Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D307/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D307/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings
  • C07D307/34—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D307/56—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D307/68—Carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
  • A61P19/02—Drugs for skeletal disorders for joint disorders, e.g. arthritis, arthrosis
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/04—Centrally acting analgesics, e.g. opioids
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/06—Antimigraine agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
  • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00

Definitions

• This invention relates to EP 4 receptor antagonists, pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds, and the use of such compounds and compositions to treat various diseases.
• Prostanoids comprise prostaglandins (PGs) and thromboxanes (Txs) and their receptors fall into five different classes (DP, EP, FP, IP and TP) based on their sensitivity to the five naturally occurring prostanoids, PGD 2 , PGE 2 , PGF 2 ⁇ , PGI 2 and TxA 2 , respectively (Coleman, R. A., Prostanoid Receptors. IUPHAR compendium of receptor characterisation and classification , 2 nd edition, 338-353, ISBN 0-9533510-3-3, 2000).
• EP receptors for which the endogenous ligand is PGE 2
• EP 1 , EP 2 , EP 3 and EP 4 These four types of EP receptors have been cloned and are distinct at both a molecular and pharmacological level (Coleman, R. A., 2000)
• EP 4 antagonists have been shown to be useful in the treatment of pain, and in particular, in the treatment of primary headache disorders, which include migraines, and secondary headache disorders, such as drug-induced headaches (WO 00/18405 and WO 01/72302).
• Dilation of the cerebral vasculature and the subsequent stimulation of pain stimulating, perivascular trigeminal sensory afferent nerves is recognised to play an important role in the pathophysiology of migraine.
• a sterile inflammatory response associated with activation of cycloxygenase and the generation of PGE 2 , is also implicated in the pathophysiology of migraine.
• PGE 2 levels have been shown to be raised during migraine attacks and PGE 2 contributes to the pain of migraine by directly dilating cerebral arteries and by stimulating the release of vasoactive/pro-inflammatory peptides from the trigeminal nerves. These effects of PGE 2 are mediated in whole or in part by EP 4 receptors. Thus, by binding to and preventing the stimulation of EP 4 receptors, EP 4 antagonists may be used to treat the pain of migraine.
• EP 4 antagonists may also be useful in treating a number of other conditions and diseases. For example, they may be used in:
• musculoskeletal pain lower back and neck pain, sprains and strains, neuropathic pain, sympathetically mediated pain, myositis, pain associated with cancer and fibromyalgia, pain associated with influenza or other viral infections, such as the common cold, rheumatic fever; pain associated with bowel disorders such as non-ulcer dyspepsia, irritable bowel syndrome; non-cardiac chest pain, pain associated with myocardial ischaemia, post-operative pain, headache, toothache and dysmenorrhea.
• Neuropathic pain syndromes include diabetic neuropathy, sciatica, non-specific lower back pain, multiple sclerosis pain, fibromyalgia, HIV-related neuropathy, post-herpetic neuralgia, trigeminal neuralgia and pain resulting from physical trauma;
• inflammatory diseases including rheumatoid and osteoarthritis, psoriasis, dermatitis, retinitis, conjunctivitis, asthma, bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, inflammatory bowel disease, colitis, nephritis, gingivitis and hepatitis;
• cancers including familial adenomatous polyposis, endometrial carcinoma, colorectal and cervical cancer;
• osteoporosis the treatment of bone disorders involving altered bone formation or resorption such as osteoporosis
• immunological disorders such as autoimmune disease, immunological deficiency diseases, organ transplantation and increasing the latency of HIV infection;
• diseases of abnormal platelet function e.g. occlusive vascular diseases
• cardiovascular diseases and shock states associated with hypotension e.g. septic shock
• EP 4 antagonists are known, it is desired to find novel EP 4 antagonists, and in particular, EP 4 antagonists which are selective against other EP receptors, i.e. EP 1 , EP 2 and EP 3 .
• a first aspect of the present invention provides a compound of formula (I):
• R 2 and R 5 are:
• R N is H or optionally substituted C 1-4 alkyl
• R 3 is either:
• R is optionally substituted C 1-7 alkyl, C 5-20 aryl, or NR N3 R N4 , where R N3 and R N4 are independently selected from optionally substituted C 1-4 alkyl; or
• a second aspect of the present invention provides a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in a method of therapy.
• a third aspect of the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula (I) as defined in the first aspect or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
• a further aspect of the present invention provides the use of a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of a condition alleviated by antagonism of an EP 4 receptor.
• Another aspect of the present invention provides a method of treating a condition which can be alleviated by antagonism of an EP 4 receptor, which method comprises administering to a patient in need of treatment an effective amount of a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• Conditions which can be alleviated by antagonism of an EP 4 receptor are discussed above, and particularly include primary headache disorders, most particularly migraines.
• the present invention also provides methods of antagonizing EP 4 receptors, in vitro or in vivo, comprising contacting a cell with an effective amount of a compound of formula (I).
• the compounds described above may be selective as against antagonism of the other three EP receptors, i.e. EP 1 , EP 2 and EP 3 . This selectivity allows for targeting of the effect of the compounds of the invention, with possible benefits in the treatment of certain conditions.
• Alkyl refers to a monovalent moiety obtained by removing a hydrogen atom from a carbon atom of a hydrocarbon compound having from 1 to 7 carbon atoms (unless otherwise specified), which may be aliphatic or alicyclic, and which may be saturated or unsaturated.
• alkyl includes the sub-classes alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cylcoalkynyl, etc., discussed below.
• the prefixes denote the number of carbon atoms, or range of number of carbon atoms.
• C 1-4 alkyl as used herein, pertains to an alkyl group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
• groups of alkyl groups include C 1-4 alkyl (“lower alkyl”)and C 1-7 alkyl.
• the first prefix may vary according to other limitations; for example, for unsaturated alkyl groups, the first prefix must be at least 2; for cyclic alkyl groups, the first prefix must be at least 3; etc.
• saturated alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl (C 1 ), ethyl (C 2 ), propyl (C 3 ), butyl (C 4 ), pentyl (C 5 ), hexyl (C 6 ) and heptyl (C 7 ).
