)—NH—; —C(O)—O—; —O—C(O)—; —NH—S(O) 2 —; —S(O) 2 —NH—; and —NHC(O)NH—;
  • B 2 is a three- to seven-membered monocyclic ring system which may be aromatic, saturated or unsaturated non-aromatic and which may contain from 1 to 4 hetero atoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, wherein the ring system may contain not more than 2 oxygen atoms and not more than 2 sulfur atoms, wherein the ring system may in turn be substituted once or more than once by R 15 , and wherein a substituent on a nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring system may not be halogen;
  • the term “compounds of the present invention” refers to compounds of Formula (I) and (IA), prodrugs thereof, salts of the compound and/or prodrugs, hydrates or solvates of the compounds, salts and/or prodrugs, as well as all stereoisomers (including diastereoisomers and enantiomers), tautomers and isotopically labeled compounds (including deuterium substitutions), as well as inherently formed moieties (e.g., polymorphs, solvates and/or hydrates).
  • Alkyl represents a straight-chain or branched-chain alkyl group, for example, methyl, ethyl, n- or iso-propyl, n-, iso-, sec- or tert-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl;
  • C 1-6 alkyl preferably represents a straight-chain or branched-chain C 1-4 alkyl with particular preference given to methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl and tert-butyl.
  • alkyl part of “alkoxy”, “halogenalkyl” and so on shall have the same meaning as described in the above-mentioned definition of “alkyl”, especially regarding linearity and preferential size.
  • C 3-7 cycloalkyl represents a saturated alicyclic moiety having from three to seven carbon atoms. This term refers to groups such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl.
  • a substituent being substituted “once or more than once”, for example as defined for R 1 is preferably substituted by one to three substituents.
  • Halogen is generally fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine; preferably fluorine, chlorine or bromine.
  • Halogenalkyl groups preferably have a chain length of 1 to 4 carbon atoms and are, for example, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, chloromethyl, dichloromethyl, trichloromethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 2-fluoroethyl, 2-chloroethyl, pentafluoroethyl, 1,1-difluoro-2,2,2-trichloroethyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl, 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl, 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl, 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl or 2,2,3,4,4,4-hexafluorobutyl; preferably —CF 3 , —CHF 2 , —CH 2 F, —CHF
  • X 3 and/or X 4 as a “C 1-3 alkylene, wherein one carbon atom of the C 1-3 alkylene may be replaced by a group selected from carbonyl; oxygen; sulfur; —S(O)—; —S(O) 2 —; amino, which may be substituted by C 1-4 alkyl; —NH—C(O)—; —C(O)—NH—; —C(O)—O—; —O—C(O)—; —NH—S(O) 2 —; —S(O) 2 —NH—; and —NHC(O)NH-” encompasses e.g. —CH 2 —; —O—; —CH 2 —O—; —O—CH 2 —; —C(CH 3 )H—O—; and —CH 2 —NHC(O)NH—.
  • R 6 , B 1 and/or B 2 as a “three- to seven-membered monocyclic ring system which may be aromatic, saturated or unsaturated non-aromatic and which may contain from 1 to 4 hetero atoms” encompasses three- to seven-membered monocyclic aromatic or non-aromatic hydrocarbon groups and aromatic or non-aromatic heterocyclic ring systems of the same sizes.
  • A as a “five-membered monocyclic aromatic ring system which contains from 1 to 4 hetero atoms” encompasses five-membered monocyclic aromatic heterocyclic ring systems.
  • two R 8 as a “fused five- to seven-membered monocyclic aromatic or unsaturated non-aromatic ring system which may contain from 1 to 4 hetero atoms” encompasses a C 6 -aromatic hydrocarbon group, a five- to seven-membered monocyclic unsaturated non-aromatic hydrocarbon group or a five- to seven-membered monocyclic heterocyclic aromatic or unsaturated non-aromatic ring system. All said groups/ring systems comprise at least one double-bond, which is shared with the aromatic ring system A they are fused to.
  • B as a “five- to ten-membered monocyclic or fused polycyclic aromatic ring system which may contain from 1 to 4 heteroatoms” encompasses a C 6 - or C 10 -aromatic hydrocarbon group or a five- to ten-membered heterocyclic aromatic ring system.
  • two R 12 as a “fused five- to seven-membered monocyclic unsaturated non-aromatic ring system which may contain from 1 to 4 hetero atoms” encompasses five- to seven-membered non-aromatic hydrocarbon and heterocyclic groups which comprise at least one double-bond, which is shared with the aromatic ring system B they are fused to.
  • B as a “three- to ten-membered monocyclic or fused polycyclic saturated or unsaturated non-aromatic ring system which may contain from 1 to 4 heteroatoms” encompasses three- to ten-membered non-aromatic hydrocarbon groups and non-aromatic heterocyclic ring systems of the same sizes.
  • two R 16 as a “fused five- to six-membered monocyclic aromatic ring system which may contain from 1 to 4 hetero atoms” encompasses a C 6 -aromatic hydrocarbon group or a five- to six-membered monocyclic heterocyclic aromatic ring system. In all said groups/ring systems one double-bond is shared with the ring system B they are fused to.
  • Polycyclic means preferably bicyclic.
  • fused polycyclic aromatic ring system refers to an aromatic substituent which consists of multiple, e.g. two, aromatic rings that are fused together.
  • a C 6 - or C 10 -aromatic hydrocarbon group is typically phenyl or naphthyl respectively.
  • a C 6 -aromatic hydrocarbon group is especially phenyl.
  • “five- to six-membered heterocyclic aromatic ring systems” consist of 5 to 6 ring atoms of which 1-3 ring atoms are hetero atoms.
  • heterocyclic ring systems are: imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole, pyrrole, pyrroline, pyrrolidine, pyrazole, pyrazoline, pyrazolidine, imidazole, imidazoline, imidazolidine, triazole, triazoline, triazolidine, tetrazole, furane, dihydrofurane, tetrahydrofurane, oxadiazole, dioxolane, thiophene, dihydrothiophene, tetrahydrothiophene, oxazole, oxazoline, oxazolidine, isoxazole, isoxazoline, isoxazolidine, thiazole, thiazoline, thiazolidine, isothiazole, isothiazoline, isothiazolidine, thiadiazole, thiadiazoline, thiadiazolidine, pyridine, piperidine, pyridazine
  • indole isoindole, coumarin, isoquinoline, quinoline and the like.
  • Preferred heterocycles are: pyrrole, imidazole, pyrazole, oxazole, isoxazole, triazole or oxadiazole.
  • the compounds of formula I may exist in optically active form or in form of mixtures of optical isomers, e.g. in form of racemic mixtures or diastereomeric mixtures.
  • further asymmetrical carbon atom(s) may be present in the compounds of formula I and their salts. All optical isomers and their mixtures, including the racemic mixtures, are embraced by the invention.
  • the term “isomers” refers to different compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in arrangement and configuration of the atoms.
  • an optical isomer or “a stereoisomer” refers to any of the various stereo isomeric configurations which may exist for a given compound of the invention and includes geometric isomers. It is understood that a substituent may be attached at a chiral center of a carbon atom. Therefore, the invention includes enantiomers, diastereomers or racemates of the compound. “Enantiomers” are a pair of stereoisomers that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other. A 1:1 mixture of a pair of enantiomers is a “racemic” mixture.
  • Diastereoisomers are stereoisomers that have at least two asymmetric atoms, but which are not mirror-images of each other.
  • the absolute stereochemistry is specified according to the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog R-S system. When a compound is a pure enantiomer the stereochemistry at each chiral carbon may be specified by either R or S.
