US8045631B2 - Method and apparatus for packet detection in wireless communication system - Google Patents

Method and apparatus for packet detection in wireless communication system Download PDF

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US8045631B2
US8045631B2 US11/924,610 US92461007A US8045631B2 US 8045631 B2 US8045631 B2 US 8045631B2 US 92461007 A US92461007 A US 92461007A US 8045631 B2 US8045631 B2 US 8045631B2
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tfc
base sequence
sequence
predetermined
matched filter
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US20080101504A1 (en
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Yuheng Huang
Ozgur Dural
Samir S. Soliman
Amol Rajkotia
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Qualcomm Inc
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Qualcomm Inc
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L7/00—Arrangements for synchronising receiver with transmitter
    • H04L7/04—Speed or phase control by synchronisation signals
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
    • H04L27/26—Systems using multi-frequency codes
    • H04L27/2601—Multicarrier modulation systems
    • H04L27/2647—Arrangements specific to the receiver only
    • H04L27/2655—Synchronisation arrangements
    • H04L27/2656—Frame synchronisation, e.g. packet synchronisation, time division duplex [TDD] switching point detection or subframe synchronisation
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
    • H04L27/26—Systems using multi-frequency codes
    • H04L27/2601—Multicarrier modulation systems
    • H04L27/2602—Signal structure
    • H04L27/261—Details of reference signals
    • H04L27/2613—Structure of the reference signals
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
    • H04L27/26—Systems using multi-frequency codes
    • H04L27/2601—Multicarrier modulation systems
    • H04L27/2647—Arrangements specific to the receiver only
    • H04L27/2655—Synchronisation arrangements
    • H04L27/2657—Carrier synchronisation
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
    • H04L27/26—Systems using multi-frequency codes
    • H04L27/2601—Multicarrier modulation systems
    • H04L27/2647—Arrangements specific to the receiver only
    • H04L27/2655—Synchronisation arrangements
    • H04L27/2662—Symbol synchronisation
    • H04L27/2665—Fine synchronisation, e.g. by positioning the FFT window
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
    • H04L27/26—Systems using multi-frequency codes
    • H04L27/2601—Multicarrier modulation systems
    • H04L27/2647—Arrangements specific to the receiver only
    • H04L27/2655—Synchronisation arrangements
    • H04L27/2668—Details of algorithms
    • H04L27/2673—Details of algorithms characterised by synchronisation parameters
    • H04L27/2675—Pilot or known symbols
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L5/00—Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
    • H04L5/0001—Arrangements for dividing the transmission path
    • H04L5/0014—Three-dimensional division
    • H04L5/0016—Time-frequency-code

Definitions

  • the present disclosed systems relates generally to a system for signal acquisition in a wireless communication system, and, more specifically, to a packet detection system for detecting packets in a received signal.
  • Wireless networking systems have become a prevalent means by which a large number of people worldwide communicate.
  • Wireless communication devices have become smaller and more powerful to meet consumer needs, which include improved portability and convenience.
  • Users have found many uses for wireless communication devices, such as cellular telephones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), notebooks, and the like, and such users demand reliable service and expanded coverage areas.
  • PDAs personal digital assistants
  • Wireless communications networks are commonly utilized to communicate information regardless of where a user is located (inside or outside a structure) and whether a user is stationary or moving (e.g., in a vehicle, walking).
  • wireless communications networks are established through a mobile device communicating with a base station or access point.
  • the access point covers a geographic region or cell and, as the mobile device is operated, it may move in and out of these geographic cells.
  • the mobile device is assigned resources of a cell it has entered and de-assigned resources of a cell it has exited.
  • a network can also be constructed utilizing solely peer-to-peer communication without utilizing access points.
  • the network can include both access points (infrastructure mode) and peer-to-peer communication. These types of networks are referred to as ad hoc networks).
  • Ad hoc networks can be self-configuring whereby when a mobile device (or access point) receives communication from another mobile device, the other mobile device is added to the network. As the mobile devices leave the area, they are dynamically removed from the network. Thus, the topography of the network can be constantly changing. In a multihop topology, a transmission is transferred though a number of hops or segments, rather than directly from a sender to a recipient.
