US8234087B2 - Apparatus and method for detecting a status of a secondary battery connected to a load - Google Patents

Apparatus and method for detecting a status of a secondary battery connected to a load Download PDF

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US8234087B2
US8234087B2 US12/081,434 US8143408A US8234087B2 US 8234087 B2 US8234087 B2 US 8234087B2 US 8143408 A US8143408 A US 8143408A US 8234087 B2 US8234087 B2 US 8234087B2
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secondary battery
discharge
capacity
expression
battery
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US20090037124A1 (en
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Yoshihide Majima
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Mitsumi Electric Co Ltd
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Mitsumi Electric Co Ltd
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
    • G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
    • G01R31/374—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC] with means for correcting the measurement for temperature or ageing
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
    • G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
    • G01R31/382—Arrangements for monitoring battery or accumulator variables, e.g. SoC
    • G01R31/3842—Arrangements for monitoring battery or accumulator variables, e.g. SoC combining voltage and current measurements

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a battery status detecting method and a battery status detecting apparatus for detecting the status of a secondary battery that supplies power to an electrical load.
  • the present invention also relates to a method of deriving an expression for calculating the dischargeable capacity of a secondary battery that supplies power to an electrical load.
  • Open circuit voltage characteristics of a secondary battery indicating a relationship between the charge rate and the open circuit voltage of the secondary battery are conventionally assumed to be substantially constant regardless of degradation or changes in the usage conditions of the secondary battery.
  • Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 2001-231179 discloses a battery capacity detecting method using such open circuit voltage characteristics.
  • the disclosed battery capacity detecting method includes measuring the open circuit voltage during a rest period of a secondary battery and estimating the charge rate of the secondary battery at the time of the measurement based on the measured open circuit voltage and the open circuit voltage characteristics of the secondary battery obtained beforehand.
  • the above publication further discloses a method of estimating the full charge capacity of the secondary battery based on the charge rates of the secondary battery before and after performing battery charging operations and the amount of power charged to the secondary battery during the battery charging operations, and a method of estimating the remaining capacity of the secondary battery after completion of battery charging operations based on the charge rate after performing battery charging operations and the full charge capacity.
  • An aspect of the present invention is directed to providing a battery status detecting method and a battery status detecting apparatus for accurately estimating a physical quantity such as the dischargeable capacity of a secondary battery that supplies power to an electrical load, the dischargeable capacity representing an amount of power that may be discharged until the voltage of the secondary battery drops to a predetermined voltage such as the minimum required voltage specified by the electrical load.
  • Another aspect of the present invention is directed to providing a method of deriving an expression for calculating the dischargeable capacity of the secondary battery.
  • a battery status detecting method for detecting a battery status of a secondary battery that supplies power to an electrical load, the method including:
  • a battery status detecting apparatus that detects a battery status of a secondary battery that supplies power to an electrical load, the apparatus including:
  • a storage unit that stores characteristics data used for determining secondary battery discharge characteristics indicating a discharge status of the secondary battery when a voltage of the secondary battery drops to a predetermined voltage specified by the electrical load;
  • an estimating unit that estimates a dischargeable capacity or a dischargeable time of the secondary battery using the characteristics data stored in the storage unit.
  • an expression deriving method for deriving a dischargeable capacity computing expression for computing a dischargeable capacity of a secondary battery that supplies power to an electrical load, the method including:
  • FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a system using a battery status detecting apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a graph showing open circuit voltage-charge rate characteristics of a secondary battery at 25° C.
  • FIG. 3 is a flowchart showing process steps for deriving a dischargeable capacity computing expression according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • FIGS. 4A-4C are graphs showing discharge capacity characteristics of the secondary battery
  • FIG. 5 is a graph showing discharge rate characteristics of the secondary battery when the battery voltage is at an external apparatus shutdown voltage of 2.75 V;
  • FIGS. 6A-6C are graphs showing temperature dependency characteristics of coefficients of coefficient computing expressions that are obtained through curve fitting processes.
