Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D471/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00
  • C07D471/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D471/10—Spiro-condensed systems
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • A61K31/438—The ring being spiro-condensed with carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring systems
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
  • A61P1/16—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for liver or gallbladder disorders, e.g. hepatoprotective agents, cholagogues, litholytics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
  • A61P3/04—Anorexiants; Antiobesity agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
  • A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
  • A61P3/10—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis for hyperglycaemia, e.g. antidiabetics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P5/00—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system
  • A61P5/48—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system of the pancreatic hormones
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D519/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing more than one system of two or more relevant hetero rings condensed among themselves or condensed with a common carbocyclic ring system not provided for in groups C07D453/00 or C07D455/00

Definitions

• This invention relates to substituted pyrazolospiroketone compounds that act as inhibitors of an acetyl-CoA carboxylase(s) and their use in treating diseases, conditions or disorders modulated by the inhibition of acetyl-CoA carboxylase enzyme(s).
• Acetyl-CoA carboxylases are a family of enzymes found in most species and are associated with fatty acid synthesis and metabolism through catalyzing the production of malonyl-CoA from acetyl-CoA. In mammals, two isoforms of the ACC enzyme have been identified. ACC1, which is expressed at high levels in lipogenic tissues, such as fat and the liver, controls the first committed step in the biosynthesis of long-chain fatty acids. If acetyl-CoA is not carboxylated to form malonyl-CoA, it is metabolized through the Krebs cycle.
• ACC2 a minor component of hepatic ACC but the predominant isoform in heart and skeletal muscle, catalyzes the production of malonyl-CoA at the cytosolic surface of mitochondria, and regulates how much fatty acid is utilized in ⁇ -oxidation by inhibiting carnitine palmitoyl transferase.
• chronic administration of an ACC inhibitor may also deplete liver and adipose tissue triglyceride (TG) stores in obese subjects consuming a high or low-fat diet, leading to selective loss of body fat.
• Abu-Etheiga, et al. Studies conducted by Abu-Etheiga, et al., suggest that ACC2 plays an essential role in controlling fatty acid oxidation and, as such it would provide a target in therapy against obesity and obesity-related diseases, such as type-2 diabetes. See, Abu-Etheiga, L., et al., “Acetyl-CoA carboxylase 2 mutant mice are protected against obesity and diabetes induced by high-fat/high-carbohydrate diets” PNAS, 100(18) 10207-10212 (2003). See also, Choi, C.
• hepatic lipid accumulation causes hepatic insulin resistance and contributes to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes.
• Salvage, et al. demonstrated that ACC1 and ACC2 are both involved in regulating fat oxidation in hepatocytes while ACC1, the dominant isoform in rat liver, is the sole regulator of fatty acid synthesis.
• combined reduction of both isoforms is required to significantly lower hepatic malonyl-CoA levels, increase fat oxidation in the fed state, reduce lipid accumulation, and improve insulin action in vivo.
• NAFLD nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
• a first embodiment of the present invention relates to compounds having the structure of Formula A compound of Formula (I)
• R 1 is a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl or (C 3 -C 7 ) cylcoalkyl
• R 2 is indolyl, indazolyl, pyrrolopyridinyl, pyrazolopyridinyl, quinolinyl or benzoimidazolyl; wherein each R 2 group is optionally substituted with one to two substituents independently selected from a cyano, -L-C(O)NR 4 R 5 , -L-NR 4 R 5 , (C 1 -C 3 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 3 )alkoxy and halo;
• R 3 is hydrogen or (C 1 -C 3 )alkyl;
• L is a direct bond or —X(C 1 -C 3 )alkylene;
• X is a direct bond, O or S;
• R 4 and R 5 are each independently hydrogen, (C 1 -C 3 )alkyl, (C 3
• a second embodiment of the present invention is the compound of the first embodiment or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof wherein R 2 is indolyl, indazolyl, pyrrolopyridinyl, pyrazolopyridinyl, quinolinyl or benzoimidazolyl substituted with a cyano, -L-C(O)NR 4 R or -L-NR 4 R 5 .
• a third embodiment of the present invention is the compound of the second embodiment or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof wherein R 2 is indolyl, indazolyl, pyrrolopyridinyl, pyrazolopyridinyl, quinolinyl or benzoimidazolyl substituted with a -L-C(O)NR 4 R 5 or -L-NR 4 R 5 ; and L is a direct bond.
• a fourth embodiment of the present invention is the compound of the first embodiment wherein R 1 is isopropyl, t-butyl or bicycle[1.1.1]pentanyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• a fifth embodiment of the present invention is the compound of any of the preceding embodiments wherein R 3 is hydrogen; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• Another embodiment of the present invention is the compound wherein R 2 is
• each R 2 is substituted with a cyano, -L-C(O)NR 4 R 5 , -L-NR 4 R 5 ; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• Yet another embodiment of the present invention is the compound or the preceding embodiment wherein R 2 is substituted with a cyano, —C(O)NH 2 , —C(O)NHCH 3 , —C(O)NHCH 2 CH 3 , —C(O)CH 2 CF 3 , —OCH 2 C(O)NH 2 ; —NH 2 , —NHCH 3 or —NHC(CH 3 ) 3 ; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• R 1 is a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl or (C 3 -C 7 ) cylcoalkyl
• R 2 is indolyl, indazolyl, pyrrolopyridinyl, pyrazolopyridinyl, quinolinyl or benzoimidazolyl; wherein each R 2 group is optionally substituted with one to two substituents independently selected from a cyano, -L-C(O)NR 4 R 5 , -L-NR 4 R 5 , (C 1 -C 3 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 3 )alkoxy and halo;
• R 3 is hydrogen or (C 1 -C 3 )alkyl;
• L is a direct bond or —X(C 1 -C 3 )alkylene;
• X is a direct bond, O or S; and
• R 4 and R 5 are each independently hydrogen, (C 1 -C 3 )alkyl, (C
• R 1 is a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl or (C 3 -C 7 ) cylcoalkyl
• R 2 is indolyl, indazolyl, pyrrolopyridinyl, pyrazolopyridinyl, quinolinyl or benzoimidazolyl; wherein each R 2 group is optionally substituted with one to two substituents independently selected from a cyano, -L-C(O)NR 4 R 5 , -L-NR 4 R 5 , (C 1 -C 3 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 3 )alkoxy and halo;
• R 3 is hydrogen;
• L is a direct bond or —X(C 1 -C 3 )alkylene;
• X is a direct bond, O or S; and
• R 4 and R 5 are each independently hydrogen, (C 1 -C 3 )alkyl, (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl or
• R 1 is (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl
• each R 2 is substituted with one substitutent that is -L-C(O)NR 4 R 5 , -L-NR 4 R 5 , or (C 1 -C 3 )alkoxy;
• R 3 is hydrogen;
• L is a direct bond or —X(C 1 -C 3 )alkylene;
• X is a direct bond, O or S; and
• R 4 and R 5 are each independently hydrogen or (C 1 -C 3 )alkyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• R 1 is (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl
• each R 2 is substituted with one substituent that is -L-C(O)NR 4 R 5 , -L-NR 4 R 5 , or (C 1 -C 3 )alkoxy;
• L is a direct bond; and
• R 4 and R 5 are hydrogen; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• R 1 is (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl
• each R 2 is substituted with one substituent that is -L-NR 4 R 5 or (C 1 -C 3 )alkoxy; L is a direct bond; and R 4 and R 5 are hydrogen; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• R 1 is a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl
• R 3 is hydrogen or (C 1 -C 3 )alkyl
• L is a direct bond
• R 4 and R 5 are each independently hydrogen or (C 1 -C 3 )alkyl.
• R 1 is a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl
• R 3 is hydrogen
• R 1 is a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl
• R 3 is hydrogen or (C 1 -C 3 )alkyl
• L is a direct bond
• R 4 and R 5 are each independently hydrogen or (C 1 -C 3 )alkyl.
• R 1 is a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl
• R 3 is hydrogen; L is a direct bond; and R 4 and R 5 are each hydrogen.
• R 1 is a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl
• R 3 is hydrogen or (C 1 -C 3 )alkyl
• L is a direct bond
• R 4 and R 5 are each independently hydrogen or (C 1 -C 3 )alkyl.
• R 1 is a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl
• R 3 is hydrogen; L is a direct bond; and R 4 and R 5 are each hydrogen.
• Another embodiment of the present invention is a compound selected from the group consisting of 6-[(1-isopropyl-7-oxo-1,4,6,7-tetrahydro-1′H-spiro[indazole-5,4′-piperidin]-1′-yl)carbonyl]-1H-indole-3-carboxamide; 5-[(1-isopropyl-7-oxo-1,4,6,7-tetrahydro-1′H-spiro[indazole-5,4′-piperidin]-1′-yl)carbonyl]-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide; 6-[(1-isopropyl-7-oxo-1,4,6,7-tetrahydro-1′H-spiro[indazole-5,4′-piperidin]-1′-yl)carbonyl]-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine-3-carboxamide; 6-[(1-isopropyl-7-oxo-1,4,6,7-
• Yet another embodiment of the present invention is a compound selected from the group consisting of 6-[(2-tert-butyl-7-oxo-2,4,6,7-tetrahydro-1′H-spiro[indazole-5,4′-piperidin]-1′-yl)carbonyl]-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine-3-carbonitrile; 5-[(2-tert-butyl-7-oxo-2,4,6,7-tetrahydro-1′H-spiro[indazole-5,4′-piperidin]-1′-yl)carbonyl]-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine-3-carbonitrile; 1′-[(2-aminoquinolin-6-yl)carbonyl]-2-tert-butyl-2,4-dihydrospiro[indazole-5,4′-piperidin]-7(6H)-one; 5-[(1-isopropyl-7-oxo-1,4,6,7-
• compositions comprising an amount of a compound of Formula (I) as described in any of the embodiments; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, diluent, or carrier.