• saturated linear alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl (C 1 ), ethyl (C 2 ), n-propyl (C 3 ), n-butyl (C 4 ), n-pentyl (amyl) (C 5 ), n-hexyl (C 6 ), and n-heptyl (C 7 ).
• saturated branched alkyl groups include iso-propyl (C 3 ), iso-butyl (C 4 ), sec-butyl (C 4 ), tert-butyl (C 4 ), iso-pentyl (C 5 ), and neo-pentyl (C 5 ).
• Alkenyl refers to an alkyl group having one or more carbon-carbon double bonds.
• alkenyl groups include C 2-4 alkenyl and C 2-7 alkenyl.
• alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethenyl (vinyl, —CH ⁇ CH 2 ), 1-propenyl (—CH ⁇ CH—CH 3 ), 2-propenyl (allyl, —CH—CH ⁇ CH 2 ), isopropenyl (1-methylvinyl, —C(CH 3 ) ⁇ CH 2 ), butenyl (C 4 ), pentenyl (C 5 ), and hexenyl (C 6 ).
• Alkynyl refers to an alkyl group having one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds. Examples of groups of alkynyl groups include C 2-4 alkynyl and C 2-7 alkynyl. Examples of alkynyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethynyl (ethenyl, —C ⁇ CH) and 2-propynyl (propargyl, —CH 2 —C ⁇ CH).
• Cycloalkyl refers to an alkyl group which is also a cyclyl group; that is, a monovalent moiety obtained by removing a hydrogen atom from an alicyclic ring atom of a carbocyclic ring of a carbocyclic compound, which carbocyclic ring may be saturated or unsaturated, which moiety has from 3 to 7 carbon atoms (unless otherwise specified), including from 3 to 7 ring atoms.
• the term “cycloalkyl” includes the sub-classes cycloalkenyl and cycloalkynyl.
• each ring has from 3 to 7 ring atoms.
• groups of cycloalkyl groups include C 3-7 cycloalkyl.
• cycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, those derived from:
• Heterocyclyl refers to a monovalent moiety obtained by removing a hydrogen atom from a ring atom of a heterocyclic compound, which moiety has from 3 to 20 ring atoms (unless otherwise specified), of which from 1 to 10 are ring heteroatoms.
• each ring has from 3 to 7 ring atoms, of which from 1 to 4 are ring heteroatoms.
• the prefixes e.g. C 3-20 , C 3-7 , C 5-6 , etc.
• the term “C 5-6 heterocyclyl” as used herein, pertains to a heterocyclyl group having 5 or 6 ring atoms.
• groups of heterocyclyl groups include C 3-20 heterocyclyl, C 5-20 heterocyclyl, C 3-15 heterocyclyl, C 5-15 heterocyclyl, C 3-12 heterocyclyl, C 5-12 heterocyclyl, C 3-10 heterocyclyl, C 5-10 heterocyclyl, C 3-7 heterocyclyl, C 5-7 heterocyclyl, and C 5-6 heterocyclyl.
• monocyclic heterocyclyl groups include, but are not limited to, those derived from:
• N 1 aziridine (C 3 ), azetidine (C 4 ), pyrrolidine (tetrahydropyrrole) (C 5 ), pyrroline (e.g., 3-pyrroline, 2,5-dihydropyrrole) (C 5 ), 2H-pyrrole or 3H-pyrrole (isopyrrole, isoazole) (C 5 ), piperidine (C 6 ), dihydropyridine (C 6 ), tetrahydropyridine (C 6 ), azepine (C 7 );
• O 1 oxirane (C 3 ), oxetane (C 4 ), oxolane (tetrahydrofuran) (C 5 ), oxole (dihydrofuran) (C 5 ), oxane (tetrahydropyran) (C 6 ), dihydropyran (C 6 ), pyran (C 6 ), oxepin (C 7 );
• N 2 imidazolidine (C 5 ), pyrazolidine (diazolidine) (C 5 ), imidazoline (C 5 ), pyrazoline (dihydropyrazole) (C 5 ), piperazine (C 6 );
• N 1 O 1 tetrahydrooxazole (C 5 ), dihydrooxazole (C 5 ), tetrahydroisoxazole (C 5 ), dihydroisoxazole (C 5 ), morpholine (C 6 ), tetrahydrooxazine (C 6 ), dihydrooxazine (C 6 ), oxazine (C 6 );
• N 1 S 1 thiazoline (C 5 ), thiazolidine (C 5 ), thiomorpholine (C 6 );
• O 1 S 1 oxathiole (C 5 ) and oxathiane (thioxane) (C 6 ); and,
• N 1 O 1 S 1 oxathiazine (C 6 ).
• Aryl refers to a monovalent moiety obtained by removing a hydrogen atom from an aromatic ring atom of an aromatic compound, which moiety has from 3 to 20 ring atoms (unless otherwise specified). Preferably, each ring has from 5 to 7 ring atoms.
• the prefixes denote the number of ring atoms, or range of number of ring atoms, whether carbon atoms or heteroatoms.
• C 5-6 aryl as used herein, pertains to an aryl group having 5 or 6 ring atoms. Examples of groups of aryl groups include C 3-20 aryl, C 5-20 aryl, C 5-15 aryl, C 5-12 aryl, C 5-10 aryl, C 5-7 aryl, C 5-6 aryl, C 5 aryl, and C 6 aryl.
• the ring atoms may be all carbon atoms, as in “carboaryl groups”.
• carboaryl groups include C 3-20 carboaryl, C 5-20 carboaryl, C 5-15 carboaryl, C 5-12 carboaryl, C 5-10 carboaryl, C 5-7 carboaryl, C 5-6 carboaryl, C 5 carboaryl, and C 6 carboaryl.
• carboaryl groups include, but are not limited to, those derived from benzene (i.e. phenyl) (C 6 ), naphthalene (C 10 ), azulene (C 10 ), anthracene (C 14 ), phenanthrene (C 14 ), naphthacene (C 18 ), and pyrene (C 16 ).
