US8597634B2 - Interferon alpha-2a modified by polyethylene glycol and methods of preparation thereof - Google Patents

Interferon alpha-2a modified by polyethylene glycol and methods of preparation thereof Download PDF

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US8597634B2
US8597634B2 US12/676,511 US67651110A US8597634B2 US 8597634 B2 US8597634 B2 US 8597634B2 US 67651110 A US67651110 A US 67651110A US 8597634 B2 US8597634 B2 US 8597634B2
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ifn
ypeg
peg
pegylated
amino acid
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Weidong Zhou
Qingjiang Xiao
Li Sun
Tiebing Wang
Bin Liu
Song Lin
Min Liu
Fenghong Yin
Lu Zhuang
Lifang Lei
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Biosteed Gene Expression Tech Co Ltd
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    • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/12—Antivirals
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/12—Antivirals
    • A61P31/14—Antivirals for RNA viruses
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/12—Antivirals
    • A61P31/20—Antivirals for DNA viruses
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
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Definitions

  • the present invention relates to interferon ⁇ -2a modified by Y-shaped branched polyethylene glycol (PEG) at a single amino acid residue and the preparation thereof, as well as the use of the prepared PEGylated IFN- ⁇ 2a at a single amino acid residue in pharmaceutical field.
  • PEG polyethylene glycol
  • Interferons are a family of small molecule proteins or glycoproteins produced by eukaryotic cells in response to viral infection and other antigenic stimuli, which display broad-spectrum antiviral, antiproliferative and immunomodulatory effects. IFNs have been widely applied in the treatment of various conditions and diseases, such as viral infections, e.g. hepatitis B, hepatitis C and HIV; inflammatory disorders and diseases, e.g. multiple sclerosis, arthritis, asthma, cystic fibrosis and interstitial lung disease; and tumors e.g. myelomas, lymphomas, liver cancer, lung cancer, hairy-cell leukemia, and so on (Kenji Oritani, Paul W Kincade, et al.
  • viral infections e.g. hepatitis B, hepatitis C and HIV
  • inflammatory disorders and diseases e.g. multiple sclerosis, arthritis, asthma, cystic fibrosis and interstitial lung disease
  • tumors e.g. mye
  • Type I interferon and limitin a comparison of structures, receptors, and functions. Cytokine and Growth Factor Reviews, 12, 337-348, 2001; Yu-Sen Wang, Stephen Youngster, et al. Structural and biological characterization of PEGylated recombinant interferon alpha-2b and its therapeutic implications. Advance Drug Delivery Reviews, 54, 547-570, 2002).
  • IFNs are classified into four types according to their differences in chemical, immunological, and biological properties: interferon- ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ and ⁇ .
  • Interferon- ⁇ IFN- ⁇
  • Human IFNs- ⁇ are encoded by a multigene family consisting of about 20 genes, the encoded proteins sharing up to about 90% amino acid sequence homology (Henco K., Brosius F. J., et al. J. Mol. Biol., 185, 227-260, 1985).
  • Human IFN- ⁇ 2a is one of the subtypes of the ⁇ 2 subfamily of human IFN- ⁇ family, and is a single chain protein with various biological activities.
  • the single chain protein consists of 165 amino acid residues, as shown in SEQ ID No.1, in which the N-terminal amino acid is Cys with one free ⁇ -NH 2 group, and the residues in positions 23, 31, 49, 70, 83, 112, 121, 131, 133, 134 and 164 of the amino acid sequence are Lys, each of which contains one free ⁇ -NH 2 group.
  • IFNs are usually administered parenterally in clinical treatments.
  • the short in vivo half-life (2-4 h) and strong immunogenicity of IFNs result in a shorter dosing interval and a higher dosing frequency.
  • the polyethylene glycol (PEG) modification technology developed in recent years has provided a possible solution to the above problems.
  • PEG is an inert, nontoxic and biodegradable organic polymer, and is important in the fields of both biotechnology and pharmaceutics.
  • PEG modification technique is to link PEG to an active protein via covalent bond. After the PEGylation, the properties of the protein can be significantly improved, e.g. the prolongation of drug metabolic half-life, the reduction of immunogenicity, the increase of safety, the improvement of therapeutic efficacy, the decrease of dosing frequency, the increase of drug solubility/water solubility, the increase of resistance against proteolysis, the facilitation of drug controlled release and so on.
  • the properties of the protein can be significantly improved, e.g. the prolongation of drug metabolic half-life, the reduction of immunogenicity, the increase of safety, the improvement of therapeutic efficacy, the decrease of dosing frequency, the increase of drug solubility/water solubility, the increase of resistance against proteolysis, the facilitation of drug controlled release and so on.
