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Definitions

• This invention is directed to certain novel compounds, methods for producing them and methods for treating or ameliorating a kinase or dual-kinase mediated disorder. More particularly, this invention is directed to substituted pyrroline compounds useful as selective kinase or dual-kinase inhibitors, methods for producing such compounds and methods for treating or ameliorating a kinase or dual-kinase mediated disorder.
• Patent application WO 00/38675 discloses disubstituted maleimide compounds of Formula compounds as GSK-3 (glycogen synthase kinase-3) inhibitors of Formula (A), (B) and (C):
• R is hydrogen; R 2 is hydrogen, 5-O-n-Pr, 5-Ph, 5-CO 2 Me or 5-NO 2 ; R 3 is Me or (CH 2 ) 3 OH, and; R 4 is Me, n-Pr, —(CH 2 ) 3 X, wherein X is selected from CN, NH 2 , CO 2 H, CONH 2 or OH; and, wherein, for Formula (B), R is hydrogen; R 2 is hydrogen; R 3 is Me or a group —(CH 2 ) 3 Y, wherein Y is NH 2 or OH; and, R 4 is 2-Cl or 2,4-di-Cl.
• Patent application WO 00/21927 describes 3-amino-4-arymaleimide compounds of Formula (I):
• R is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or aralkyl
• R 1 is hydrogen, alkyl, aralkyl, hydroxyalkyl or alkoxyalkyl
• R 2 is substituted or unsubstituted aryl or substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl
• R 3 is hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclyl or aralkyl wherein the aryl moiety is substituted or unsubstituted; or, R 1 and R 3 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a single or fused, optionally substituted, saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic ring and a method for the treatment of conditions associated with a need for inhibition of GSK-3, such as diabetes, dementias such as Alzheimer's disease and manic depression.
• R 1 signifies hydrogen, alkyl, aryl (limited to phenyl), aralkyl (limited to phenylalkyl), alkoxyalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, haloalkyl, aminoalkyl, monoalkylaminoalkyl, dialkylaminoalkyl, trialkylaminoalkyl, aminoalkylaminoalkyl, azidoalkyl, acylaminoalkyl, acylthioalkyl, alkylsulphonylaminoalkyl, arylsulphonylaminoalkyl, mercaptoalkyl, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulphinylalkyl, alkylsulphonylalkyl, alkylsulphonyloxyalkyl, alkylcarbonyloxyalkyl, cyanoalkyl, amidinoalkyl, isothiocyanatoalkyl, glucopyranosyl, carb
• Patent application WO 95/07910 describes heterocyclylindole derivatives of formula (I):
• Preparation of compounds of formula (I) include use of indolyl(7-azaindolyl)maleimide compounds and bis(7-azaindolyl)maleimide compounds as reaction intermediates.
• substituted pyrroline compounds useful as a kinase or dual-kinase inhibitor in particular, a kinase selected from protein kinase C or glycogen synthase kinase-3; and, more particularly, a kinase selected from protein kinase C ⁇ , protein kinase C ⁇ -II, protein kinase C ⁇ or glycogen synthase kinase-3 ⁇
• methods for their production and methods for treating or ameliorating a kinase or dual-kinase mediated disorder in particular, a kinase selected from protein kinase C or glycogen synthase kinase-3; and, more particularly, a kinase selected from protein kinase C ⁇ , protein kinase C ⁇ -II, protein kinase C ⁇ or glycogen synthase kinase-3 ⁇
• the present invention is directed to substituted pyrroline compounds of Formula (I):
• the present invention is directed to substituted pyrroline compounds useful as a selective kinase or dual-kinase inhibitor; in particular, a kinase selected from protein kinase C or glycogen synthase kinase-3; and, more particularly, a kinase selected from protein kinase C ⁇ , protein kinase C ⁇ -II, protein kinase C ⁇ or glycogen synthase kinase-3 ⁇ .
• the present invention is also directed to methods for producing the instant substituted pyrroline compounds and pharmaceutical compositions and medicaments thereof.
• the present invention is further directed to methods for treating or ameliorating a kinase or dual-kinase mediated disorder.
• the method of the present invention is directed to treating or ameliorating a kinase or dual-kinase mediated disorder such as, but not limited to, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, diabetes-associated disorders, inflammatory diseases, immunological disorders, dermatological disorders, oncological disorders and CNS disorders.
• Embodiments of the present invention include compounds of Formula (I) wherein, preferably, R is selected from the group consisting of R a , —C 1-4 alkyl-R a , —C 2-4 alkenyl-R a , —C 2-4 alkynyl-R a and cyano.
• Embodiments of the present invention include compounds of Formula (I) wherein, preferably, R a is selected from the group consisting of heterocyclyl, aryl and heteroaryl.
• R a is selected from the group consisting of dihydro-pyranyl, phenyl, naphthyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyridinyl, azaindolyl, indazolyl, benzofuryl, benzothienyl, dibenzofuryl and dibenzothienyl.