  • Resolved compounds whose absolute configuration is unknown can be designated (+) or ( ⁇ ) depending on the direction (dextro- or levorotatory) which they rotate plane polarized light at the wavelength of the sodium D line.
  • the compounds described herein may contain one or more asymmetric centers and may thus give rise to enantiomers, diastereomers, and other stereoisomeric forms that may be defined, in terms of absolute stereochemistry, as (R)- or (S)-.
  • the invention is meant to include all such possible isomers, including racemic mixtures, optically pure forms and intermediate mixtures.
  • Optically active (R)- and (S)-isomers may be prepared using chiral synthons or chiral reagents, or resolved using conventional techniques. If the compound contains a double bond, the substituent may be E or Z configuration. If the compound contains a disubstituted cycloalkyl, the cycloalkyl substituent may have a cis- or trans-configuration.
  • any asymmetric atom (e.g. carbon or the like) of the compound(s) of the invention can be present in racemic or enantiomerically enriched, for example the (R)-, (S)- or (R,S)-configuration.
  • each asymmetric atom has at least 50% enantiomeric excess, at least 60% enantiomeric excess, at least 70% enantiomeric excess, at least 80% enantiomeric excess, at least 90% enantiomeric excess, at least 95% enantiomeric excess, or at least 99% enantiomeric excess in the (R)- or (S)-configuration.
  • Substituents at atoms with unsaturated bonds may, if possible, be present in cis-(Z)- or trans-(E)-form.
  • a compound of the invention can be in the form of one of the possible isomers, rotamers, atropisomers, tautomers or mixtures thereof, for example, as substantially pure geometric (cis or trans) isomers, diastereomers, optical isomers (antipodes), racemates or mixtures thereof.
  • Any resulting mixtures of isomers can be separated on the basis of the physicochemical differences of the constituents, into the pure or substantially pure geometric or optical isomers, diastereomers, racemates, for example, by chromatography and/or fractional crystallization.
  • any resulting racemates of final products or intermediates can be resolved into the optical antipodes by known methods, e.g., by separation of the diastereomeric salts thereof, obtained with an optically active acid or base, and liberating the optically active acidic or basic compound.
  • a basic moiety may thus be employed to resolve the compounds of the invention into their optical antipodes, e.g., by fractional crystallization of a salt formed with an optically active acid, e.g., tartaric acid, dibenzoyl tartaric acid, diacetyl tartaric acid, di-O,O′-p-toluoyl tartaric acid, mandelic acid, malic acid or camphor-10-sulfonic acid.
  • Racemic products can also be resolved by chiral chromatography, e.g., high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a chiral adsorbent.
  • HPLC high pressure liquid chromatography
  • Compounds of formula I may exist in free form or as a salt.
  • language such as “compound of formula I” is to be understood as embracing the compounds in any form, for example free or acid addition salt form.
  • Salts which are unsuitable for pharmaceutical uses, but which can be employed, for example, for the isolation or purification of free compounds of formula I, such as picrates or perchlorates, are also included.
  • Salts are preferably physiologically acceptable salts, formed by the addition of an acid.
  • the term “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” refers to salts that retain the biological effectiveness and properties of the compounds of this invention and, which typically are not biologically or otherwise undesirable.
  • the compounds of the invention may be capable of forming acid salts by virtue of the presence of suitable groups, such as amino groups.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts can be formed with inorganic acids and organic acids, e.g., acetate, aspartate, benzoate, besylate, bromide/hydrobromide, bicarbonate/carbonate, bisulfate/sulfate, camphorsulfonate, chloride/hydrochloride, chlortheophyllonate, citrate, ethandisulfonate, fumarate, gluceptate, gluconate, glucuronate, hippurate, hydroiodide/iodide, isethionate, lactate, lactobionate, laurylsulfate, malate, maleate, malonate, mandelate, mesylate, methylsulphate, naphthoate, napsylate, nicotinate, nitrate, octadecanoate, oleate, oxalate, palmitate, pamoate, phosphate/hydrogen phosphate/dihydrogen
  • Inorganic acids from which salts can be derived include, for example, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like.
  • Organic acids from which salts can be derived include, for example, acetic acid, propionic acid, glycolic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, toluenesulfonic acid, sulfosalicylic acid, and the like.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the invention can be synthesized from a parent compound by conventional chemical methods. Generally, such salts can be prepared by reacting free base forms of these compounds with a stoichiometric amount of the appropriate acid. Such reactions are typically carried out in water or in an organic solvent, or in a mixture of the two. Generally, non-aqueous media like ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol, isopropanol, or acetonitrile are preferred, where practicable.
  • the invention includes all pharmaceutically acceptable isotopically-labeled compounds of the invention, i.e. compounds of formula (I), wherein (1) one or more atoms are replaced by atoms having the same atomic number, but an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number usually found in nature, and/or (2) the isotopic ratio of one or more atoms is different from the naturally occurring ratio.
  • compounds of formula (I) wherein (1) one or more atoms are replaced by atoms having the same atomic number, but an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number usually found in nature, and/or (2) the isotopic ratio of one or more atoms is different from the naturally occurring ratio.
  • isotopes suitable for inclusion in the compounds of the invention comprises isotopes of hydrogen, such as 2 H and 3 H, carbon, such as 11 C, 13 C and 14 C, chlorine, such as 36 Cl, fluorine, such as 18 F, iodine, such as 123 I and 125 I, nitrogen, such as 13 N and 15 N, oxygen, such as 15 O, 17 O and 18 O, phosphorus, such as 32 P, and sulfur, such as 35 S.
  • hydrogen such as 2 H and 3 H
  • carbon such as 11 C, 13 C and 14 C
  • chlorine such as 36 Cl
  • fluorine such as 18 F
  • iodine such as 123 I and 125 I
  • nitrogen such as 13 N and 15 N
  • oxygen such as 15 O, 17 O and 18 O
  • phosphorus such as 32 P
  • sulfur such as 35 S.
  • isotopically-labeled compounds of formula (I), for example, those incorporating a radioactive isotope, are useful in drug and/or substrate tissue distribution studies.
  • the radioactive isotopes tritium, i.e. 3 H, and carbon-14, i.e. 14 C, are particularly useful for this purpose in view of their ease of incorporation and ready means of detection.
  • substitution with heavier isotopes such as deuterium, i.e. 2 H, may afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, for example, increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements, and hence may be preferred in some circumstances.
  • Isotopically-labeled compounds of formula (I) can generally be prepared by conventional techniques known to those skilled in the art or by processes analogous to those described in the accompanying Examples and Preparations using an appropriate isotopically-labeled reagents in place of the non-labeled reagent previously employed.
  • isotopic enrichment factor means the ratio between the isotopic abundance and the natural abundance of a specified isotope.
  • a substituent in a compound of this invention is denoted deuterium, such compound has an isotopic enrichment factor for each designated deuterium atom of at least 3500 (52.5% deuterium incorporation at each designated deuterium atom), at least 4000 (60% deuterium incorporation), at least 4500 (67.5% deuterium incorporation), at least 5000 (75% deuterium incorporation), at least 5500 (82.5% deuterium incorporation), at least 6000 (90% deuterium incorporation), at least 6333.3 (95% deuterium incorporation), at least 6466.7 (97% deuterium incorporation), at least 6600 (99% deuterium incorporation), or at least 6633.3 (99.5% deuterium incorporation).
  • solvates in accordance with the invention include those wherein the solvent of crystallization may be isotopically substituted, e.g. D 2 O, d 6 -acetone, d 6 -DMSO.
  • Compounds of the invention i.e. compounds of formula (I) that contain groups capable of acting as donors and/or acceptors for hydrogen bonds may be capable of forming co-crystals with suitable co-crystal formers.