• the composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention.
• the composition may also contain at least one additional pharmaceutical agent.
• Preferred agents include anti-diabetic agents and/or anti-obesity agents.
• in yet another aspect of the present invention is a method for treating a disease, condition, or disorder mediated by the inhibition of acetyl-CoA carboxylase enzyme(s) in a mammal that includes the step of administering to a mammal, preferably a human, in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
• Type II diabetes and diabetes-related diseases such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), hepatic insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, metabolic syndrome, impaired glucose tolerance, diabetic neuropathy, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic retinopathy, obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, hyperinsulinemia, and insulin resistance syndrome.
• Preferred diseases, disorders, or conditions include Type II diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), hepatic insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, impaired glucose tolerance, obesity, and insulin resistance syndrome. More preferred are Type II diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), hepatic insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and obesity. Most preferred is Type II diabetes.
• a preferred embodiment is a method for treating (e.g. delaying the progression or onset of) Type 2 diabetes and diabetes-related disorders in animals comprising the step of administering to an animal in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or a composition thereof.
• a more preferred embodiment is a method for treating, or delaying the progression or onset of, Type 2 diabetes and diabetes-related disorders in a human comprising the step of administering to the human in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or a composition thereof.
• a most preferred embodiment is a method for treating, or delaying the progression or onset of, Type 2 diabetes in a human comprising the step of administering to the human in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or a composition thereof.
• Another preferred embodiment is a method for treating obesity and obesity-related disorders in animals comprising the step of administering to an animal in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or a composition thereof.
• Another preferred embodiment is a method for treating obesity and obesity-related disorders in a human comprising the step of administering to the human in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or a composition thereof.
• Yet another preferred embodiment is a method for treating nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or hepatic insulin resistance in animals comprising the step of administering to an animal, in particular a human, in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or a composition thereof.
• NAFLD nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
• hepatic insulin resistance in animals comprising the step of administering to an animal, in particular a human, in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or a composition thereof.
• Yet another preferred embodiment is a method for treating nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or hepatic insulin resistance in a human comprising the step of administering to the human in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or a composition thereof.
• NAFLD nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
• Compounds of the present invention may be administered in combination with other pharmaceutical agents (in particular, anti-obesity and anti-diabetic agents described herein below).
• the combination therapy may be administered as (a) a single pharmaceutical composition which comprises a compound of the present invention, at least one additional pharmaceutical agent described herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, diluent, or carrier; or (b) two separate pharmaceutical compositions comprising (i) a first composition comprising a compound of the present invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, diluent, or carrier, and (ii) a second composition comprising at least one additional pharmaceutical agent described herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, diluent, or carrier.
• the pharmaceutical compositions may be administered simultaneously or sequentially and in any order.
• Another embodiment is the use of a compound of the present invention in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a disease, condition or disorder that is modulated by the inhibition of acetyl-CoA carboxylase enzyme(s).
• Another embodiment is the use of a compound of the present invention in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a disease, condition or disorder that is modulated by the inhibition of acetyl-CoA carboxylase enzyme(s) wherein the disease, condition, or disorder is Type 2 diabetes, diabetes-related disorders, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or hepatic insulin resistance.
• a disease, condition or disorder that is modulated by the inhibition of acetyl-CoA carboxylase enzyme(s) wherein the disease, condition, or disorder is Type 2 diabetes, diabetes-related disorders, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or hepatic insulin resistance.
• NAFLD nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
• Another embodiment is the use of a compound of the present invention in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a disease, condition or disorder that is modulated by the inhibition of acetyl-CoA carboxylase enzyme(s) wherein the disease, condition, or disorder is Type 2 diabetes.
• Another embodiment is the use the compound of Example 6, 14, or 25 in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a disease, condition or disorder that is modulated by the inhibition of acetyl-CoA carboxylase enzyme(s) wherein the disease, condition, or disorder is Type 2 diabetes, diabetes-related disorders, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or hepatic insulin resistance.
• a disease, condition or disorder that is modulated by the inhibition of acetyl-CoA carboxylase enzyme(s) wherein the disease, condition, or disorder is Type 2 diabetes, diabetes-related disorders, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or hepatic insulin resistance.
• NAFLD nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
• Another embodiment is the use of the compound of Example 6, 14, or 25 in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a disease, condition or disorder that is modulated by the inhibition of acetyl-CoA carboxylase enzyme(s) wherein the disease, condition, or disorder is Type 2 diabetes.
• Another embodiment is the use of the compound of Example 6 in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a disease, condition or disorder that is modulated by the inhibition of acetyl-CoA carboxylase enzyme(s) wherein the disease, condition, or disorder is Type 2 diabetes.
• Another embodiment is the use of the compound of Example 14 in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a disease, condition or disorder that is modulated by the inhibition of acetyl-CoA carboxylase enzyme(s) wherein the disease, condition, or disorder is Type 2 diabetes.
• Another embodiment is the use of the compound of Example 25 in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a disease, condition or disorder that is modulated by the inhibition of acetyl-CoA carboxylase enzyme(s) wherein the disease, condition, or disorder is Type 2 diabetes.
• terapéuticaally effective amount means an amount of a compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof that: (i) treats or prevents the particular disease, condition, or disorder, (ii) attenuates, ameliorates, or eliminates one or more symptoms of the particular disease, condition, or disorder, or (iii) prevents or delays the onset of one or more symptoms of the particular disease, condition, or disorder described herein.
• animal refers to humans (male or female), companion animals (e.g., dogs, cats and horses), food-source animals, zoo animals, marine animals, birds and other similar animal species.
• companion animals e.g., dogs, cats and horses
• food-source animals e.g., zoo animals, marine animals, birds and other similar animal species.
• Edible animals refers to food-source animals such as cows, pigs, sheep and poultry.
• phrases “pharmaceutically acceptable” indicates that the substance or composition must be compatible chemically and/or toxicologically, with the other ingredients comprising a formulation, and/or the mammal being treated therewith.
• treating embrace both preventative, i.e., prophylactic, and palliative treatment.
• modulated refers to the inhibition of the Acetyl-CoA carboxylases (ACC) enzyme(s) with compounds of the present invention.
• ACC Acetyl-CoA carboxylases
• mediated refers to the (i) treatment or prevention the particular disease, condition, or disorder, (ii) attenuation, amelioration, or elimination of one or more symptoms of the particular disease, condition, or disorder, or (iii) prevention or delay of the onset of one or more symptoms of the particular disease, condition, or disorder described herein, by inhibiting the Acetyl-CoA carboxylases (ACC) enzyme(s).
• ACC Acetyl-CoA carboxylases
• compounds of the present invention refer to compounds of Formula (I) and any pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds, as well as, all stereoisomers (including diastereoisomers and enantiomers), tautomers, conformational isomers, and isotopically labeled compounds. Hydrates and solvates of the compounds of the present invention are considered compositions of the present invention, wherein the compound is in association with water or solvent, respectively.
• (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl and “(C 1 -C 3 )alkyl” are alkyl groups of the specified number of carbons, from one to six or one to three carbons, respectively, which can be either straight chain or branched.
• (C 1 -C 3 )alkyl has from one to three carbons and consists of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl and isopropyl. Alkoxy groups with a specified number of carbons are named in an analogous manner.
• (C 1 -C 3 )alkylene are diradical (C 1 -C 3 )alkyl groups of from one to three carbons which can be either straight chain or branched.
• Representative examples of the term “(C 1 -C 3 )alkylene” include, but are not limited to, —CH 2 —, —CH 2 CH 2 —, —CH(CH 3 )CH 2 —, —CH 2 CH 2 (CH 3 )—, or —CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —.
• (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl means a cycloalkyl group with three to seven carbon atoms and consists of cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl and cycloheptyl or can be a bicyclo ring system such as bicycle[1.1.1]pentanyl.
• halo means fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo.
• four to seven membered heterocyclyl means a radical of a four to seven membered non-aromatic heterocycle.
• the point of attachment can be either through a carbon atom or a nitrogen atom.
• Non-limiting examples of these include oxetanyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, morpholinyl, azetidinyl, pyrrolodinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl and the like.
• indolyl indazolyl, pyrrolopyridinyl, pyrazolopyridinyl, quinolinyl or benzoimidazolyl are radicals of the groups shown below and the point of attachment is on a carbon atom of that group.
• the compound of Formula (I) is a N1 ACC inhibitor compound having the following structure:
• Compounds of the present invention may be synthesized by synthetic routes that include processes analogous to those well-known in the chemical arts, particularly in light of the description contained herein.
• the starting materials are generally available from commercial sources such as Aldrich Chemicals (Milwaukee, Wis.) or are readily prepared using methods well known to those skilled in the art (e.g., prepared by methods generally described in Louis F. Fieser and Mary Fieser, Reagents for Organic Synthesis , v. 1-19, Wiley, New York (1967-1999 ed.), or Beilsteins Handbuch der organischen Chemie, 4, Aufl. ed. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, including supplements (also available via the Beilstein online database)).
• reaction schemes depicted below provide potential routes for synthesizing the compounds of the present invention as well as key intermediates.
• Examples section below For a more detailed description of the individual reaction steps, see the Examples section below.
• Those skilled in the art will appreciate that other synthetic routes may be used to synthesize the inventive compounds.
• specific starting materials and reagents are depicted in the schemes and discussed below, other starting materials and reagents can be easily substituted to provide a variety of derivatives and/or reaction conditions.
• many of the compounds prepared by the methods described below can be further modified in light of this disclosure using conventional chemistry well known to those skilled in the art.