• benzene i.e. phenyl
• C 10 naphthalene
• azulene C 10
• anthracene C 14
• phenanthrene C 14
• naphthacene C 18
• pyrene C 16
• aryl groups which comprise fused rings include, but are not limited to, groups derived from indane (e.g., 2,3-dihydro-1H-indene) (C 9 ), indene (C 9 ), isoindene (C 9 ), tetraline (1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (C 10 ), acenaphthene (C 12 ), fluorene (C 13 ), phenalene (C 13 ), acephenanthrene (C 15 ), and aceanthrene (C 16 ).
• indane e.g., 2,3-dihydro-1H-indene
• indene C 9
• isoindene C 9
• tetraline (1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene C 10
• acenaphthene C 12
• fluorene C 13
• phenalene C 13
• acephenanthrene C 15
• the ring atoms may include one or more heteroatoms, as in “heteroaryl groups”.
• heteroaryl groups include C 3-20 heteroaryl, C 5-20 heteroaryl, C 5-15 heteroaryl, C 5-12 heteroaryl, C 5-10 heteroaryl, C 5-7 heteroaryl, C 5-6 heteroaryl, C 5 heteroaryl, and C 6 heteroaryl.
• monocyclic heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, those derived from:
• N 1 pyrrole (azole) (C 5 ), pyridine (azine) (C 6 );
• N 1 O 1 oxazole (C 5 ), isoxazole (C 5 ), isoxazine (C 6 );
• N 1 S 1 thiazole (C 5 ), isothiazole (C 5 );
• N 2 imidazole (1,3-diazole) (C 5 ), pyrazole (1,2-diazole) (C 5 ), pyridazine (1,2-diazine) (C 6 ), pyrimidine (1,3-diazine) (C 6 ), pyrazine (1,4-diazine) (C 6 );
• heteroaryl groups which comprise fused rings include, but are not limited to:
• C 13 (with 3 fused rings) derived from carbazole (N 1 ), dibenzofuran (O 1 ), dibenzothiophene (S 1 ), carboline (N 2 ), perimidine (N 2 ), pyridoindole (N 2 ); and,
• C 14 (with 3 fused rings) derived from acridine (N 1 ), xanthene (O 1 ), thioxanthene (S 1 ), oxanthrene (O 2 ), phenoxathiin (O 1 S 1 ), phenazine (N 2 ), phenoxazine (N 1 O), phenothiazine (N 1 S 1 ), thianthrene (S 2 ), phenanthridine (N 1 ), phenanthroline (N 2 ), phenazine (N 2 ).
• a heteroaryl or heterocyclyl group contains a nitrogen ring atom, this ring atom, where possible, may be in a oxidised state, as an N-oxide.
• Halo —F, —Cl, —Br, and —I.
• Ether —OR, wherein R is an ether substituent, for example, a C 1-7 alkyl group (also referred to as a C 1-7 alkoxy group, discussed below), a C 3-20 heterocyclyl group (also referred to as a C 3-20 heterocyclyloxy group), or a C 5-20 aryl group (also referred to as a C 5-20 aryloxy group), preferably a C 1-7 alkyl group.
• R is an ether substituent, for example, a C 1-7 alkyl group (also referred to as a C 1-7 alkoxy group, discussed below), a C 3-20 heterocyclyl group (also referred to as a C 3-20 heterocyclyloxy group), or a C 5-20 aryl group (also referred to as a C 5-20 aryloxy group), preferably a C 1-7 alkyl group.
• C 1-7 alkoxy —OR, wherein R is a C 1-7 alkyl group.
• Examples of C 1-7 alkoxy groups include, but are not limited to, —OMe (methoxy), —OEt (ethoxy), —O(nPr) (n-propoxy), —O(iPr) (isopropoxy), —O(nBu) (n-butoxy), —O(sBu) (sec-butoxy), —O(iBu) (isobutoxy), and —O(tBu) (tert-butoxy).
• Imino (imine): ⁇ NR wherein R is an imino substituent, for example, hydrogen, C 1-7 alkyl group, a C 3-20 heterocyclyl group, or a C 5-20 aryl group, preferably hydrogen or a C 1-7 alkyl group.
• imino groups include, but are not limited to, ⁇ NH, ⁇ NMe, ⁇ NEt, and ⁇ NPh.
• acyl groups include, but are not limited to, —C( ⁇ O)CH 3 (acetyl), —C( ⁇ O)CH 2 CH 3 (propionyl), —C( ⁇ O)C(CH 3 ) 3 (t-butyryl), and —C( ⁇ O)Ph (benzoyl, phenone).
• Thiolocarboxy thiolocarboxylic acid: —C( ⁇ O)SH.
• Imidic acid —C( ⁇ NH)OH.
• R is an ester substituent, for example, a C 1-7 alkyl group, a C 3-20 heterocyclyl group, or a C 5-20 aryl group, preferably a C 1-7 alkyl group.
• ester groups include, but are not limited to, —C( ⁇ O)OCH 3 , —C( ⁇ O)OCH 2 CH 3 , —C( ⁇ O)OC(CH 3 ) 3 , and —C( ⁇ O)OPh.
• R is an acyloxy substituent, for example, a C 1-7 alkyl group, a C 3-20 heterocyclyl group, or a C 5-20 aryl group, preferably a C 1-7 alkyl group.
• acyloxy groups include, but are not limited to, —OC( ⁇ O)CH 3 (acetoxy), —OC( ⁇ O)CH 2 CH 3 , —OC ( ⁇ O)C(CH 3 ) 3 , —OC( ⁇ O)Ph, and —OC( ⁇ O)CH 2 Ph.
• amido groups include, but are not limited to, —C( ⁇ O)NH 2 , —C( ⁇ O)NHCH 3 , —C( ⁇ O)N(CH 3 ) 2 , —C( ⁇ O)NHCH 2 CH 3 , and —C( ⁇ O)N(CH 2 CH 3 ) 2 , as well as amido groups in which R 1 and R 2 , together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a heterocyclic structure as in, for example, piperidinocarbonyl, morpholinocarbonyl, thiomorpholinocarbonyl, and piperazinocarbonyl.
