US7724442B2 - Substrate-guided optical devices - Google Patents

Substrate-guided optical devices Download PDF

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US7724442B2
US7724442B2 US10/571,209 US57120904A US7724442B2 US 7724442 B2 US7724442 B2 US 7724442B2 US 57120904 A US57120904 A US 57120904A US 7724442 B2 US7724442 B2 US 7724442B2
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substrate
optical device
light
display
lens
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US20070091445A1 (en
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Yaakov Amitai
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Lumus Ltd
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/0001—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
    • G02B6/0011—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems the light guides being planar or of plate-like form
    • G02B6/0033—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide
    • G02B6/0035—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide provided on the surface of the light guide or in the bulk of it
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
    • G02B27/02—Viewing or reading apparatus
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
    • G02B27/0081—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00 with means for altering, e.g. enlarging, the entrance or exit pupil
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
    • G02B27/01—Head-up displays
    • G02B27/0101—Head-up displays characterised by optical features
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
    • G02B27/01—Head-up displays
    • G02B27/017—Head mounted
    • G02B27/0172—Head mounted characterised by optical features
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
    • G02B27/28—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00 for polarising
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/0001—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
    • G02B6/0011—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems the light guides being planar or of plate-like form
    • G02B6/0033—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide
    • G02B6/0056—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide for producing polarisation effects, e.g. by a surface with polarizing properties or by an additional polarizing elements
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
    • G02B27/01—Head-up displays
    • G02B27/0101—Head-up displays characterised by optical features
    • G02B2027/0112—Head-up displays characterised by optical features comprising device for genereting colour display
    • G02B2027/0114—Head-up displays characterised by optical features comprising device for genereting colour display comprising dichroic elements
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
    • G02B27/01—Head-up displays
    • G02B27/0101—Head-up displays characterised by optical features
    • G02B2027/0112—Head-up displays characterised by optical features comprising device for genereting colour display
    • G02B2027/0116—Head-up displays characterised by optical features comprising device for genereting colour display comprising devices for correcting chromatic aberration
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
    • G02B27/01—Head-up displays
    • G02B27/0101—Head-up displays characterised by optical features
    • G02B2027/0118—Head-up displays characterised by optical features comprising devices for improving the contrast of the display / brillance control visibility
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
    • G02B27/01—Head-up displays
    • G02B27/0101—Head-up displays characterised by optical features
    • G02B2027/0118—Head-up displays characterised by optical features comprising devices for improving the contrast of the display / brillance control visibility
    • G02B2027/012—Head-up displays characterised by optical features comprising devices for improving the contrast of the display / brillance control visibility comprising devices for attenuating parasitic image effects
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
    • G02B27/01—Head-up displays
    • G02B27/0101—Head-up displays characterised by optical features
    • G02B2027/0123—Head-up displays characterised by optical features comprising devices increasing the field of view
    • G02B2027/0125—Field-of-view increase by wavefront division
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
    • G02B27/01—Head-up displays
    • G02B27/0101—Head-up displays characterised by optical features
    • G02B2027/0132—Head-up displays characterised by optical features comprising binocular systems
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
    • G02B27/01—Head-up displays
    • G02B27/017—Head mounted
    • G02B2027/0178—Eyeglass type
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02C—SPECTACLES; SUNGLASSES OR GOGGLES INSOFAR AS THEY HAVE THE SAME FEATURES AS SPECTACLES; CONTACT LENSES
    • G02C7/00—Optical parts
    • G02C7/02—Lenses; Lens systems ; Methods of designing lenses
    • G02C7/08—Auxiliary lenses; Arrangements for varying focal length
    • G02C7/086—Auxiliary lenses located directly on a main spectacle lens or in the immediate vicinity of main spectacles

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to substrate-guided optical devices, and particularly to devices which include a plurality of reflecting surfaces carried by a common light-transmissive substrate, also referred to as a light-guide.
  • the invention can be implemented to advantage in a large number of imaging applications, such as, for example, head-mounted and head-up displays (HMD's and HUD's), cellular phones, compact displays, 3-D displays, compact beam expanders, as well as non-imaging applications such as flat-panel indicators, compact illuminators and scanners.