  • These co-crystals may be prepared from compounds of formula (I) by known co-crystal forming procedures. Such procedures include grinding, heating, co-subliming, co-melting, or contacting in solution compounds of formula I with the co-crystal former under crystallization conditions and isolating co-crystals thereby formed.
  • Suitable co-crystal formers include those described in WO 2004/078163.
  • the invention further provides co-crystals comprising a compound of formula (I).
  • the invention also provides pro-drugs of the compounds of the invention that converts in vivo to the compounds of the invention.
  • a pro-drug is an active or inactive compound that is modified chemically through in vivo physiological action, such as hydrolysis, metabolism and the like, into a compound of this invention following administration of the prodrug to a subject.
  • the suitability and techniques involved in making and using pro-drugs are well known by those skilled in the art.
  • Prodrugs can be conceptually divided into two non-exclusive categories, bioprecursor prodrugs and carrier prodrugs. See The Practice of Medicinal Chemistry , Ch. 31-32 (Ed. Wermuth, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif., 2001).
  • bioprecursor prodrugs are compounds, which are inactive or have low activity compared to the corresponding active drug compound, that contain one or more protective groups and are converted to an active form by metabolism or solvolysis. Both the active drug form and any released metabolic products should have acceptably low toxicity.
  • Carrier prodrugs are drug compounds that contain a transport moiety, e.g., that improve uptake and/or localized delivery to a site(s) of action.
  • a transport moiety e.g., that improve uptake and/or localized delivery to a site(s) of action.
  • the linkage between the drug moiety and the transport moiety is a covalent bond
  • the prodrug is inactive or less active than the drug compound
  • any released transport moiety is acceptably non-toxic.
  • the transport moiety is intended to enhance uptake
  • the release of the transport moiety should be rapid.
  • it is desirable to utilize a moiety that provides slow release e.g., certain polymers or other moieties, such as cyclodextrins.
  • Carrier prodrugs can, for example, be used to improve one or more of the following properties: increased lipophilicity, increased duration of pharmacological effects, increased site-specificity, decreased toxicity and adverse reactions, and/or improvement in drug formulation (e.g., stability, water solubility, suppression of an undesirable organoleptic or physiochemical property).
  • lipophilicity can be increased by esterification of hydroxy groups with lipophilic carboxylic acids (e.g., a carboxylic acid having at least one lipophilic moiety).
  • Exemplary prodrugs are, e.g., O-acyl derivatives of alcohols.
  • Preferred are pharmaceutically acceptable ester derivatives convertible by solvolysis under physiological conditions to the parent carboxylic acid, e.g., lower alkyl esters, cycloalkyl esters, lower alkenyl esters, benzyl esters, mono- or di-substituted lower alkyl esters, such as the -(amino, mono- or di-lower alkylamino, carboxy, lower alkoxycarbonyl)-lower alkyl esters, the -(lower alkanoyloxy, lower alkoxycarbonyl or di-lower alkylaminocarbonyl)-lower alkyl esters, such as the pivaloyloxymethyl ester and the like conventionally used in the art.
  • amines have been masked as arylcarbonyloxymethyl substituted derivatives which are cleaved by esterases in vivo releasing the free drug and formaldehyde (Bundgaard, J. Med. Chem. 2503 (1989)).
  • drugs containing an acidic NH group such as imidazole, imide, indole and the like, have been masked with N-acyloxymethyl groups (Bundgaard, Design of Prodrugs , Elsevier (1985)). Hydroxy groups have been masked as esters and ethers.
  • EP 039,051 (Sloan and Little) discloses Mannich-base hydroxamic acid prodrugs, their preparation and use.
  • the compounds of the invention can also be obtained in the form of their hydrates, or include other solvents used for their crystallization.
  • Preferred substituents preferred ranges of numerical values or preferred ranges of the radicals present in compounds of the formula I and the corresponding intermediate compounds are defined below.
  • the definition of the substituents applies to the end-products as well as to the corresponding intermediates.
  • the definitions of the substituents may be combined at will, e.g. preferred substituents R 1 and particularly preferred substituents R 2 .
  • the invention relates to one or more than one of the compounds of the formula I mentioned in the Examples hereinafter, in free form or in salt form, or in pharmaceutically acceptable salt form.
  • One class of compounds of the invention are compounds of formula I, wherein R 1 is halogen; cyano; nitro; hydroxy; amino; —C(O)H; —C(O)OH; —C(O)NH 2 ;
  • One class of compounds of the invention are compounds of formula I, wherein R 1 is C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 halogenalkyl; or C 3-7 cycloalkyl, wherein the C 3-7 cycloalkyl may be attached directly to the pyridine ring or via a C 1-2 alkylene and wherein the C 3-7 cycloalkyl may be substituted once or more than once by C 1-4 alkyl.
  • One class of compounds of the invention are compounds of formula I, wherein R 1 is C 1-4 alkyl or C 1-4 halogenalkyl.
  • One class of compounds of the invention are compounds of formula I, wherein R 1 is methyl, —CFH 2 , —CF 2 H, or —CF 3 .
  • One class of compounds of the invention are compounds of formula I, wherein R 1 is methyl.
  • One class of compounds of the invention are compounds of formula I, wherein R 2 is hydrogen.
  • One class of compounds of the invention are compounds of formula I, wherein R 3 is halogen; cyano; nitro; hydroxy; amino; —C(O)H; —C(O)OH; —C(O)NH 2 ; or —X 1 —R 6 ;
  • One class of compounds of the invention are compounds of formula I, wherein R 3 is —X 1 —R 6 ;
  • One class of compounds of the invention are compounds of formula I, wherein R 3 is —X 1 —R 6 ;
  • One class of compounds of the invention are compounds of formula I, wherein R 3 is —X 1 —R 6 ;
  • One class of compounds of the invention are compounds of formula I, wherein R 3 is —X 1 —R 6 ;
  • One class of compounds of the invention are compounds of formula I, wherein R 3 is —X 1 —R 6 ;
  • One class of compounds of the invention are compounds of formula I, wherein R 3 is —X 1 —R 6 ;
  • One class of compounds of the invention are compounds of formula I, wherein R 3 is —X 1 —R 6 ;
  • One class of compounds of the invention are compounds of formula I, wherein R 3 is —X 1 —R 6 ;
  • One class of compounds of the invention are compounds of formula I, wherein R 3 is —X 1 —R 6 ;
  • One class of compounds of the invention are compounds of formula I, wherein R 4 and R 5 are each hydrogen.
  • A is a five-membered monocyclic aromatic ring system which contains from 1 to 4 hetero atoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, wherein the ring system may contain not more than 1 hetero atom selected from oxygen and sulfur, and wherein the group L is attached to a ring atom being separated by one further ring atom from the ring atom to which the carboxamide group is attached, wherein the ring system may be substituted once, twice or three times by R 8 , and wherein a substituent on a ring nitrogen atom may not be halogen; and each R 8 independently is halogen; C 1-6 alkyl; C 1-6 halogenalkyl; C 1-6 alkoxy; or C 1-6 halogenalkoxy; or two R 8 at adjacent ring atoms atoms form together with said ring atoms a fused five- to seven-membered monocyclic aromatic or unsaturated non-aromatic ring system which may contain from 1
  • A is a five-membered monocyclic aromatic ring system which contains from 1 to 4 hetero atoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, wherein the ring system may contain not more than 1 hetero atom selected from oxygen and sulfur, and wherein the group L is attached to a ring atom being separated by one further ring atom from the ring atom to which the carboxamide group is attached, wherein the ring system may be substituted once, twice or three times by R 8 , and wherein a substituent on a ring nitrogen atom may not be halogen; and each R 8 independently is halogen; C 1-6 alkyl; C 1-6 halogenalkyl; C 1-6 alkoxy; or C 1-6 halogenalkoxy.