• R 1 is an amide substituent, for example, hydrogen, a C 1-7 alkyl group, a C 3-20 heterocyclyl group, or a C 5-20 aryl group, preferably hydrogen or a C 1-7 alkyl group
• R 2 is an acyl substituent, for example, a C 1-7 alkyl group, a C 3-20 heterocyclyl group, or a C 5-20 aryl group, preferably hydrogen or a C 1-7 alkyl group.
• acylamide groups include, but are not limited to, —NHC( ⁇ O)CH 3 , —NHC( ⁇ O)CH 2 CH 3 , and —NHC( ⁇ O)Ph.
• R 1 and R 2 may together form a cyclic structure, as in, for example, succinimidyl, maleimidyl, and phthalimidyl:
• Thioamido (thiocarbamyl) —C( ⁇ S)NR 1 R 2 , wherein R 1 and R 2 are independently amino substituents, as defined for amino groups.
• Examples of thioamido groups include, but are not limited to, —C( ⁇ S)NH 2 , —C( ⁇ S)NHCH 3 , —C( ⁇ S)N(CH 3 ) 2 , and —C( ⁇ S) NHCH 2 CH 3 .
• R 2 and R 3 are independently amino substituents, as defined for amino groups, and R 1 is a ureido substituent, for example, hydrogen, a C 1-7 alkyl group, a C 3-20 heterocyclyl group, or a C 5-20 aryl group, preferably hydrogen or a C 1-7 alkyl group.
• ureido groups include, but are not limited to, —NHCONH 2 , —NHCONHMe, —NHCONHEt, —NHCONMe 2 , —NHCONEt 2 , —NMeCONH 2 , —NMeCONHMe, —NMeCONHEt, —NMeCONMe 2 , and —NMeCONEt 2 .
• Tetrazolyl a five membered aromatic ring having four nitrogen atoms and one carbon atom
• R 1 and R 2 are independently amino substituents, for example, hydrogen, a C 1 7 alkyl group (also referred to as C 1-7 alkylamino or di-C 1-7 alkylamino), a C 3-20 heterocyclyl group, or a C 5-20 aryl group, preferably H or a C 1-7 alkyl group, or, in the case of a “cyclic” amino group, R 1 and R 2 1 , taken together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a heterocyclic ring having from 4 to 8 ring atoms.
• R 1 and R 2 are independently amino substituents, for example, hydrogen, a C 1 7 alkyl group (also referred to as C 1-7 alkylamino or di-C 1-7 alkylamino), a C 3-20 heterocyclyl group, or a C 5-20 aryl group, preferably H or a C 1-7 alkyl group, or, in the case of a “cyclic” amino group, R 1 and R 2 1
• Amino groups may be primary (—NH 2 ), secondary (—NHR 1 ), or tertiary (—NHR 1 R 2 ), and in cationic form, may be quaternary (— + NR 1 R 2 R 3 ).
• Examples of amino groups include, but are not limited to, —NH 2 , —NHCH 3 , —NHC(CH 3 ) 2 , —N(CH 3 ) 2 , —N(CH 2 CH 3 ) 2 , and —NHPh.
• Examples of cyclic amino groups include, but are not limited to, aziridino, azetidino, pyrrolidino, piperidino, piperazino, morpholino, and thiomorpholino.
• amidine groups include, but are not limited to, —C( ⁇ NH)NH 2 , —C( ⁇ NH)NMe 2 , and —C( ⁇ NMe)NMe 2 .
• Nitroso —NO.
• C 1-7 alkylthio groups include, but are not limited to, —SCH 3 and —SCH 2 CH 3 .
• Disulfide —SS—R, wherein R is a disulfide substituent, for example, a C 1-7 alkyl group, a C 3-20 heterocyclyl group, or a C 5-20 aryl group, preferably a C 1-7 alkyl group (also referred to herein as C 1-7 alkyl disulfide).
• R is a disulfide substituent, for example, a C 1-7 alkyl group, a C 3-20 heterocyclyl group, or a C 5-20 aryl group, preferably a C 1-7 alkyl group (also referred to herein as C 1-7 alkyl disulfide).
• C 1-7 alkyl disulfide groups include, but are not limited to, —SSCH 3 and —SSCH 2 CH 3 .
• R is a sulfine substituent, for example, a C 1-7 alkyl group, a C 3-20 heterocyclyl group, or a C 5-20 aryl group, preferably a C 1-7 alkyl group.
• sulfine groups include, but are not limited to, —S( ⁇ O) CH 3 and —S( ⁇ O) CH 2 CH 3 .
• sulfone groups include, but are not limited to, —S( ⁇ O) 2 CH 3 (methanesulfonyl, mesyl), —S( ⁇ O) 2 CF 3 (triflyl), —S( ⁇ O) 2 CH 2 CH 3 (esyl), —S( ⁇ O) 2 C 4 F 9 (nonaflyl), —S( ⁇ O) 2 CH 2 CF 3 (tresyl), —S( ⁇ O) 2 CH 2 CH 2 NH 2 (tauryl), —S( ⁇ O) 2 Ph (phenylsulfonyl, besyl), 4-methylphenylsulfonyl (tosyl), 4-chlorophenylsulfonyl (closyl), 4-bromophenylsulfonyl (brosyl), 4-nitrophenyl (nosyl), 2-naphthalenesulfonate (napsyl), and 5-dimethylamino-naphthalen
• Sulfinate (sulfinic acid ester): —S( ⁇ O)OR; wherein R is a sulfinate substituent, for example, a C 1-7 alkyl group, a C 3-20 heterocyclyl group, or a C 5-20 aryl group, preferably a C 1-7 alkyl group.
• R is a sulfinate substituent, for example, a C 1-7 alkyl group, a C 3-20 heterocyclyl group, or a C 5-20 aryl group, preferably a C 1-7 alkyl group.
• sulfinate groups include, but are not limited to, —S( ⁇ O)OCH 3 (methoxysulfinyl; methyl sulfinate) and —S( ⁇ O)OCH 2 CH 3 (ethoxysulfinyl; ethyl sulfinate).
• Sulfinyloxy —OS( ⁇ O)R, wherein R is a sulfinyloxy substituent, for example, a C 1-7 alkyl group, a C 3-20 heterocyclyl group, or a C 5-20 aryl group, preferably a C 1-7 alkyl group.