  • imaging applications such as, for example, head-mounted and head-up displays (HMD's and HUD's), cellular phones, compact displays, 3-D displays, compact beam expanders, as well as non-imaging applications such as flat-panel indicators, compact illuminators and scanners.
  • an optical module serves both as an imaging lens and a combiner, in which a two-dimensional display is imaged to infinity and reflected into the eye of an observer.
  • the display can be obtained directly from either a spatial light modulator (SLM) such as a cathode ray tube (CRT), a liquid crystal display (LCD), an organic light emitting diode array (OLED), or a scanning source and similar devices, or indirectly, by means of a relay lens or an optical fiber bundle.
  • SLM spatial light modulator
  • CTR cathode ray tube
  • LCD liquid crystal display
  • OLED organic light emitting diode array
  • the display comprises an array of elements (pixels) imaged to infinity by a collimating lens and transmitted into the eye of the viewer by means of a reflecting or partially reflecting surface acting as a combiner for non-see-through and see-through applications, respectively.
  • a conventional, free-space optical module is used for these purposes.
  • FOV field-of-view
  • the present invention facilitates the structure and fabrication of very compact light-guide optical elements (LOE) for, amongst other applications, head-mounted displays.
  • LOE light-guide optical elements
  • the invention allows relatively wide FOV's together with relatively large EMB values.
  • the resulting optical system offers a large, high-quality image, which also accommodates large movements of the eye.
  • the optical system offered by the present invention is particularly advantageous because it is substantially more compact than state-of-the-art implementations and yet it can be readily incorporated, even into optical systems having specialized configurations.
  • the invention also enables the construction of improved HUD's.
  • HUD's have become popular and they now play an important role, not only in most modern combat aircrafts, but also in civilian aircrafts, in which HUD systems have become a key component for low-visibility landing operation.
  • HUD systems have become a key component for low-visibility landing operation.
  • state-of-the-art HUD's suffer several significant drawbacks. All HUD's of the current designs require a display source that must be offset a significant distance from the combiner to ensure that the source illuminates the entire combiner surface.
  • the combiner-projector HUD system is necessarily bulky and large, and requires considerable installation space, making it inconvenient for installation and, at times, even unsafe to use.
  • the large optical aperture of conventional HUDs also pose a significant optical design challenge; rendering the HUD's with either a compromising performance, or leading to high cost wherever high-performance is required.
  • the chromatic dispersion of high-quality holographic HUD's is of particular concern.
  • the combiner is illuminated with a compact display source that can be attached to the substrate.
  • the overall system is very compact and can readily be installed in a variety of configurations for a wide range of applications.
  • the chromatic dispersion of the display is negligible and, as such, can operate with wide spectral sources, including a conventional white-light source.
  • the present invention expands the image so that the active area of the combiner can be much larger than the area that is actually illuminated by the light source.
  • a further application of the present invention is to provide a compact display with a wide FOV for mobile, hand-held application such as cellular phones.
  • a compact display with a wide FOV for mobile, hand-held application such as cellular phones.
  • the limiting factor remains the quality of the display within the end-user's device.
  • the mobility requirement restricts the physical size of the displays, and the result is a direct-display with a poor image viewing quality.
  • the present invention enables, a physically very compact display with a very large virtual image. This is a key feature in mobile communications, and especially for mobile Internet access, solving one of the main limitations for its practical implementation. Thereby, the present invention enables the viewing of the digital content of a full format Internet page within a small, hand-held device, such as a cellular phone.
  • a broad object of the present invention is to alleviate the drawbacks of state-of-the-art compact optical display devices and to provide other optical components and systems having improved performance, according to specific requirements.
  • the invention therefore provides an optical device comprising a light-transmitting substrate having at least two major surfaces parallel to each other and edges; a display light source; optical means for coupling light from the light source into said substrate by internal reflection, and at least one partially reflecting surface located in the substrate which is non-parallel to said major surfaces of the substrate characterized in that said source emits light waves located in a given field-of-view, that said light waves are collimated, that an angular resolution is defined for said optical device, wherein the angular deviation between any two different rays located in one of said collimated light waves, is smaller than said angular resolution.
  • FIG. 1 is a side view of a prior art folding optical device
  • FIG. 2 is a side view of an embodiment of a LOE, in accordance with the present invention.