  • Ultra-wideband technology such as the WiMedia ultra-wideband (UWB) common radio platform has the inherent capability to optimize wireless connectivity between multimedia devices within a wireless personal area network (WPAN).
  • WPAN wireless personal area network
  • the goals of the wireless standard is to fulfill requirements such as low cost, low power consumption, small-form factor, high bandwidth and multimedia quality of service (QoS) support.
  • QoS quality of service
  • the WiMedia UWB common radio platform presents a distributed medium-access technique that provides a solution to operating different wireless applications in the same network.
  • the WiMedia UWB common radio platform incorporates media access control (MAC) layer and physical (PHY) layer specifications based on multi-band orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (MB-OFDM).
  • MAC media access control
  • PHY physical
  • the WiMedia MAC and PHY specifications are intentionally designed to adapt to various requirements set by global regulatory bodies. Manufacturers needing to meet regulations in various countries can thus do so easily and cost-effectively.
  • Some other application-friendly features that WiMedia UWB attempts to implement include the reduced level of complexity per node, long battery life, support of multiple power management modes and higher spatial capacity.
  • WiMedia UWB-compliant receivers have to cope with interference from existing wireless services while providing large bandwidth. At the same time, they have to perform with very low transmit power.
  • One challenge faced by receivers in an operational environment is the acquisition of a signal and, further, the continued detection of valid packet traffic. False detection of packets, where the receiver mistakes noise as being valid packet traffic, or missed detection, where the receiver misses the detection of one or more packets, hinders the reliability and performance of the receiver. Further, being able to reliably detect the presence of packet traffic efficiently and with a small design footprint is a challenge.
  • a method for performing packet detection. The method including receiving a transmitted sequence used to encode an OFDM symbol in a transmitted signal; and, filtering the received signal using a plurality of coefficients based on a simplified version of the transmitted sequence.
  • an apparatus for detecting an OFDM symbol encoded with a transmitted sequence having a filter having coefficients based on a simplified version of the transmitted sequence.
  • an apparatus for packet detection including means for receiving a transmitted sequence used to encode an OFDM symbol in a transmitted signal; and, means for filtering the received signal using a plurality of coefficients based on a simplified version of the transmitted sequence.
  • a wireless communications apparatus including an antenna configured to receive a signal; and, a control processor coupled to the antenna for performing a method for packet detection.
  • the method including receiving a transmitted sequence used to encode an OFDM symbol in the signal; and, filtering the received signal using a plurality of coefficients based on a simplified version of the transmitted sequence.
  • a computer program product including computer-readable medium having code for causing a computer to receive a transmitted sequence used to encode an OFDM symbol in the signal; and, code for causing the computer to filter the received signal using a plurality of coefficients based on a simplified version of the transmitted sequence.
  • a processor having a memory configured to cause the processor to implement a method for packet detection.
  • the method including receiving a transmitted sequence used to encode an OFDM symbol in a transmitted signal; and, filtering the received signal using a plurality of coefficients based on a simplified version of the transmitted sequence.
  • FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an exemplary ad hoc wireless network
  • FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an exemplary wireless terminal device
  • FIG. 3 is a packet structure conforming to the WiMedia Ultra-Wideband (UWB) standard
  • FIG. 4 is a chart of the worldwide allocation of the UWB spectrum
  • FIG. 5 is a preamble structure of the packet of FIG. 3 ;
  • FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a packet/frame synchronization sequence generator for the preamble structure of FIG. 5 ;
  • FIG. 7 is a plot of an aperiodic auto-correlation function of a base sequence used to generate a preamble pattern
  • FIG. 8 is a block diagram of a hierarchical base sequence generator used to generate a base sequence
  • FIG. 9 is a plot of the aperiodic cross-correlation between the base sequence of FIG. 7 and the corresponding hierarchical base sequence of FIG. 8 ;
  • FIG. 10 is a plot of the aperiodic cross-correlation between the base sequence of FIG. 7 and a rounded version of the corresponding base sequence;
  • FIG. 11 is a timeline illustrating the acquisition/synchronization process for time-frequency code (TFC)- 1 and TFC- 2 ;
  • FIG. 12 is a timeline illustrating the acquisition/synchronization process for TFC- 3 and TFC- 4 ;
  • FIG. 13 is a timeline illustrating the acquisition/synchronization process for TFC- 5 , TFC- 6 and TFC- 7 ;
  • FIG. 14 is a timeline illustrating the acquisition/synchronization process for TFC- 8 , TFC- 9 and TFC- 10 ;
  • FIG. 15 is a block diagram of a synchronizer, which includes a packet detection module, a timing estimation module and a carrier frequency offset (CFO) estimation and frame synchronization module;
  • FIG. 16 is a packet detector implementing the packet detection module of the synchronizer of FIG. 15 ;
  • FIG. 17 is a first exemplary implementation of the matched filter of the synchronizer of FIG. 15 ;
  • FIG. 18 is a second exemplary implementation of the matched filter of the synchronizer of FIG. 15 ;
  • FIG. 19 is an exemplary implementation of a L-tap multipath energy combiner of the synchronizer of FIG. 15 .