• R is a sulfinyloxy substituent, for example, a C 1-7 alkyl group, a C 3-20 heterocyclyl group, or a C 5-20 aryl group, preferably a C 1-7 alkyl group.
• sulfinyloxy groups include, but are not limited to, —OS( ⁇ O)CH 3 and —OS( ⁇ O)CH 2 CH 3 .
• Sulfamyl (sulfamoyl; sulfinic acid amide; sulfinamide): —S( ⁇ O) 2 NR 1 R 2 , wherein R 1 and R 2 are independently amino substituents, as defined for amino groups.
• sulfamyl groups include, but are not limited to, —S( ⁇ O)NH 2 , —S(( ⁇ O)NH(CH 3 ), —S( ⁇ O)N(CH 3 ) 2 , —S( ⁇ O)NH(CH 2 CH 3 ), —S(( ⁇ O)N(CH 2 CH 3 ) 2 , and —S( ⁇ O)NHPh.
• —S( ⁇ O) 2 NR 1 R 2 wherein R 1 and R 2 are independently amino substituents, as defined for amino groups.
• R 1 and R 2 are independently amino substituents, as defined for amino groups.
• sulfonamido groups include, but are not limited to, —S( ⁇ O) 2 NH 2 , —S( ⁇ O) 2 NH(CH 3 ), —S( ⁇ O) 2 N(CH 3 ) 2 , —S( ⁇ O) 2 NH(CH 2 CH 3 ), —S( ⁇ O) 2 N(CH 2 CH 3 ) 2 , and —S( ⁇ O) 2 NHPh.
• Sulfonamino —NR 1 S( ⁇ O) 2 R, wherein R 1 is an amino substituent, as defined for amino groups, and R is a sulfonamino substituent, for example, a C 1-7 alkyl group, a C 3-20 heterocyclyl group, or a C 5-20 aryl group, preferably a C 1-7 alkyl group.
• R 1 is an amino substituent, as defined for amino groups
• R is a sulfonamino substituent, for example, a C 1-7 alkyl group, a C 3-20 heterocyclyl group, or a C 5-20 aryl group, preferably a C 1-7 alkyl group.
• sulfonamino groups include, but are not limited to, —NHS( ⁇ O) 2 CH 3 and —N(CH 3 )S( ⁇ O) 2 C 6 H 5 .
• Sulfinamino —NR 1 S( ⁇ O)R, wherein R 1 is an amino substituent, as defined for amino groups, and R is a sulfinamino substituent, for example, a C 1-7 alkyl group, a C 3-20 heterocyclyl group, or a C 5-20 aryl group, preferably a C 1-7 alkyl group.
• R 1 is an amino substituent, as defined for amino groups
• R is a sulfinamino substituent, for example, a C 1-7 alkyl group, a C 3-20 heterocyclyl group, or a C 5-20 aryl group, preferably a C 1-7 alkyl group.
• sulfinamino groups include, but are not limited to, —NHS( ⁇ O)CH 3 and —N(CH 3 )S( ⁇ O)C 6 H 5 .
• the above described groups may be substituted, and particular examples include, but are not limited to, C 3-20 aryl-C 1-7 alkyl groups, which include benzyl (phenylmethyl, PhCH 2 —), benzhydryl (Ph 2 CH—), trityl (triphenylmethyl, Ph 3 C—), phenethyl (phenylethyl, Ph-CH 2 CH 2 —), styryl (Ph-CH ⁇ CH—) and cinnamyl (Ph-CH ⁇ CH—CH 2 —).
• C 3-20 aryl-C 1-7 alkyl groups which include benzyl (phenylmethyl, PhCH 2 —), benzhydryl (Ph 2 CH—), trityl (triphenylmethyl, Ph 3 C—), phenethyl (phenylethyl, Ph-CH 2 CH 2 —), styryl (Ph-CH ⁇ CH—) and cinnamyl (Ph-CH ⁇ CH—
• Alkylene The term “C 1-3 alkylene”, as used herein, pertains to a bidentate moiety obtained by removing two hydrogen atoms from each of two different carbon atoms, of a linear hydrocarbon compound having from 1 to 3 carbon atoms, which may be saturated or unsaturated.
• alkylene includes the sub-classes alkenylene and alkynylene.
• the prefix C 1-3 denotes the number of carbon atoms, or range of number of carbon atoms.
• saturated C 1-3 alkylene groups include —CH 2 — (methylene), —CH 2 CH 2 — (ethylene) and —CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 — (propylene)
• Examples of unsaturated C 1-3 alkylene groups include —CH ⁇ CH— (vinylene), —CH ⁇ CH—CH 2 —, —CH 2 —CH ⁇ CH—, —C ⁇ C—, —C ⁇ C—CH 2 — and —CH 2 —C ⁇ C—.
• the C 1-3 alkylene group may be substituted by any monodentate substituent described above.
• Alkoxylene refers to a bidentate group of formula —O(CH 2 ) n O—, where n is 1 or 2.
• a reference to carboxylic acid also includes the anionic (carboxylate) form (—COO ⁇ ), a salt or solvate thereof, as well as conventional protected forms.
• a reference to an amino group includes the protonated form (—N + HR 1 R 2 ), a salt or solvate of the amino group, for example, a hydrochloride salt, as well as conventional protected forms of an amino group.
• a reference to a hydroxyl group also includes the anionic form (—O ⁇ ), a salt or solvate thereof, as well as conventional protected forms of a hydroxyl group.
• Certain compounds may exist in one or more particular geometric, optical, enantiomeric, diasteriomeric, epimeric, stereoisomeric, tautomeric, conformational, or anomeric forms, including but not limited to, cis- and trans-forms; E- and Z-forms; c-, t-, and r-forms; endo- and exo-forms; R—, S—, and meso-forms; D- and L-forms; d- and l-forms; (+) and ( ⁇ ) forms; keto-, enol-, and enolate-forms; syn- and anti-forms; synclinal- and anticlinal-forms; ⁇ - and ⁇ -forms; axial and equatorial forms; boat-, chair-, twist-, envelope-, and halfchair-forms; and combinations thereof, hereinafter collectively referred to as “isomers” (or “isomeric forms”).