  • FIGS. 3A and 3B illustrate the desired reflectance and transmittance characteristics of selectively reflecting surfaces used in the present invention for two ranges of incident angles
  • FIG. 4 illustrates the reflectance curves as a function of wavelength for an exemplary dichroic coating for P-polarization
  • FIG. 5 illustrates a reflectance curve as a function of wavelength for an exemplary dichroic coating for S-polarization
  • FIG. 6 illustrates the reflectance curves as a function of incident angle for an exemplary dichroic coating
  • FIG. 7 is a schematic sectional-view of a reflective surface according to the present invention.
  • FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating detailed sectional views of an exemplary array of selectively reflective surfaces
  • FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating detailed sectional views of another array of selectively reflective surfaces.
  • FIG. 10 illustrates detailed sectional views of the reflectance from an exemplary array of selectively reflective surfaces, for three different viewing angles
  • FIG. 11 illustrates the reflectance curves as a function of incident angle for two other dichroic coating
  • FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating a method to expand a beam along both axes utilizing a double LOE configuration
  • FIG. 13 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of the present invention embedded in a standard eye-glasses frame
  • FIG. 14 illustrates an exemplary HUD system in accordance with the present invention
  • FIG. 15 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of the present invention wherein a negative lens is attached to the surface the LOE
  • FIG. 16 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of the present invention wherein negative and positive lenses are attached to the surfaces the LOE.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates a conventional folding optics arrangement, wherein the substrate 2 is illuminated by a display source 4 .
  • the display is collimated by a collimating lens 6 .
  • the light from the display source 4 is coupled into substrate 2 by a first reflecting surface 8 , in such a way that the main ray 10 is parallel to the substrate plane.
  • a second reflecting surface 12 couples the light out of the substrate and into the eye of a viewer 14 .
  • the maximum allowed off-axis angle inside the substrate is:
  • ⁇ max arctan ⁇ ( T - d eye 2 ⁇ l ) , ( 1 ) wherein T is the substrate thickness;
  • d eye is the desired exit-pupil diameter
  • l is the distance between reflecting surfaces 8 and 12 .
  • the maximum achievable FOV with this configuration is: FOV max ⁇ 2 ⁇ max , (2) wherein ⁇ is the refractive index of the substrate. Typically the refractive index values lie in the range of 1.5-1.6.
  • the diameter of the eye pupil is 2-6 mm.
  • a larger exit-pupil diameter is necessary.
  • the distance between the optical axis of the eye and the side of the head, l is, typically, between 40 and 80 mm. Consequently, even for a small FOV of 8°, the desired substrate thickness would be of the order of 12 mm.
  • R eye is the distance between the eye of the viewer and the substrate (typically, about 30-40 mm).
  • the required substrate thickness here is on the order of 7 mm, which is an improvement on the previous limit. Nevertheless, as the desired FOV is increased, the substrate thickness increases rapidly. For instance, for desired FOVs of 15° and 30° the substrate limiting thickness is 18 mm or 25 mm, respectively.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates a sectional view of an LOE according to the present invention.
  • the first reflecting surface 16 is illuminated by a collimated input plane wave 18 , emanating from a display light source (not shown) located behind the device, wherein the plane wave 18 is one of a set of light waves located within a given FOV to be coupled into the LOE.
  • the reflecting surface 16 reflects the incident light from the source such that the light is trapped inside a planar substrate 20 by total internal reflection. After several reflections off the surfaces of the substrate, the trapped wave reaches an array of selectively reflecting surfaces 22 , which couple the light wave 23 out of the substrate into the EMB 24 of a viewer.
  • the output light wave 23 should be a plane wave, otherwise, different rays representing a single point at the display source will arrive at the EMB 24 of the viewer at different incident angles and ghost images that interfere with the primary image will be seen by the viewer.
  • the output light wave 23 and hence the input wave 18 , should be plane waves. That is, the angular deviation between two different rays located on the same light wave should be less than ⁇ res , wherein ⁇ res is the angular resolution of the optical device. Usually, for most visual systems, ⁇ res is ⁇ 1-2 milliradians, but different devices can yield different angular resolutions.