• Suitable amino-protecting groups include acetyl, trifluoroacetyl, t-butoxycarbonyl (BOC), benzyloxycarbonyl (CBz) and 9-fluorenylmethyleneoxycarbonyl (Fmoc).
• a “hydroxy-protecting group” refers to a substituent of a hydroxy group that blocks or protects the hydroxy functionality.
• Suitable hydroxyl-protecting groups include for example, allyl, acetyl, silyl, benzyl, para-methoxybenzyl, trityl, and the like. The need for such protection is readily determined by one skilled in the art. For a general description of protecting groups and their use, see T. W. Greene, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis , John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1991.
• reaction schemes Reaction Schemes I through Reaction Scheme III, provide representative procedures that are used to prepare the compounds of Formula (I). It is to be understood that these reaction schemes are to be construed in a non-limiting manner and that reasonable variations of the depicted methods can be used to prepare the compounds of Formula (I).
• Reaction Scheme I outlines the general procedures one could use to provide N1 ACC inhibitor compounds of the present invention having Formula Ia, which is a compound of Formula (I) in which R 1 is a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl or (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl and R 2 is indolyl, indazolyl, pyrrolopyridinyl, pyrazolopyridinyl, quinolinyl or benzoimidazolyl; wherein each R 2 group is optionally substituted with one to two substituents independently selected from a cyano, -L-C(O)NR 4 R 5 , -L-NR 4 R 5 , (C 1 -C 3 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 3 )alkoxy and halo; R 3 is hydrogen; L is a direct bond or —X(C 1 -C 3 )alkylene; X is a direct bond, O or S; and R 4 and R 5 are each independently hydrogen
• the compound of VIIa can be formed by reacting the compound of formula VIIIa wherein Pg represents an appropriate amine protecting group with tris(dimethylamino)methane in an appropriate solvent.
• the reaction can be carried out in an appropriate solvent such as toluene at an elevated temperature, such as reflux, for a period of 1 to 24 hours to provide the compound of formula VIIIa.
• the compound of formula VIa can be formed by reacting the compound of formula VIIIa with an appropriate alkyl or cycloalkyl hydrazine (R 1 NHNH 2 , such as t-butyl hydrazine, isopropyl hydrazine or bicycle[1.1.1]pentanyl hydrazine) in an appropriate solvent such as ethanol.
• the compound of formula VIa can be formed by reacting VIIa with an appropriate alkyl hydrazine (R 1 NHNH 2 ,) optionally in the presence of a base such as potassium carbonate (“K 2 CO 3 ”) in refluxing ethanol to provide the desired cyclized compound, at a temperature of about 20° C. to about 80° C. for about 2 to 24 hours.
• a base such as potassium carbonate (“K 2 CO 3 ”)
• the compound of formula Va can be formed by converting the compound of formula VIa to the corresponding hydroxy bromide derivative by reaction with an appropriate brominating reagent and water in an appropriate solvent.
• the compound of formula Va can be formed by reacting the compound of formula VIa with N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) and water in tetrahydrofuran at room temperature for 1 hour to provide the corresponding hydroxy bromo derivative of formula Va.
• NBS N-bromosuccinimide
• the compound of formula IVa can then be formed by oxidation of the compound of formula Va with an appropriate oxidizing agent in an appropriate solvent.
• the compound of formula Va can be oxidized by treatment with Jones reagent in acetone at 0° C. to room temperature for a period of 15 minutes to 4 hours followed by extractive workup.
• the compound of formula IVa can then be debrominated by treatment with aqueous ammonium chloride and zinc metal in an appropriate solvent such as tetrahydrofuran for 15 minutes to 4 hours
• the compound of formula IIIa can then be deprotected to provide the free spiropiperidine derivative of formula IIa using standard methods which depend on which protecting group Pg has been employed.
• Pg represents BOC
• standard strong acid deprotection conditions such as 4N hydrochloric acid in dioxane or trifluoroacetic acid in an appropriate solvent such as dichloromethane
• Pg represents Cbz
• hydrogenation over palladium on carbon in ethanol or treatment with a hydrogen source such as ammonium formate or 1-methyl-1,4-cyclohexadiene in the presence of palladium on carbon in ethanol or ethyl acetate can be employed to carry out the deprotection.
• the spiropiperidine derivative of formula IIa can then be acylated by employing standard methods to provide the compound of formula Ia.
• the compound (Ia) may then be formed using a standard peptide coupling reaction with the desired carboxylic acid (R 2 CO 2 H).
• the spiropiperidine intermediate (IIa) and carboxylic acid (R 2 CO 2 H) may be coupled by forming an activated carboxylic acid ester, such as by contacting the carboxylic acid (R 2 CO 2 H) with a peptide coupling reagent, such as O-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (“HATU”) or 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethyllaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (“EDC.HCl”), in the presence or absence of an activating agent, such as hydroxybenzotriazole (“HOBt”) and in the presence of a suitable base, such as N,N-diisopropylethylamine (“DIEA”), triethylamine or N-methylmorpholine (“NMM”), in a suitable solvent such as THF and/or DMF, dimethylacet
• Reaction Scheme II outlines the general procedures one could use to provide N2 ACC inhibitor compounds of the present invention having Formula Ib, in which R 1 is a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl or (C 3 -C 7 )cycloalkyl and R 2 is indolyl, indazolyl, pyrrolopyridinyl, pyrazolopyridinyl, quinolinyl or benzoimidazolyl; wherein each R 2 group is optionally substituted with one to two substituents independently selected from a cyano, -L-C(O)NR 4 R 5 , -L-NR 4 R 5 , (C 1 -C 3 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 3 )alkoxy and halo; R 3 is hydrogen; L is a direct bond or —X(C 1 -C 3 )alkylene; X is a direct bond, O or S; and R 4 and R 5 are each independently hydrogen, (C 1 -C 3 )
• reaction of the compound of formula VIIb with an appropriate hydrazine derivative R 1 —NHNH 2 provides the compound of formula VIb.
• the reaction is typically carried out in an appropriate solvent such as ethanol at an elevated temperature such as 60° C. to reflux for a period of about 1 to 48 hours to provide the compound of formula VIb.
• an appropriate solvent such as ethanol
• an elevated temperature such as 60° C. to reflux
• the hydrazine derivative R 1 —NHNH 2 employed is in the form of its corresponding acid addition salt, such as a hydrochloride salt
• the compound of formula VIb formed may also exist as a salt.
• the compound of formula VIb When the compound of formula VIb exists as the salt form, it is typically treated with an appropriate base, such as sodium bicarbonate, in an appropriate solvent, such as dichloromethane, for 15 minutes to 4 hours at ambient temperature prior to conversion to the compound of formula Vb.
• the compound of formula Vb is formed by first reacting phosphorous oxychloride with dimethylformamide at 0° C. then adding the compound of formula VIb and cyclizing it at an elevated temperature, such as 80° C. for a period of 1 to 24 hours.
• the compound of formula Vb is then converted to the corresponding methoxy bromo derivative of formula IVb by reaction with an appropriate brominating agent and methanol in an appropriate solvent such as tetrahydrofuran.
• reaction of the compound Vb with N-bromosuccinimide in 20% methanol/tetrahydrofuran for 30 minutes to 4 hours at ambient temperature can provide the compound of formula IVb.
• treatment of the compound of formula IVb with an appropriate base, such as potassium t-butoxide, in an appropriate solvent such as tetrahydrofuran for 15 minutes to 2 hours followed by acidification with an appropriate acid, such as 2N hydrochloric acid can provide the compound of formula IIIb.
• Deprotection of the compound of formula IIIb, followed by coupling with the acid R2CO2H in the manner described previously in Reaction Scheme I provides the compound of formula Ib.
• Reaction Scheme III outlines the general procedures one could use to provide N2 ACC inhibitor compounds of the present invention having Formula Ic, in which R 1 and R 2 are as previously and R3 is an alkyl group.
• the compound of formula IIIc may be formed by palladium catalyzed cross-coupling of the bromide of formula IVc with an alkyl or alkenyl tributylstannane such as methyl tri-nbutylstannane or vinyl tri-nbutylstannane or allyl tri-nbutylstannane or a trialkyl boroxine such as trimethyl boroxine or trivinyl boroxine in the presence of a palladium catalyst such as tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium(0) or a precatalyst and ligand combination such as palladium(II)acetate and 2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2′,6′-dimethoxybiphenyl (“SPhos”) and in the presence or absence of a base such as potassium carbonate in a protic solvent such as ethanol or t-amyl alcohol or an aprotic solvent such as tetrahydro
• the compound of formula IIIc may then be deprotected to provide the free spiropiperidine derivative of formula IIc using standard methods which depend on which protecting group Pg has been employed.
• Pg represents BOC
• standard strong acid deprotection conditions such as 4N hydrochloric acid in dioxane or trifluoroacetic acid in an appropriate solvent such as dichloromethane
• Pg represents Cbz
• hydrogenation over palladium on carbon in ethanol or treatment with a hydrogen source such as ammonium formate or 1-methyl-1,4-cyclohexadiene in the presence of palladium on carbon in ethanol or ethyl acetate may be employed to carry out the deprotection.
• the spiropiperidine derivative of formula IIc may then be acylated by employing standard methods to provide the compound of Formula Ic.
• the compound Ic may then be formed using a standard peptide coupling reaction with the desired carboxylic acid (R 2 CO 2 H).
• the spiropiperidine intermediate IIc and carboxylic acid (R 2 CO 2 H) may be coupled by forming an activated carboxylic acid ester, such as by contacting the carboxylic acid (R 2 CO 2 H) with a peptide coupling reagent, such as HATU or EDC.HCl, in the presence or absence of an activating agent, such as HOBt and in the presence of a suitable base, such as DIEA, triethylamine or NMM, in a suitable solvent such as THF and/or DMF, DMA or dichloromethane and then contacting the activated carboxylic acid ester with the spiropiperidine derivative IIc to form a compound of Formula Ic.