  • One class of compounds of the invention are compounds of formula I, wherein A is a ring system selected from pyrrole, imidazole, pyrazole, oxazole, isoxazole, triazole and oxadiazole and wherein the group L is attached to a ring atom being separated by one further ring atom from the ring atom to which the carboxamide group is attached, wherein the ring system may be substituted once, twice or three times by R 8 , and wherein a substituent on a ring nitrogen atom may not be halogen; and each R 8 independently is halogen; C 1-6 alkyl; C 1-6 halogenalkyl; C 1-6 alkoxy; or C 1-6 halogenalkoxy.
  • One class of compounds of the invention are compounds of formula I, wherein A is a ring system selected from
  • each R 8 independently is hydrogen; halogen; C 1-4 alkyl; C 1-4 halogenalkyl; C 1-4 alkoxy; or C 1-4 halogenalkoxy.
  • One class of compounds of the invention are compounds of formula I, wherein A is A 1 .
  • One class of compounds of the invention are compounds of formula I, wherein A is A 2 .
  • One class of compounds of the invention are compounds of formula I, wherein A is A 3 .
  • One class of compounds of the invention are compounds of formula I, wherein A is A 4 .
  • One class of compounds of the invention are compounds of formula I, wherein A is A 5 .
  • One class of compounds of the invention are compounds of formula I, wherein A is A 6 .
  • One class of compounds of the invention are compounds of formula I, wherein A is A 7 .
  • One class of compounds of the invention are compounds of formula I, wherein L is —C(R 10 ) 2 —; and each R 10 independently is hydrogen; halogen; cyano; hydroxy; nitro; amino; C 1-6 alkyl; C 1-6 halogenalkyl; C 1-6 hydroxyalkyl; C 1-4 alkoxy-C 1-6 alkyl; amino-C 1-6 alkyl; C 1-4 alkylamino-C 1-6 alkyl; di(C 1-4 alkyl)amino-C 1-6 alkyl; C 2-6 alkenyl; C 2-6 halogenalkenyl; C 2-6 alkinyl; C 2-6 halogenalkinyl; C 1-6 alkoxy; C 1-6 halogenalkoxy; C 1-4 alkoxy-C 1-6 alkoxy; C 1-6 alkylamino; di(C 1-6 alkyl)amino; or C 3-7 cycloalkyl, wherein one carbon atom may be replaced by an oxygen atom
  • One class of compounds of the invention are compounds of formula I, wherein L is —C(R 10 ) 2 —; and each R 10 is hydrogen.
  • One class of compounds of the invention are compounds of formula I, wherein L is —O—.
  • One class of compounds of the invention are compounds of formula I, wherein L is —N(R 11 )—; and R 11 is hydrogen; C 1-6 alkyl; or C 3-7 cycloalkyl, wherein one carbon atom may be replaced by an oxygen atom, wherein the C 3-7 cycloalkyl may be attached directly to the nitrogen atom or via a C 1-2 alkylene.
  • One class of compounds of the invention are compounds of formula I, wherein L is —N(R 11 )—; and R 11 is hydrogen.
  • One class of compounds of the invention are compounds of formula I, wherein L is —S(O) 2 —.
  • One class of compounds of the invention are compounds of formula I, wherein B is a five- to ten-membered monocyclic or fused polycyclic aromatic ring system which may contain from 1 to 4 hetero atoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, wherein the ring system may contain not more than 2 oxygen atoms and not more than 2 sulfur atoms, and wherein the ring system may be substituted once or more than once by R 12 ; and wherein a substituent on a nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring system may not be halogen.
  • One class of compounds of the invention are compounds of formula I, wherein B is a five- to six-membered monocyclic aromatic ring system which may contain from 1 to 4 hetero atoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, wherein the ring system may contain not more than 2 oxygen atoms and not more than 2 sulfur atoms, and wherein the ring system is substituted once by —X 3 —B 1 ; and wherein the ring system may be further substituted once or more than once by halogen; cyano; nitro; hydroxy; amino; —C(O)H; —C(O)OH; —C(O)NH 2 ; or —X 2 —R 13 ; and wherein a substituent on a nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring system may not be halogen.
  • One class of compounds of the invention are compounds of formula I, wherein B is a five- to six-membered monocyclic aromatic ring system which may contain from 1 to 4 hetero atoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, wherein the ring system may contain not more than 2 oxygen atoms and not more than 2 sulfur atoms, and wherein the ring system is substituted once by —X 3 —B 1 ; and wherein the ring system may be further substituted once or more than once by halogen; cyano; hydroxy; amino; or —X 2 —R 13 ; and wherein a substituent on a nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring system may not be halogen;
  • One class of compounds of the invention are compounds of formula I, wherein B is a five- to six-membered monocyclic aromatic ring system which may contain from 1 to 4 hetero atoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, wherein the ring system may contain not more than 2 oxygen atoms and not more than 2 sulfur atoms, and wherein the ring system is substituted once by —X 3 —B 1 ; and wherein the ring system may be further substituted once or more than once by halogen; cyano; hydroxy; amino; or —X 2 —R 13 ; and wherein a substituent on a nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring system may not be halogen;
  • B 1 is a three- to seven-membered monocyclic ring system which may be aromatic, saturated or unsaturated non-aromatic and which may contain from 1 to 4 hetero atoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, wherein the ring system may contain not more than 2 oxygen atoms and not more than 2 sulfur atoms, wherein the ring system may in turn be substituted once or more than once by R 14 , and wherein a substituent on a nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring system may not be halogen;
  • One class of compounds of the invention are compounds of formula I, wherein B is phenyl, wherein the phenyl is substituted once by —X 3 —B 1 in the para-position to the group L and wherein the phenyl may be further substituted once or more than once by halogen; cyano; hydroxy; amino; or —X 2 —R 13 ; and wherein a substituent on a nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring system may not be halogen;
  • X 3 is bond or C 1-3 alkylene, wherein one carbon atom of the C 1-3 alkylene may be replaced by a group selected from oxygen; sulfur; amino, which may be substituted by C 1-4 alkyl;
  • B 1 is a three- to seven-membered monocyclic ring system which may be aromatic, saturated or unsaturated non-aromatic and which may contain from 1 to 4 hetero atoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, wherein the ring system may contain not more than 2 oxygen atoms and not more than 2 sulfur atoms, wherein the ring system may in turn be substituted once or more than once by R 14 , and wherein a substituent on a nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring system may not be halogen;
  • One class of compounds of the invention are compounds of formula I, wherein B is a five- to six-membered monocyclic aromatic ring system which contains from 1 to 4 hetero atoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, wherein the ring system may contain not more than 2 oxygen atoms and not more than 2 sulfur atoms, and wherein the ring system is substituted once by —X 3 —B 1 ; and wherein the ring system may be further substituted once or more than once by halogen; cyano; hydroxy; amino; or —X 2 —R 13 ; and wherein a substituent on a nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring system may not be halogen;
  • X 3 is bond or C 1-3 alkylene, wherein one carbon atom of the C 1-3 alkylene may be replaced by a group selected from oxygen; sulfur; amino, which may be substituted by C 1-4 alkyl;
  • B 1 is a three- to seven-membered monocyclic ring system which may be aromatic, saturated or unsaturated non-aromatic and which may contain from 1 to 4 hetero atoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, wherein the ring system may contain not more than 2 oxygen atoms and not more than 2 sulfur atoms, wherein the ring system may in turn be substituted once or more than once by R 14 , and wherein a substituent on a nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring system may not be halogen;
  • One class of compounds of the invention are compounds of formula I, wherein B is a eight- to ten-membered fused bicyclic aromatic ring system which may contain from 1 to 4 hetero atoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, wherein the ring system may contain not more than 2 oxygen atoms and not more than 2 sulfur atoms, and wherein the ring system may be substituted once or more than once by R 12 ; and wherein a substituent on a nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring system may not be halogen;
  • One class of compounds of the invention are compounds of formula I, wherein B is a nine- to ten-membered fused bicyclic aromatic ring system which may contain from 1 to 4 hetero atoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, wherein the ring system may contain not more than 2 oxygen atoms and not more than 2 sulfur atoms, and wherein the ring system may be substituted once or more than once by R 12 ; and wherein a substituent on a nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring system may not be halogen;
  • One class of compounds of the invention are compounds of formula I, wherein B is a three- to ten-membered monocyclic or fused polycyclic saturated or unsaturated non-aromatic ring system which may contain from 1 to 4 hetero atoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, wherein the ring system may contain not more than 2 oxygen atoms and not more than 2 sulfur atoms, and wherein the ring system may be substituted once or more than once by R 16 , and wherein a substituent on a nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring system may not be halogen.