  • PEGylated proteins have been applied clinically.
  • the PEGylated-bovine adenosine deaminase (Adagen) produced by ENZON Inc. was approved by FDA, and used to treat severe combined immunodeficiency disease (pegfamg013102LB).
  • Adagen the PEGylated-bovine adenosine deaminase
  • pegaspargase was also marketed in US (103411s5052lbl).
  • the PEG modified interferon- ⁇ 2b (PEG IFN- ⁇ 2b, PEG-Intron) developed by Schering-Plough was approved by FDA for marketing in 2000 and the PEGylated interferon- ⁇ (PEG IFN- ⁇ 2a, Pegasys) produced by Hoffman-la Roche Ltd. was also approved for marketing in 2002, both of which are used to treat hepatitis (103964s5037lbl, pegsche011901LB).
  • the PEG modified human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor produced by Amgen Inc. PEG-filgrastim, Neulasta
  • the FDA also accepted the application for PEGylated human growth factor antagonist developed by Pharmacia.
  • the PEG combined TNF- ⁇ antibody fragment from Celltech and the PEG-TNF receptor from Amgen are tested in the advanced clinical trials.
  • the first PEG-organic molecule conjugate, PEGylated camptothecin has also entered phase II of clinical trial.
  • the PEG modified oligonucleotide (Pegaptanib, MacugenTM) was approved by FDA.
  • the in vivo metabolism of the PEG in the drug (or PEG itself) has already been clearly understood, and PEG has been proven to be a good and safe drug modifier without any adverse effect.
  • a PEG molecule modifies a protein by linking itself to the N-terminal ⁇ -amino group or ⁇ -amino group of an internal Lys residue in the protein molecule.
  • PEGs for protein modification: a linear chain molecule (EP 0593868), an U-shaped branched molecule (EP 0809996) and an Y-shaped branched molecule (CN1243779C).
  • a linear chain molecule EP 0593868
  • an U-shaped branched molecule EP 0809996
  • Y-shaped branched molecule CN1243779C
  • PEGs that can be linked to a protein drug normally need to derivatized, so that one or two terminal groups of the ends of PEGs can be chemically activated to possess a proper functional group which displays activity, and thus can form a stable covalent bond with, at least one functional group of the drug to be linked.
  • PEGs can be linked to ⁇ -NH 2 of a Lys residue within the protein peptide chain, or to ⁇ -NH 2 of the N-terminal amino acid residue of the protein peptide chain.
  • PEG-NHS is linked through nucleophilic substitution to ⁇ -NH 2 of the N-terminal amino acid or ⁇ -NH 2 of Lys in IFN- ⁇ .
  • the PEG-NHS mentioned in the above patent is a U-shaped branched PEG derivative (PEG 2 -NHS), the molecular formula thereof as below:
  • R and R′ are independently a low molecular weight alkyl group, n and n′ are from 600 to 1500, and the average molecular weight of the PEGs is from 26 KD to 66 KD.
  • the molecular formula of the PEG 2 -NHS-modified IFN- ⁇ is as below:
  • the obtained products are a mixture of non-PEGylated IFN- ⁇ , PEGylated IFNs- ⁇ at a single amino acid residue, and PEGylated IFNs- ⁇ at multiple amino acid residues.
  • the PEGylated IFN- ⁇ at a single amino acid residue can be isolated from the obtained products by an appropriate purification means.
  • IFN- ⁇ has one N-terminal amino acid and more than one Lys residues, namely several reactive sites for PEG 2 -NHS, so the isolated PEGylated IFNs- ⁇ at a single amino acid residue are a mixture of the isomers of the PEGylated IFNs- ⁇ at different single amino acid residues.
  • R is a low molecular weight alkyl group
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are H or low molecular weight alkyl groups
  • m is from 1 to the number of possible PEG modification positions in IFN
  • W is O or NH
  • x is from 1 to 1000
  • y and z are from 0 to 1000
  • x+y+z is from 3 to 1000
  • at least one of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 is a low molecular weight alkyl group, Yu-Sen Wang et al (Yu-Sen Wang et al, Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 54: 547-570, 2002.
  • the PEG derivatives used in the present invention are novel branched, Y-shaped branched PEG derivatives, and their structures are different from those of the U-shaped branched PEGs.
  • the biggest difference between these two kinds of PEGs is that: two-branch PEG chains of the Y-shaped PEG derivatives according to the present invention are connected together through N atom, while the two-branch PEG chains of the U-shaped PEG derivatives in EP0809996 are connected together through C atom.