• a suitable base such as DIEA, triethylamine or NMM
• the compounds of the present invention may be isolated and used per se or in the form of their pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
• compounds with multiple basic nitrogen atoms can form salts with varying number of equivalents (“eq.”) of acid. It will be understood by practitioners that all such salts are within the scope of the present invention.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic and organic salts of the compound. These salts can be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of a compound, or by separately reacting the compound thereof, with a suitable organic or inorganic acid and isolating the salt thus formed.
• Representative salts include, but are not limited to, the hydrobromide, hydrochloride, hydroiodide, sulfate, bisulfate, nitrate, acetate, trifluoroacetate, oxalate, besylate, palmitate, pamoate, malonate, stearate, laurate, malate, borate, benzoate, lactate, phosphate, hexafluorophosphate, benzene sulfonate, tosylate, formate, citrate, maleate, fumarate, succinate, tartrate, naphthylate, mesylate, glucoheptonate, lactobionate and laurylsulphonate salts, and the like.
• alkali and alkaline earth metals such as sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and the like
• non-toxic ammonium, quaternary ammonium, and amine cations including, but not limited to, ammonium, tetramethylammonium, tetraethylammonium, methylammonium, dimethylammonium, trimethylammonium, triethylammonium, ethylammonium, and the like.
• ammonium, tetramethylammonium, tetraethylammonium, methylammonium, dimethylammonium, trimethylammonium, triethylammonium, ethylammonium, and the like For additional examples see, for example, Berge, et al., J. Pharm. Sci., 66, 1-19 (1977).
• Polymorphs of compounds of Formula (I) and salts thereof form part of this invention and may be prepared by crystallization of a compound of the present invention under different conditions. For example, using different solvents or different solvent mixtures for recrystallization; crystallization at different temperatures; various modes of cooling, ranging from very fast to very slow cooling during crystallization. Polymorphs may also be obtained by heating or melting a compound of the present invention followed by gradual or fast cooling. The presence of polymorphs may be determined by solid probe nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, infrared (IR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, powder X-ray diffraction or such other techniques.
• NMR nuclear magnetic resonance
• IR infrared
• This invention also includes isotopically-labeled compounds, which are identical to those described by Formula (I), but for the fact that one or more atoms are replaced by an atom having an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number usually found in nature.
• isotopes that can be incorporated into compounds of the invention include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur and fluorine, such as 2 H, 3 H, 13 C, 14 C, 15 N, 18 C, 17 O, 35 S, 36 Cl, 125 I, 129 I, and 18 F respectively.
• isotopically-labeled compounds of the present invention for example those into which radioactive isotopes such as 3 H and 14 C are incorporated, are useful in drug and/or substrate tissue distribution assays. Tritiated (i.e., 3 H), and carbon-14 (i.e., 14 C), isotopes are particularly preferred for their ease of preparation and detectability. Further, substitution with heavier isotopes such as deuterium (i.e., 2 H), can afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, for example increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements and, hence, may be preferred in some circumstances.
• Isotopically labeled compounds of the present invention can generally be prepared by carrying out the procedures disclosed in the schemes and/or in the Examples below, by substituting a readily available isotopically labeled reagent for a non-isotopically labeled reagent.
• the compounds of the present invention may contain stereogenic centers. These compounds may exist as mixtures of enantiomers or as pure enantiomers. Wherein a compound includes a stereogenic center, the compounds may be resolved into the pure enantiomers by methods known to those skilled in the art, for example by formation of diastereoisomeric salts which may be separated, for example, by crystallization; formation of stereoisomeric derivatives or complexes which may be separated, for example, by crystallization, gas-liquid or liquid chromatography; selective reaction of one enantiomer with an enantiomer-specific reagent, for example enzymatic esterification; or gas-liquid or liquid chromatography in a chiral environment, for example on a chiral support for example silica with a bound chiral ligand or in the presence of a chiral solvent.
• the desired stereoisomer is converted into another chemical entity by one of the separation procedures described above, a further step is required to liberate the desired enantiomeric form.
• the specific stereoisomers may be synthesized by using an optically active starting material, by asymmetric synthesis using optically active reagents, substrates, catalysts or solvents, or by converting one stereoisomer into the other by asymmetric transformation.
• Compounds of the present invention may exist in different stable conformational forms which may be separable. Torsional asymmetry due to restricted rotation about an asymmetric single bond, for example because of steric hindrance or ring strain, may permit separation of different conformers.
• the compounds of the present invention further include each conformational isomer of compounds of Formula (I) and mixtures thereof.
• Compounds of the present invention are useful for treating diseases, conditions and/or disorders modulated by the inhibition of the acetyl-CoA carboxylases enzyme(s) (in particular, ACC1 and ACC2).
• Another embodiment of the present invention is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, diluent or carrier.
• the compounds of the present invention (including the compositions and processes used therein) may also be used in the manufacture of a medicament for the therapeutic applications described herein.
• a typical formulation is prepared by mixing a compound of the present invention and a carrier, diluent or excipient.
• Suitable carriers, diluents and excipients are well known to those skilled in the art and include materials such as carbohydrates, waxes, water soluble and/or swellable polymers, hydrophilic or hydrophobic materials, gelatin, oils, solvents, water, and the like.
• the particular carrier, diluent or excipient used will depend upon the means and purpose for which the compound of the present invention is being applied. Solvents are generally selected based on solvents recognized by persons skilled in the art as safe (GRAS) to be administered to a mammal.
• GRAS solvents recognized by persons skilled in the art as safe
• safe solvents are non-toxic aqueous solvents such as water and other non-toxic solvents that are soluble or miscible in water.
• Suitable aqueous solvents include water, ethanol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycols (e.g., PEG400, PEG300), etc. and mixtures thereof.
• the formulations may also include one or more buffers, stabilizing agents, surfactants, wetting agents, lubricating agents, emulsifiers, suspending agents, preservatives, antioxidants, opaquing agents, glidants, processing aids, colorants, sweeteners, perfuming agents, flavoring agents and other known additives to provide an elegant presentation of the drug (i.e., a compound of the present invention or pharmaceutical composition thereof) or aid in the manufacturing of the pharmaceutical product (i.e., for use in the preparing a medicament).
• buffers stabilizing agents, surfactants, wetting agents, lubricating agents, emulsifiers, suspending agents, preservatives, antioxidants, opaquing agents, glidants, processing aids, colorants, sweeteners, perfuming agents, flavoring agents and other known additives to provide an elegant presentation of the drug (i.e., a compound of the present invention or pharmaceutical composition thereof) or aid in the manufacturing of the pharmaceutical product (i
• the formulations may be prepared using conventional dissolution and mixing procedures.
• the bulk drug substance i.e., compound of the present invention or stabilized form of the compound (e.g., complex with a cyclodextrin derivative or other known complexation agent)
• a suitable solvent in the presence of one or more of the excipients described above.
• the dissolution rate of poorly water-soluble compounds may be enhanced by the use of a spray-dried dispersion, such as those described by Takeuchi, H., et al. in “Enhancement of the dissolution rate of a poorly water-soluble drug (tolbutamide) by a spray-drying solvent deposition method and disintegrants” J. Pharm.
• the compound of the present invention is typically formulated into pharmaceutical dosage forms to provide an easily controllable dosage of the drug and to give the patient an elegant and easily handleable product.
• the pharmaceutical compositions also include solvates and hydrates of the compounds of the present invention.
• solvate refers to a molecular complex of a compound represented by Formula (I) (including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof) with one or more solvent molecules.
• solvent molecules are those commonly used in the pharmaceutical art, which are known to be innocuous to the recipient, e.g., water, ethanol, ethylene glycol, and the like
• hydrate refers to the complex where the solvent molecule is water.
• the solvates and/or hydrates preferably exist in crystalline form.
• solvents may be used as intermediate solvates in the preparation of more desirable solvates, such as methanol, methyl t-butyl ether, ethyl acetate, methyl acetate, (S)-propylene glycol, (R)-propylene glycol, 1,4-butyne-diol, and the like.
• the pharmaceutical composition (or formulation) for application may be packaged in a variety of ways depending upon the method used for administering the drug.
• an article for distribution includes a container having deposited therein the pharmaceutical formulation in an appropriate form.
• Suitable containers are well-known to those skilled in the art and include materials such as bottles (plastic and glass), sachets, ampoules, plastic bags, metal cylinders, and the like.
• the container may also include a tamper-proof assemblage to prevent indiscreet access to the contents of the package.
• the container has deposited thereon a label that describes the contents of the container. The label may also include appropriate warnings.
• the present invention further provides a method of treating diseases, conditions and/or disorders modulated by the inhibition of the acetyl-CoA carboxylases enzyme(s) in an animal that includes administering to an animal in need of such treatment a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of a compound of the present invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, diluent, or carrier.
• the method is particularly useful for treating diseases, conditions and/or disorders that benefit from the inhibition of acetyl-CoA carboxylases enzyme(s).
• One aspect of the present invention is the treatment of obesity, and obesity-related disorders (e.g., overweight, weight gain, or weight maintenance).
• obesity-related disorders e.g., overweight, weight gain, or weight maintenance.
• BMI body mass index
• Overweight is typically defined as a BMI of 25-29.9 kg/m 2
• obesity is typically defined as a BMI of 30 kg/m 2 .