• isomers are structural (or constitutional) isomers (i.e. isomers which differ in the connections between atoms rather than merely by the position of atoms in space).
• a reference to a methoxy group, —OCH 3 is not to be construed as a reference to its structural isomer, a hydroxymethyl group, —CH 2 OH.
• a reference to ortho-chlorophenyl is not to be construed as a reference to its structural isomer, meta-chlorophenyl.
• a reference to a class of structures may well include structurally isomeric forms falling within that class (e.g. C 1-7 alkyl includes n-propyl and iso-propyl; butyl includes n-, iso-, sec-, and tert-butyl; methoxyphenyl includes ortho-, meta-, and para-methoxyphenyl).
• C 1-7 alkyl includes n-propyl and iso-propyl
• butyl includes n-, iso-, sec-, and tert-butyl
• methoxyphenyl includes ortho-, meta-, and para-methoxyphenyl
• keto/enol (illustrated below), imine/enamine, amide/imino alcohol, amidine/amidine, nitroso/oxime, thioketone/enethiol, N-nitroso/hyroxyazo, and nitro/aci-nitro.
• H may be in any isotopic form, including 1 H, 2 H (D), and 3 H (T); C may be in any isotopic form, including 12 C, 13 C, and 14 C; O may be in any isotopic form, including 16 O and 18 O; and the like.
• a reference to a particular compound includes all such isomeric forms, including (wholly or partially) racemic and other mixtures thereof.
• Methods for the preparation (e.g. asymmetric synthesis) and separation (e.g. fractional crystallisation and chromatographic means) of such isomeric forms are either known in the art or are readily obtained by adapting the methods taught herein, or known methods, in a known manner.
• a reference to a particular compound also includes ionic, salt, solvate, and protected forms of thereof, for example, as discussed below.
• a corresponding salt of the active compound for example, a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt.
• a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt examples are discussed in Berge, et al., J. Pharm. Sci., 66, 1-19 (1977).
• a salt may be formed with a suitable cation.
• suitable inorganic cations include, but are not limited to, alkali metal ions such as Na + and K + , alkaline earth cations such as Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ , and other cations such as Al +3 .
• suitable organic cations include, but are not limited to, ammonium ion (i.e. NH 4+ ) and substituted ammonium ions (e.g. NH 3 R + , NH 2 R 2 + , NHR 3 + , NR 4 + ).
• Examples of some suitable substituted ammonium ions are those derived from: ethylamine, diethylamine, dicyclohexylamine, triethylamine, butylamine, ethylenediamine, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, piperazine, benzylamine, phenylbenzylamine, choline, meglumine, and tromethamine, as well as amino acids, such as lysine and arginine.
• An example of a common quaternary ammonium ion is N(CH 3 ) 4 + .
• a salt may be formed with a suitable anion.
• suitable inorganic anions include, but are not limited to, those derived from the following inorganic acids: hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydroiodic, sulfuric, sulfurous, nitric, nitrous, phosphoric, and phosphorous.
• Suitable organic anions include, but are not limited to, those derived from the following organic acids: 2-acetyoxybenzoic, acetic, ascorbic, aspartic, benzoic, camphorsulfonic, cinnamic, citric, edetic, ethanedisulfonic, ethanesulfonic, fumaric, glucoheptonic, gluconic, glutamic, glycolic, hydroxymaleic, hydroxynaphthalene carboxylic, isethionic, lactic, lactobionic, lauric, maleic, malic, methanesulfonic, mucic, oleic, oxalic, palmitic, pamoic, pantothenic, phenylacetic, phenylsulfonic, propionic, pyruvic, salicylic, stearic, succinic, sulfanilic, tartaric, toluenesulfonic, and valeric.
• solvate is used herein in the conventional sense to refer to a complex of solute (e.g., active compound, salt of active compound) and solvent. If the solvent is water, the solvate may be conveniently referred to as a hydrate, for example, a mono-hydrate, a di-hydrate, a tri-hydrate, etc.
• chemically protected form is used herein in the conventional chemical sense and pertains to a compound in which one or more reactive functional groups are protected from undesirable chemical reactions under specified conditions (e.g. pH, temperature, radiation, solvent, and the like).
• specified conditions e.g. pH, temperature, radiation, solvent, and the like.
• well known chemical methods are employed to reversibly render unreactive a functional group, which otherwise would be reactive, under specified conditions.
• one or more reactive functional groups are in the form of a protected or protecting group (also known as a masked or masking group or a blocked or blocking group).
• a wide variety of such “protecting”, “blocking”, or “masking” methods are widely used and well known in organic synthesis.
• a compound which has two nonequivalent reactive functional groups both of which would be reactive under specified conditions, may be derivatized to render one of the functional groups “protected,” and therefore unreactive, under the specified conditions; so protected, the compound may be used as a reactant which has effectively only one reactive functional group.
• the protected group may be “deprotected” to return it to its original functionality.
• a hydroxy group may be protected as an ether (—OR) or an ester (—OC( ⁇ O)R), for example, as: a t-butyl ether; a benzyl, benzhydryl (diphenylmethyl), or trityl (triphenylmethyl) ether; a trimethylsilyl or t-butyldimethylsilyl ether; or an acetyl ester (—OC( ⁇ O)CH 3 , —OAc).
• an aldehyde or ketone group may be protected as an acetal (R—CH(OR) 2 ) or ketal (R 2 C(OR) 2 ), respectively, in which the carbonyl group (>C ⁇ O) is converted to a diether (>C(OR) 2 ), by reaction with, for example, a primary alcohol.
• the aldehyde or ketone group is readily regenerated by hydrolysis using a large excess of water in the presence of acid.