  • the molecular composition of the Y-shaped PEG derivatives according to the present invention is shown as below:
  • P a and P b are same or different PEGs; j is an integer from 1 to 12; R i is H, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl group, a substituted aryl, an aralkyl or a heteroalkyl; X 1 and X 2 are independently linking groups, wherein X 1 is (CH 2 ) n , and X 2 is selected from the group consisting of (CH 2 ) n , (CH 2 ) n OCO, (CH 2 ) n NHCO, and (CH 2 ) n CO; n is an integer from 1 to 10; and F is a terminal group selected from the group consisting of a hydroxyl group, a carboxyl group, an ester group, acyl chloride, hydrazide, maleimide, pyridine disulfide, capable of reacting with an amino group, a hydroxyl group or a mercapto group of a therapeutic agent or a substrate
  • R and R′ are independently a C1-C4 alkyl group, preferably methyl; m and m′ denote the degree of polymerization and can be any integer; m+m′ is preferably from 600 to 1500; R i is H, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl, a substituted aryl, an aralkyl, or a heteroalkyl group; j is an integer from 1 to 12; and F is a terminal group selected from the group consisting of a hydroxyl group, a carboxyl group, an ester group, carboxylic acid chloride, hydrazide, maleimide, pyridine disulfide, capable of reacting with an amino group, a hydroxyl group or a mercapto group of a therapeutic agent or a substrate to form a covalent bond.
  • the average total molecular weight of the PEG is from about 10000 to about 60000 Dalton, most preferably about 40000 Dalton.
  • R and R′ are independently a C1-C4 alkyl group, preferably methyl; m and m′ denote the degree of polymerization and can be any integer; m+m′ is preferably from 600 to 1500; j is an integer from 1 to 12; and the average total molecular weight of the PEG is about 40000 Dalton.
  • the present inventors used Y-shaped branched PEG derivatives (YPEG) to modify interferon- ⁇ 2a (IFN- ⁇ 2a), and isolated the YPEG-IFNs- ⁇ 2a, modified by YPEG at a single amino acid residue, by Q-Sepharose FF ion-exchange chromatography. Moreover, the isolated YPEG-IFNs- ⁇ 2a modified at a single amino acid residue were further separated by SP-Sepharose FF chromatography to obtain YPEG-IFN- ⁇ 2a wherein the YPEG is principally linked to the side chain ⁇ -NH 2 of Lys at position 134 in SEQ ID NO.1, which is called YPEG-IFN- ⁇ 2a(134).
  • YPEG Y-shaped branched PEG derivatives
  • the in vitro activity of the YPEG-IFN- ⁇ 2a(134) is significantly higher than that of the YPEG-IFN- ⁇ 2a in which the YPEG is linked to another amino acid position, and the half-life of the YPEG-IFN- ⁇ 2a(134) in serum is significantly longer than that of the unmodified IFN- ⁇ 2a.
  • the present invention provides PEGylated IFNs- ⁇ 2a at a single amino acid residue, the structure of which is as below:
  • P a and P b are same or different PEGs; j is an integer from 1 to 12; R i is H, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl group, a substituted aryl, an aralkyl, or a heteroalkyl group; X 1 and X 2 are independently linking groups, wherein X 1 is (CH 2 ) n , and X 2 is selected from the group consisting of (CH 2 ) n , (CH 2 ) n OCO, (CH 2 ) n NHCO and (CH 2 ) n CO, wherein n is an integer from 1 to 10.
  • the structural formula of the PEGylated IFN- ⁇ 2a of the present invention is as below:
  • R and R′ are independently a C1-C4 alkyl group, preferably methyl; j is an integer from 1 to 12; m and m′ denote the degree of polymerization and can be any same or different integers; m+m′ is preferably from 600 to 1500.
  • a Y-shaped branched PEG molecule is linked to an IFN- ⁇ 2a molecule via one single amino acid residue.
  • the average molecular weight of the YPEG-IFNs- ⁇ 2a in formula (II) depends principally on the degree of polymerization, m and m′. Where m+m′ is preferably from 600 to 1500, the corresponding average molecular weight of the YPEG is from about 26000 to about 66000 Dalton.
  • the corresponding average molecular weight of the YPEG is from about 35000 to about 45000 Dalton.
  • m+m′ is preferably from 885 to 1030, the corresponding average molecular weight of the YPEG is from about 39000 to about 45000 Dalton.
  • m+m′ is most preferably 910, the corresponding average molecular weight of the YPEG is 40000 Dalton.
  • the ratio of m and m′ can be in a range from 0.5 to 1.5, preferably from 0.8 to 1.2.