• Embodiments of the present invention include compounds of Formula (I) wherein, preferably, R 1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —C 1-4 alkyl-R 5 , —C 2-4 alkenyl-R 5 , —C 2-4 alkynyl-R 5 , —C(O)—(C 1-4 )alkyl-R 9 , —C(O)-aryl-R 8 , —C(O)—O—(C 1-4 )alkyl-R 9 , —C(O)—O-aryl-R 8 , —C(O)—NH(C 1-4 alkyl-R 9 ), —C(O)—NH(aryl-R 8 ), —C(O)—N(C 1-4 alkyl-R 9 ) 2 , —SO 2 —(C 1-4 )alkyl-R 9 , —SO 2 -aryl-R 8 , -cycloalkyl-R 6 ,
• R 1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —C 1-4 alkyl-R 5 , -aryl-R 6 and -heteroaryl-R 6 ; wherein heteroaryl is attached to the azaindole nitrogen atom in the one position via a heteroaryl ring carbon atom.
• R 1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —C 1-4 alkyl-R 5 and -naphthyl-R 5 .
• Embodiments of the present invention include compounds of Formula (I) wherein, preferably, R 5 is 1 to 2 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —O—(C 1-4 )alkyl, —O—(C 1-4 )alkyl-OH, —O—(C 1-4 )alkyl-O—(C 1-4 )alkyl, —O—(C 1-4 )alkyl-NH 2 , —O—(C 1-4 )alkyl-NH(C 1-4 alkyl), —O—(C 1-4 )alkyl-N(C 1-4 alkyl) 2 , —O—(C 1-4 )alkyl-S—(C 1-4 )alkyl, —O—(C 1-4 )alkyl-SO 2 —(C 1-4 )alkyl, —O—(C 1-4 )alkyl-SO 2 —NH 2 , —O—(C 1-4 )alkyl-SO
• R 5 is 1 to 2 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —O—(C 1-4 )alkyl, —N—R 7 , hydroxy and -heteroaryl-R 6 .
• R 5 is 1 to 2 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —O—(C 1-4 )alkyl, —N—R 7 , hydroxy, -imidazolyl-R 6 , -triazolyl-R 6 and -tetrazolyl-R 6 .
• Embodiments of the present invention include compounds of Formula (I) wherein, preferably, R 6 is 1 to 4 substituents attached to a carbon or nitrogen atom independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —C 1-4 alkyl, —C 2-4 alkenyl, —C 2-4 alkynyl, —C(O)H, —C(O)—(C 1-4 )alkyl, —CO 2 H, —C(O)—O—(C 1-4 )alkyl, —C(O)—NH 2 , —C(NH)—NH 2 , —C(O)—NH(C 1-4 alkyl), —C(O)—N(C 1-4 )alkyl) 2 , —SO 2 —(C 1-4 )alkyl, —SO 2 —NH 2 , —SO 2 —NH(C 1-4 alkyl), —SO 2 —N(C 1-4 alkyl) 2 , —(C 1-4
• R 6 when R 6 is attached to a carbon atom, R 6 is further selected from the group consisting of —C 1-4 alkoxy, —(C 1-4 )alkoxy-(halo) 1-3 , —SH, —S—(C 1-4 )alkyl, —N—R 7 , cyano, halo, hydroxy, nitro, oxo and -heteroaryl-R 8 .
• R 6 is hydrogen
• Embodiments of the present invention include compounds of Formula (I) wherein, preferably, R 7 is 2 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —C 1-4 alkyl, —C 2-4 alkenyl, —C 2-4 alkynyl, —(C 1-4 )alkyl-OH, —(C 1-4 )alkyl-O—(C 1-4 )alkyl, —(C 1-4 )alkyl-NH 2 , —(C 1-4 )alkyl-NH(C 1-4 alkyl), —(C 1-4 )alkyl-N(C 1-4 alkyl) 2 , —(C 1-4 )alkyl-S—(C 1-4 )alkyl, —C(O)H, —C(O)—(C 1-4 )alkyl, —C(O)—O—(C 1-4 )alkyl, —C(O)—NH 2 , —C(O)—NH
• R 7 is 2 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —C 1-4 alkyl, —C(O)H, —C(O)—(C 1-4 )alkyl, —C(O)—O—(C 1-4 )alkyl, —SO 2 —NH 2 , —SO 2 —NH(C 1-4 alkyl) and —SO 2 —N(C 1-4 alkyl) 2 .
• Embodiments of the present invention include compounds of Formula (I) wherein, preferably, R 8 is 1 to 4 substituents attached to a carbon or nitrogen atom independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —C 1-4 alkyl, —(C 1-4 )alkyl-(halo) 1-3 and —(C 1-4 )alkyl-OH;
• R 8 when R 8 is attached to a carbon atom, R 8 is further selected from the group consisting of —C 1-4 alkoxy, —NH 2 , —NH(C 1-4 alkyl), —N(C 1-4 alkyl) 2 , cyano, halo, —(C 1-4 )alkoxy-(halo) 1-3 , hydroxy and nitro.