  • a component may be, but is not limited to being, a process running on a processor, a processor, an object, an executable, a thread of execution, a program, and/or a computer.
  • an application running on a computing device and the computing device can be a component.
  • One or more components can reside within a process and/or thread of execution and a component may be localized on one computer and/or distributed between two or more computers.
  • these components can execute from various computer readable media having various data structures stored thereon.
  • the components may communicate by way of local and/or remote processes such as in accordance with a signal having one or more data packets (e.g., data from one component interacting with another component in a local system, distributed system, and/or across a network such as the Internet with other systems by way of the signal).
  • a signal having one or more data packets (e.g., data from one component interacting with another component in a local system, distributed system, and/or across a network such as the Internet with other systems by way of the signal).
  • exemplary is used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any embodiment described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other embodiments.
  • a user device can also be called a system, a subscriber unit, subscriber station, mobile station, mobile device, remote station, access point, remote terminal, access terminal, terminal device, handset, host, user terminal, terminal, user agent, wireless terminal, wireless device, or user equipment.
  • a user device can be a cellular telephone, a cordless telephone, a Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) phone, a wireless local loop (WLL) station, a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), a handheld device having wireless connection capability, or other processing device(s) connected to a wireless modem.
  • the user device may be a consumer electronics device with a UWB modem attached, such as printer, camera/camcorder, music player, standalone magnetic or flash storage device, or other AV equipment with content storage, for example.
  • various aspects or features described herein may be implemented as a method, apparatus, or article of manufacture using standard programming and/or engineering techniques.
  • article of manufacture as used herein is intended to encompass a computer program accessible from any computer-readable device, carrier, or media.
  • computer readable media can include but are not limited to magnetic storage devices (e.g., hard disk, floppy disk, magnetic strips . . . ), optical disks (e.g., compact disk (CD), digital versatile disk (DVD) . . . ), smart cards, and flash memory devices (e.g., card, stick, key drive . . . ).
  • FIG. 1 illustrates example ad hoc wireless network 100 .
  • Wireless network 100 can include any number of mobile devices or nodes, of which four are illustrated for ease of illustration, that are in wireless communication.
  • Mobile devices can be, for example, cellular phones, smart phones, laptops, handheld communication devices, handheld computing devices, satellite radios, global positioning systems, Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), and/or other suitable devices for communicating over wireless network 100 .
  • Wireless network 100 can also include one or more base stations or access points (not shown).
  • terminal device 112 is shown communicating with terminal device 114 via communication link 120 and with terminal device 116 via communication link 112 .
  • Terminal device 116 is also shown communicating with terminal device 118 via communication link 124 .
  • Terminal devices 112 , 114 , 116 and 118 may be structured and configured in accordance with the exemplary simplified block diagram of a possible configuration of a terminal device 200 as shown in FIG. 2 . As those skilled in the art will appreciate, the precise configuration of terminal device 200 may vary depending on the specific application and the overall design constraints.
  • Processor 202 can implement the systems and methods disclosed herein.
  • Terminal device 200 can be implemented with a front-end transceiver 204 coupled to an antenna 206 .
  • a baseband processor 208 can be coupled to the transceiver 204 .
  • the baseband processor 208 can be implemented with a software based architecture, or other type of architectures, such as hardware or a combination of hardware and software.