  • a PEG molecule is linked to IFN- ⁇ 2a via an amido bond formed by ⁇ -amino group of the N-terminal amino acid or the side chain ⁇ -amino group of Lys residue of IFN- ⁇ 2a corresponding to position 23, 31, 49, 70, 83, 112, 121, 131, 133, 134, or 164 as shown in SEQ ID No.1.
  • a PEG molecule is linked to IFN- ⁇ 2a via an amido bond principally formed by the side chain ⁇ -amino group of Lys residue of IFN- ⁇ 2a corresponding to position 134 as shown in SEQ ID No. 1.
  • the IFN- ⁇ 2a of the present invention can be extracted from natural sources or obtained by the recombinant biotechnology.
  • the IFN- ⁇ 2a is human IFN- ⁇ 2a (hIFN- ⁇ 2a) having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No.1, which is extracted from natural sources or obtained by the recombinant biotechnology.
  • the human IFN- ⁇ 2a is recombinant human IFN- ⁇ 2a (rhIFN- ⁇ 2a).
  • the rhIFN- ⁇ 2a can be artificially synthesized, or be expressed from prokaryotic expression systems such as E.
  • IFN- ⁇ 2a may be expressed from eukaryotic yeast expression systems such as Pichia , or be expressed from insect cell expression systems or mammalian cell expression systems such as CHO.
  • the preparation methods of the natural or recombinant IFN- ⁇ 2a and the activity tests of IFN- ⁇ 2a and YPEG modified IFN- ⁇ 2a are known in prior art.
  • the YPEG-IFN- ⁇ 2a of the present invention can also be used clinically to treat tumors and viral infections, such as hepatitis, hairy-cell leukemia, cell-mediated lympholysis, Kaposi's sarcoma and so on.
  • tumors and viral infections such as hepatitis, hairy-cell leukemia, cell-mediated lympholysis, Kaposi's sarcoma and so on.
  • the YPEG-IFN- ⁇ 2a of the present invention is clearly improved, as compared to IFN- ⁇ 2a, in stability, solubility, half-life in serum and clinical therapeutic efficacy.
  • the YPEG-IFN- ⁇ 2a of the present invention can be administered to the patients in the form of a composition comprising a pharmaceutically effective amount of the YPEG-IFN- ⁇ 2a and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.
  • the present invention in another aspect, also provides a composition comprising a pharmaceutically effective amount of the PEGylated IFN- ⁇ 2a of the present invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.
  • the composition comprises mannitol, an amino acid, sodium chloride and sodium acetate, wherein the amino acid is preferably selected from the group consisting of aspartic acid, asparagine and glycine.
  • the present invention also provides the use of the PEGylated IFN- ⁇ 2a of the invention or the composition comprising the PEGylated IFN- ⁇ 2a of the invention in the preparation of a medicament for treating a disease in need of IFN- ⁇ 2a treatment.
  • the disease in need of IFN- ⁇ 2a treatment is selected from the group consisting of viral infections e.g. hepatitis B, hepatitis C, hepatitis D and condyloma acuminatum, tumors e.g.
  • hairy-cell leukemia chronic myeloid leukemia, low-grade malignant non Hodgkin's leukemia, cell-mediated lympholysis, Kaposi's sarcoma, multiple myeloma, malignant melanoma, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, laryngeal papilloma, recurrent or metastatic renal cell carcinoma, inflammatory disorders and diseases e.g. multiple sclerosis, arthritis, asthma, cystic fibrosis and interstitial lung disease, and myeloproliferative diseases related thrombocythemia.
  • the PEG moiety of activated YPEG derivatives such as PEG N-hydroxyl succinimidyl ester (YPEG-NHS) is covalently linked to an amino (—NH 2 ) group of the protein through nucleophilic substitution, wherein the amino group includes N-terminal ⁇ -amino group and an ⁇ -amino group of Lys residue of the protein.
  • YPEG-NHS PEG N-hydroxyl succinimidyl ester
  • reaction conditions are mild, the pH is in a range from 4.5 to 9.5, the temperature is between 0-25° C., and stirring or other blending measures are necessary.
  • pH is in a range from 4.5 to 9.5
  • temperature is between 0-25° C.
  • stirring or other blending measures are necessary.
  • All YPEGs with different molecular weights can be linked to IFN- ⁇ 2a using the above method.
  • the products include IFNs- ⁇ 2a modified at a single amino acid residue (YPEG-IFN- ⁇ 2a), IFNs- ⁇ 2a modified at two amino acid residues (YPEG 2 -IFN- ⁇ 2a) and IFNs- ⁇ 2a modified at multiple amino acid residues (YPEG n -IFN- ⁇ 2a), wherein the products modified at a single amino acid residue can be the predominant products by adjusting the reaction condition.