• R 8 is hydrogen
• Embodiments of the present invention include compounds of Formula (I) wherein, preferably, R 9 is 1 to 2 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —C 1-4 alkoxy, —NH 2 , —NH(C 1-4 alkyl), —N(C 1-4 alkyl) 2 , cyano, (halo) 1-3 , hydroxy and nitro.
• R 9 is hydrogen.
• Embodiments of the present invention include compounds of Formula (I) wherein, preferably, R 2 is one substituent attached to a carbon or nitrogen atom selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —C 1-4 alkyl-R 5 , —C 2-4 alkenyl-R 5 , —C 2-4 alkynyl-R 5 , —C(O)H, —C(O)—(C 1-4 )alkyl-R 9 , —C(O)—NH 2 , —C(O)—NH(C 1-4 alkyl-R 9 ), —C(O)—N(C 1-4 alkyl-R 9 ) 2 , —C(O)—NH(aryl-R 8 ), —C(O)-cycloalkyl-R 8 , —C(O)-heterocyclyl-R 8 , —C(O)-aryl-R 3 , —C(O)-heteroaryl-R 8 , —
• R 2 when R 2 is attached to a carbon atom, R 2 is further selected from the group consisting of —C 1-4 alkoxy-R 5 , —N—R 7 , cyano, halogen, hydroxy, nitro, oxo, -heterocyclyl-R 6 and -heteroaryl-R 6 .
• R 2 is one substituent attached to a carbon or nitrogen atom selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —C 1-4 alkyl-R 5 , —C 2-4 alkenyl-R 5 , —C 2-4 alkynyl-R 5 , —CO 2 H, —C(O)—O—(C 1-4 )alkyl-R 9 , -cycloalkyl-R 6 , -aryl-R 6 and —(C 1-4 )alkyl-N—R 7 ;
• R 2 is further selected from the group consisting of —C 1-4 alkoxy-R 5 , —N—R 7 , cyano, halogen, hydroxy, nitro, oxo, -heterocyclyl-R 6 and -heteroaryl-R 6 .
• R 2 is one substituent attached to a carbon or nitrogen atom selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —C 1-4 alkyl-R 5 and -aryl-R 6 ; with the proviso that, when R 2 is attached to a nitrogen atom, a quaternium salt is not formed; and, with the proviso that when R 2 is attached to a carbon atom, R 2 is further selected from the group consisting of —N—R 7 , halogen, hydroxy and -heteroaryl-R 6 .
• Embodiments of the present invention include compounds of Formula (I) wherein, preferably, R 3 is 1 to 3 substituents attached to a carbon atom independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —C 1-4 alkyl-R 10 , —C 2-4 alkenyl-R 10 , —C 2-4 alkynyl-R 10 , —C 1-4 alkoxy-R 10 , —C(O)H, —C(O)—(C 1-4 )alkyl-R 9 , —C(O)—NH 2 , —C(O)—NH(C 1-4 alkyl-R 9 ), —C(O)—N(C 1-4 alkyl-R 9 ) 2 , —C(O)-cycloalkyl-R 8 , —C(O)-heterocyclyl-R 8 , —C(O)-aryl-R 8 , —C(O)-heteroaryl-R 8 , —C
• R 3 is one substituent attached to a carbon atom selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —C 1-4 alkyl-R 10 , —C 2-4 alkenyl-R 10 , —C 2-4 alkynyl-R 10 , —C 1-4 alkoxy-R 10 , —C(O)H, —CO 2 H, —NH 2 , —NH(C 1-4 alkyl), —N(C 1-4 alkyl) 2 , cyano, halogen, hydroxy and nitro.
• R 3 is one substituent attached to a carbon atom selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —C 1-4 alkyl-R 10 , —NH 2 , —NH(C 1-4 alkyl), —N(C 1-4 alkyl) 2 , halogen and hydroxy.
• Embodiments of the present invention include compounds of Formula (I) wherein, R 4 is 1 to 4 substituents attached to a carbon atom independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —C 1-4 alkyl-R 10 , —C 2-4 alkenyl-R 10 , —C 2-4 alkynyl-R 10 , —C 1-4 alkoxy-R 10 , —C(O)H, —C(O)—(C 1-4 )alkyl-R 9 , —C(O)—NH 2 , —C(O)—NH(C 1-4 alkyl-R 9 ), —C(O)—N(C 1-4 alkyl-R 9 ) 2 , —C(O)-cycloalkyl-R 8 , —C(O)-heterocyclyl-R 8 , —C(O)-aryl-R 8 , —C(O)-heteroaryl-R 8 , —C(NH)
• R 4 is 1 to 4 substituents attached to a carbon atom independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —C 1-4 alkyl-R 10 , —C 2-4 alkenyl-R 10 , —C 2-4 alkynyl-R 10 , —C 1-4 alkoxy-R 10 , —C(O)H, —CO 2 H, —NH 2 , —NH(C 1-4 alkyl), —N(C 1-4 alkyl) 2 , cyano, halogen, hydroxy, nitro, -cycloalkyl, -heterocyclyl, -aryl and -heteroaryl.