  • a microprocessor can be utilized as a platform to run software programs that, among other functions, provide control and overall system management function.
  • a digital signal processor (DSP) can be implemented with an embedded communications software layer, which runs application specific algorithms to reduce the processing demands on the microprocessor.
  • the DSP can be utilized to provide various signal processing functions such as pilot signal acquisition, time synchronization, frequency tracking, spread-spectrum processing, modulation and demodulation functions, and forward error correction.
  • Terminal device 200 can also include various user interfaces 210 coupled to the baseband processor 208 .
  • User interfaces 210 can include a keypad, mouse, touch screen, display, ringer, vibrator, audio speaker, microphone, camera, storage and/or other input/output devices.
  • the baseband processor 208 comprises a processor 202 .
  • the processor 202 may be a software program running on a microprocessor.
  • the processor 202 is not limited to this embodiment, and may be implemented by any means known in the art, including any hardware configuration, software configuration, or combination thereof, which is capable of performing the various functions described herein.
  • the processor 202 can be coupled to memory 212 for the storage of data.
  • An application processor 214 for executing application operating system and/or separate applications may also be provided as shown in FIG. 2 .
  • Application processor 214 is shown coupled to baseband processor 208 , memory 212 , and user interface 210 .
  • FIG. 3 illustrates a packet structure 300 of a packet conforming with the WiMedia Ultra-Wideband (UWB) physical layer (PHY) and media access layer (MAC) standard for high rate, short range wireless communication as promulgated by ECMA International in Standard ECMA-368, “High Rate Ultra Wideband PHY and MAC Standard” (December 2005).
  • UWB WiMedia Ultra-Wideband
  • PHY physical layer
  • MAC media access layer
  • the ECMA Standard specifies a UWB PHY for a wireless personal area network (PAN) utilizing the unlicensed 3,100-10,600 MHz frequency band, supporting data rates of 53.3 Mb/s, 80 Mb/s, 106.7 Mb/s, 160 Mb/s, 200 Mb/s, 320 Mb/s, 400 Mb/s, and 480 Mb/s.
  • the UWB spectrum is divided into 14 bands, each with a bandwidth of 528 MHz.
  • the first 12 bands are then grouped into 4 band groups consisting of 3 bands, and the last two bands are grouped into a fifth band group.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates a worldwide allocation of the UWB spectrum.
  • This ECMA Standard specifies a multiband orthogonal frequency division modulation (MB-OFDM) scheme to transmit information.
  • a total of 110 sub-carriers (100 data carriers and 10 guard carriers) are used per band to transmit the information.
  • 12 pilot subcarriers allow for coherent detection.
  • Frequency-domain spreading, time-domain spreading, and forward error correction (FEC) coding are used to vary the data rates.
  • the FEC used is a convolutional code with coding rates of 1 ⁇ 3, 1 ⁇ 2, 5 ⁇ 8 and 3 ⁇ 4.
  • TFC time-frequency code
  • each of the first four band groups four time-frequency codes using TFI and three time-frequency codes using FFI are defined; thereby, providing support for up to seven channels per band.
  • two time-frequency codes using FFI are defined. This ECMA Standard specifies 30 channels in total.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates the standard preamble structure of the WiMedia UWB packet of FIG. 3 .
  • the preamble contains a total of 30 OFDM symbols.
  • the first 24 preamble symbols are used for packet detection, timing estimation, CFO estimation and frame synchronization.
  • Channel estimation uses the last 6 preamble symbols.
  • FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a preamble symbol generator 600 , including a spreader 602 , illustrating one approach of how preamble symbols may be generated, where:
  • the binary cover sequence is used as a delimiter for determining the ending of the packet/frame synchronization sequence.
  • FIG. 7 illustrates the aperiodic auto-correlation of the base sequence s base [m] corresponding to TFC- 1 .
  • Other base sequences may have similar auto-correlation functions.
  • the excellent auto-correlation property is exploited.
  • the base sequence is generated from a hierarchical base sequence generator 800 as shown in FIG. 8 .
  • an intermediate sequence also referred to as a binary hierarchical sequence
  • C intermediate sequence
  • k 0, 2, . . . , 127 ⁇ of length 128.