  • One class of compounds of the invention are compounds of formula IA,
  • A is a ring system selected from
  • each R 8 independently is hydrogen; halogen; C 1-4 alkyl; C 1-4 halogenalkyl; C 1-4 alkoxy; or C 1-4 halogenalkoxy;
  • B is a five- to six-membered monocyclic aromatic ring system which may contain from 1 to 4 hetero atoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, wherein the ring system may contain not more than 2 oxygen atoms and not more than 2 sulfur atoms, and
  • X 3 is bond or C 1-3 alkylene, wherein one carbon atom of the C 1-3 alkylene may be replaced by a group selected from oxygen; sulfur; amino, which may be substituted by C 1-4 alkyl;
  • B 1 is a three- to seven-membered monocyclic ring system which may be aromatic, saturated or unsaturated non-aromatic and which may contain from 1 to 4 hetero atoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, wherein the ring system may contain not more than 2 oxygen atoms and not more than 2 sulfur atoms, wherein the ring system may in turn be substituted once or more than once by R 14 , and wherein a substituent on a nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring system may not be halogen; and
  • One class of compounds of the invention are compounds of formula IA,
  • A is a ring system selected from
  • each R 8 independently is hydrogen; halogen; C 1-4 alkyl; C 1-4 halogenalkyl; C 1-4 alkoxy; or C 1-4 halogenalkoxy;
  • B is a nine- to ten-membered fused bicyclic aromatic ring system which may contain from 1 to 4 hetero atoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, wherein the ring system may contain not more than 2 oxygen atoms and not more than 2 sulfur atoms, and wherein the ring system may be substituted once or more than once by R 12 ; and wherein a substituent on a nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring system may not be halogen; each R 12 independently is halogen; cyano; hydroxy; amino; —X 2 —R 13 ;
  • One class of compounds of the invention are compounds of formula IA,
  • A is a ring system selected from
  • each R 8 independently is hydrogen; halogen; C 1-4 alkyl; C 1-4 halogenalkyl; C 1-4 alkoxy; or C 1-4 halogenalkoxy;
  • B is a five- to six-membered monocyclic aromatic ring system which may contain from 1 to 4 hetero atoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, wherein the ring system may contain not more than 2 oxygen atoms and not more than 2 sulfur atoms, and wherein the ring system is substituted once by —X 3 —B 1 ; and wherein the ring system may be further substituted once or more than once by halogen; cyano; hydroxy; amino; or —X 2 —R 13 ; and wherein a substituent on a nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring system may not be halogen;
  • X 3 is bond or C 1-3 alkylene, wherein one carbon atom of the C 1-3 alkylene may be replaced by a group selected from oxygen; sulfur; amino, which may be substituted by C 1-4 alkyl;
  • B 1 is a three- to seven-membered monocyclic ring system which may be aromatic, saturated or unsaturated non-aromatic and which may contain from 1 to 4 hetero atoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, wherein the ring system may contain not more than 2 oxygen atoms and not more than 2 sulfur atoms, wherein the ring system may in turn be substituted once or more than once by R 14 , and wherein a substituent on a nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring system may not be halogen; and
  • One class of compounds of the invention are compounds of formula IA,
  • A is a ring system selected from
  • each R 8 independently is hydrogen; halogen; C 1-4 alkyl; C 1-4 halogenalkyl; C 1-4 alkoxy; or C 1-4 halogenalkoxy;
  • B is a nine- to ten-membered fused bicyclic aromatic ring system which may contain from 1 to 4 hetero atoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, wherein the ring system may contain not more than 2 oxygen atoms and not more than 2 sulfur atoms, and wherein the ring system may be substituted once or more than once by R 12 ; and wherein a substituent on a nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring system may not be halogen; each R 12 independently is halogen; cyano; hydroxy; amino; —X 2 —R 13 ;
  • One class of compounds of the invention are compounds of formula IA,
  • A is a ring system selected from
  • B is a nine- to ten-membered fused bicyclic aromatic ring system which may contain from 1 to 4 hetero atoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, wherein the ring system may contain not more than 2 oxygen atoms and not more than 2 sulfur atoms, and wherein the ring system may be substituted once or more than once by R 12 ; and wherein a substituent on a nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring system may not be halogen; each R 12 independently is halogen; —X 2 —R 13 ;
  • One class of compounds of the invention are compounds of formula IA,
  • A is a ring system selected from
  • B is a quinolinyl or an indolyl, wherein the quinolinyl or indolyl may be substituted once or more than once by R 12 ; and wherein a substituent on a nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring system may not be halogen;
  • One class of compounds of the invention are compounds of formula IA,
  • A is a ring system selected from
  • B is a quinolin-2-yl, quinol-3-yl, quinol-6-yl, or an indol-3-yl, wherein the quinolinyl or indolyl may be substituted once or more than once by R 12 ; and wherein a substituent on a nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring system may not be halogen;
  • the invention provides a compound selected from
  • the invention provides a compound which is (S)-5-(amino(phenyl)methyl)-N-((6-amino-2,4-dimethylpyridin-3-yl)methyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide.
  • the invention also provides a process for the production of compounds of the formula I.
  • Compounds of the formula I are obtainable according to the following process as described in scheme 1:
  • a compound of formula I may be obtained by reacting a compound of formula II, in which R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 and R 5 are as defined under formula I, and R a is hydrogen or an amine protecting group, for example C 1-6 alkoxycarbonyl, e.g. tertiary butyloxycarbonyl, allyloxycarbonyl, benzyloxycarbonyl or fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl, with a compound of formula III, in which A, L and B are as defined under formula I, and R b is hydroxy, halogen or C 1-6 alkoxy, in the presence of a suitable base, e.g.
  • a suitable solvent e.g. dimethylformamide (DMF), DMSO (dimethylsulfoxide), tetrahydrofurane (THF) or DCM, and, if R b is hydroxy, in the presence of a suitable coupling reagent, e.g.
  • HATU O-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate
  • HBTU O-(benzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate
  • BEMP 2-tert-butylimino-2-diethylamino-1,3-dimethylperhydro-1,3,2-diazaphosphorine
  • Step 2.1 A nitrile of formula IV, in which R 1 , R 2 and R 6 are as defined under formula I, and R a is hydrogen or an amine protecting group, for example C 1-6 alkoxycarbonyl, e.g. tertiary butyloxycarbonyl, allyloxycarbonyl, benzyloxycarbonyl or fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl, may be obtained by reacting a nitrile of formula V, in which R 1 and R 2 are as defined under formula I, and R a is hydrogen or an amine protecting group, for example C 1-6 alkoxycarbonyl, e.g.