  • the YPEG-IFNs- ⁇ 2a modified by PEG at a single amino acid residue
  • a method such as cation exchange chromatography, anion exchange chromatography, or exclusion chromatography
  • the IFNs- ⁇ 2a modified by PEG at different single amino acid residues can be further resolved to obtain the YPEG-IFN- ⁇ 2a in which the YPEG is linked at a specific position.
  • Conventional purification methods include cation exchange chromatography, anion exchange chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography and exclusion chromatography. Characteristic analysis can be performed by a known method in the art, e.g.
  • the mass spectroscopy, the polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and the high-performance liquid exclusion chromatography can be used to analyze the molecular weight of the products, so as to distinguish the products modified by PEG at a single amino acid residue from those modified by PEG at two or multiple amino acid residues and unmodified IFN- ⁇ 2a.
  • the above mentioned purification methods can also be used to further resolve the products modified by PEG at a single amino acid residue to obtain different isomers with the PEG modification at different single positions.
  • the in vitro biological activities of all kinds of the PEG modified products can be measured according to any known assay for IFN-activity, e.g. cytopathic effect inhibition.
  • the PEG moieties in the different isomers have different effects on maintaining the active domains of IFNs, resulting in the great differences in the biological activities of different isomers.
  • the in vitro activities of IFNs are remarkably decreased after PEG modification.
  • the in vitro specific activity of the isolates of three peaks obtained by ion exchange chromatography have been measured, and the results indicate that the isolate of peak 3 (SP2) has significantly higher specific activity than the isolates of other peaks and PEGASYS (Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland), and has significantly longer half-life in serum than unmodified IFN- ⁇ 2a.
  • the Y-branched PEG-linked peptide of the SP2 was sequenced using Edman degradation, and the results showed that the primary component of SP2 was YPEG-IFN- ⁇ 2a(134).
  • the present invention also provides the preparation and purification methods for YPEG-IFN- ⁇ 2a, comprising:
  • R and R′ are independently a C1-C4 alkyl group, preferably methyl; j is an integer from 1 to 12; m and m′ denote the degree of polymerization and can be any integer; and m+m′ is preferably from 600 to 1500;
  • step (b) capturing the reaction products in step (a) with an anion exchange resin, preferably Q Sepharose FF, and eluting the products in an anion gradient, preferably in a chloride ion gradient, to obtain modified products;
  • an anion exchange resin preferably Q Sepharose FF
  • step (c) eluting the reaction products captured in step (b) with a cation exchange resin, preferably SP Sepharose FF, in a cation gradient, preferably in a sodium ion gradient, and collecting each peak separately:
  • a cation exchange resin preferably SP Sepharose FF
  • FIG. 1 SDS-PAGE of 3 batches of IFN- ⁇ 2a modified with YPEG (40 KD). The concentration of the separation gel was 12%, and Coomassie brilliant blue R-250 was used as staining dye. Lanes 1-2: 20060804; Lanes 3-4: 20060807-1; Lanes 5-6: 20060807-2.
  • FIG. 2 The resolving profile of YPEG-IFN- ⁇ 2a modification isomers by SP-Sepharose FF.
  • FIG. 3 Silver-stained SDS-PAGE (12%) of the YPEG-IFN- ⁇ 2a samples purified through SP-Sepharose FF. Lanel: molecular weight marker; Lanes 2, 4, 6, 8, blank; Lanes 3, 5, 7, 9, corresponding respectively to peaks 1 to 4 in the elution profile.
  • FIG. 4 Apparent molecular weights of the YPEG-IFN- ⁇ 2a modification isomers in silver-stained SDS-PAGE.
  • Lane 1 molecular weight marker (GE Lifesciences);
  • Lane 2 YPEG-IFN- ⁇ 2a SP3, 0.4 ⁇ g;
  • Lane 3 YPEG-IFN- ⁇ 2a SP2, 0.4 ⁇ g;
  • Lane 4. YPEG-IFN- ⁇ 2a SP1, 0.4 ⁇ g.
  • FIG. 5 The molecular weights of the YPEG-IFN- ⁇ 2a samples purified through SP-Sepharose FF by MALDI-TOF MS.
  • YPEG-IFN- ⁇ 2a SP1 corresponds to the sample in lane 4 of FIG. 4
  • YPEG-IFN- ⁇ 2a SP2 corresponds to the sample in lane 3 of FIG. 4
  • YPEG-IFN- ⁇ 2a SP3 corresponds to the sample in lane 2 of FIG. 4 .
