US8008909B2 - Analysis and compensation circuit for an inductive displacement sensor - Google Patents

Analysis and compensation circuit for an inductive displacement sensor Download PDF

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US8008909B2
US8008909B2 US12/159,573 US15957306A US8008909B2 US 8008909 B2 US8008909 B2 US 8008909B2 US 15957306 A US15957306 A US 15957306A US 8008909 B2 US8008909 B2 US 8008909B2
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coil
circuit arrangement
signal
plunger
operational amplifier
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US20090302868A1 (en
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Thomas Feucht
Wolfgang Gscheidle
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Knorr Bremse Systeme fuer Nutzfahrzeuge GmbH
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Knorr Bremse Systeme fuer Nutzfahrzeuge GmbH
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01D—MEASURING NOT SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR A SPECIFIC VARIABLE; ARRANGEMENTS FOR MEASURING TWO OR MORE VARIABLES NOT COVERED IN A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS; TARIFF METERING APPARATUS; MEASURING OR TESTING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01D5/00—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable
    • G01D5/12—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable using electric or magnetic means
    • G01D5/14—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable using electric or magnetic means influencing the magnitude of a current or voltage
    • G01D5/20—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable using electric or magnetic means influencing the magnitude of a current or voltage by varying inductance, e.g. by a movable armature
    • G01D5/2006—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable using electric or magnetic means influencing the magnitude of a current or voltage by varying inductance, e.g. by a movable armature by influencing the self-induction of one or more coils
    • G01D5/2013—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable using electric or magnetic means influencing the magnitude of a current or voltage by varying inductance, e.g. by a movable armature by influencing the self-induction of one or more coils by a movable ferromagnetic element, e.g. a core
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01D—MEASURING NOT SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR A SPECIFIC VARIABLE; ARRANGEMENTS FOR MEASURING TWO OR MORE VARIABLES NOT COVERED IN A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS; TARIFF METERING APPARATUS; MEASURING OR TESTING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01D5/00—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable
    • G01D5/12—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable using electric or magnetic means
    • G01D5/14—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable using electric or magnetic means influencing the magnitude of a current or voltage
    • G01D5/20—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable using electric or magnetic means influencing the magnitude of a current or voltage by varying inductance, e.g. by a movable armature
    • G01D5/2006—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable using electric or magnetic means influencing the magnitude of a current or voltage by varying inductance, e.g. by a movable armature by influencing the self-induction of one or more coils
    • G01D5/202—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable using electric or magnetic means influencing the magnitude of a current or voltage by varying inductance, e.g. by a movable armature by influencing the self-induction of one or more coils by movable a non-ferromagnetic conductive element
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01D—MEASURING NOT SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR A SPECIFIC VARIABLE; ARRANGEMENTS FOR MEASURING TWO OR MORE VARIABLES NOT COVERED IN A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS; TARIFF METERING APPARATUS; MEASURING OR TESTING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01D5/00—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable
    • G01D5/12—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable using electric or magnetic means
    • G01D5/14—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable using electric or magnetic means influencing the magnitude of a current or voltage
    • G01D5/20—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable using electric or magnetic means influencing the magnitude of a current or voltage by varying inductance, e.g. by a movable armature
    • G01D5/22—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable using electric or magnetic means influencing the magnitude of a current or voltage by varying inductance, e.g. by a movable armature differentially influencing two coils