• an amine group may be protected, for example, as an amide (—NRCO—R) or a urethane (—NRCO—OR), for example, as: an acetamide (—NHCO—CH 3 ); a benzyloxy amide (—NHCO—OCH 2 C 6 H 5 , —NH-Cbz); as a t-butoxy amide (—NHCO—OC(CH 3 ) 3 , —NH-Boc); a 2-biphenyl-2-propoxy amide (—NHCO—OC(CH 3 ) 2 C 6 H 4 C 6 H 5 , —NH-Bpoc), as a 9-fluorenylmethoxy amide (—NH-Fmoc), as a 6-nitroveratryloxy amide (—NH-Nvoc), as a 2-trimethylsilylethyloxy amide (—NH-Teoc), as a 2,2,2-trichloroethyloxy amide (—NH-Troc), as
• a carboxylic acid group may be protected as an ester for example, as: an C 1-7 alkyl ester (e.g., a methyl ester; a t-butyl ester); a C 1-7 haloalkyl ester (e.g., a C 1-7 trihaloalkyl ester); a triC 1-7 alkylsilyl-C 1-7 alkyl ester; or a C 5-20 aryl-C 1-7 alkyl ester (e.g. a benzyl ester; a nitrobenzyl ester); or as an amide, for example, as a methyl amide.
• an C 1-7 alkyl ester e.g., a methyl ester; a t-butyl ester
• a C 1-7 haloalkyl ester e.g., a C 1-7 trihaloalkyl ester
• a thiol group may be protected as a thioether (—SR), for example, as: a benzyl thioether; an acetamidomethyl ether (—S—CH 2 NHC( ⁇ O)CH 3 ).
• SR thioether
• benzyl thioether an acetamidomethyl ether (—S—CH 2 NHC( ⁇ O)CH 3 ).
• treatment pertains generally to treatment and therapy, whether of a human or an animal (e.g. in veterinary applications), in which some desired therapeutic effect is achieved, for example, the inhibition of the progress of the condition, and includes a reduction in the rate of progress, a halt in the rate of progress, amelioration of the condition, and cure of the condition.
• Treatment as a prophylactic measure i.e. prophylaxis is also included.
• terapéuticaally-effective amount pertains to that amount of an active compound, or a material, composition or dosage form comprising an active compound, which is effective for producing some desired therapeutic effect, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio, when administered in accordance with a desired treatment regimen. Suitable dose ranges will typically be in the range of from 0.01 to 20 mg/kg/day, preferably from 0.1 to 10 mg/kg/day.
• compositions may be formulated for any suitable route and means of administration.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or diluents include those used in formulations suitable for oral, rectal, nasal, topical (including buccal and sublingual), vaginal or parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intradermal, intrathecal and epidural) administration.
• the formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy. Such methods include the step of bringing into association the active ingredient with the carrier which constitutes one or more accessory ingredients. In general the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association the active ingredient with liquid carriers or finely divided solid carriers or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product.
• conventional non-toxic solid carriers include, for example, pharmaceutical grades of mannitol, lactose, cellulose, cellulose derivatives, starch, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharin, talcum, glucose, sucrose, magnesium carbonate, and the like may be used.
• the active compound as defined above may be formulated as suppositories using, for example, polyalkylene glycols, acetylated triglycerides and the like, as the carrier.
• Liquid pharmaceutically administrable compositions can, for example, be prepared by dissolving, dispersing, etc, an active compound as defined above and optional pharmaceutical adjuvants in a carrier, such as, for example, water, saline aqueous dextrose, glycerol, ethanol, and the like, to thereby form a solution or suspension.
• a carrier such as, for example, water, saline aqueous dextrose, glycerol, ethanol, and the like
• the pharmaceutical composition to be administered may also contain minor amounts of non-toxic auxiliary substances such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering agents and the like, for example, sodium acetate, sorbitan monolaurate, triethanolamine sodium acetate, sorbitan monolaurate, triethanolamine oleate, etc.
• composition or formulation to be administered will, in any event, contain a quantity of the active compound(s) in an amount effective to alleviate the symptoms of the subject being treated.
• Dosage forms or compositions containing active ingredient in the range of 0.25 to 95% with the balance made up from non-toxic carrier may be prepared.
• a pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic composition is formed by the incorporation of any of the normally employed excipients, such as, for example, pharmaceutical grades of mannitol, lactose, cellulose, cellulose derivatives, sodium crosscarmellose, starch, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharin, talcum, glucose, sucrose, magnesium carbonate, and the like.
• excipients such as, for example, pharmaceutical grades of mannitol, lactose, cellulose, cellulose derivatives, sodium crosscarmellose, starch, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharin, talcum, glucose, sucrose, magnesium carbonate, and the like.
• Such compositions take the form of solutions, suspensions, tablets, pills, capsules, powders, sustained release formulations and the like.
• Such compositions may contain 1%-95% active ingredient, more preferably 2-50%, most preferably 5-8%.
• Parenteral administration is generally characterized by injection, either subcutaneously, intramuscularly or intravenously.
• Injectables can be prepared in conventional forms, either as liquid solutions or suspensions, solid forms suitable for solution or suspension in liquid prior to injection, or as emulsions.
• Suitable excipients are, for example, water, saline, dextrose, glycerol, ethanol or the like.
• the pharmaceutical compositions to be administered may also contain minor amounts of non-toxic auxiliary substances such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering agents and the like, such as for example, sodium acetate, sorbitan monolaurate, triethanolamine oleate, triethanolamine sodium acetate, etc.
• the percentage of active compound contained in such parental compositions is highly dependent on the specific nature thereof, as well as the activity of the compound and the needs of the subject. However, percentages of active ingredient of 0.1% to 10% in solution are employable, and will be higher if the composition is a solid which will be subsequently diluted to the above percentages.
• the composition will comprise 0.2-2% of the active agent in solution.
• a coupling agent for example, 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride.
• X is either OH or halo, where if X is OH, the use of basic conditions and a coupling agent is preferred.
• Such a coupling step may be carried out using a coupling agent, for example, O-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate.
• a coupling agent for example, O-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate.
• R o is typically a C 1-4 alkyl group, by a hydrolysis reaction, for example, using sodium hydroxide.
• Such a coupling step may be carried out as described above, by using a coupling agent, for example, O-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate.
• a coupling agent for example, O-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate.
• the Suzuki coupling may be achieved using, for example, [1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium (II) as the palladium catalyst.
• R 2 or R 5 is a phenyl group substituted by —O—CHF 2
• R 2 or R 5 can be synthesised from the corresponding compound where the phenyl group is substituted by —OH, by treating this compound with a base and chlorodifluoromethane.