  • FIG. 6 The molecular weight of YPEG-NHS (40 KD) by MALDI-TOF MS.
  • FIG. 7 The serum concentration of the drug and 2′, 5′-A concentration after a single s.c. injection of 30 ⁇ g ⁇ kg ⁇ 1 YPEG-rhIFN- ⁇ 2a SP2 into Crab-eating Macaque ( Macaca fascicularis ).
  • FIG. 8 The analysis of Trypsinase Peptide Mapping of the trypsin digested (Oh) YPEG-IFN- ⁇ 2a SP2 sample by HPLC-RP C 18 .
  • the retention time of YPEG-IFN- ⁇ 2a SP2 was 62.105 min, the elution peak at 71.882 min was the solvent background, and elution peaks at 2-3 min were trypsin.
  • FIG. 9 The analysis of Trypsinase Peptide Mapping of the trypsin digested (48 h) YPEG-IFN- ⁇ 2a SP2 sample by HPLC-RP C 18 . Solvent peak at 71.581 min was detected, corresponding to the solvent peak at 71.882 min in the trypsin digested (Oh) sample. No substrate protein peak (62.105 min) was detected between 59.5 min and 62.5 min, demonstrating the sample was substantially completely digested.
  • FIG. 10 Sephacryl S-100 HR separation profile of the YPEG modified peptides from the trypsin completely digested YPEG-IFN- ⁇ 2a SP2 sample.
  • the final concentration of IFN- ⁇ 2a was 4 mg/ml, and the reaction molar ratio of IFN- ⁇ 2a and YPEG was 1:2.
  • the reaction system was kept under 0-25° C. for 2 h with stirring.
  • the PEGylated IFNs- ⁇ 2a were then generated, and the reaction was stopped by adding glacial acetic acid (Shantou Xilong Chemical Co., Ltd.) to make pH ⁇ 4.0.
  • a sample was subjected for SDS-PAGE.
  • the reaction system was diluted 50 times with water and then 0.2 ⁇ m filtered before stored at 4° C. for further use.
  • Q-Sepharose FF Chromatography was used to separate the remaining PEG and PEG hydrolates, IFNs- ⁇ 2a modified by YPEG at multiple amino acid residues, IFNs- ⁇ 2a modified by YPEG at a single amino acid residue and the unmodified IFN- ⁇ 2a.
  • UV detection wavelength was set at 280 nm.
  • the target products were primarily the products modified by PEG at a single amino acid residue, YPEG-IFNs- ⁇ 2a, with a yield rate of 20-40%.
  • Q-Sepharose FF Chromatography was used to separate the remaining PEG and PEG hydrolates, IFNs- ⁇ 2a modified by YPEG at multiple amino acid residues, IFNs- ⁇ 2a modified by YPEG at a single amino acid residue and the unmodified IFN- ⁇ 2a.
  • UV detection wavelength was set at 280 nm. The entire sample stored at 4° C.
  • the target products were primarily the products modified by PEG at a single amino acid residue, YPEG-IFNs- ⁇ 2a, with a yield rate of 35-50%.
  • FIG. 1 shows SDS-PAGE results for 3 batches of IFNs- ⁇ 2a modified with YPEG (40 KD). It can be seen from FIG. 1 that under the condition, the PEG modification rate of rhIFN- ⁇ 2a was between 35-50% and remained stable. The primary modified products were modified by PEG at a single amino acid residue, and there were also some products modified by PEG at multiple amino acid residues.
  • the Q-Sepharose FF captured YPEG-IFN- ⁇ 2a sample was adjusted to pH 5.0 with 20% acetic acid, then diluted 15 times with 5 mM NaAc/HAc (pH5.0, Shantou Xilong Chemical Co., Ltd.). The sample was loaded at 0.5 mg/ml loading capacity to SP-Sepharose FF 100 ml (GE Healthcare) column ( ⁇ 18 mm ⁇ 394 mm).
  • the column was equilibrated with 3 CV of 5 mM NaAc/HAc (pH5.0), and then eluted with 2.5 CV of the gradient of 0%-30% 5 mM NaAc/HAc-70 mM NaCl (pH5.0), following with 50 CV of the gradient of 30%-100% 5 mM NaAc/HAc-70 mM NaCl (pH5.0).
  • YPEG-IFN- ⁇ 2a was resolved as 4 elution peaks by SP-Sepharose FF 100 ml. The samples were collected according to these peaks and then tested by SDS-PAGE with silver staining respectively.