  • FIG. 7 is a flowchart showing process steps for calculating a dischargeable capacity of the secondary battery.
  • FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a system 1 that uses a battery status detecting apparatus 100 according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • the illustrated battery detecting apparatus 100 includes: a temperature detecting unit 10 that measures the temperature of a secondary battery 200 , which may be a lithium ion battery, a nickel hydride battery, or an electric double layer capacitor, for example; a voltage detecting unit 20 that measures the voltage of the secondary battery 200 ; a current detecting unit 30 that measures the charging/discharging current of the secondary battery 200 ; an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) 40 that converts analog voltage values representing detection results output from the above detecting units into digital values; a processing unit 50 such as a microcomputer that performs computational processes such as current integration, capacity correction, or a dischargeable capacity calculation, for example; a memory 60 such as an electronically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM) or a flash memory that stores characteristics data for determining characteristics of the secondary battery 200 or the battery status detecting apparatus 100 that are
  • the temperature detecting unit 10 measures the temperature of the secondary battery 200 , converts the measured temperature into a battery temperature indicating voltage that may be input to the ADC 40 .
  • the battery temperature indicating voltage is then converted by the ADC 40 into a battery temperature digital value indicating the temperature of the secondary battery 200 , and the converted battery temperature digital value is conveyed to the processing unit 50 to be used as a parameter for computational processing.
  • the battery temperature digital value is converted into units pre-designated by the processing unit 50 and the converted battery temperature digital value is output to the external apparatus 300 via the communications unit 70 as battery status information indicating the battery status of the secondary battery 200 .
  • the temperature of the secondary battery detected by the temperature detecting unit 10 may include the temperature of the secondary battery itself and the ambient temperature of the secondary battery.
  • the ambient temperature detected by the temperature detecting unit 10 may include the temperature of the battery status detecting apparatus 100 and its component units, for example. Also, in the case where the temperature detecting unit 10 is arranged within an integrated circuit package together with the voltage detecting unit 20 , the current detecting unit 30 , and the ADC 40 , the temperature detecting unit 10 may detect the temperature of the integrated circuit itself or the ambient temperature thereof, for example.
  • the voltage detecting unit 20 measures the voltage of the secondary battery 200 and converts the measured battery voltage into a battery voltage indicating voltage that may be input to the ADC 40 .
  • the converted battery voltage indicating voltage is then converted by the ADC 40 into a battery voltage digital value indicating the voltage of the secondary battery 200 , and the converted battery voltage digital value is conveyed to the processing unit 50 to be used as a parameter for computational processing.
  • the battery voltage digital value is converted into units pre-designated by the processing unit 50 , and the converted battery voltage digital value is output to the external apparatus 300 via the communications unit 70 as battery status information indicating the battery status of the secondary battery 200 .
  • the current detecting unit 30 measures the charging/discharging current of the secondary battery 200 and converts the measured charging/discharging current into a current indicating voltage that may be input to the ADC 40 .
  • the current detecting unit 30 may include a current detecting resistor that is serially connected to the secondary battery 200 and an operational amplifier that amplifies voltages generated at two ends of the current detecting resistor.
  • the measured charging/discharging current may be converted into the current indicating voltage by the current detecting resistor and the operational amplifier.
  • the operational amplifier may alternatively be provided at the ADC 40 .
  • the converted current indicating voltage is then output to be converted by the ADC 40 into a battery current digital value indicating the charging/discharging current of the secondary battery 200 , and the converted battery current digital value is conveyed to the processing unit 50 to be used as a parameter for computational processing. Also, the battery voltage digital value is converted into units pre-designated by the processing unit 50 , and the converted battery voltage digital value is output to the external apparatus 300 via the communications unit 70 as battery status information indicating the battery status of the secondary battery 200 .