  • R 6 is as defined under formula I and R c is a leaving group, for example mesylate, tosylate, triflate or halogen, in the presence of a suitable base, e.g. potassium carbonate or cesium carbonate, and in the presence of a suitable solvent, e.g. DMF or DMSO.
  • a suitable base e.g. potassium carbonate or cesium carbonate
  • a suitable solvent e.g. DMF or DMSO.
  • Step 2.2 A compound of formula IIa, in which R 1 , R 2 and R 6 are as defined under formula I, and R a is hydrogen or an amine protecting group, for example C 1-6 alkoxycarbonyl, e.g. tertiary butyloxycarbonyl, allyloxycarbonyl, benzyloxycarbonyl or fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl, may be obtained by reacting the nitrile of formula IV with a suitable hydrogenation agent, e.g. diisobutyl aluminium hydride, borane or hydrogen in the presence of palladium/charcoal, raney-nickel or platinum oxide, optionally in the presence of a suitable acid or base, e.g.
  • a suitable hydrogenation agent e.g. diisobutyl aluminium hydride, borane or hydrogen in the presence of palladium/charcoal, raney-nickel or platinum oxide, optionally in the presence of a suitable acid or base, e.g.
  • HCl or ammonia when using hydrogen in the presence of palladium/charcoal, raney-nickel or platinum oxide, and in the presence of a suitable solvent, e.g. THF for diisobutyl aluminium hydride or borane or a solvent selected from methanol, ethanol and chloroform for hydrogen in the presence of palladium/charcoal, raney-nickel or platinum oxide.
  • a suitable solvent e.g. THF for diisobutyl aluminium hydride or borane or a solvent selected from methanol, ethanol and chloroform for hydrogen in the presence of palladium/charcoal, raney-nickel or platinum oxide.
  • the reactions can be effected according to conventional methods, for example as described in the Examples.
  • Acid addition salts may be produced from the free bases in known manner, and vice-versa.
  • the starting materials e.g. compounds of the formulae III, V and VI, are known or may be prepared according to conventional procedures starting from known compounds, for example as described in the Examples.
  • the invention also provides a compound of formula IIa
  • R 1 , R 2 and R 6 are as defined under formula I, and R a is hydrogen or an amine protecting group, for example C 1-6 alkoxycarbonyl, e.g. tertiary butyloxycarbonyl.
  • R a is hydrogen.
  • the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the pharmaceutical composition can be formulated for particular routes of administration such as oral administration, parenteral administration, and rectal administration, etc.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention can be made up in a solid form including capsules, tablets, pills, granules, powders or suppositories, or in a liquid form including solutions, suspensions or emulsions.
  • compositions can be subjected to conventional pharmaceutical operations such as sterilization and/or can contain conventional inert diluents, lubricating agents, or buffering agents, as well as adjuvants, such as preservatives, stabilizers, wetting agents, emulsifers and buffers etc.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions are tablets and gelatin capsules comprising the active ingredient together with
  • Tablets may be either film coated or enteric coated according to methods known in the art.
  • compositions for oral administration include an effective amount of a compound of the invention in the form of tablets, lozenges, aqueous or oily suspensions, dispersible powders or granules, emulsion, hard or soft capsules, or syrups or elixirs.
  • Compositions intended for oral use are prepared according to any method known in the art for the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions and such compositions can contain one or more agents selected from the group consisting of sweetening agents, flavoring agents, coloring agents and preserving agents in order to provide pharmaceutically elegant and palatable preparations. Tablets contain the active ingredient in admixture with nontoxic pharmaceutically acceptable excipients which are suitable for the manufacture of tablets.
  • excipients are, for example, inert diluents, such as calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, lactose, calcium phosphate or sodium phosphate; granulating and disintegrating agents, for example, corn starch, or alginic acid; binding agents, for example, starch, gelatin or acacia; and lubricating agents, for example magnesium stearate, stearic acid or talc.
  • the tablets are uncoated or coated by known techniques to delay disintegration and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract and thereby provide a sustained action over a longer period.
  • a time delay material such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate can be employed.
  • Formulations for oral use can be presented as hard gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with an inert solid diluent, for example, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate or kaolin, or as soft gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with water or an oil medium, for example, peanut oil, liquid paraffin or olive oil.
  • an inert solid diluent for example, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate or kaolin
  • water or an oil medium for example, peanut oil, liquid paraffin or olive oil.
  • compositions are aqueous isotonic solutions or suspensions, and suppositories are advantageously prepared from fatty emulsions or suspensions.
  • Said compositions may be sterilized and/or contain adjuvants, such as preserving, stabilizing, wetting or emulsifying agents, solution promoters, salts for regulating the osmotic pressure and/or buffers. In addition, they may also contain other therapeutically valuable substances.
  • Said compositions are prepared according to conventional mixing, granulating or coating methods, respectively, and contain about 0.1-75%, or contain about 1-50%, of the active ingredient.
  • compositions for transdermal application include an effective amount of a compound of the invention with carrier.
  • Carriers include absorbable pharmacologically acceptable solvents to assist passage through the skin of the host.
  • transdermal devices are in the form of a bandage comprising a backing member, a reservoir containing the compound optionally with carriers, optionally a rate controlling barrier to deliver the compound of the skin of the host at a controlled and predetermined rate over a prolonged period of time, and means to secure the device to the skin.
  • compositions for topical application include aqueous solutions, suspensions, ointments, creams, gels or sprayable formulations, e.g., for delivery by aerosol or the like.
  • topical delivery systems will in particular be appropriate for dermal application, e.g., for the treatment of skin cancer, e.g., for prophylactic use in sun creams, lotions, sprays and the like. They are thus particularly suited for use in topical, including cosmetic, formulations well-known in the art.
  • Such may contain solubilizers, stabilizers, tonicity enhancing agents, buffers and preservatives.
  • a topical application may also pertain to an inhalation or to an intranasal application. They are conveniently delivered in the form of a dry powder (either alone, as a mixture, for example a dry blend with lactose, or a mixed component particle, for example with phospholipids) from a dry powder inhaler or an aerosol spray presentation from a pressurised container, pump, spray, atomizer or nebuliser, with or without the use of a suitable propellant.
  • a dry powder either alone, as a mixture, for example a dry blend with lactose, or a mixed component particle, for example with phospholipids
  • the invention further provides anhydrous pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms comprising the compounds of the invention as active ingredients, since water may facilitate the degradation of certain compounds.
  • Anhydrous pharmaceutical compositions and dosage forms of the invention can be prepared using anhydrous or low moisture containing ingredients and low moisture or low humidity conditions.
  • An anhydrous pharmaceutical composition may be prepared and stored such that its anhydrous nature is maintained.
  • anhydrous compositions are preferably packaged using materials known to prevent exposure to water such that they can be included in suitable formulary kits. Examples of suitable packaging include, but are not limited to, hermetically sealed foils, plastics, unit dose containers (a g., vials), blister packs, and strip packs.
  • compositions and dosage forms that comprise one or more agents that reduce the rate by which the compound of the invention as an active ingredient will decompose.
  • agents which are referred to herein as “stabilizers,” include, but are not limited to, antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, pH buffers, or salt buffers, etc.
  • the term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” includes any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, surfactants, antioxidants, preservatives (e.g., antibacterial agents, antifungal agents), isotonic agents, absorption delaying agents, salts, preservatives, drugs, drug stabilizers, binders, excipients, disintegration agents, lubricants, sweetening agents, flavoring agents, dyes, such like materials and combinations thereof, as would be known to one of ordinary skill in the art (see, for example, Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th Ed. Mack Printing Company, 1990, pp. 1289-1329). Except insofar as any conventional carrier is incompatible with the active ingredient, its use in the therapeutic or pharmaceutical compositions is contemplated.