• R 4 is 1 to 4 substituents attached to a carbon atom independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C 1-4 alkyl-R 10 , C 1-4 alkoxy-R 10 , —NH 2 , —NH(C 1-4 alkyl), —N(C 1-4 alkyl) 2 , halogen and hydroxy.
• R 4 is 1 to 4 substituents attached to a carbon atom independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C 1-4 alkyl-R 10 , C 1-4 alkoxy-R 10 , —NH 2 , —NH(C 1-4 alkyl), —N(C 1-4 alkyl) 2 , chlorine, fluorine and hydroxy.
• Embodiments of the present invention include compounds of Formula (I) wherein, preferably, R 10 is 1 to 2 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, —NH 2 , —NH(C 1-4 alkyl), —N(C 1-4 alkyl) 2 , cyano, (halo) 1-3 , hydroxy, nitro and oxo.
• R 10 is 1 to 2 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and (halo) 1-3 .
• R 10 is 1 to 2 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and (fluoro) 3 .
• Embodiments of the present invention include compounds of Formula (I) wherein, preferably, Y and Z are independently selected from the group consisting of O, S, (H,OH) and (H,H); with the proviso that one of Y and Z is O and the other is selected from the group consisting of O, S, (H,OH) and (H,H).
• Y and Z are independently selected from the group consisting of O and (H,H); with the proviso that one of Y and Z is O, and the other is selected from the group consisting of O and (H,H).
• Y and Z are independently selected from O.
• Exemplified compounds of Formula (I) include compounds selected from Formula (Ia):
• R, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 are dependently selected from: Cpd R 1 R 3 R R 2 R 4 1 CH 3 O(CH 2 ) 3 H Ph H 2-OCH 3 ; 2 CH 3 O(CH 2 ) 3 H Ph H 2-Cl;
• the compounds of the present invention may also be present in the form of pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
• the salts of the compounds of this invention refer to non-toxic “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” ( Ref. International J. Pharm., 1986, 33, 201-217; J. Pharm.Sci., 1997 (January), 66, 1, 1).
• Other salts may, however, be useful in the preparation of compounds according to this invention or of their pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
• organic or inorganic acids include, but are not limited to, hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydriodic, perchloric, sulfuric, nitric, phosphoric, acetic, propionic, glycolic, lactic, succinic, maleic, fumaric, malic, tartaric, citric, benzoic, mandelic, methanesulfonic, hydroxyethanesulfonic, benezenesulfonic, oxalic, pamoic, 2-naphthalenesulfonic, p-toluenesulfonic, cyclohexanesulfamic, salicylic, saccharinic or trifluoroacetic acid.
• Organic or inorganic bases include, but are not limited to, basic or cationic salts such as benzathine, chloroprocaine, choline, diethanolamine, ethylenediamine, meglumine, procaine, aluminum, calcium, lithium, magnesium, potassium, sodium and zinc.
• basic or cationic salts such as benzathine, chloroprocaine, choline, diethanolamine, ethylenediamine, meglumine, procaine, aluminum, calcium, lithium, magnesium, potassium, sodium and zinc.
• the present invention includes within its scope prodrugs of the compounds of this invention.
• prodrugs will be functional derivatives of the compounds which are readily convertible in vivo into the required compound.
• the term “administering” shall encompass the treatment of the various disorders described with the compound specifically disclosed or with a compound which may not be specifically disclosed, but which converts to the specified compound in vivo after administration to the subject.
• Conventional procedures for the selection and preparation of suitable prodrug derivatives are described, for example, in “ Design of Prodrugs ”, ed. H. Bundgaard, Elsevier, 1985.
• any of the processes for preparation of the compounds of the present invention it may be necessary and/or desirable to protect sensitive or reactive groups on any of the molecules concerned. This may be achieved by means of conventional protecting groups, such as those described in Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry, ed. J. F. W. McOmie, Plenum Press, 1973; and T. W. Greene & P. G. M. Wuts, Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley & Sons, 1991.
• the protecting groups may be removed at a convenient subsequent stage using methods known in the art.
• crystalline forms for the compounds may exist as polymorphs and as such are intended to be included in the present invention.
• some of the compounds may form solvates with water (i.e., hydrates) or common organic solvents, and such solvates are also intended to be encompassed within the scope of this invention.
• alkyl refers to a saturated straight or branched chain consisting solely of 1-8 hydrogen substituted carbon atoms; preferably, 1-6 hydrogen substituted carbon atoms; and, most preferably, 1-4 hydrogen substituted carbon atoms.