  • the processing unit 50 is capable of calculating the amount of electricity being charged to or discharged from the secondary battery 200 by performing integration on the current value detected by the current detecting unit 30 while the secondary battery 200 is being charged or discharged (e.g., a certain amount of current exceeding a predetermined value is being consumed by operations of the external apparatus 300 ).
  • the processing unit 50 is also capable of calculating the amount of electricity currently stored in the secondary battery 200 (remaining capacity). It is noted that Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 2004-226393 discloses a concept relevant to calculation of the remaining capacity of a secondary battery.
  • the change when the charging/discharging characteristics of a secondary battery change in response to changes in the charging/discharging conditions such as the temperature or the current of the secondary battery, the change is not regarded as a change in charging/discharging efficiency, but rather, a temporary change in the amount of electricity that cannot be charged/discharged. In other words, a certain amount of electricity that cannot be charged/discharged exists in the secondary battery, and this amount changes depending on the charging/discharging conditions. According to this concept, a correction process does not have to be performed with respect to the charging/discharging efficiency.
  • the processing unit 50 may be configured to correct the charging/discharging current value of the secondary battery 200 that is digitally converted by the ADC 40 based on charging/discharging current-temperature characteristics and the temperature detected by the temperature detecting unit 10 .
  • the charging/discharging current-temperature characteristics may be represented by a correction table or a correction function, for example.
  • data included in the correction table or the coefficients of the correction function may be stored in the memory 60 as characteristics data.
  • the processing unit 50 may correct the charging/discharging current value according to the temperature detected by the temperature detecting unit 10 based on the correction table or correction function representing the characteristics data read from the memory 60 .
  • the processing unit 50 may be configured to stop the current value integration process, or the consumption current value of the external apparatus 300 may be detected beforehand and stored in the memory 60 , for example.
  • the processing unit 50 is configured to periodically detect the voltage (open circuit voltage) of the secondary battery 200 and calculate/correct the charge rate based on open circuit voltage-charge rate characteristics shown in FIG. 2 .
  • open circuit voltage refers to an interpolar voltage detected when the secondary battery 200 is stable and their terminals are open or maintain high impedance status (such a status including a low load status substantially equivalent to an open status).
  • the charge rate is a value indicating the percentage of the remaining capacity of the secondary battery 200 with respect to the full charge capacity of the secondary battery 200 .
  • the open circuit voltage-charge rate characteristics are expressed by a correction table or a correction function, for example.
  • data of the correction table or coefficients of the correction function may be stored in the memory 60 as characteristics data.
  • the processing unit 50 refers to the correction table or correction function reflecting the characteristics data read from the memory 60 to calculate/correct the charge rate of the secondary battery 200 according to the open circuit voltage measured by the voltage detecting unit 20 .
  • the processing unit 50 may be configured to perform predetermined temperature correction processes on the open circuit voltage measured by the voltage detecting unit 20 .
  • the processing unit 50 is capable of calculating the charge rate of the secondary battery. It is noted that because the remaining capacity of the secondary battery 200 is calculated based on the relationship between the full charge capacity and charge rate of the secondary battery 200 , the remaining capacity of the secondary battery 200 cannot be calculated unless the full charge capacity of the secondary battery 200 is measured or estimated.
  • the full charge capacity of the secondary battery 200 may be calculated based on the amount of power discharged by the secondary battery 200 or the amount of power charged to the secondary battery 200 , for example.
  • the secondary battery 200 is charged with a constant voltage or a constant current so that the charge current may be more accurately measured.
  • a calculation based on the amount of charged power may be preferably used in such a case instead of a calculation based on the amount of discharged power, which is prone to be influenced by the current consumption characteristics of the external apparatus 300 .
  • the method for calculating the full charge capacity of the secondary battery 200 is not limited to a particular method and one or both of the above methods may be suitably selected for use, depending on the characteristics of the external apparatus 300 .