  • FFT fast Fourier transform
  • IFFT inverse FFT
  • FIG. 9 illustrates the aperiodic cross-correlation between the base sequence s base [m] for TFC- 1 and the corresponding intermediate sequence C ⁇ c[k] ⁇ generated using the hierarchical base sequence generator 800 .
  • This cross-correlation property indicates that when a matched filter is employed at the receiver, the base sequence can be replaced by the binary sequence C as the filter coefficients.
  • the hierarchical structure of the binary sequence C can be efficiently used to simplify the hardware of the receiver used for synchronization. Further, it may be advantageous to use the rounded version of the preamble base sequence as the matched filter coefficients as well.
  • FIG. 10 illustrates the aperiodic cross-correlation between the base sequence s base [m] for TFC- 1 and the rounded version of the corresponding base sequence.
  • FIG. 11-FIG . 14 illustrate the synchronization and acquisition timelines for all the TFCs.
  • FIG. 11 illustrates an acquisition timeline 1100 for TFC- 1 and TFC- 2 ;
  • FIG. 12 illustrates an acquisition timeline 1200 for TFC- 3 and TFC- 4 ;
  • FIG. 13 illustrates an acquisition timeline 1300 for TFC- 5 , TFC- 6 and TFC- 7 ;
  • FIG. 14 illustrates an acquisition timeline 1400 for TFC- 8 , TFC- 9 and TFC- 10 .
  • the major synchronization tasks can separated into three separate parts:
  • the ECMA standard provides for multiple bands and, as seen from the timelines for all TFCs, a receiver will by default dwell on Band-1 before packet detection is asserted. This is because before packet detection, the receiver has no knowledge about the correct timing to switch to other bands (if it is in the TFI mode). Thus, the first three preamble symbols in Band-1 will be consumed for packet detection. Once packet detection has been completed, the next phase, timing estimation, is enabled and the receiver will scan for the next preamble symbol in Band-1 to determine the optimal FFT window for the OFDM symbol.
  • timing estimation After timing estimation has been completed (e.g., the timing is recovered) for Band-1, the receiver will have enough information to know to switch to other bands according to the TFC, and automatic gain control (AGC) gain estimation will be performed.
  • AGC automatic gain control
  • the rest part of the preamble symbols will be used for CFO estimation and frame sync detection. Whenever frame sync is detected, the final output of the CFO estimation will be sent to a phase rotator and the receiver will proceed with channel estimation.
  • FIG. 15 illustrates a synchronizer 1500 for performing the major synchronization tasks.
  • the synchronizer 1500 includes a variable gain amplifier (VGA) module 1502 , an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) 1504 , a matched filter (MF) 1506 , a squaring unit 1508 , a packet detection module 1510 , a timing estimation module 1540 and a CFO estimation and frame synchronization module 1570 .
  • VGA variable gain amplifier
  • ADC analog-to-digital converter
  • MF matched filter
  • squaring unit 1508 a packet detection module 1510
  • a timing estimation module 1540 and a CFO estimation and frame synchronization module 1570 .
  • FIR finite impulse response
  • Round(s base [k]) only takes values from ⁇ 2, ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ , which helps to reduce the hardware complexity as multiplication by 2 can be conveniently implemented as left shifting 1 bit.
  • Round(s base [k]) maintains good cross-correlation property with the base sequence s base [k].
  • the reference sequences can be stored in a lookup table (LUT) of the size as listed in Table 1.
  • the output of the MF 1506 is processed by the squaring unit 1508 .
  • the magnitude square of the matched filter output may be expressed as:
  • ECC equal gain combining
  • the EGC may be implemented as an L-tap multipath energy combiner 1900 as shown in FIG. 19 .
  • the L-tap multipath energy combiner 1900 allows a different weight to be assigned to each tap.
  • the results of the EGC operation may be used by the packet detection module 1510 and the timing estimation module 1540 .
  • the first step in the synchronization process is for the packet detection module 1510 to detect the presence of a valid packet.
  • the packet detection module 1510 will assert a packet detection signal to the timing estimation module 1540 after a valid packet has been detected. Specifically, once packet detection is asserted (i.e., the packet detection module 1510 has indicated that a packet has been detected by setting the det_flag to a logical true), the timing estimation module 1540 is enabled.