  • peak 1 resolved by SP-Sepharose FF was primarily the products modified by YPEG at multiple amino acid residues (YPEG n -IFN- ⁇ 2a).
  • Peak 2 by SP-Sepharose FF was primarily the products modified by PEG at a single amino acid residue (YPEG-IFN- ⁇ 2a), and also contained some products modified by PEG at multiple amino acid residues.
  • Peak 3 and peak 4 by SP-Sepharose FF were both the products modified by PEG at a single amino acid residue.
  • Peaks 2-4 resolved by SP-Sepharose FF were isomers modified with YPEG at different single positions, and were named respectively as YPEG-IFN- ⁇ 2a SP1, YPEG-IFN- ⁇ 2a SP2 and YPEG-IFN- ⁇ 2a SP3.
  • the resolution profile and silver-stained SAD-PAGE results were shown in FIG. 2 and FIG. 3 respectively.
  • YPEG-IFN- ⁇ 2a SP1-3 Every sample of YPEG-IFN- ⁇ 2a SP1-3 was supplemented with sodium chloride, sodium acetate, mannitol, aspartic acid and was sterilized with 0.22 ⁇ m filter before stored at 4° C. for further use.
  • concentrations of YPEG-IFN- ⁇ 2a modification isomers were determined by Kjeldahl method.
  • the apparent molecular weights of YPEG-IFN- ⁇ 2a modification isomers were determined by SDS-PAGE. The method was according to Laemmli et al (Nature 227: 680, 1970). The concentration of the gel was 7.5%, and the gel was visualized by silver staining. The apparent molecular weights of YPEG-IFN- ⁇ 2a modification isomers were almost the same, about 120 KD ( FIG. 4 ).
  • MALDI-TOF MS (Autoflex TOF/TOF system, Bruker Daltonics, Germany) was used to determine the molecular weights of YPEG-rHuIFN- ⁇ 2a modification isomers.
  • Sinapinic acid (SA, C 11 H 12 O 5 , M.W. 224.22, lot number: 2006 236870 002, Bruker Daltonics, Germany) was used as matrix.
  • Protein Calibration Standard II Part No. 207234, Bruker Daltonics, Germany
  • the MS molecular weights of YPEG-IFN- ⁇ 2a modification isomers were almost the same, about 59000 Dalton ( FIG. 5 ).
  • the purity of YPEG-IFN- ⁇ 2a modification isomers was determined by HPLC-SE.
  • HPLC column was TSK G4000 SW XL ( ⁇ 7.8 mm ⁇ 300 mm, TOSOH), the sample loading volume was 20 ⁇ l (about 10 ⁇ g protein), the mobile phase was 0.1M PBNa-0.1M NaCl (pH7), the flow rate was 0.8 ml/min, and the detection wavelength was set at 280 nm.
  • the YPEG-IFN- ⁇ 2a SP2 was a single main peak, with a purity more than 99%.
  • the action mechanism of IFN is partially to induce the production of 2′,5′-AS (2′,5′-oligoadenylate synthetase), which in turn exerts its antiviral effects.
  • 2′,5′-AS catalyzes the synthesis of 2′,5′-A (2′,5′-oligoadenylate) from ATP in the presence of Poly(I) ⁇ Poly(C) agar (The activity of 2′,5′-AS can be represented by the concentration of the synthesized 2′,5′-A).
  • 2′,5′-AS in the samples are absorbed and activated by Poly(I) ⁇ Poly(C) agarose, then catalyzes the substrate ATP to generate 2′,5′-A.
  • a mixture of 125 I labeled 2′,5′-A, anti-2′,5′-A serum and secondary antibody is added into the sample which then is incubated and centrifugated to separate the mixture. The supernatant is discarded and a Gamma Counter is used to measure the radioactivity of the sediment. The binding rate of the initially added 125 I labeled 2′,5′-A is calculated. Four-parameter Logistic regression is used to generate standard curve, and then the concentration of the 2′,5′-AS-induced 2′,5′-A product in an unknown sample could be estimated.
  • a single s.c. injection of 7.5, 30 or 120 ⁇ g ⁇ kg ⁇ 1 YPEG-IFN- ⁇ 2a SP2 was given to Crab-eating Macaque.
  • 1 ml of venous blood was taken from the hind leg opposite to the injected side at the time before, 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, 8 h, 10 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, 96 h, 168 h, 240 h, and 312 h after administration.
  • rhIFN- ⁇ 2a 7.5 ⁇ g ⁇ kg ⁇ 1
  • 1 ml of blood was taken at the time before, 0.5 h, 1 h, 2 h, 3 h, 4 h, 5 h, 6 h, 8 h, and 24 h after administration.