• Another aspect of the present invention is for the treatment (e.g., delaying the progression or onset) of diabetes or diabetes-related disorders including Type 1 (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, also referred to as “IDDM”) and Type 2 (noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, also referred to as “NIDDM”) diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and diabetic complications (such as atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, stroke, peripheral vascular disease, nephropathy, hypertension, neuropathy, and retinopathy).
• IDDM insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
• NIDDM noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
• Metabolic syndrome includes diseases, conditions or disorders such as dyslipidemia, hypertension, insulin resistance, diabetes (e.g., Type 2 diabetes), coronary artery disease and heart failure.
• diabetes e.g., Type 2 diabetes
• Metabolic Syndrome see, e.g., Zimmet, P. Z., et al., “The Metabolic Syndrome: Perhaps an Etiologic Mystery but Far From a Myth—Where Does the International Diabetes Federation Stand?,” Diabetes & Endocrinology, 7(2), (2005); and Alberti, K. G., et al., “The Metabolic Syndrome—A New Worldwide Definition,” Lancet, 366, 1059-62 (2005).
• administration of the compounds of the present invention provides a statistically significant (p ⁇ 0.05) reduction in at least one cardiovascular disease risk factor, such as lowering of plasma leptin, C-reactive protein (CRP) and/or cholesterol, as compared to a vehicle control containing no drug.
• cardiovascular disease risk factor such as lowering of plasma leptin, C-reactive protein (CRP) and/or cholesterol
• the administration of compounds of the present invention may also provide a statistically significant (p ⁇ 0.05) reduction in glucose serum levels.
• NASH nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
• hepatic insulin resistance is the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and hepatic insulin resistance.
• a dosage in the range of from about 0.001 mg to about 10 mg per kilogram body weight is typically sufficient, preferably from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 5.0 mg/kg, more preferably from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 1 mg/kg.
• some variability in the general dosage range may be required depending upon the age and weight of the subject being treated, the intended route of administration, the particular compound being administered and the like.
• the determination of dosage ranges and optimal dosages for a particular patient is well within the ability of one of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of the instant disclosure.
• the compounds of the present invention can be used in sustained release, controlled release, and delayed release formulations, which forms are also well known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
• the compounds of this invention may also be used in conjunction with other pharmaceutical agents for the treatment of the diseases, conditions and/or disorders described herein. Therefore, methods of treatment that include administering compounds of the present invention in combination with other pharmaceutical agents are also provided.
• Suitable pharmaceutical agents that may be used in combination with the compounds of the present invention include anti-obesity agents (including appetite suppressants), anti-diabetic agents, anti-hyperglycemic agents, lipid lowering agents, and anti-hypertensive agents.
• Suitable lipid lowering agents that can be combined with the compounds of the present invention include, for example, those described at page 30, line 20 through page 31, line 30 of WO 2011005611.
• the lipid lowering agents include bile acid sequestrants, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, HMG-CoA synthase inhibitors, cholesterol absorption inhibitors, acyl coenzyme A-cholesterol acyl transferase (ACAT) inhibitors, CETP inhibitors, squalene synthetase inhibitors, PPAR a agonists, FXR receptor modulators, LXR receptor modulators, lipoprotein synthesis inhibitors, rennin angiotensisn system inhibitors, PPAR d partial agonists, bile acid reabsorption inhibitors, PPAR ⁇ agonists, triglyceride synthesis inhibitors, microsomal triglyceride transport inhibitors, transcription modulators, squalene epoxidase inhibitors,
• Suitable anti-hypertensive agents that can be combined with the compounds of the present invention include, for example, those described at page 31, line 31 through page 32, line 18 of WO 2011005611.
• the anti-hypertensive agents include diuretics, beta-adrenergic blockers, calcium channel blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, neutral endopeptidase inhibitors, endothelin antagonists, vasodilators, angiotensin II receptor antagonists, ⁇ / ⁇ adrenergic blockers, alpha 1 blockers, alpha 2 agonists, aldosterone inhibitors, mineraocorticoid receptor inhibitors, renin inhibitors and angiopoietin-2-binding agents.
• ACE angiotensin converting enzyme
• Suitable anti-diabetic agents include an acetyl-CoA carboxylase- (ACC) inhibitor such as those described in WO2009144554, WO2003072197, WO2009144555 and WO2008065508, a diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 (DGAT-1) inhibitor, such as those described in WO09016462 or WO2010086820, AZD7687 or LCQ908, diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2 (DGAT-2) inhibitor, monoacylglycerol O-acyltransferase inhibitors, a phosphodiesterase (PDE)-10 inhibitor, an AMPK activator, a sulfonylurea (e.g., acetohexamide, chlorpropamide, diabinese, glibenclamide, glipizide, glyburide, glimepiride, gliclazide, glipentide, gliquidone,
• GSK1362885 a VPAC2 receptor agonist
• SGLT2 inhibitors such as those described in E. C. Chao et al. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 9, 551-559 (Jul. 2010) including dapagliflozin, canagliflozin, BI-10733, tofogliflozin (CSG452), ASP-1941, THR1474, TS-071, ISIS388626 and LX4211 as well as those in WO2010023594, a glucagon receptor modulator such as those described in Demong, D. E. et al.
• GPR119 modulators particularly agonists, such as those described in WO2010140092, WO2010128425, WO2010128414, WO2010106457, Jones, R. M. et al. in Medicinal Chemistry 2009, 44, 149-170 (e.g. MBX-2982, GSK1292263, APD597 and PSN821), FGF21 derivatives or analogs such as those described in Kharitonenkov, A. et al.
• TGR5 also termed GPBAR1 receptor modulators, particularly agonists, such as those described in Zhong, M., Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry, 2010, 10(4), 386-396 and INT777, GPR40 agonists, such as those described in Medina, J. C., Annual Reports in Medicinal Chemistry, 2008, 43, 75-85, including but not limited to TAK-875, GPR120 modulators, particularly agonists, high affinity nicotinic acid receptor (HM74A) activators, and SGLT1 inhibitors, such as GSK1614235.
• HM74A high affinity nicotinic acid receptor
• anti-diabetic agents that can be combined with the compounds of the present invention can be found, for example, at page 28, line 35 through page 30, line 19 of WO2011005611.
• Preferred anti-diabetic agents are metformin and DPP-IV inhibitors (e.g., sitagliptin, vildagliptin, alogliptin, dutogliptin, linagliptin and saxagliptin).
• antidiabetic agents could include inhibitors or modulators of carnitine palmitoyl transferase enzymes, inhibitors of fructose 1,6-diphosphatase, inhibitors of aldose reductase, mineralocorticoid receptor inhibitors, inhibitors of TORC2, inhibitors of CCR2 and/or CCR5, inhibitors of PKC isoforms (e.g.
• PKCa, PKCb, PKCg inhibitors of fatty acid synthetase, inhibitors of serine palmitoyl transferase, modulators of GPR81, GPR39, GPR43, GPR41, GPR105, Kv1.3, retinol binding protein 4, glucocorticoid receptor, somatostain receptors (e.g. SSTR1, SSTR2, SSTR3 and SSTR5), inhibitors or modulators of PDHK2 or PDHK4, inhibitors of MAP4K4, modulators of IL1 family including IL1beta, modulators of RXRalpha.
• suitable anti-diabetic agents include mechanisms listed by Carpino, P. A., Goodwin, B. Expert Opin. Ther. Pat, 2010, 20(12), 1627-51.
• Suitable anti-obesity agents include 11 ⁇ -hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase-1 (11 ⁇ -HSD type 1) inhibitors, stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD-1) inhibitor, MCR-4 agonists, cholecystokinin-A (CCK-A) agonists, monoamine reuptake inhibitors (such as sibutramine), sympathomimetic agents, ⁇ 3 adrenergic agonists, dopamine agonists (such as bromocriptine), melanocyte-stimulating hormone analogs, 5HT2c agonists, melanin concentrating hormone antagonists, leptin (the OB protein), leptin analogs, leptin agonists, galanin antagonists, lipase inhibitors (such as tetrahydrolipstatin, i.e.
• anorectic agents such as a bombesin agonist
• neuropeptide-Y antagonists e.g., NPY Y5 antagonists such as velneperit
• PYY 3-36 including analogs thereof
• BRS3 modulator mixed antagonists of opiod receptor subtypes, thyromimetic agents, dehydroepiandrosterone or an analog thereof, glucocorticoid agonists or antagonists, orexin antagonists, glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists, ciliary neurotrophic factors (such as AxokineTM available from Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, N.Y.
• AxokineTM available from Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, N.Y.
• GTP/ApoB inhibitors e.g., gut-selective MTP inhibitors, such as dirlotapide, JTT130, Usistapide, SLx4090
• opioid antagonist e.g., mu opioid receptor modulators, including but not limited to GSK1521498, MetAp2 inhibitors, including but not limited to ZGN-433, agents with mixed modulatory activity at 2 or more of glucagon, GIP and GLP1 receptors, such as MAR-701 or ZP2929, norepinephrine transporter inhibitors, cannabinoid-1-receptor antagonist/inverse agonists, ghrelin agonists/antagonists, oxyntomodulin and analogs, monoamine uptake inhibitors, such as but not limited to tesofensine, an orexin antagonist, combination agents (such as
• Preferred anti-obesity agents for use in the combination aspects of the present invention include gut-selective MTP inhibitors (e.g., dirlotapide, mitratapide and implitapide, R56918 (CAS No. 403987) and CAS No. 913541-47-6), CCKa agonists (e.g., N-benzyl-2-[4-(1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)-5-oxo-1-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-2,3,6,10b-tetraaza-benzo[e]azulen-6-yl]-N-isopropyl-acetamide described in PCT Publication No. WO 2005/116034 or US Publication No.