  • the trapped rays arrive at the reflecting surfaces from two distinct directions 28 , 30 .
  • the reflectance for one of these two directions should be negligible.
  • FIGS. 3A and 3B illustrate the desired reflectance behavior of selectively reflecting surfaces. While the ray 32 ( FIG. 3A ), having an off-axis angle of ⁇ ref ⁇ 25°, is partially reflected and is coupled out of the substrate 34 , the ray 36 ( FIG. 3B ), which arrives at an off-axis angle of ⁇ ′ ref ⁇ 75° to the reflecting surface (which is equivalent to ⁇ ′ ref ⁇ 105°), is transmitted through the reflecting surface 34 without any notable reflection.
  • FIGS. 4 and 5 show the reflectance curves of a dichroic coating designed to achieve the above reflectance characteristics, for four different incident angles: 20°, 25°, 30° and 75°, with P-polarized and S-polarized light respectively. While the reflectance of the high-angle ray is negligible over the entire relevant spectrum, the rays at off-axis angles of 20°, 25° and 30°, obtain almost constant reflectance of 26%, 29% and 32% respectively, for P-polarized light, and 32%, 28% and 25% respectively, for S-polarized light, over the same spectrum. Evidently, reflectance decreases with the obliquity of the incident rays for P-polarized light and increases for S-polarized light.
  • the solutions for ⁇ sur1 and ⁇ ′ sur1 in the above example are 25° and 65°, respectively.
  • FIG. 7 presents a sectional view of the reflective surface 16 , which is embedded inside the substrate 20 and couples light 38 from a display source (not shown) and traps it inside the substrate 20 by total internal reflection.
  • the trapped light should cover the entire area of the LOE.
  • the points on the boundary line 41 between the edge of the reflective surface 16 and the upper surface 40 of the substrate 20 should be illuminated for a single wave by two different rays that enter the substrate in two different locations: a ray 38 a that illuminates directly the boundary line 41 , and another ray 38 b which is first reflected by the reflecting surface 16 and then by the lower surface 42 of substrate before illuminating the boundary line.
  • the projection of each surface is adjacent to its neighbor.
  • FIG. 8 is an example of a method for coupling the input waves into the substrate.
  • Input waves could, however, also be coupled into the substrate by other optical means, including (but not limited to) folding prisms, fiber optic bundles, diffraction gratings, and other solutions.
  • the input waves and the image waves are located on the same side of the substrate.
  • Other configurations are envisioned in which the input and the image waves could be located on opposite sides of the substrate. It is also possible, in certain applications, to couple the input waves into the substrate through one of the substrate's peripheral sides.
  • FIG. 8 is a detailed sectional view of an array of selectively reflective surfaces which couple light, trapped inside the substrate, out and into the eye of a viewer.
  • the limiting substrate thickness for an FOV of 8° is in the order of 2.8 mm; for FOVs of 15° and 30°, the limiting substrate thickness is 3.7 mm and 5.6 mm, respectively.
  • FOVs of 15° and 30° are more favorable values than the limiting thickness of the state-of-the-art solutions discussed above.
  • more than two selectively reflecting surfaces can be used.
  • the limiting substrate thickness for FOVs of 15° and 30° is approximately 2.4 mm and 3.9 mm, respectively.
  • additional reflecting surfaces may be introduces to, amongst other advantages, reduce the limiting optical thickness further.
  • a single partially reflecting surface can be sufficient.
  • a moderate FOV of 17° can be achieved even with a single reflecting surface 22 .
  • Part of the rays will cross the surface 22 several times before being coupled out into the desired direction.
  • ⁇ in(min) 42°
  • each selectively reflecting surface is illuminated by optical rays of different intensities. While the right surface 46 is illuminated by rays immediately after they are reflected from the lower face 48 of the substrate 20 , the left surface 50 is illuminated by rays that have already passed through the partially reflecting surface 46 and therefore have a lower intensity. To achieve images of uniform brightness, compensation is required for the differences in intensities between the different portions of the image. Indeed, coating the reflecting surfaces with different coatings, whereby the reflectance of surface 46 is lower than the reflectance of surface 50 compensates for the uneven illumination.