  • the battery In order to obtain an accurate measurement of the full charge capacity of a battery, the battery has to be continually charged from the time the power capacity of the battery is zero until the battery is fully charged. Specifically, the amount of charging current accumulated during this charging period corresponds to the full charge capacity.
  • a battery is rarely charged in the manner described above. That is, a battery is usually charged while it still has a certain amount of energy remaining.
  • the processing unit 50 is configured to calculate the full charge capacity of the secondary battery 200 based on the battery voltage right before starting charging operations and the battery voltage after a predetermined time elapses from the time charging operations of the secondary battery 200 are ended. Specifically, the processing unit 50 calculates the charge rate of the secondary battery 200 right before charging operations are started based on the open circuit voltage of the secondary battery 200 right before the charging operations are started and the open circuit voltage-charge rate characteristics of the secondary battery 200 shown in FIG. 2 .
  • the processing unit 50 calculates the charge rate of the secondary battery 200 after a predetermined time elapses from the end of the charging operations based on the open circuit voltage of the secondary battery 200 after the predetermined time elapses from the end of the charging operations and the open circuit voltage-charge rate characteristics of the secondary battery 200 shown in FIG. 2 .
  • the values of SOC1 and SOC2 may be temperature-corrected in order to perform a more accurate calculation.
  • the battery voltage after a predetermined time elapses from the end time of the charging operations is preferably used as the value of SOC 2 as opposed to the battery voltage right after the charging operations, because the battery voltage may be more stabilized after the predetermined time elapses and such stabilized battery voltage may be reflected in the calculation to obtain a more accurate calculation result.
  • the secondary battery 200 has energy remaining therein, not all the energy remaining in the secondary battery 200 may be used as dischargeable energy. That is, operations of the external apparatus 300 receiving power from the secondary battery 200 may be restricted or disabled when the battery voltage of the secondary battery 200 is less than the minimum operation voltage required for operating the external apparatus 300 (apparatus shutdown voltage). Such an effect occurs owing to the fact that the dischargeable capacity of the secondary battery 200 varies depending on its temperature, and the battery voltage of the secondary battery 200 varies depending on its discharge rate.
  • An aspect of the present invention is directed to preventing operations of the external apparatus 300 from being restricted owing to the battery voltage of the secondary battery 200 becoming lower than the apparatus shutdown voltage of the external apparatus 300 by accurately calculating the remaining time during which the external apparatus 300 may continue to operate.
  • the processing unit 50 is configured to calculate the dischargeable capacity of the secondary battery 200 according to the apparatus shutdown voltage of the external apparatus 300 and the temperature and discharge rate of the secondary battery 200 using an expression (i.e., dischargeable capacity computing expression) for calculating the dischargeable capacity of the secondary battery 200 .
  • FIG. 3 is a flowchart showing process steps of a dischargeable capacity computing expression deriving process according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • step S 10 voltage-discharge capacity characteristics of the secondary battery 200 (referred to as ‘discharge capacity characteristics’ hereinafter) are actually measured at varying temperatures and discharge rates. Specifically, because the discharge capacity of the secondary battery 200 to be calculated in the present process is determined based on the apparatus shutdown voltage of the external apparatus 300 and the temperature and discharge rate of the secondary battery 200 , in step S 10 , discharge capacity characteristics of the secondary battery 200 at varying temperatures and discharge rates are determined beforehand.
  • FIGS. 4A-4C are graphs showing discharge capacity characteristics of the secondary battery 200 , the horizontal axis representing the discharge capacity and the vertical axis representing the battery voltage of the secondary battery 200 .
  • FIG. 4A shows discharge capacity characteristics of the secondary battery 200 at ⁇ 10° C.
  • FIG. 4B shows discharge capacity characteristics of the secondary battery 200 at 0° C.
  • FIG. 4C shows discharge capacity characteristics of the secondary battery 200 at 25° C. It is noted that the actual measurements of the discharge capacity characteristics shown in FIGS.
  • the discharge rate represents a discharge current value expressed as a fraction of the rated capacity C of the secondary battery 200 .