• CCKa agonists e.g., N-benzyl-2-[4-(1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)-5-oxo-1-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-2,3,6,10b-tetraaza
• PYY 3-36 includes analogs, such as peglated PYY 3-36 e.g., those described in US Publication 2006/0178501), opioid antagonists (e.g., naltrexone), oleoyl-estrone (CAS No.
• compounds of the present invention and combination therapies are administered in conjunction with exercise and a sensible diet.
• Mass Spectra were recorded on a Waters (Waters Corp.; Milford, Mass.) Micromass Platform II spectrometer. Unless otherwise specified, mass spectra were recorded on a Waters (Milford, Mass.) Micromass Platform II spectrometer.
• NMR chemical shifts are given in parts per million downfield from tetramethylsilane and were recorded on a Varian Unity 300, 400 or 500 MHz (megaHertz) spectrometer (Varian Inc.; Palo Alto, Calif.). NMR chemical shifts are given in parts per million downfield from tetramethylsilane (for proton) or fluorotrichloromethane (for fluorine).
• HPLC retention times were measured using the following methods: Method A: column: Waters Atlantis dC18 4.6 ⁇ 50 mm, 5 ⁇ m; mobile phase A: 0.05% TFA in water (v/v); mobile phase B: 0.05% TFA in acetonitrile (v/v); gradient: 95% A/5% B linear to 5% A/95% B in 4.0 minutes, hold at 5% A/95% B for 5.0 minutes; flow rate: 2.0 mL/minute.
• Methyl vinyl ketone (146 mL, 1.78 mol) was added to a solution of tert-butyl 4-formylpiperidine-1-carboxylate (375 g, 1.76 mol) in tetrahydrofuran (18 L).
• the reaction mixture was cooled to ⁇ 5° C. and a solution of potassium hydroxide in ethanol (3N, 0.243 L) was added dropwise over 10 minutes.
• the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for 16 hours. Cyclohexane (10 L) was added and the solution was washed with saturated sodium chloride (3 ⁇ 10 L). The organic layer was concentrated to an oil.
• This oil was dissolved in 2 L of 80:20 cyclohexane/ethyl acetate and filtered through Celite® to remove the insoluble material. The filtrate was purified via flash column chromatography (30% ethyl acetate/hexanes) to afford the product as an oil. The oil was triturated in hexanes to afford the title compound as a colorless solid (131 g, 28%).
• the reaction was cooled to room temperature and was washed with citric acid (10% aqueous, 2 ⁇ 150 mL) and water (200 mL). The organic layer was then distilled to a minimum stirring volume. Methanol (2 L) was added and distilled to a minimum stirring volume. This was repeated with methanol (2 L). The solution was redissolved in methanol (2.5 L) and N-bromosuccinimide (176 g) was added in one portion. The solution was stirred at 23° C. for 2 hours. Aqueous sodium thiosulfate solution (5 wt %, 0.5 L) was added and the mixture was stirred for 15 minutes.
• the reaction mixture was concentrated via distillation (45° C., 210 mm Hg) to ⁇ 0.5 L and then 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran (2.5 L) was added. After stirring for 15 minutes the aqueous layer was discarded. The organic layer was concentrated to 0.2 L and tetrahydrofuran (0.5 L) was added. To the mixture was added a potassium tert-butoxide solution in tetrahydrofuran (1.9 L, 1 M solution). The solution was heated to 60° C. and stirred for 1 hour. After cooling to room temperature, aqueous hydrochloric acid (1 N, 2.2 L) was added over 20 minutes. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 minutes, and then the layers were allowed to separate.
• Benzyl 9-oxo-3-azaspiro[5.5]undec-7-ene-3-carboxylate (4.89 g, 16.3 mmol) was dissolved in ethanol (60 mL) and tert-butylhydrazine hydrochloride (2.44 g, 19.6 mmol) was added. The mixture was heated at reflux for 4 hours and then stirred at 60° C. for 48 hours. The reaction was cooled to room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure to give a tan oil which solidified upon standing to yield 6.60 g (99%) of the title compound as a tan solid.
• Step 4 benzyl 6-bromo-2-tert-butyl-7-methoxy-2,4,6,7-tetrahydrospiro[indazole-5,4′-piperidine]-1′-carboxylate
• Benzyl 2-tert-butyl-2,4-dihydrospiro[indazole-5,4′-piperidine]-1′-carboxylate was dissolved in a 20% methanol/tetrahydrofuran mixture (25 mL). N-bromosuccinimide (315 mg, 1.77 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred for 30 minutes. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The resultant oil was partitioned between ethyl acetate (50 mL) and water (50 mL). The organic phase was dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated.
• Benzyl 6-bromo-2-tert-butyl-7-methoxy-2,4,6,7-tetrahydrospiro[indazole-5,4′-piperidine]-1′-carboxylate (150 mg, 0.31 mmol) was dissolved in 5 mL tetrahydrofuran and treated with potassium tert-butoxide (0.61 mL, 0.61 mmol, 1 M tetrahydrofuran) and stirred for 30 minutes. Aqueous 2 N HCl (5 mL) was added and the mixture was stirred for 15 minutes at room temperature. The mixture was then diluted with 50 mL water and extracted with ethyl acetate (50 mL).
• Benzyl 2-tert-butyl-7-oxo-2,4,6,7-tetrahydrospiro[indazole-5,4′-piperidine]-1′-carboxylate (441 mg, 1.12 mmol) was dissolved in methanol (15 mL) and treated with ammonium formate (217 mg, 3.34 mmol) and palladium on carbon (50 mg, 10% Pd, 50% H 2 O). The reaction was stirred 2 hours at room temperature and the catalyst then removed by filtration. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The resultant colorless solid was taken up in ethyl acetate (20 mL) and treated with 0.5 M HCl in diethyl ether (1 mL).
• Step 1 di-tert-butyl 1-(bicyclo[1.1.1]pentan-1-yl)hydrazine-1,2-dicarboxylate
• Tris(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionato)manganese(III) (281 mg, 0.460 mmol) was dissolved in 2-propanol (100 mL) in a 1 L 3-necked flask equipped with addition funnel, gas inlet, and thermometer. The solution was cooled to ⁇ 15° C. under nitrogen. Di-tert-butyl azodicarboxylate (8.11 g, 34.5 mmol) and phenylsilane (2.9 mL, 23 mmol) were dissolved in dichloromethane (100 mL) and this resulting orange solution was added to the above cooled solution dropwise over 10 minutes, maintaining the internal temperature at approximately ⁇ 10° C.
• Step 3 benzyl 2-(bicyclo[1.1.1]pentan-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,4,6,7-tetrahydrospiro[indazole-5,4′-piperidine]-1′-carboxylate
• Step 4 2-(bicyclo[1.1.1]pentan-1-yl)-4,6-dihydrospiro[indazole-5,4′-piperidin]-7(2H)-one
• Step 1 benzyl 10-((dimethylamino)methylene)-9-oxo-3-azaspiro[5.5]undec-7-ene-3-carboxylate
• Benzyl 9-oxo-3-azaspiro[5.5]undec-7-ene-3-carboxylate (15.2 g, 51 mmol) was dissolved in toluene (180 mL) and tris(dimethylamino)methane (22.2 g, 27 mmol) was added. The reaction was heated to reflux for 5 hours and then allowed to cool to room temperature and stir overnight. The reaction solution was concentrated in vacuo to provide the title compound (18.0 g, 100%).
• Benzyl 1-tert-butyl-1,4-dihydrospiro[indazole-5,4′-piperidine]-1′-carboxylate (50 g, 132 mmol) was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (1 L). To the reaction was added N-bromosuccinimide (24.6 g, 138 mmol) and water (250 mL). The reaction was stirred for 1 hour at room temperature. The reaction was partitioned between ethyl acetate and water. The phases were separated and the organic phase was washed 2 times with water and once with saturated aqueous sodium chloride. The organic phase was dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo.
• Step 4 benzyl 6-bromo-1-tert-butyl-7-oxo-1,4,6,7-tetrahydrospiro[indazole-5,4′-piperidine]-1′-carboxylate
• Benzyl 6-bromo-1-tert-butyl-7-hydroxy-1,4,6,7-tetrahydrospiro[indazole-5,4′-piperidine]-1′-carboxylate (57.9 g, 122 mmol) was dissolved in acetone (1 L) and cooled to 0° C. in an ice bath. To the solution was added Jones Reagent (122 mL) (Fillion, E. Tetrahedron Letters 2004, 46, 1091-1094). The ice bath was removed and the reaction was allowed to warm to room temperature and stir for 45 minutes. Saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate was added until gas evolution ceased and the pH reached 7.
• Step 1 benzyl 1-(bicyclo[1.1.1]pentan-1-yl)-1,4-dihydrospiro[indazole-5,4′-piperidine]-1′-carboxylate
• Step 2 benzyl 1-(bicyclo[1.1.1]pentan-1-yl)-7-oxo-1,4,6,7-tetrahydrospiro[indazole-5,4′-piperidine]-1′-carboxylate
• the reaction mixture was cooled, diluted with ethyl acetate (250 mL), and filtered through Celite, rinsing with ethyl acetate (100 mL).
• the mixture was stirred for 1 hour.
• the layers were then separated.
• the organic layer was washed with water and brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo.
• To the residue was added methanol (40 mL) and the mixture was stirred overnight.
• Methyl 3-iodo-1H-indazole-5-carboxylate (30.7 g, 102 mmol), zinc cyanide (20.3 g, 173 mmol), zinc dust (4.05 g, 61.9 mmol), [1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]-dichloropalladium(II), complex with dichloromethane (12 g, 15 mmol), and copper (I) iodide (19.7 g, 103 mmol) were combined in a 1 L round bottom flask. N,N-dimethylacetamide (500 mL) was added and the reaction mixture was purged with nitrogen for 10 minutes. The reaction was heated to 120° C. for 1 hour.