  • FIG. 8 Another potential non-uniformity in the resulting image might occur due to the different reflection sequences of different rays that reach each selectively reflecting surface:—some rays arrive directly without a reflection from a selectively reflecting surface; other rays arrive after one or more such reflections.
  • This effect is illustrated in FIG. 8 .
  • a ray intersects the first selectively reflecting surface 22 at the point 52 .
  • the incident angle of the ray is 25° and a portion of the ray's energy is coupled out of the substrate.
  • the ray then intersects the same selectively reflecting surface at point 43 at an incident angle of 75° without noticeable reflection, and then intersects again at point 54 at an incident angle of 25° where another portion of the ray's energy is coupled out of the substrate.
  • one method to compensate for non-uniformity that results from such multiple-intersections is to provide a coating where the reflectance increases monotonically with decreasing incident angle, as shown in FIG. 5 for the reflectivity in the range of 10 to 40°. It is difficult to fully compensate for such differences in multiple-intersection effects. Nevertheless, in practice, the human eye tolerates significant variations in brightness which remain unnoticed. For near-to-eye displays, the eye integrates all the light which emerges from a single viewing angle and focuses it onto one point on the retina, and since the response curve of the eye is logarithmic, small variations, if any, in the display's brightness will not be noticeable. Therefore, even for moderate levels of illumination uniformity within the display, a human eye experiences a high-quality image. The required moderate uniformity can readily be achieved with an LOE.
  • the non-uniformity due to the multiple intersection effects cannot be tolerated.
  • a more systematic method to overcome the non-uniformity is required.
  • the potential non-uniformity problem is particularly crucial when the active area of the LOE is comparatively large and the number of the partially reflecting surfaces is small. For instance, as illustrated in FIG. 10 an LOE with two reflecting surfaces can be designed even for a system with a large area. In such a case, coating the reflecting surfaces 22 with different coatings, whereby the reflectance of surface 46 is lower than the reflectance of surface 50 (see FIG. 9 ) does not fully compensate for the uneven illumination.
  • a possible solution is to use a non-uniform reflecting coating for each one of the partially reflecting surfaces, to compensate for the non-uniformity and to achieve an image of uniform brightness over the entire FOV.
  • the simplest correction method is to set, for each reflecting surface, the reflectance to increase monotonically along the propagation direction of the trapped rays. This increase can be either continuous or gradual. For instance, as illustrated in FIG. 8 , the reflectance at point 54 is higher than at point 52 . However, more accurate constructional methods can be applied.
  • FIG. 10 which shows a sectional view of a compact LOE display system based on the proposed embodiment, illustrates this effect.
  • a single plane wave 56 representing a particular viewing angle 58 , illuminates only part of the overall array of partially reflecting surfaces 22 .
  • a nominal viewing angle is defined, and the reflectance is designed according to this angle.
  • the design of the coatings of the various partially reflecting surfaces of the LOE is performed as follows: For each particular angle, a ray is plotted (taking into account the refraction due to Snell's law) from the center of the designated eye pupil 60 to the partially reflecting surface.
  • the calculated direction is set as the nominal incident direction and the particular coating is designed according to that direction, taking into account prior reflectance related to this particular viewing angle.
  • the coating in each section of the reflecting surface is set to minimize the influence of this section on the rays that should not be reflected out in this particular section. Hence, for each viewing angle, the average reflectance from the relevant surfaces will be very close to the desired reflectance.
  • FIG. 11 illustrates two different sections of the first reflecting surface 46 ( FIG. 9 ) having two different reflectance curves.
  • the designated reflecting angles for points 52 and 54 FIG. 8
  • the required reflectance for both angles is 30%
  • reflectance at point 52 is 30% and ⁇ 0% at the incident angles of 35° and 25° respectively
  • the reflectance at point 54 is 30% and ⁇ 0% at the incident angles of 25° and 15° respectively.
  • the reflectance curve of the coating can be changed either gradually or continuously as a function of the lateral axis in this case as well.
  • the FOV along the ⁇ axis is not dependent upon the size or number of the selectively reflecting surfaces, but rather, on the lateral dimension along the ⁇ axis of the input waves coupled into the substrate.
  • the maximum achievable FOV along the ⁇ axis is:
  • the limiting lateral dimension is 42 mm.
  • S 1 T tan( ⁇ in ).