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a circuit arrangement for evaluation and compensation of the signals from an inductive position sensor, for example as is used in vehicle braking systems.
  • Pneumatic cylinders are frequently provided in braking systems such as these, with pistons whose piston position can be detected without contact being made, over a wide operating temperature range, generally from ⁇ 40° C. to +150° C., in all operating states, for example in the presence of oil mist.
  • a plunger-type coil is generally used as a sensor coil, whose coil former has a hole on the longitudinal axis, which a metallic armature composed of ferromagnetic or non-ferromagnetic material enters, therefore varying the inductance of the plunger-type coil.
  • This inductance change can be detected by an electronic evaluation circuit and can be supplied, in the form of a frequency or analog signal, to a microcontroller for further evaluation.
  • the output signal from the inductive position sensor or the plunger-type coil must have dynamics which are as good as possible, in order to allow the longitudinal movement of the sensor to be detected with specific sensitivity when position changes occur, and to be insensitive to the external magnetic alternating fields mentioned above, such as those produced by adjacent solenoid valves in the braking system, or by railway lines, scrap processing installations or steel induction furnaces in the vicinity.
  • the invention is therefore based on the object of providing a circuit arrangement for evaluation and compensation of signals from an inductive position sensor, which is insensitive to external magnetic alternating fields and produces an electrical signal with better accuracy and good dynamics.
  • the object of the invention is therefore solved by a circuit arrangement for evaluation and compensation of the signals from an inductive position sensor, characterized by:
  • a coil having a coil inductance and a coil resistance for position measurement which coil is connected in parallel with the output of the second operational amplifier and the first input of the second operational amplifier and, in conjunction with a capacitance, which is connected in series with the coil inductance and the coil resistance, forms an RLC series resonant circuit.
  • the RLC series resonant circuit having a resonant frequency of high accuracy and with good dynamics, and which is insensitive to external magnetic alternating fields. If this resonant frequency still includes inaccuracies which are intolerable (for example induction changes caused by changes in the permeability ⁇ r of the material over the temperature in the magnetic circuit), by an alternative circuit arrangement for evaluation and compensation of the signals from an inductive position sensor the accuracy of the resonant frequency can be further increased.
  • a first operational amplifier to a first of whose inputs a first reference voltage is supplied for a frequency measurement or a second reference voltage is supplied for a compensation measurement, and to a second of whose inputs the output signal from the first operational amplifier or a compensation signal is supplied;
  • a second operational amplifier to a first of whose inputs the output signal from the first operational amplifier is supplied and to a second of whose inputs a feed-back signal is supplied for closed-loop amplitude control;
  • a first coil having a first coil inductance and a first coil resistance for a position measurement, which coil is connected in parallel with the output of the second operational amplifier and the first input of the second operational amplifier, and, at a first of its ends and in conjunction with a capacitance which is connected in series with the coil inductance and the coil resistance, forms an RLC series resonant circuit;
  • a second coil having a second coil inductance and a second coil resistance for temperature and/or disturbance voltage compensation, which second coil is connected at a first of the ends of its coil winding to a second end of the coil winding of the first coil, and can be connected at a second of the ends of its coil winding to the second input of the first operational amplifier, the accuracy of the resonant frequency be further increased.
  • the first coil is a plunger-type coil with a plunger-type armature
  • the RLC series resonant circuit is an active resonant circuit, whose output frequency is independent of the series resistances in the resonant circuit and is proportional to the position of the plunger-type armature in the first coil, and in which the position measurement is carried out using a resonance method based on AC voltage, such that the resonant frequency of the position measurement is significantly higher than an externally induced disturbance frequency.
  • the plunger-type armature is preferably composed of a ferromagnetic or non-ferromagnetic material.
  • the dielectric of the capacitance is composed of a temperature-stable material, and if the temperature-stable material is advantageously, for example, a C0G or NP0 ceramic, the temperature response of the capacitance and therefore of the output frequency of the resonant circuit can be minimized and stabilized.
  • a first switch is preferably provided for application of the first reference voltage to the first input of the first operational amplifier
  • a second switch is preferably provided for application of the second reference voltage to the first input of the first operational amplifier
  • a third switch is preferably provided for amplification of a third reference voltage, and therefore of a constant difference voltage across the first coil, between the capacitance and the coil resistance of the first coil.
  • the coil windings on the first and on the second coil form a bifilar winding with identical coil inductances, identical coil resistances, and with the coil windings connected in opposite senses, thus allowing simple detection of the temperature by evaluation of the plunger-type coil internal resistance by means of a suitable circuit, using the coil current or a voltage applied across the coil.