  • discharge rate characteristics are converted into discharge capacity-discharge rate characteristics (referred to as ‘discharge rate characteristics’ hereinafter) at various temperatures when the battery voltage is at the apparatus shutdown voltage of the external apparatus 300 (step S 20 ).
  • FIG. 5 is a graph representing discharge rate characteristics of the secondary battery 200 in a case where the apparatus shutdown voltage of the external apparatus 300 is 2.75 V.
  • the graph of FIG. 5 representing the discharge rate characteristics shows the relationship between the discharge capacity and the discharge rate of the secondary battery 200 when the battery voltage is at 2.75 V, according to the discharge capacity characteristics shown in FIGS. 4A-4C .
  • the discharge rate characteristics of the secondary battery 200 shown in FIG. 5 are equivalent conversions of the discharge capacity characteristics shown in FIGS. 4A-4C that represent transitions in the discharge capacity of the secondary battery 200 at the time the battery voltage drops to the apparatus shutdown voltage upon discharging power from the secondary battery 200 at various discharge rates.
  • a discharge model function for representing the discharge rate characteristics of the secondary battery 200 at each temperature is estimated based on the profile of the graph of FIG. 5 (step S 30 ).
  • the discharge model function is represented by an expression (3) including a natural logarithm ln(I) as is indicated below:
  • Q denotes the discharge capacity of the secondary battery 200
  • I denotes the discharge rate (discharge current value) of the secondary battery 200
  • A, B, and C represent coefficients.
  • curve fitting is employed to calculate the values of the coefficients A, B, and C of the discharge model function (3) for each temperature (step S 40 ). Specifically, the values of the coefficients A, B, and C of the discharge model function (3) representing the illustrated discharge rate characteristics at each temperature shown in FIG. 5 are calculated (i.e., coefficient values of A, B, C are calculated for the expression (3) representing discharge rate characteristics at ⁇ 20° C., the expression (3) representing discharge rate characteristics at ⁇ 10° C., and so on).
  • curve fitting refers to a mathematical method for obtaining a curve (regression curve) that fits a set of data values.
  • a model function is provided beforehand, and parameters determining the profile of the model function are statistically estimated.
  • the method of least squares may be implemented in the curve fitting process.
  • numerical analysis software such as MATLAB or LabVIEW may be used.
  • coefficient computing expressions for calculating the values of the coefficients A, B, and C of the expression (3) based on the temperature are obtained (step S 50 ).
  • the coefficients A, B, and C are represented as functions of the temperature so that the plural curves representing discharge rate characteristics (expression (3)) at various temperatures shown in FIG. 5 may be represented by a single approximate expression.
  • FIGS. 6A-6C are graphs representing temperature dependency characteristics (coefficient-temperature characteristics) of the coefficients a, b, and c of the expression (4) that are obtained through the above-described curve fitting operations.
  • step S 60 the coefficient values calculated in step S 60 are substituted into the expressions (4a), (4b), and (4c) so that coefficient computing expressions for calculating the coefficients A, B, and C may be derived (step S 70 ).
  • step S 70 the coefficient computing expressions derived in step S 70 are substituted into the above expression (3) so that a dischargeable capacity computing expression with the temperature T and the current value I as variables may be derived (step S 80 ).
  • step S 80 a calculating process performed by the processing unit 50 for calculating the dischargeable capacity based on the dischargeable capacity computing expression derived in step S 80 is described.
  • FIG. 7 is a flowchart illustrating exemplary process steps of such a dischargeable capacity calculating process.
  • the processing unit 50 acquires the temperature of the secondary battery 200 that is measured by the temperature detecting unit 10 via the ADC 40 (step S 100 ). Also, the processing unit 50 acquires the current value I of the discharge current of the secondary battery 200 that is measured by the current detecting unit 30 via the ADC 40 (step S 110 ). Then, the processing unit 50 substitutes the temperature T acquired in step S 100 into the coefficient computing expressions (4a), (4b), and (4c) to calculate the coefficients A, B, and C (step S 120 ).