  • the lateral extent of the LOE is fivefold larger than the longitudinal dimension.
  • the required lateral dimension is approximately 34 mm, still four-fold larger than the longitudinal dimension. This asymmetry is problematic:—a collimating lens with a high numerical aperture, or a very large display source are required. In any case, with such numerical values dimensions, it is impossible to achieve the desired compact system.
  • FIG. 12 illustrates an alternative method to expand the beam along both axes utilizing a double LOE configuration.
  • the input wave is coupled into the first LOE 20 a by the first reflecting surface 16 a and then propagating along the ⁇ axis.
  • the partially reflecting surfaces 22 a couple the light out of LOE 20 a into the second LOE 20 b by the reflecting surface 16 b .
  • the light is then propagated along the ⁇ axis, and then coupled out by the selectively reflecting surfaces 22 b .
  • the original beam is expanded along both axes where the overall expansion is determined by the ratio between the lateral dimensions of the elements 16 a and 22 b respectively.
  • the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 12 is just an example of a double-LOE setup.
  • FIG. 13 illustrates an embodiment of the present invention in which the LOE 20 is embedded in an eye-glasses frame 68 .
  • the display source 4 , the collimating lens 6 , and the folding lens 70 are assembled inside the arm portions 72 of the eye-glasses frame, just next to the edge of the LOE 20 .
  • the display source is an electronic element such as a small CRT, LCD, or OLED
  • the driving electronics 74 for the display source might be assembled inside the back portion of the arm 72 .
  • a power supply and data interface 76 is connectable to arm 72 by a lead 78 or other communication means including radio or optical transmission.
  • a battery and miniature data link electronics can be integrated in the eye-glasses frame.
  • the embodiment described above can serve in both see-through and non-see-through systems.
  • opaque layers are located in front of the LOE. It is not necessary to occlude the entire LOE, typically only the active area, where the display is visible needs to be blocked.
  • the device can ensure that the peripheral vision of the user is maintained, replicating the viewing experience of a computer or a television screen, in which such peripheral vision serves an important cognitive function.
  • a variable filter can be placed in front of the system in such a way that the viewer can control the level of brightness of the light emerging from the external scene.
  • This variable filter could be either a mechanically controlled device such as a folding filter, or two rotating polarizers, an electronically controlled device, or even an automatic device, whereby the transmittance of the filter is determined by the brightness of the external background.
  • One method to achieve the required variable transmittance filter is to use electrochromic materials in order to provide electrical control of optical transmittance, wherein materials with electrically controllable optical properties are incorporated into laminated structures.
  • an LOE can be utilized in this embodiment.
  • the simplest option is to use a single element for one eye.
  • Another option is to use an element and a display source for each eye, but with the same image.
  • Yet another possibility is to project two different scenes, one to each eye, in order to create a stereoscopic image.
  • attractive implementations are possible, including 3-dimensional movies, advanced virtual reality, training systems and others.
  • FIG. 13 is just an example illustrating the simple implementation of the present invention. Since the substrate-guided optical element, constituting the core of the system, is very compact and lightweight, it could be installed in a vast variety of arrangements. Hence, many other embodiments are also possible including a visor, a folding display, a monocle, and many more. This embodiment is designated for applications where the display should be near-to-eye: head-mounted, head-worn or head-carried.
  • HUD head-up displays
  • LOE-based HUD potentially provide the possibilities for a very compact, self-contained HUD, that can be readily installed in confined spaces. It also simplifies the construction and manufacturing of the optical systems related to the HUD and therefore is a potentially suitable for both improving on aerospace HUD's, as well as introducing a compact, inexpensive, consumer version for the automotive industry.
  • FIG. 14 illustrates a method of materializing an HUD system based on the present invention.
  • the light from a display source 4 is collimated by a lens 6 to infinity and coupled by the first reflecting surface 16 into substrate 20 .
  • the optical waves After reflection at a second reflecting array (not shown), the optical waves impinge on a third reflecting surfaces 22 , which couples the light out into the eyes 24 of the viewer.
  • the overall system can be very compact and lightweight, of the size of a large postcard having a thickness of a few millimeters.