• R 5 is preferably the optionally substituted C5-7 aryl group and R 2 is preferably H or the optionally substituted C 1-4 alkyl group.
• R 2 is preferably selected from H or an optionally substituted C 1-3 alkyl group, more preferably H, methyl, CF 3 or iso-propyl, and most preferably R 2 is a methyl group.
• R 5 is preferably a C 6 aryl group, and is more preferably phenyl.
• R 5 may be substituted, and preferred substituents include C 1-7 alkoxy groups, more preferably C 1-4 alkoxy groups, e.g. —OMe, —OCF 3 , —OEt, —OCHF 2 , with —OCHF 2 being the most preferred.
• R 3 is preferably either:
• R 3 is preferably carboxy.
• R 3 is of formula (II) or (III)
• R is preferably selected from an optionally substituted C 5-20 aryl group, and an optionally substituted C 5-20 aryl-C 1-7 alkyl group, wherein the C 1-7 alkyl group is more preferably methyl.
• the C 5-20 aryl group is preferably a C 6 aryl group.
• Such groups may preferably be substituted with C 1-4 alkyl groups, such as methyl and hydroxy or halo groups, for example, fluoro.
• preferred R groups include, but are not limited to: phenyl; benzyl; 2-fluoro-phenyl; 4-hydroxy-phenyl; 2-trifluoromethyl-phenyl; 5-methyl-pyrid-2-yl.
• R in formula (II) or (III) is a C 1-7 alkyl group, it is more preferably a C 1-4 alkyl group, for example methyl or propyl.
• n+m 1, and more preferably n is 0 and m is 1.
• R N is preferably H or methyl, and is more preferably H.
• Particularly preferred compounds of the present invention include:
• the selectivity of the compound for antagonising EP 4 receptors over the other EP receptors can be quantified by dividing the Ki for EP 4 (see below) by the Ki for the other EP receptors (see below).
• the resulting ratio is preferably 10 or more, more preferably 100 or more.
• the stationary phase used was silica gel for chromatography, 0.035 to 0.070 mm (220 to 440 mesh) (e.g. Fluka silica gel 60).
• An applied pressure of nitrogen of ⁇ 10 psi was used to accelerate column elution.
• Thin layer chromatography (TLC) was carried out on aluminium foil plates coated with silica gel containing a fluorescent indicator (254 nm) (e.g. Fluka 60778).
• Petroleum ether refers to that fraction with a boiling point of 40-60° C.
• PS-TsCl refers to Polystyrene scavenger resin (loading 1.97 mmol/g)—Argonaut Technologies (P/N 800277)
• Preparative HPLC was carried out on a C18-reverse-phase column (10 ⁇ 2.1 cm i.d Genesis column with 7 ⁇ m particle size), eluting with a gradient of acetonitrile (containing 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid) in water (containing 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid) at a flow rate of 5 ml/min.
• the gradient was started at 50% acetonitrile, and was increased at a rate of 1% per minute up to 90% acetonitrile/water unless otherwise stated.
• UV detection at 230 nm was used unless otherwise stated.
• LC/MS Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy
• HP1100 system running at 2.0 mL/min, 200 ⁇ L/min split to the ESI source with inline HP1100 DAD detection and SEDEX ELS detection.
• compound (22) was synthesised from (4- ⁇ [5-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-2-trifluoromethyl-furan-3-carbonyl]-amino ⁇ -phenyl)-acetic acid (4) (40 mg, 0.095 mmoles).
• the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and the residue was dissolved in dichloromethane, washed with 0.1M aqueous hydrochloric acid, and brine and finally dried (MgSO 4 ).
• compound (23) was synthesised from (4- ⁇ [5-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-2-methyl-furan-3-carbonyl]-amino ⁇ -phenyl)-acetic acid (6) (100 mg, 0.273 mmoles). The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and the residue was dissolved in dichloromethane, washed with 0.1M aqueous hydrochloric acid, and brine and finally dried (MgSO 4 ).
• compound (24) was synthesised from ⁇ 4-[(5-phenyl-furan-3-carbonyl)-amino]-phenyl ⁇ -acetic acid (10) (40 mg, 0.125 mmoles) and replacing benzene-sulfonamide with toluene-2-sulfonamide.
• the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and the residue purified by HPLC (gradient: 20% acetonitrile/80% water containing 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid to 80% acetonitrile/20% water at a rate of 1%/min) to afford compound (24)(4 mg) as an off-white solid.
• the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1.5 hours (compounds 25 and 26), 2 hours (compound 31) or 16 hours (compounds 27 to 30, 32 and 36).
• the reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and the residue purified by HPLC (gradient: 20% acetonitrile/80% water containing 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid to 80% acetonitrile/20% water at a rate of 1%/min) to afford the desired compound.
• Membranes were prepared from cells stably transfected with human EP receptor cDNA. In brief, cells were cultured to confluency, scraped from culture flasks, and centrifuged (800 g, 8 minutes, 4° C.). Cells were twice washed in ice cold homogenisation buffer containing 10 mMTris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA.2Na, 250 mM sucrose, 1 mM PMSF, 0.3 mM indomethacin, pH 7.4, homogenised and re-centrifuged as before. The supernatant was stored on ice and pellets re-homogenised and re-spun. Supernatants were pooled and centrifuged at 40000 g, 10 minutes, 4° C. Resultant membrane pellets were stored at ⁇ 80° C. until use.
• membranes expressing human EP 4 , EP 3 , EP 2 or EP 1 receptors were incubated in Millipore (MHVBN45) plates containing assay buffer, radiolabelled [ 3 H]PGE 2 and 0.1 to 10 000 nM concentrations of compounds. Incubations were performed at suitable temperatures and for suitable times to allow equilibrium to be reached. Non-specific binding was determined in the presence of 10 uM PGE 2 . Bound and free radiolabel was separated by vacuum manifold filtration using appropriate wash buffers, and bound radiolabel was determined by scintillation counting. Constituents of each of the buffers are included in table 1 below.
• Ki IC 50 1 + ( radioligand ⁇ ⁇ concentration radioligand ⁇ ⁇ KD )

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