  • the output signals that are produced are therefore a digital frequency or position signal at a first output, which signal is proportional to the insertion depth of the plunger-type armature in the first coil, and/or an analog temperature signal at a second output, which signal is proportional to the temperature of the plunger-type coil, in which case this can advantageously be achieved as a function of the required characteristics and accuracies by mutually separate circuit parts or alternatively by combined circuit parts, by means of a first circuit part for the position measurement, which produces the digital frequency or position signal at the first output, and by means of a second circuit part for the resistance measurement, which produces the analog temperature signal at the second output.
  • the invention is therefore based on the idea of providing a first circuit part for the position or frequency measurement, in which a measurement coil which acts in an RLC series resonant circuit is used to measure and produce a suitable output signal, and on the other hand additionally on the use of a second circuit part, which uses a resistance measurement to allow temperature compensation and compensation for inaccuracies, induced by external magnetic disturbance fields, in the temperature compensation of the measurement coil, and which therefore allows even better measurement accuracy.
  • Both of the abovementioned circuit parts are largely insensitive to temperature fluctuations and interference from external magnetic fields, therefore in particular reducing the sensitivity of the circuit to magnetic disturbance fields.
  • FIG. 1 is a circuit arrangement illustrating an embodiment of the present invention, showing the principle of position measurement of a sensor coil by frequency measurement, and without the coil temperature and magnetic disturbance fields being detected for compensation purposes;
  • FIG. 2 is a circuit arrangement illustrating another embodiment of the present invention, showing the principle of position measurement of a sensor coil by frequency measurement, with a compensation coil for temperature compensation and compensation for magnetic disturbance fields in the sensor coil.
  • FIG. 1 shows an outline circuit of the preferred position sensor system for position measurement, without the temperature or magnetic disturbance fields of the plunger-type coil or sensor coil being detected for compensation purposes, showing a first operational amplifier OP 1 , which is used as an inverting amplifier with its output signal being fed back to a first of its inputs ( ⁇ ) and to a second input (+) at which a reference voltage Uref is supplied, and whose output is connected to a resistor R 1 .
  • a first operational amplifier OP 1 which is used as an inverting amplifier with its output signal being fed back to a first of its inputs ( ⁇ ) and to a second input (+) at which a reference voltage Uref is supplied, and whose output is connected to a resistor R 1 .
  • the output voltage from the resistor R 1 is supplied to a first input (+) of a second operational amplifier OP 2 , whose output signal is fed back via suitable circuitry for closed-loop amplitude control to a second of its inputs ( ⁇ ).
  • the closed-loop amplitude control in this case ensures that the resonant circuit oscillates reliably in every operating state, and that the oscillation frequency remains stable.
  • the sensor coil which is used for position measurement and, together with a coil inductance L 1 and a coil resistance Rcu 1 and an external capacitance C 1 , forms an RLC series resonant circuit, is furthermore connected in parallel with the operational amplifier OP 2 such that the output signal from the second operational amplifier OP 2 is likewise fed back to its first input (+).
  • the output signal from the second operational amplifier OP 2 is, finally, passed out of the circuit arrangement, where it is available as a digital position signal from the sensor coil, for further processing.
  • FIG. 1 therefore shows a circuit arrangement which in principle comprises a (first) circuit part for position measurement by frequency measurement.
  • This position measurement makes use of a resonance method based on AC voltage technology, in which, in contrast to known circuit principles, an active RLC series resonant circuit is preferably used, whose output frequency is independent of the series resistances of the resonant circuit and is proportional to the position of the plunger-type armature in the coil.
  • the resonant frequency of the RLC series resonant circuit is in this case given by the equation:
  • the circuit arrangement illustrated in FIG. 1 is highly stable in response to external disturbances because of the resonance principle based on fres>>fdist, that is to say a resonant frequency fres which is very much higher than the disturbance frequency Fdist.
  • the temperature response of the capacitance C 1 that is to say the temperature dependency of the capacitance C 1 can be minimized and stabilized because of the temperature dependency of the dielectric, by an appropriate choice of the capacitor material, for example with C0G or NP0 ceramic as the dielectric.
  • FIG. 2 shows a circuit arrangement based on the principle of position measurement by frequency measurement having a compensation coil for temperature compensation and compensation for magnetic disturbance fields in the plunger-type coil.
  • FIG. 1 shows a further (second) circuit part for the compensatory resistance measurement of the plunger-type coil.
  • this second circuit part has a first switch S 1 adjacent to an input (+) of the operational amplifier OP 1 , by means of which a first or a second reference voltage Uref 1 , Uref 2 can be applied to this input, a second switch S 2 adjacent to the other input ( ⁇ ) of the operational amplifier OP 1 , by means of which the signal already known from FIG. 1 can be applied to this input, or a further signal, which has not yet been described, and a third switch S 3 , by means of which a third reference voltage Uref 3 can be applied across the coil, at a node between the capacitance C 1 and the coil resistance Rcu 1 of the plunger-type coil.