  • the display source having a volume of a few cubic centimeters, can be attached to one of the corners of the substrate, where an electric wire can transmit the power and data to the system. It is expected that the installation of the presented HUD system will not be more complicated than the installation of a simple commercial audio system. Moreover, since there is no need for an external display source for image projection, the necessity to install components in unsafe places is avoided.
  • FIG. 14 can be implemented for other applications, in addition to HUD systems for vehicles.
  • One possible utilization of these embodiments is as a flat display for a computer or television.
  • the main unique characteristic of such a display is that the image is not located at the screen plane, but is focused at infinity or to a similarly convenient distance.
  • One of the main drawbacks of existing computer displays is that the user has to focus his eyes at a very close distance of between 40 and 60 cm, while the natural focus of a healthy eye is to infinity.
  • Many people suffer from headaches after working for a long duration of time at a computer. Many others who work frequently with computers tend to develop myopia.
  • some people, who suffer from both myopia and hyperopia need special spectacles for work with a computer.
  • a flat display based on the present invention, could be an appropriate solution for people who suffer from the above-described problems and do not wish to work with a head-mounted display.
  • the present invention allows for a significant reduction in the physical size of the screen. As the image formed by the LOE is larger than the device, it would be possible to implement large screens on smaller frames. This is particularly important for mobile applications such as lap and palm-top computers.
  • Yet another possible implementation of this embodiment is as a screen for a personal digital assistance (PDA).
  • PDA personal digital assistance
  • the size of the existing conventional screens presently used, is under 10 cm. Since the minimal distance where these displays can be read is in the order of 40 cm, the obtainable FOV is under 15°, hence, the information content, especially as far as text is concerned, on these displays is limited.
  • a significant improvement in the projected FOV can be made with the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 10 .
  • the image is focused at infinity, and the screen can be located much closer to the eyes of the viewer.
  • TFOV total filed-of-view
  • another increase in the TFOV may be achieved. Therefore, a display with an FOV of 40° or larger is feasible.
  • FIG. 15 illustrates a method for implementing a lens, based on the present invention.
  • An image 80 from infinity is coupled into a substrate 20 by a reflecting surface 16 and then reflected by an array of partially reflective surfaces 22 into the eye 24 of the viewer.
  • the ophthalmic lens 82 focuses the images to a convenient distance and optionally corrects other aberrations of the viewer's eye, including astigmatism.
  • the plano-concave lens 82 can be attached to the surface of the substrate at its flat surface. However, a thin air gap 84 must be preserved between the lens and the substrate to ensure the trapping of the image rays inside the substrate by total internal reflection.
  • FIG. 16 illustrates a method for implementing dual lens configuration, based on the present invention.
  • An image 80 from infinity is coupled into a substrate 20 by a reflecting surface 22 and then reflected by an array of partially reflective surfaces 22 into the eye 24 of the viewer.
  • Another scene image 86 from a close distance is collimated to infinity by a lens 88 and then passed through the substrate 20 into the eye.
  • the lens 82 focuses images 80 and 86 to a convenient distance, usually the original distance of the external scene 86 , and corrects other aberrations of the viewer's eye, if required.
  • the lenses 82 and 88 which are plotted in FIGS. 15 and 16 are simple plano-concave and piano-convex lenses respectively.
  • Fresnel lenses which can be made of thin molded plastic plates with fine steps.
  • an alternative way to materialize the lenses 82 or 88 instead of as fixed lenses as described above, is to exploit electronically controlled dynamic lenses.
  • a high resolution, spatial light modulator (SLM) can be used to form a holographic element.
  • the most popular sources for that purpose are LCD devices, but other dynamic SLM devices can be used as well.
  • High resolution, dynamic lenses having several hundred lines/mm are known.
  • This kind of electro-optically controlled lenses can be used as the desired dynamic elements in the present invention, instead of the fixed lenses described above in conjunction with FIGS. 15 and 16 . Therefore, the operator can determine and set, in real time, the exact focal planes of both the virtual image projected by the LOE and the real image of the external view.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Light Guides In General And Applications Therefor (AREA)
  • Optical Couplings Of Light Guides (AREA)
  • Liquid Crystal (AREA)
  • Devices For Indicating Variable Information By Combining Individual Elements (AREA)
  • Eye Examination Apparatus (AREA)
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