  • the compounds of formula I in free form or in pharmaceutically acceptable salt form exhibit valuable pharmacological properties, e.g. plasmakallikrein inhibiting properties, e.g. as indicated in in-vitro and in-vivo tests as provided in the next sections and are therefore indicated for therapy.
  • pharmacological properties e.g. plasmakallikrein inhibiting properties, e.g. as indicated in in-vitro and in-vivo tests as provided in the next sections and are therefore indicated for therapy.
  • Compounds of the invention may be useful in the treatment of indications, such as: hereditary angioedema (HAE), retinopathy or diabetic retinopathy, proliferative and non-proliferative retinopathy, diabetic macular edema (DME), clinically significant macular edema (CSME), cystoid macular edema (CME), CME following cataract extraction, CME induced by cryotherapy, CME induced by uveitis, CME following vascular occlusion (e.g.
  • central retina vein occlusion branch retinal vein occlusion, or hemiretinal vein occlusion
  • retinal edema complications related to cataract surgery in diabetic retinopathy, hypertensive retinopathy, retinal trauma, dry and wet aged-related macular degeneration (AMD), ischemic reperfusion injuries, e.g.
  • tissue and/or organ transplantation surgically-induced brain injury, focal cerebral ischemia, global cerebral ischemia, glioma-associated edema, spinal cord injury, pain, ischemia, focal brain ischemia, neurological and cognitive deficits, deep vein thrombosis, stroke, myocardial infarction, acquired angioedema drug-related (ACE-inhibitors), edema, high altitude cerebral edema, cytotoxic cerebral edema, osmotic cerebral edema, obstructive hydrocephalus, radiation induced edema, lymph edema, traumatic brain injury, hemorrhagic stroke (e.g., cerebral stroke or subarachnoid stroke), intracerebral hemorrhage, hemorrhagic transformation of ischemic stroke, cerebral trauma associate with injury or surgery, brain aneurysm, arterio-venous malformation, reduction of blood losses during surgical procedures (e.g.
  • ACE-inhibitors acquired angioedema drug
  • cardiothoracic surgery such as cardiopulmonary bypass or coronary artery bypass grafting
  • blood coagulation disorders such as thrombosis, itch, disorders with an inflammation component (such as multiple sclerosis), epilepsy, encephalitis, Alzheimer's disease, excessive daytime sleepiness, essential hypertension, increased blood pressure associated with diabetes or hyperlipidemia, renal insufficiency, chronic kidney disease, heart failure, microalbuminuria, albuminuria, proteinuria, disorders associated with increased vascular permeability (e.g.
  • vascular permeability increased retinal vascular permeability, increased leg, feet, ankle vascular permeability), cerebral hemorrhage, microalbuminuria, albuminuria and proteinuria, deep vein thrombosis, coagulation from post fibrinolytic treatments, angina, angioedema, sepsis, arthritis (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, infection arthritis), lupus, gout, psoriasis, blood loss during cardiopulmonary bypass, inflammatory bowel, diabetes, diabetic complications, infectious diseases, astrocyte-activation related diseases (e.g. Alzheimer's disease or multiple sclerosis), Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Creutzfeld-Jacob disease, stroke, epilepsy and trauma (e.g. brain trauma)
  • trauma e.g. brain trauma
  • Compounds of the invention may be especially useful in the treatment of an indication selected from: retinopathy and edema-associated diseases.
  • the invention provides the use of a compound of formula (I) in free form or in pharmaceutically acceptable salt form as a medicament.
  • the invention provides the use of a compound of formula (I) in free form or in pharmaceutically acceptable salt form in therapy.
  • the therapy is selected from a disease which is ameliorated by inhibition of plasmakallikrein.
  • the disease is selected from the afore-mentioned list, e.g. retinopathy and edema-associated diseases.
  • the invention provides a method of treating a disease which is ameliorated by inhibition of plasmakallikrein comprising administration of a therapeutically acceptable amount of a compound of formula (I) in free form or in pharmaceutically acceptable salt form.
  • the disease is selected from the afore-mentioned list, suitably retinopathy and edema-associated diseases.
  • the invention provides a method of inhibiting plasmakallikrein in a subject, wherein the method comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I.
  • the invention provides a method of treating a disorder or a disease in a subject mediated by plasmakallikrein, wherein the method comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I.
  • a disorder or said disease is selected from retinopathy and edema-associated diseases.
  • the invention provides the use of a compound of formula I, for the treatment of a disorder or disease in a subject mediated by plasmakallikrein.
  • the invention provides the use of a compound of formula I, for the treatment of a disorder or disease in a subject characterized by an abnormal activity of plasmakallikrein.
  • a disorder or said disease is selected from retinopathy and edema-associated diseases.
  • a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention refers to an amount of the compound of the invention that will elicit the biological or medical response of a subject, for example, reduction or inhibition of an enzyme or a protein activity, or ameliorate symptoms, alleviate conditions, slow or delay disease progression, or prevent a disease, etc.
  • a therapeutically effective amount refers to the amount of the compound of the invention that, when administered to a subject, is effective to (1) at least partially alleviating, inhibiting, preventing and/or ameliorating a condition, or a disorder or a disease (i) mediated by plasmakallikrein, or (ii) associated with plasmakallikrein activity, or (iii) characterized by abnormal activity of plasmakallikrein; or (2) reducing or inhibiting the activity of plasmakallikrein; or (3) reducing or inhibiting the expression of plasmakallikrein.
  • a therapeutically effective amount refers to the amount of the compound of the invention that, when administered to a cell, or a tissue, or a non-cellular biological material, or a medium, is effective to at least partially reducing or inhibiting the activity of plasmakallikrein; or at least partially reducing or inhibiting the expression of plasmakallikrein.
  • the term “subject” refers to an animal.
  • the animal is a mammal.
  • a subject also refers to for example, primates (e.g., humans), cows, sheep, goats, horses, dogs, cats, rabbits, rats, mice, fish, birds and the like.
  • the subject is a human.
  • the term “inhibition” or “inhibiting” refers to the reduction or suppression of a given condition, symptom, or disorder, or disease, or a significant decrease in the baseline activity of a biological activity or process.
  • treating refers in one embodiment, to ameliorating the disease or disorder (i.e., slowing or arresting or reducing the development of the disease or at least one of the clinical symptoms thereof).
  • treating refers to alleviating or ameliorating at least one physical parameter including those which may not be discernible by the patient.
  • treating or “treatment” refers to modulating the disease or disorder, either physically, (e.g., stabilization of a discernible symptom), physiologically, (e.g., stabilization of a physical parameter), or both.
  • “treating” or “treatment” refers to preventing or delaying the onset or development or progression of the disease or disorder.
  • the pharmaceutical composition or combination of the invention can be in unit dosage of about 1-1000 mg of active ingredient(s) for a subject of about 50-70 kg, or about 1-500 mg or about 1-250 mg or about 1-150 mg or about 0.5-100 mg, or about 1-50 mg of active ingredients.
  • the therapeutically effective dosage of a compound, the pharmaceutical composition, or the combinations thereof is dependent on the species of the subject, the body weight, age and individual condition, the disorder or disease or the severity thereof being treated. A physician, clinician or veterinarian of ordinary skill can readily determine the effective amount of each of the active ingredients necessary to prevent, treat or inhibit the progress of the disorder or disease.
  • the above-cited dosage properties are demonstrable in vitro and in vivo tests using advantageously mammals, e.g., mice, rats, dogs, monkeys or isolated organs, tissues and preparations thereof.
  • the compounds of the invention can be applied in vitro in the form of solutions, e.g., preferably aqueous solutions, and in vivo either enterally, parenterally, advantageously intravenously, e.g., as a suspension or in aqueous solution.