  • the processing unit 50 calculates the values of the coefficients A, B, and C at temperature T based on the values of the coefficients ⁇ a1, b1, c1 ⁇ , ⁇ a2, b2, b3 ⁇ , and ⁇ a3, b3, c3 ⁇ read from the memory 60 and the value of the temperature T.
  • the processing unit 50 substitutes the current value I acquired in step S 110 and the values of the coefficients A, B, and C calculated in step S 120 into the dischargeable capacity computing expression (3) derived in step S 80 of FIG. 3 to calculate the dischargeable capacity Q of the secondary battery 200 indicating the amount of power that may be discharged until the battery voltage drops to the apparatus shutdown voltage of the external apparatus 300 (step S 130 ).
  • the processing unit 50 may be able to calculate the dischargeable time of the secondary battery 200 until the battery voltage drops to the apparatus shutdown voltage by dividing the calculated dischargeable capacity Q by the current value I measured by the current detecting unit 30 .
  • the processing unit 50 may be able to accurately estimate the dischargeable capacity and the dischargeable time of the secondary battery 200 until the battery voltage drops to a predetermined voltage specified by the electrical load receiving power from the secondary battery 200 (i.e., the apparatus shutdown voltage of the external apparatus 300 ).
  • the processing unit 50 may inform the external apparatus 300 of the calculated dischargeable capacity and/or the dischargeable time via the communications unit 70 so that the external apparatus 300 may be aware of the remaining capacity and/or the remaining discharge time of the secondary battery 200 .
  • data used for determining the discharge characteristics of the secondary battery 200 i.e., the coefficients ⁇ a1, b1, c1 ⁇ , ⁇ a2, b2, b3 ⁇ , and ⁇ a3, b3, c3 ⁇ of the coefficient computing expressions (4a), (4b), and (4c)
  • the coefficients ⁇ a1, b1, c1 ⁇ , ⁇ a2, b2, b3 ⁇ , and ⁇ a3, b3, c3 ⁇ of the coefficient computing expressions (4a), (4b), and (4c) are stored in the memory 60 , and the dischargeable capacity of the secondary battery 200 is calculated based on the data read from the memory 60 and the expression (3).
  • the dischargeable capacity of the secondary battery 200 may be more accurately calculated using a smaller memory area compared to a case in which the dischargeable capacity is calculated based on characteristics data stored in a lookup table indicating temperature-current characteristics of the secondary battery 200 , for example. Also, costs of the IC and other component elements may be reduced by using a smaller memory area. Further, in a preferred embodiment, characteristics data stored in the memory 60 may be rewritten according to current characteristics of the secondary battery 200 so that the dischargeable capacity of a secondary battery with varying characteristics may be calculated.
  • the dischargeable capacity of the secondary battery 200 may be calculated/estimated based on a discharge current value specified by the external apparatus 300 , for example, rather than the discharge current value measured at the time of the dischargeable capacity calculation/estimation. In this way, it may be known beforehand whether desired operations of the external apparatus 300 may be performed. Also, in alternative embodiments, similar calculations/estimations may be performed by designating the battery voltage or the temperature instead of the discharge current value, for example.
  • discharge rate characteristics of FIG. 5 may still be uniquely defined by the expression (5) provided that the values of the coefficients A′, B′, and C′ may be calculated in a similar manner as the coefficients A, B, and C described above.
  • the apparatus shutdown voltage is used as the predetermined voltage specified by the electrical load in the above-described embodiment, the present invention is not limited to such an embodiment and may be applied to calculate the dischargeable capacity or dischargeable time of a secondary battery until the battery voltage drops to any given voltage.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Secondary Cells (AREA)
  • Tests Of Electric Status Of Batteries (AREA)
  • Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)
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US20090037124A1 (en) 2009-02-05

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