• the reaction was cooled to room temperature and was diluted with ethyl acetate (1 L), and allowed to stir for 20 minutes.
• the reaction mixture was filtered through a plug of Celite, rinsing with 500 mL ethyl acetate.
• the resulting emulsion was filtered through a small pad of Celite.
• the reaction mixture was cooled, diluted with ethyl acetate (250 mL), and filtered through Celite, rinsing with ethyl acetate (100 mL).
• the mixture was stirred for 1 hour.
• the layers were then separated.
• the organic layer was washed with water and brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo.
• To the residue was added methanol (40 mL) and the mixture was stirred overnight.
• Step 2 tert-butyl 2-(2-chloro-3-formylquinolin-6-yloxy)acetate
• N-bromosuccinimide 8.52 g, 47.9 mmol
• the reaction was heated to 100° C. for 1.5 hours.
• the reaction was cooled to room temperature and diluted with saturated aqueous sodium thiosulfate.
• the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (3 ⁇ ). The combined organics were washed with water, saturated sodium thiosulfate, and brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated.
• Step 3 ethyl 7-bromo-6-methoxyquinoline-3-carboxylate
• Tin(II) chloride dihydrate 200 mg, 0.89 mmol
• ethyl 3,3-diethoxypropionate (0.10 mL, 0.51 mmol) were added and the reaction was heated at 90° C. for another 3 hours.
• the reaction was concentrated and the residue partitioned between ethyl acetate and saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate.
• the aqueous layer was filtered and extracted again with ethyl acetate.
• the combined organics were washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated.
• the residue was purified via flash column chromatography (0-100% ethyl acetate/heptanes) to give a yellow solid (410 mg) which contained desired product and impurities.
• Methyl 3-bromo-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine-5-carboxylate (1.28 g, 5.01 mmol) was combined with N,N-dimethylacetamide (34 mL). To this mixture was added zinc dust (195 mg, 2.90 mmol) and zinc cyanide (1.20 g, 10.2 mmol). Nitrogen was bubbled through the mixture for 30 minutes. Then 1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene-palladium (II) dichloride dichloromethane complex (611 mg, 0.749 mmol) was added and the reaction vessel was sealed. The reaction was heated to 120° C. for 65 hours.
• Step 1 1′-(3,4-diaminobenzoyl)-1-isopropyl-4,6-dihydrospiro[indazole-5,4′-piperidin]-7(1H)-one
• Step 1 1′-(7-bromo-6-methoxyquinoline-3-carbonyl)-1-isopropyl-4,6-dihydrospiro[indazole-5,4′-piperidin]-7(1H)-one
• Step 2 3-(1-isopropyl-7-oxo-1,4,6,7-tetrahydrospiro[indazole-5,4′-piperidine]-1′-ylcarbonyl)-6-methoxyquinoline-7-carbonitrile
• Step 3 3-[(1-isopropyl-7-oxo-1,4,6,7-tetrahydro-1′H-spiro[indazole-5,4′-piperidin]-1′-yl)carbonyl]-6-methoxyquinoline-7-carboxamide
• Step 1 1′-(3-bromo-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine-6-carbonyl)-1-isopropyl-4,6-dihydrospiro[indazole-5,4′-piperidin]-7(1H)-one
• Step 2 6-[(1-isopropyl-7-oxo-1,4,6,7-tetrahydro-1′H-spiro[indazole-5,4′-piperidin]-1′-yl)carbonyl]-1H-pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine-3-carbonitrile
• Step 1 2-(2-chloro-3-(1-isopropyl-7-oxo-1,4,6,7-tetrahydrospiro[indazole-5,4′-piperidine]-1′-ylcarbonyl)quinolin-6-yloxy)acetamide
• 6-(2-tert-butoxy-2-oxoethoxy)-2-chloroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid and 1-isopropyl-4,6-dihydrospiro[indazole-5,4′-piperidin]-7(1H)-one were coupled by a method analogous to that described for Example 1 to give tert-butyl 2-(2-chloro-3-(1-isopropyl-7-oxo-1,4,6,7-tetrahydrospiro[indazole-5,4′-piperidine]-1′-ylcarbonyl)quinolin-6-yloxy)acetate.
• Step 2 2-( ⁇ 3-[(1-isopropyl-7-oxo-1,4,6,7-tetrahydro-1′H-spiro[indazole-5,4′-piperidin]-1′-yl)carbonyl]quinolin-6-yl ⁇ oxy)acetamide
• Step 1 1′-(2-(tert-butylamino)quinoline-7-carbonyl)-1-isopropyl-4,6-dihydrospiro[indazole-5,4′-piperidin]-7(1H)-one
• Step 2 1′-[(2-aminoquinolin-7-yl)carbonyl]-1-isopropyl-1,4-dihydrospiro[indazole-5,4′-piperidin]-7(6H)-one Trifluoroacetate Salt
• Trifluoroacetic acid (0.90 mL, 12 mmol) was added to 1′-(2-(tert-butylamino)quinoline-7-carbonyl)-1-isopropyl-4,6-dihydrospiro[indazole-5,4′-piperidin]-7(1H)-one (50 mg, 0.11 mmol).
• the reaction was heated to 70° C. for 3 hours, then cooled to room temperature and left stirring overnight. The reaction was concentrated to dryness and purification by reversed-phase HPLC gave the title compound (41 mg, 93%).
• N,N-dimethylformamide (5 mL) was then added, followed by 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (1.61 g, 11.9 mmol) and 1, (3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethyl carbodiimide hydrochloride (2.28 g, 11.9 mmol).
• the reaction was allowed to stir at room temperature for 60 hours.
• the reaction was diluted with ethyl acetate and washed with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate and brine. The organics were dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated. Purification by flash column chromatography (0-10% methanol/ethyl acetate) gave the title compound (3.39 g, 71%) as a pale brown solid.
• the powder (550 mg) was suspended in dichloromethane (20 mL) and concentrated sulfuric acid (1 mL) was added. The reaction was stirred vigorously for 3 hours, then the upper dichloromethane layer was decanted and set aside. To the remaining brown syrup was added 50 g ice and the pH was adjusted to 7 using 5 N aqueous sodium hydroxide. The mixture was combined with the previously separated dichloromethane layer and transferred to a separatory funnel. The phases were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted twice with dichloromethane. The combined organics were washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated.
• Step 1 tert-butyl 2-(3-(2-tert-butyl-7-oxo-2,4,6,7-tetrahydrospiro[indazole-5,4′-piperidine]-1′-ylcarbonyl)quinolin-6-yloxy)acetate
• the title compound was prepared by a method analogous to that described for Example 3, using 6-(2-tert-butoxy-2-oxoethoxy)quinoline-3-carboxylic acid and 2-tert-butyl-4,6-dihydrospiro[indazole-5,4′-piperidin]-7(2H)-one hydrochloride salt.
• Step 2 2-(3-(2-tert-butyl-7-oxo-2,4,6,7-tetrahydrospiro[indazole-5,4′-piperidine]-1′-ylcarbonyl)quinolin-6-yloxy)acetic acid
• Step 3 2-( ⁇ 3-[(2-tert-butyl-7-oxo-2,4,6,7-tetrahydro-1′H-spiro[indazole-5,4′-piperidin]-1′-yl)carbonyl]quinolin-6-yl ⁇ oxy)acetamide
• Example 50 6-[(2-tert-butyl-7-oxo-2,4,6,7-tetrahydro-1′H- spiro[indazole-5,4′-piperidin]-1′-yl)carbonyl]-1H-pyrrolo[3,2- b]pyridine-3-carbonitrile
• Example 51 5-[(2-tert-butyl-7-oxo-2,4,6,7-tetrahydro-1′H- spiro[indazole-5,4′-piperidin]-1′-yl)carbonyl]-1H-pyrrolo[2,3- b]pyridine-3-carbonitrile
• Example 52 1′-[(2-aminoquinolin-6-yl)carbonyl]- 2-tert-butyl-2,4-dihydrospiro[indazole-5,4′- piperidin]-7(6H)-one
• Example 53 5-[(1-isopropyl-7-oxo-1,4,6,7-tetra
• the utility of the compounds of present invention, in the treatment of diseases (such as are detailed herein) in animals, particularly mammals (e.g., humans) may be demonstrated by the activity thereof in conventional assays known to one of ordinary skill in the art, including the in vitro and in vivo assays described below. Such assays also provide a means whereby the activities of the compound of the present invention can be compared with the activities of other known compounds.
• the ACC inhibitory activity of the compound of the present invention was demonstrated by methods based on standard procedures. For example direct inhibition of ACC activity, for the compound of Formula (I) was determined using preparations of recombinant human ACC1 (rhACC1) and recombinant human ACC2 (rhACC2). Representative sequences of the recombinant human ACC1 and ACC2 that can be used in the assay are provided herein as SEQ ID NO. 1 and SEQ. ID NO. 2, respectively.
• Phosphate groups were removed from purified ACC1 by incubation with lambda phosphatase (100 U/10 ⁇ M target protein; New England Biolabs; Beverly, Mass.) for 14 hours at 4° C.; okadaic acid was added (1 ⁇ M final concentration; Roche Diagnostics) to inhibit the phosphatase.
• Purified ACC1 was exchanged into 25 mM Tris, pH 7.5, 2 mM TCEP, 10% glycerol, 0.5 M NaCl by 6 hour dialysis at 4° C. Aliquots were prepared and frozen at ⁇ 80° C.
• hACC1 was assayed in a Costar #3676 (Costar, Cambridge, Mass.) 384-well plate using the Transcreener ADP detection FP assay kit (Bellbrook Labs, Madison, Wis.) using the manufacturer's recommended conditions for a 50 ⁇ M ATP reaction.