• alkenyl refers to a partially unsaturated straight or branched chain consisting solely of 2-8 hydrogen substituted carbon atoms that contains at least one double bond.
• alkynyl refers to a partially unsaturated straight or branched chain consisting solely of 2-8 hydrogen substituted carbon atoms that contains at least one triple bond.
• alkoxy refers to —O-alkyl, where alkyl is as defined supra.
• hydroxyalkyl refers to radicals wherein the alkyl chain terminates with a hydroxy radical of the formula HO-alkyl, where alkyl is as defined supra.
• C 1-8 alkoxy refers to a —O-alkyl wherein the alkyl has one to eight carbon atoms.
• C 1-8 alkoxy-R 10 refers to a —O-alkyl further substituted with R 10 on the alkyl.
• Alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl chains are optionally substituted within the alkyl chain or on a terminal carbon atom.
• cycloalkyl refers to a saturated or partially unsaturated monocyclic alkyl ring consisting of 3-8 hydrogen substituted carbon atoms or a saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic ring consisting of 9 or 10 hydrogen substituted carbon atoms. Examples include, and are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl or cycloheptyl.
• heterocyclyl refers to a saturated or partially unsaturated ring having five members of which at least one member is a N, O or S atom and which optionally contains one additional O atom or one, two or three additional N atoms, wherein at most two nitrogen atoms are adjacent; a saturated or partially unsaturated ring having six members of which one, two or three members are a N atom, wherein at most two nitrogen atoms are adjacent; or, a saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic ring having nine or ten members of which at least one member is a N, O or S atom and which optionally contains one, two or three additional N atoms, wherein at most two nitrogen atoms are adjacent.
• Examples include, and are not limited to, pyrrolinyl, pyrrolidinyl, 1,3-dioxolanyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl or piperazinyl.
• aryl refers to an aromatic monocyclic ring containing 6 hydrogen substituted carbon atoms, an aromatic bicyclic ring system containing 10 hydrogen substituted carbon atoms or an aromatic tricyclic ring system containing 14 hydrogen substituted carbon atoms. Examples include, and are not limited to, phenyl, naphthalenyl or anthracenyl.
• heteroaryl refers to an aromatic monocyclic ring system containing five members of which at least one member is a N, O or S atom and which optionally contains one, two or three additional N atoms, wherein at most two nitrogen atoms are adjacent; an aromatic monocyclic ring having six members of which one, two or three members are a N atom, wherein at most two nitrogen atoms are adjacent; an aromatic bicyclic ring having nine members of which at least one member is a N, O or S atom and which optionally contains one, two or three additional N atoms, wherein at most two nitrogen atoms are adjacent; an aromatic bicyclic ring having ten members of which one, two or three members are a N atom, wherein at most two nitrogen atoms are adjacent; or, an aromatic tricyclic ring system containing 13 or 14 members of which at least one member is a N, O or S atom and which optionally contains one, two or three additional N atoms, wherein at most two nitrogen atoms are are
• alkyl or aryl or either of their prefix roots appear in a name of a substituent (e.g., aralkyl, alkylamino) it shall be interpreted as including those limitations given above for “alkyl” and “aryl.”
• Designated numbers of carbon atoms e.g., C 1 -C 6 ) shall refer independently to the number of carbon atoms in an alkyl or cycloalkyl moiety or to the alkyl portion of a larger substituent in which alkyl appears as its prefix root.
• phenyl(C 1-6 )alkylamido(C 1-6 )alkyl refers to a group of the formula:
• a dashed line is used to indicate the point of attachment, followed by the adjacent functionality and ending with the terminal functionality such as, for example, —(C 1-4 )alkyl-NH—(C 1-4 )alkyl.
• An embodiment of the invention is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and any of the compounds described above.
• Illustrative of the invention is a pharmaceutical composition made by mixing any of the compounds described above and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• Another illustration of the invention is a process for making a pharmaceutical composition comprising mixing any of the compounds described above and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• Further illustrative of the present invention are pharmaceutical compositions comprising one or more compounds of this invention in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• composition is intended to encompass a product comprising the specified ingredients in the specified amounts, as well as any product which results, directly or indirectly, from combinations of the specified ingredients in the specified amounts.
• the compounds of the present invention are selective kinase or dual-kinase inhibitors useful in a method for treating or ameliorating a kinase or dual-kinase mediated disorder.
• the kinase is selected from protein kinase C or glycogen synthase kinase-3. More particularly, the kinase is selected from protein kinase C ⁇ , protein kinase C ⁇ -II, protein kinase C ⁇ or glycogen synthase kinase-3 ⁇ .
• Protein kinase C is known to play a key role in intracellular signal transduction (cell-cell signaling), gene expression and in the control of cell differentiation and growth.