  • FIG. 16 illustrates an exemplary packet detector 1600 that may be implemented for the packet detection module 1510 .
  • the packet detection module 1510 is designed to meet the following requirements:
  • SNR Signal-to-Noise Ratio
  • the packet detector 1600 includes a squaring unit 1604 , an 128-unit wide sliding window (SW) unit 1608 and a 8-unit wide SW unit 1610 , a comparator 1612 , and a detection module 1630 .
  • the detection module 1630 includes a pair of buffers 1632 , 1634 , each respectively coupled to an adder in a pair of adders 1636 , 1638 . The output from the adder 1638 is then fed into a decision module 1640 that operates as described below.
  • the EGC operation may be performed to collect energy for multipath channels.
  • the EGC may be deployed using the 8-unit wide SW unit 1610 implemented as the L-tap multipath energy combiner 1900 .
  • the 8-unit wide SW unit 1610 instead of being a width of 8 units, may be implemented as more or less units. The specific choice of the number of units in the implementation may depend on the type of channel being processed.
  • the 8-unit wide SW output D[n] is then compared with the 128-unit wide SW output multiplied by a preset threshold ⁇ .
  • the output of the comparator 1612 is either 1 (if D[n] is greater) or 0 (otherwise).
  • the performance of the packet detector 1600 is measured for an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel and channel models 1 through 4 (CM 1 -CM 4 ).
  • AWGN additive white Gaussian noise
  • CM 1 -CM 4 channel models 1 through 4
  • TFC- 1 is used in the simulation, and the performance is the same for other TFCs.
  • the implementation of the MF 1506 may be simplified based on a binary hierarchical sequence implementation.
  • the MF structure can be simplified to be implemented as the binary hierarchical sequence MF 1700 as shown in FIG. 17 .
  • the threshold is chosen to meet the preset design values of miss detection and false alarm probabilities.
  • the VGA gain is initially set to the maximal value, one potential problem encountered during packet detection is that for a large SNR scenario, the received signal may be mostly clipped after the ADC.
  • the VGA gain is set to be the maximal gain and 6-bit ADC is used. From the simulation results, no error events (i.e., miss detection) are observed for CM 1 throughout CM 4 within this SNR range. This indicates that the packet detection algorithm is robust for the initial maximal VGA gain setting in the SNR dynamic range.
  • the implementation of the MF 1506 may also be simplified based on a rounded sequence implementation, where the MF 1506 is implemented as the FIR implementation MF 1800 as shown in FIG. 18 .
  • Round(s base [k]) only takes values from ⁇ 2, ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ , which helps to reduce the hardware complexity as multiplication by 2 can be conveniently implemented as left shifting 1 bit.
  • Round(s base [k]) maintains good cross-correlation property with the base sequence s base [k].
  • the miss detection performance of the rounded base sequence has a slight gain over that of the binary hierarchical sequence with a slightly lower overall false alarm probability.
  • the embodiments described herein may be implemented by a combination of hardware and software, firmware, middleware, and/or microcode.
  • the systems and/or methods When the systems and/or methods are implemented in software, firmware, middleware or microcode, program code or code segments, they may be stored in a machine-readable medium, such as a storage component.
  • a code segment may represent a procedure, a function, a subprogram, a program, a routine, a subroutine, a module, a software package, a class, or any combination of instructions, data structures, or program statements.
  • a code segment may be coupled to another code segment or a hardware circuit by passing and/or receiving information, data, arguments, parameters, or memory contents. Information, arguments, parameters, data, etc. may be passed, forwarded, or transmitted using any suitable means including memory sharing, message passing, token passing, network transmission, etc.
  • the techniques described herein may be implemented with modules (e.g., procedures, functions, and so on) that perform the functions described herein.
  • the software codes may be stored in memory units and executed by processors.
  • the memory unit may be implemented within the processor or external to the processor, in which case it can be communicatively coupled to the processor through various means as is known in the art.

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  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Mobile Radio Communication Systems (AREA)
  • Synchronisation In Digital Transmission Systems (AREA)
  • Digital Transmission Methods That Use Modulated Carrier Waves (AREA)
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