  • the dosage in vitro may range between about 10 ⁇ 3 molar and 10 ⁇ 9 molar concentrations.
  • a therapeutically effective amount in vivo may range depending on the route of administration, between about 0.1-500 mg/kg, or between about 1-100 mg/kg.
  • the activity of a compound according to the invention can be assessed by in vitro & in vivo methods described herein.
  • the compound of the invention may be administered either simultaneously with, or before or after, at least one other therapeutic agent.
  • the compound of the invention may be administered separately, by the same or different route of administration, or together in the same pharmaceutical composition.
  • Example 134 is shown as
  • Method D MS Instrument: Agilent 1100 series; detection: API-ES, positive/negative
  • Method F UPLC-MS Waters Acquity; UPLC; column Acquity UPLC HSS T3 1.8 ⁇ m 2.1 mm ⁇ 50 mm; flow 1.2 ml/min; 60° C.; solvent: A water+0.1% HCOOH/B acetonitrile+0.1% HCOOH; 0-0.5 min 90A:10B; 0.5-2.0 min 90A:10B-5A:95B; 2.0-3.0 min 5A:95B
  • Method G HPLC Instrument Agilent 1100 series; column: Waters SunFire, 2.5 um, 3 ⁇ 30 mm, flow 1.4 ml/min, 40° C.; solvent: H 2 O (0.1% CF 3 CO 2 H); CH 3 CN (0.1% CF 3 CO 2 H); gradient: FAST 10-98% CH 3 CN in 2.5 min).
  • Method I Agilent 1100 series, LC-ZMD; column XBridge C18; 2.5 ⁇ m; 3 ⁇ 30 mm; gradient: A water+5% acetonitrile/B acetonitrile+0.5-1.0% HCOOH; 0-1.7 min 90A:10B-5A:95B, 1.6 ml/min flow; 1.7-2.4 min 5A:95B, 2.4 ml/min flow; column temperature 50° C.
  • Method R Agilent 1100 series, LC-ZMD; column XBridge C18; 2.5 ⁇ m; 3 ⁇ 30 mm; gradient: A water+5% acetonitrile/B acetonitrile+0.05% TFA; 0-1.7 min 90A:10B-5A:95B, 1.6 ml/min flow; 1.7-2.4 min 5A:95B, 2.4 ml/min flow; column temperature 50° C.
  • Method S Agilent 1100 series, LC-ZMD; column XBridge C18; 2.5 ⁇ m; 3 ⁇ 30 mm; gradient: A water+5% acetonitrile/B acetonitrile+0.05% TFA; 0-0.5 min 99A:1B, 1.4 ml/min flow; 0.5-2.2 min 99A:1B-5A:95B, 1.6 ml/min flow; 2.2-2.9 min 5A:95B, 2.4 ml/min flow; column temperature 50° C.
  • Method T Agilent 1100 series, LC-ZMD; column Ascentis Express FusedCore C18 2.7 ⁇ m; 2.1 ⁇ 30 mm; gradient: A water+0.05% TFA/B acetonitrile+0.04% TFA; 0-1.40 min 98A:2B-2A:98B; 1.40-2.15 min 2A:98B; flow 1.2 ml/min; column temperature 50° C.
  • Method V UPLC-MS Waters Acquity; UPLC; column Acquity UPLC HSS T3 1.8 ⁇ m 2.1 mm ⁇ 50 mm; flow 1.2 ml/min; 60° C.; solvent: A water+0.05% HCOOH+ammonium acetate (3.75 mM)/B acetonitrile+0.04% HCOOH; 0-0.5 min 90A:10B; 0.5-2.0 min 90A:10B-5A:95B; 2.0-3.0 min 5A:95B.
  • the crude intermediate was purified by column chromatography (CombiFlash Companion, 12 g SiO 2 , heptane to EA), dissolved in DCM (1 ml) and TFA (1 ml), kept for 1 h at rt, and concentrated. Purification by preparative HPLC (Waters Sunfire Prep C18 OBD 5 um, 100 ⁇ 19 mm, A: H 2 O+0.1% TFA, B: MeCN+0.1% TFA, 6-36% B in 10 min, 30 ml/min, rt) afforded the title compound.
  • Ethyl-2-ethoxy-2-iminoacetate was prepared from ethyl cyano formate and ethanol according to N. Bozhkova, H. Heimgartner, Helvetica Chimica Acta, 1989, 72, 825-837.
  • Ethyl-2-ethoxy-2-iminoacetate (1.318 g, 9.08 mmol) and phenyl acetic acid hydrazide (1.364 g, 9.08 mmol) were mixed together in ethanol (20 ml) and stirred at 80° C. for 1 h. Ethanol was evaporated. The residue was dissolved in n-butanol (20 ml). The reaction mixture was stirred at 150° C. for 20 h, then solvents were evaporated.
  • reaction mixture was purified by preparative HPLC (Waters Sun-Fire C18, 100 ⁇ 30 mm, 5 to 100% ACN (0.1% TFA), flow 40 ml/min) to afford tert-butyl 5-((1-(4-((1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl)-3-methoxybenzyl)-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamido)methyl)-4,6-dimethyl pyridin-2-ylcarbamate.
  • HPLC Methodhod H
  • the reaction mixture was diluted with MeOH (1 ml) and H 2 O (1 ml) and the resulting solution was filtered over a PTFE membrane (0.45 um).
  • the filtrate was purified by a preparative LC-MS system using a Waters SunfireTM C-18 OBD column [150 ⁇ 30 mm, 5 um particle size] and elution at 50 ml/min using the following gradient: 0-1.5 min (90% water containing 0.1% TFA/10% acetonitrile), 1.5-11.5 min (linear gradient from 90% water containing 0.1% TFA/10 acetonitrile to 35% water containing 0.1% TFA/65% acetonitrile), 11.5-12.5 min (linear gradient from 35% water containing 0.1% TFA/65% acetonitrile to 0% water containing 0.1% TFA/100% acetonitrile), 12.5-13.5 min (0% water containing 0.1% TFA/100% acetonitrile).
  • the crude intermediate was purified by column chromatography (CombiFlash Companion, 12 g SiO 2 , TBME to TBME+10% MeOH), dissolved in DCM (3 ml) and TFA (1 ml), kept for 14 h at rt, and concentrated. Purification by column chromatography (CombiFlash Rf, 13 g RediSep Rf C18, MeCN:water 5:95+0.1% TFA to MeCN) afforded the title compound as.
  • the crude product was purified by column chromatography (CombiFlash Rf, 13 g RediSep Rf C18, MeCN:water 5:95+0.1% TFA to MeCN), followed by preparative HPLC (Waters Sunfire Prep C18 OBD 5 um, 100 ⁇ 30 mm, A: H 2 O+0.1% TFA, B: MeCN+0.1% TFA, 5-35% B in 15 min, 30 ml/min, rt) to afford the title compound.
  • column chromatography CombiFlash Rf, 13 g RediSep Rf C18, MeCN:water 5:95+0.1% TFA to MeCN
  • preparative HPLC Waters Sunfire Prep C18 OBD 5 um, 100 ⁇ 30 mm, A: H 2 O+0.1% TFA, B: MeCN+0.1% TFA, 5-35% B in 15 min, 30 ml/min, rt
  • the crude product was purified by column chromatography (CombiFlash Companion, 4 g SiO 2 , DCM to DCM:MeOH 9:1), followed by preparative HPLC (Waters Sunfire Prep C18 OBD 5 um, 100 ⁇ 19 mm, A: H 2 O+0.1% TFA, B: MeCN+0.1% TFA, 15-45% B in 10 min, 30 ml/min, rt) affording the title compound.

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