• the PKC family is composed of twelve isoforms that are further classified into 3 subfamilies: the calcium dependent classical PKC isoforms alpha ( ⁇ ), beta-I ( ⁇ -I), beta-II ( ⁇ -II) and gamma ( ⁇ ); the calcium independent PKC isoforms delta ( ⁇ ), epsilon ( ⁇ ), eta ( ⁇ ), theta ( ⁇ ) and mu ( ⁇ ); and, the atypical PKC isoforms zeta ( ⁇ ), lambda ( ⁇ ) and iota ( ⁇ ).
• PKC vascular endothelial growth factor
• VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor
• the human vitamin D receptor has been shown to be selectively phosphorylated by PKC ⁇ . This phosphorylation has been linked to alterations in the functioning of the receptor (Hsieh, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
• PKC activity plays an important role in cardiovascular diseases. Increased PKC activity in the vasculature has been shown to cause increased vasoconstriction and hypertension (Bilder, G. E., et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 1990, 252, 526-530). PKC inhibitors block agonist-induced smooth muscle cell proliferation (Matsumoto, H. and Sasaki, Y., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1989, 158, 105-109).
• PKC ⁇ triggers events leading to induction of Egr-1 (Early Growth Factor-1) and tissue factor under hypoxic conditions (as part of the oxygen deprivation-mediated pathway for triggering procoagulant events) (Yan, S-F, et al., J. Biol. Chem., 2000, 275, 16, 11921-11928).
• PKC ⁇ is suggested as a mediator for production of PAI-1 (Plaminogen Activator Inhibitor-1) and is implicated in the development of thrombosis and atherosclerosis (Ren, S, et al., Am. J. Physiol., 2000, 278, (4, Pt. 1), E656-E662).
• PKC inhibitors are useful in treating cardiovascular ischemia and improving cardiac function following ischemia (Muid, R. E., et al., FEBS Lett., 1990, 293, 169-172; Sonoki, H. et al., Kokyu - To Junkan, 1989, 37, 669-674). Elevated PKC levels have been correlated with an increased platelet function response to agonists (Bastyr III, E. J. and Lu, J., Diabetes, 1993, 42, (Suppl. 1) 97A). PKC has been implicated in the biochemical pathway in the platelet-activating factor (PAF) modulation of microvascular permeability (Kobayashi, et al., Amer. Phys.
• PAF platelet-activating factor
• PKC inhibitors affect agonist-induced aggregation in platelets (Toullec, D., et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1991, 266, 15771-15781). Accordingly, PKC inhibitors may be indicated for use in treating cardiovascular disease, ischemia, thrombotic conditions, atherosclerosis and restenosis.
• PKC- ⁇ -II activation of the PKC- ⁇ -II isoform plays an important role in diabetic vascular complications such as retinopathy (Ishii, H., et al., Science, 1996, 272, 728-731) and PKC ⁇ has been implicated in development of the cardiac hypertrophy associated with heart failure (X. Gu, et al., Circ. Res., 1994, 75, 926; R. H. Strasser, et al., Circulation, 1996, 94, 1551).
• Overexpression of cardiac PKC ⁇ II in transgenic mice caused cardiomyopathy involving hypertrophy, fibrosis and decreased left ventricular function (H. Wakasaki, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1997, 94, 9320).
• PKC inhibitors block inflammatory responses such as the neutrophil oxidative burst, CD3 down-regulation in T-lymphocytes and phorbol-induced paw edema (Twoemy, B., et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1990, 171, 1087-1092; Mulqueen, M. J., et al. Agents Actions, 1992, 37, 85-89).
• PKC ⁇ has an essential role in the degranulation of bone marrow-derived mast cells, thus affecting cell capacity to produce IL-6 (Interleukin-6) (Nechushtan, H., et al., Blood, 2000 (March), 95, 5, 1752-1757).
• PKC plays a role in enhanced ASM (Airway Smooth Muscle) cell growth in rat models of two potential risks for asthma: hyperresponsiveness to contractile agonists and to growth stimuli (Ren, S, et al., Am. J. Physiol., 2000, 278, (4, Pt. 1), E656-E662).
• ASM Airway Smooth Muscle
• PKC ⁇ -1 overexpression augments an increase in endothelial permeability, suggesting an important function in the regulation of the endothelial barrier (Nagpala, P. G., et al., J. Cell Physiol., 1996, 2, 249-55).
• PKC ⁇ mediates activation of neutrophil NADPH oxidase by PMA and by stimulation of Fc ⁇ receptors in neutrophils (Dekker, L. V., et al., Biochem. J., 2000, 347, 285-289).
• PKC. inhibitors may be indicated for use in treating inflammation and asthma.
• PKC may be useful in treating or ameliorating certain immunological disorders. While one study suggests that HCMV (Human Cytomegalovirus) inhibition is not correlated with PKC inhibition (Slater, M. J., et al., Biorg. & Med. Chem., 1999, 7, 1067-1074), another study showed that the PKC signal transduction pathway synergistically interacted with the cAMP-dependent PKA pathway to activate or increase HIV-1 transcription and viral replication and was abrogated with a PKC inhibitor (Rabbi, M. F., et al., Virology, 1998 (June 5), 245, 2, 257-69). Therefore, an immunological disorder may be treated or ameliorated as a function of the affected underlying pathway's response to up- or down-regulation of PKC.