• the final conditions for the assay were 50 mM HEPES, pH 7.2, 10 mM MgCl 2 , 7.5 mM tripotassium citrate, 2 mM DTT, 0.1 mg/mL BSA, 30 ⁇ M acetyl-CoA, 50 ⁇ M ATP, and 10 mM KHCO 3
• a 10 ⁇ l reaction was run for 120 min at 25° C., and 10 ⁇ l of Transcreener stop and detect buffer was added and the combination incubated at room temp for an additional 1 hour.
• the data was acquired on a Envision Fluorescence reader (Perkinelmer) using a 620 excitation Cy5 FP general dual mirror, 620 excitation Cy5 FP filter, 688 emission (S) and a 688 (P) emission filter.
• rhACC2 inhibition was measured using purified recombinant human ACC2 (hrACC2). Briefly, a full length Cytomax clone of ACC2 was purchased from Cambridge Bioscience Limited and was sequenced and subcloned into PcDNA5 FRT TO-TOPO (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.). The ACC2 was expressed in CHO cells by tetracycline induction and harvested in 5 liters of DMEM/F12 with glutamine, biotin, hygromycin and blasticidin with 1 ⁇ g/mL tetracycline (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.).
• the conditioned medium containing ACC2 was then applied to a Softlink Soft Release Avidin column (Promega, Madison, Wis.) and eluted with 5 mM biotin. 4 mgs of ACC2 were eluted at a concentration of 0.05 mg/mL (determined by A280) with an estimated purity of 95% (determined by A280).
• the purified ACC2 was dialyzed in 50 mM Tris, 200 mM NaCl, 4 mM DTT, 2 mM EDTA, and 5% glycerol. The pooled protein was frozen and stored at ⁇ 80° C., with no loss of activity upon thawing. For measurement of ACC2 activity and assessment of ACC2 inhibition, test compounds were dissolved in DMSO and added to the rhACC2 enzyme as a 5 ⁇ stock with a final DMSO concentration of 1%.
• hACC2 was assayed in a Costar #3676 (Costar, Cambridge, Mass.) 384-well plate using the Transcreener ADP detection FP assay kit (Bellbrook Labs, Madison, Wis.) using the manufacturer's recommended conditions for a 50 uM ATP reaction.
• the final conditions for the assay were 50 mM HEPES, pH 7.2, 5 mM MgCl 2 , 5 mM tripotassium citrate, 2 mM DTT, 0.1 mg/mL BSA, 30 ⁇ M acetyl-CoA, 50 ⁇ M ATP, and 8 mM KHCO 3 .
• SEQ. ID NO. 1 provides a sequence of recombinant human ACC1 (SEQ. ID NO. 1) that can be employed in the Transcreener in vitro assay.
• hACC1 SEQ. ID NO. 1: MAHHHHHHDEVDDEPSPLAQPLELNQHSRFIIGSVSEDNSEDEISNLVKLDLLEKEGSLSP ASVGSDTLSDLGISSLQDGLALHIRSSMSGLHLVKQGRDRKKIDSQRDFTVASPAEFVTRF GGNKVIEKVLIANNGIAAVKCMRSIRRWSYEMFRNERAIRFVVMVTPEDLKANAEYIKMAD HYVPVPGGPNNNNYANVELILDIAKRIPVQAVWAGWGHASENPKLPELLLKNGIAFMGPP SQAMWALGDKIASSIVAQTAGIPTLPWSGSGLRVDWQENDFSKRILNVPQELYEKGYVKD VDDGLQAAEEVGYPVMIKASEGGGGKGIRKVNNADDFPNLFRQVQAEVPGSPIFVMRLA KQSRHLEVQILADQYGNAISLFGRDCSVQRRHQKIIEEAPATIATPAVFEHMEQCAVKLAKLA
• SEQ. ID NO. 2 provides a sequence of recombinant human ACC2 (SEQ. ID NO. 2) that can be employed in the Transcreener in vitro assay.
• the ACC inhibitory activity of the compounds of the present invention can be confirmed in vivo by evaluation of their ability to reduce malonyl-CoA levels in liver and muscle tissue from treated animals.
• Measurement of malonyl-CoA production inhibition in experimental animals can be determined using the following methodology.
• mice Male Sprague-Dawley Rats, maintained on standard chow and water ad libitum (225-275 g), were randomized prior to the study. Animals were either fed, or fasted for 18 hours prior to the beginning of the experiment. Two hours into the light cycle the animals were orally dosed with a volume of 5 mL/kg, (0.5% methyl cellulose; vehicle) or with the appropriate compound (prepared in vehicle). Fed vehicle controls were included to determine baseline tissue malonyl-CoA levels while fasted animals were included to determine the effect fasting had on malonyl-CoA levels. One hour after compound administration the animals were asphyxiated with CO 2 and the tissues were removed.
• Tissues were pulverized under liquid N 2 to ensure uniformity in sampling.
• the supernatant containing malonyl-CoA was removed from the cell debris after centrifugation at 15000 ⁇ g for 30 minutes (Eppendorf Centrifuge 5402). Samples were stably frozen at ⁇ 80 C until analysis was completed.
• Malonyl-CoA tetralithium salt and malonyl- 13 C 3 -CoA trilithium salt which were purchased from Isotec (Miamisburg, Ohio, USA), sodium perchlorate (Sigma, cat no. 410241), trichloroacetic acid (ACROS, cat no. 42145), phosphoric acid (J. T. Baker, cat no. 0260-01), ammonium formate (Fluka, cat no. 17843), methanol (HPLC grade, J.T. Baker, cat no. 9093-33), and water (HPLC grade, J.T. Baker, 4218-03) were used to make the necessary mobile phases.
• Strata-X on-line solid phase extraction columns 25 ⁇ m, 20 mm ⁇ 2.0 mm I.D (cat no. 00M-S033-B0-CB) were obtained from Phenomenex (Torrance, Calif., USA).
• SunFire C18 reversed-phase columns 3.5 ⁇ m, 100 mm ⁇ 3.0 mm I.D. (cat no. 186002543) were purchased from Waters Corporation (Milford, Mass., USA).
• This method may be performed utilizing the following equipment.
• Samples were introduced via a LEAP HTC PAL auto sampler with Peltier cooled stack maintained at 10° C. and a 20 ⁇ L sampling loop.
• the needle wash solutions for the autosampler were 10% trichloroacetic acid in water (w/v) for Wash 1 and 90:10 methanol:water for Wash 2.
• the analytical column (Sunfire) was maintained at 35° C. using a MicroTech Scientific Micro-LC Column Oven.
• the eluent was analyzed on an ABI Sciex API3000 triple quadrupole mass spectrometer with Turbo Ion Spray.
• Two-dimensional chromatography was performed in parallel using distinct gradient elution conditions for on-line solid phase extraction and reversed-phase chromatography.
• the general design of the method was such that the first dimension was utilized for sample clean-up and capture of the analyte of interest followed by a brief coupling of both dimensions for elution from the first dimension onto the second dimension. The dimensions were subsequently uncoupled allowing for gradient elution of the analyte from the second dimension for quantification while simultaneously preparing the first dimension for the next sample in the sequence.
• both dimensions were briefly coupled together, the flow of the mobile phase in the first dimension was reversed for analyte elution on to the second dimension, allowing for optimal peak width, peak shape, and elution time.
• the first dimension of the HPLC system utilized the Phenomenex strata-X on-line solid phase extraction column and the mobile phase consisted of 100 mM sodium perchlorate/0.1% (v/v) phosphoric acid for solvent A and methanol for solvent B.
• the second dimension of the HPLC system utilized the Waters SunFire C18 reversed-phase column and the mobile phase consisted of 100 mM ammonium formate for solvent A and methanol for solvent B.
• the initial condition of the gradient was maintained for 2 minutes and during this time the analyte was transferred to the analytical column. It was important that the initial condition was at a sufficient strength to elute the analyte from the on-line SPE column while retaining it on the analytical. Afterwards, the gradient rose linearly to 74.5% A in 4.5 minutes before a wash and re-equilibration step.
• Mass spectrometry when coupled with HPLC can be a highly selective and sensitive method for quantitatively measuring analytes in complex matrices but is still subject to interferences and suppression.
• these interferences were significantly reduced.
• MRM Multiple Reaction Monitoring
• the mass spectrometer was operated in positive ion mode with a TurboIonSpray voltage of 2250V.
• the nebulizing gas was heated to 450° C.
• the Declustering Potential (DP), Focusing Potential (FP), and Collision Energy (CE) were set to 60, 340, and 42 V, respectively.
• Quadrupole 1 (Q1) resolution was set to unit resolution with Quadrupole 3 (Q3) set to low.
• the CAD gas was set to 8.
• the MRM transitions monitored were for malonyl CoA: 854.1 ⁇ 347.0 m/z (L. Gao et al. (2007) J. Chromatogr.
• Samples comprising the standard curve for the quantification of malonyl-CoA in tissue extracts were prepared in 10% (w/v) trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and ranged from 0.01 to 1 pmol/ ⁇ L. Malonyl- 13 C 3 -CoA (final concentration of 0.4 pmol/ ⁇ L) was added to each standard curve component and sample as an internal standard.
• TCA trichloroacetic acid
• Each intra-assay quality control contained 85% of aqueous tissue extract with the remaining portion contributed by internal standard (0.4 pmol/ ⁇ L) and 12 C-malonyl-CoA.
• Inter assay controls were included in each run; they consist of one fasted and one fed pooled sample of quadriceps and/or one fasted and one fed pooled sample of liver. All such controls are spiked with malonyl- 13 C 3 -CoA (0.4 pmol/ ⁇ L).

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