  • the blood samples were centrifugated at 2000 rpm for 10 min under low temperature, then the serum was separated immediately and stored at ⁇ 20° C. for further analysis.
  • the quantitative double sandwich immunoassay was used.
  • a monoclonal antibody specific to the recombinant human IFN- ⁇ was pre-coated on microtiter plate.
  • the standard and the samples were pipetted into the microtiter wells, wherein the rhIFN- ⁇ 2a or YPEG-IFN- ⁇ 2a SP2 would bind to the immobilized antibody.
  • the plate was washed to remove unbound substances, and then anti-human IFN- ⁇ IgG (secondary antibody) was added into the wells. After the reaction was complete, the plate was washed and the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was added into the wells.
  • HRP horseradish peroxidase
  • the color generated by adding HRP substrate solution into each well was proportional to the amount of the bound IFN- ⁇ 2a or YPEG-IFN- ⁇ 2a SP2 in the first step.
  • the reaction was stopped and the color intensity was measured.
  • the higher the OD value of absorbance the higher the concentration of IFN- ⁇ 2a or YPEG-IFN- ⁇ 2a SP2 in the sample.
  • the standard curves were plotted for IFN- ⁇ 2a and YPEG-IFN- ⁇ 2a SP2 respectively so as to measure the serum drug concentration in the blood samples.
  • the plate was incubated under room temperature for 1 h and washed 4 times. 100 ⁇ l TMB substrate was added into each well, and kept under room temperature in the dark for 15 min. 100 ⁇ l stop solution was added to each well, and mixed gently to stop the reaction. The absorbance OD value at 450 nm was measured with a microplate reader within 5 min to determine the concentration of each sample.
  • the in vitro biological activity of each YPEG-IFN- ⁇ 2a modification isomers was estimated using cytopathic effect inhibition assay. According to the method described in Determination Method of Interferon Activity ( Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China, 2005, Volume 3, Appendix X C), interferon protects human amniotic cells (WISH) from the damage caused by vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). Crystal violet was used to stain survived WISH cells, and the absorbance OD value was measured at 570 nm. The interferon protection effect curve was plotted for WISH cells, so as to determine the in vitro biological activity of interferons.
  • WISH human amniotic cells
  • VSV vesicular stomatitis virus
  • YPEG-IFN- ⁇ 2a SP2 The solvent system of YPEG-IFN- ⁇ 2a SP2 was changed to 50 mM NH 4 HCO 3 (pH8.0) by ultrafiltration with 5K ultrafilter (Millipore, polyethersulfone material), and the protein concentration was determined to be 4.02 mg/ml using UV spectroscopy.
  • TPCK Trypsin Promega was dissolved (0.5 ⁇ g/ ⁇ l) in the solution provided by the manufacturer. Samples were added according to Table 3:
  • the reaction system was kept in a water bath at 37° C. for 48 h, then 1.52 ml of 20% acetic acid was added to stop the reaction. A small amount of sample was taken for HPLC-RP C18 peptide mapping.
  • the instrument for analysis was Waters HPLC system, with a controller of type 600, 2487 double wavelength detector, and the software for data processing was Empower 2.
  • the HPLC analytical column was Jupiter C18 (particle diameter 5 ⁇ m, pore diameter 300 ⁇ , ( ⁇ 4.6 ⁇ 150 mm, produced by Phenomenex, USA).
  • Mobile phase A was 0.1% TFA/H 2 O
  • Mobile phase B was 0.1% TFA/90% ACN/H 2 O
  • the flow rate was 1 mL/min
  • the detection wavelength was set at 214 nm. Please refer to Table 4 for the elution gradients, and the results were shown in FIG. 8-9 .
  • sample from the first elution peak was collected (sample number: YPEG-IFN- ⁇ 2a S100-1, FIG. 10 ), and the solvent system was changed to 5 mM PBNa (pH 7) with 5K ultrafilter. Vacuum freeze-drying was done.
  • the N-terminal amino acids of the freeze-dried sample were determined using Edman degradation, and the sequence of the 7 amino acids at the N-terminus of the sample was XYSPXAW (Table 5), wherein X denotes ⁇ -amino acid cysteine (Cys), a non- ⁇ -amino acid or another modified amino acid that cannot be detected using Edman degradation.
  • X denotes ⁇ -amino acid cysteine (Cys), a non- ⁇ -amino acid or another modified amino acid that cannot be detected using Edman degradation.
  • SEQ ID NO: 1 it can be determined that the YPEG-IFN- ⁇ 2a SP2 was primarily the product modified by YPEG at

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