• HCMV Human Cytomegalovirus
• PKC ⁇ deficiency also results in an immunodeficiency characterized by impaired humoral immune responses and a reduced B cell response, similar to X-linked immunodeficiency in mice, playing an important role in antigen receptor-mediated signal transduction (Leitges, M., et al., Science ( Wash., D.C. ), 1996, 273, 5276, 788-789). Accordingly, transplant tissue rejection may be ameliorated or prevented by suppressing the immune response using a PKC ⁇ inhibitor.
• Abnormal activity of PKC has been linked to dermatological disorders characterized by abnormal proliferation of keratinocytes, such as psoriasis (Horn, F., et al., J. Invest. Dermatol., 1987, 88, 220-222; Raynaud, F. and Evain-Brion, D., Br. J. Dermatol., 1991, 124, 542-546).
• PKC inhibitors have been shown to inhibit keratinocyte proliferation in a dose-dependent manner (Hegemann, L., et al., Arch. Dermatol. Res., 1991, 283,456-460; Bollag, W. B., et al., J. Invest. Dermatol., 1993, 100, 240-246).
• PKC activity has been associated with cell growth, tumor promotion and cancer (Rotenberg, S. A. and Weinstein, I. B., Biochem. Mol. Aspects Sel. Cancer, 1991, 1, 25-73; Ahmad, et al., Molecular Pharmacology, 1993, 43, 858-862); PKC inhibitors are known to be effective in preventing tumor growth in animals (Meyer, T., et al., Int. J. Cancer, 1989, 43, 851-856; Akinagaka, S., et al., Cancer Res., 1991, 51, 4888-4892).
• PKC ⁇ -1 and ⁇ -2 expression in differentiated HD3 colon carcinoma cells blocked their differentiation, enabling them to proliferate in response to basic FGF (Fibroblast Growth Factor) like undifferentiated cells, increasing their growth rate and activating several MBP (Myelin-Basic Protein) kinases, including p57 MAP (Mitogen-Activated Protein) kinase (Sauma, S., et al., Cell Growth Differ., 1996, 7, 5, 587-94).
• PKC ⁇ inhibitors having an additive therapeutic effect in combination with other anti-cancer agents, inhibited the growth of lymphocytic leukemia cells (Konig, A., et al., Blood, 1997, 90, 10, Suppl. 1 Pt. 2).
• PKC inhibitors enhanced MMC (Mitomycin-C) induced apoptosis in a time-dependent fashion in a gastric cancer cell-line, potentially indicating use as agents for chemotherapy-induced apoptosis (Danso, D., et al., Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res., 1997, 38, 88 Meet., 92). Therefore, PKC inhibitors may be indicated for use in ameliorating cell and tumor growth, in treating or ameliorating cancers (such as leukemia or colon cancer) and as adjuncts to chemotherapy.
• cancers such as leukemia or colon cancer
• PKC ⁇ (by enhancing cell migration) may mediate some proangiogenic effects of PKC activation while PKC ⁇ may direct antiangiogenic effects of overall PKC activation (by inhibiting cell growth and proliferation) in capillary endothelial cells, thus regulating endothelial proliferation and angiogenesis (Harrington, E. O., et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1997, 272, 11, 7390-7397).
• PKC inhibitors inhibit cell growth and induce apoptosis in human glioblastoma cell lines, inhibit the growth of human astrocytoma xenografts and act as radiation sensitizers in glioblastoma cell lines (Begemann, M., et al., Anticancer Res. ( Greece ), 1998 (July-August), 18, 4A, 2275-82).
• PKC inhibitors, in combination with other anti-cancer agents are radiation and chemosensitizers useful in cancer therapy (Teicher, B. A., et al., Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res., 1998, 39, 89 Meet., 384).
• PKC ⁇ inhibitors by blocking the MAP kinase signal transduction pathways for VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor) and bFGF (basic Fibrinogen Growth Factor) in endothelial cells, in a combination regimen with other anti-cancer agents, have an anti-angiogenic and antitumor effect in a human T98G glioblastoma multiforme xenograft model (Teicher, B. A., et al., Clinical Cancer Research, 2001 (March), 7, 634-640). Accordingly, PKC inhibitors may be indicated for use in ameliorating angiogenesis and in treating or ameliorating cancers (such as breast, brain, kidney, bladder, ovarian or colon cancers) and as adjuncts to chemotherapy and radiation therapy.