  • the switches S 1 to S 3 are used to switch the circuit arrangement as shown in FIG. 2 can be switched between the position measurement known from FIG. 1 without resistance measurement, and the additional temperature compensation for the plunger-type coil and for compensation for magnetic disturbance fields.
  • the position of the switches S 1 to S 3 illustrated in FIG. 2 indicates the switch position of these switches for the position or frequency measurement shown in FIG. 1 .
  • the output signal from the operational amplifier OP 1 represents a temperature signal output when the switches S 1 to S 3 are located in their position for temperature compensation and for compensation for magnetic disturbance fields, and is available there as an analog temperature signal for further processing.
  • the plunger-type coil has a further coil winding (compensation coil) with a coil inductance L 2 and a coil resistance Rcu 2 , which, as will be described in the following text, is in the form of a bifilar winding and, when the switch S 2 is in the switch position for compensation, is connected at one of its ends to the other input ( ⁇ ) of the operational amplifier OP 1 , while the other one of its ends is connected to one end of the winding of the measurement coil, and is therefore connected to the output of the operational amplifier OP 1 .
  • the accuracy of the resonant frequency fres is influenced by the material of the plunger-type armature, for example aluminum or steel, and the temperature dependency results from this of the coil inductance L 1 , by virtue of the plunger-type armature material with its relative permeability ⁇ r . If this influence, which generally represents a small inaccuracy, is intolerable, compensation is carried out by determining the precise temperature of the plunger-type coil and/or of the plunger-type armature, thus further improving the overall accuracy of the circuit arrangement.
  • the temperature is preferably detected by evaluating the internal resistance R of the plunger-type coil, by determining the internal resistance R by means of a suitable circuit arrangement, using the coil current or a voltage applied across the coil. Since a measurement such as this is a DC voltage measurement and the plunger-type coil reacts to magnetic fields in its vicinity, this measurement can be greatly interfered with by a nearby magnetic alternating field and its influence on the plunger-type coil.
  • the compensation winding Rcu 2 /L 2 would not be required for pure temperature compensation for the plunger-type coil, because it would be sufficient for this purpose to connect the central junction point between the two coils directly to the negative input of the operational amplifier OP 1 .
  • the compensation coil Rcu 2 /L 2 is required to compensate for a magnetic disturbance field, because, in conjunction with the feedback path of the operational amplifier OP 1 , it compensates (in the opposite sense) for the alternating currents induced by the magnetic disturbance field in the plunger-type coil L 1 .
  • the alternating signal components are eliminated in the two coils and are corrected for as a disturbance source for the DC signal measurement or DC measurement of the internal resistance of the plunger-type coil.
  • a defined difference voltage (not shown) Udiff is applied across the plunger-type coil Rcu 1 /L 1 between the switch S 3 and the switch S 2 , so that a defined measurement current flows through the plunger-type coil.
  • This measurement current flows through the (measurement) resistor R 1 to the output pin of the operational amplifier OP 1 which itself, by means of the feedback path via the coil internal resistance Rcu 2 and the coil inductance L 2 , regulates the already mentioned difference voltage Udiff across the plunger-type coil, and keeps it constant.
  • This closed-loop control results in the measurement current that is forced to flow through the plunger-type coil being converted across R 1 to a defined voltage Utemp (not shown), which is then used as a measurement variable.
  • the two measurement methods described above as well as the first and the second circuit parts can be provided both separately from one another and in combination with one another, because of the capability to use the switches S 1 to S 3 for switching as a function of accuracy requirements or required disturbance insensitivity to magnetic alternating fields.
  • One preferred example of a combination such as this is illustrated in FIG. 2 .
  • the major advantages of the preferred exemplary embodiments of the proposed circuit arrangement are therefore high accuracy and good dynamics for position measurement, good temperature stability, better disturbance immunity to magnetic disturbance fields and the capability to compensate for the temperature response of the position measurement and, in consequence, a further improved improvement in the accuracy of the measurement.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Measurement Of Length, Angles, Or The Like Using Electric Or Magnetic Means (AREA)
  • Transmission And Conversion Of Sensor Element Output (AREA)
US12/159,573 2005-12-29 2006-12-22 Analysis and compensation circuit for an inductive displacement sensor Active 2028-03-24 US8008909B2 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102005062906 2005-12-29
DE102005062906A DE102005062906B4 (de) 2005-12-29 2005-12-29 Auswertungs- und Kompensationsschaltung für einen induktiven Wegsensor
DE102005062906.7 2005-12-29
PCT/EP2006/012439 WO2007079955A2 (de) 2005-12-29 2006-12-22 Auswertungs- und kompensationsschaltung für einen induktiven wegsensor

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US8008909B2 true US8008909B2 (en) 2011-08-30

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EP (1) EP1969320B1 (de)
CA (1) CA2635711A1 (de)
DE (1) DE102005062906B4 (de)
WO (1) WO2007079955A2 (de)

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US20090302868A1 (en) 2009-12-10
WO2007079955A2 (de) 2007-07-19
EP1969320B1 (de) 2013-02-20
DE102005062906A1 (de) 2007-07-12
DE102005062906B4 (de) 2008-11-27
CA2635711A1 (en) 2007-07-19
WO2007079955A3 (de) 2007-10-11

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