• cancers such as breast, brain, kidney, bladder, ovarian or colon cancers
• PKC activity plays a central role in the functioning of the central nervous system (CNS) (Huang, K. P., Trends Neurosci., 1989, 12, 425-432) and PKC is implicated in Alzheimer's disease (Shimohama, S., et al., Neurology, 1993, 43, 1407-1413) and inhibitors have been shown to prevent the damage seen in focal and central ischemic brain injury and brain edema (Hara, H., et al., J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab., 1990, 10, 646-653; Shibata, S., et al., Brain Res., 1992, 594, 290-294). Accordingly, PKC inhibitors may be indicated for use in treating Alzheimer's disease and in treating neurotraumatic and ischemia-related diseases.
• PKC ⁇ as a component of the phosphoinositide 2 nd messenger system
• muscarinic acetylcholine receptor expression in an amygdala-kindled rat model has been associated with epilepsy, serving as a basis for the rat's permanent state of hyperexcitability (Beldhuis, H. J. A., et al., Neuroscience, 1993, 55, 4, 965-73). Therefore, PKC inhibitors may be indicated for use in treating epilepsy.
• PKC has demonstrated a role in the pathology of conditions such as, but not limited to, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, diabetes-associated disorders, inflammatory diseases, immunological disorders, dermatological disorders, oncological disorders and central nervous system disorders.
• Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a serine/threonine protein kinase composed of two isoforms ( ⁇ and ⁇ ) which are encoded by distinct genes.
• GSK-3 is one of several protein kinases which phosphorylate glycogen synthase (GS) (Embi, et al., Eur. J. Biochem, 1980, 107, 519-527).
• the ⁇ and ⁇ isoforms have a monomeric structure of 49 and 47 kD respectively and are both found in mammalian cells.
• Type II diabetes or Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus, NIDDM
• Hyperglycemia is due to insulin resistance in the liver, muscle and other tissues coupled with inadequate or defective secretion of insulin from pancreatic islets.
• Skeletal muscle is the major site for insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and in this tissue glucose removed from the circulation is either metabolised through glycolysis and the TCA (tricarboxylic acid) cycle or stored as glycogen.
• Muscle glycogen deposition plays the more important role in glucose homeostasis and Type II diabetic subjects have defective muscle glycogen storage.
• the stimulation of glycogen synthesis by insulin in skeletal muscle results from the dephosphorylation and activation of glycogen synthase (Villar-Palasi C.
• GSK-3 is responsible for phosphorylation and deactivation of GS, while glycogen bound protein phosphatase 1 (PP1G) dephosphorylates and activates GS. Insulin both inactivates GSK-3 and activates PP1G (Srivastava A. K. and Pandey S. K., Mol. and Cellular Biochem., 1998, 182, 135-141).
• GSK-3 ⁇ and constitutively active GSK-3 ⁇ (S9A, S9e) mutants in HEK-293 cells resulted in suppression of glycogen synthase activity (Eldar-Finkelman, et al., PNAS, 1996, 93, 10228-10233) and overexpression of GSK-3 ⁇ in CHO cells, expressing both insulin receptor and insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) resulted in impairment of insulin action (Eldar-Finkelman and Krebs, PNAS, 1997, 94, 9660-9664).
• GSK-3 ⁇ knockout mouse studies on fibroblasts from the GSK-3 ⁇ knockout mouse indicate that inhibition of GSK-3 may be useful in treating inflammatory disorders or diseases through the negative regulation of NFkB activity (Hoeflich K. P., et al., Nature, 2000, 406, 86-90).
• GSK-3 In addition to modulation of glycogen synthase activity, GSK-3 also plays an important role in the CNS disorders. GSK-3 inhibitors may be of value as neuroprotectants in the treatment of acute stroke and other neurotraumatic injuries (Pap and Cooper, J. Biol. Chem., 1998, 273, 19929-19932). Lithium, a low mM inhibitor of GSK-3, has been shown to protect cerebellar granule neurons from death (D'Mello, et al., Exp. Cell Res., 1994, 211, 332-338) and chronic lithium treatment has demonstrable efficacy in the middle cerebral artery occlusion model of stroke in rodents (Nonaka and Chuang, Neuroreport, 1998, 9(9), 2081-2084).
• Tau and ⁇ -catenin, two known in vivo substrates of GSK-3, are of direct relevance in consideration of further aspects of the value of GSK-3 inhibitors in relation to treatment of chronic neurodegenerative conditions.
• Tau hyperphosphorylation is an early event in neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease and is postulated to promote microtubule disassembly. Lithium has been reported to reduce the phosphorylation of tau, enhance the binding of tau to microtubules and promote microtubule assembly through direct and reversible inhibition of GSK-3 (Hong M. et al J. Biol. Chem., 1997, 272(40), 25326-32).
• ⁇ -catenin is phosphorylated by GSK-3 as part of a tripartite axin protein complex resulting in ⁇ -catenin degradation (Ikeda, et al., EMBO J., 1998, 17, 1371-1384). Inhibition of GSK-3 activity is involved in the stabilization of catenin hence promotes ⁇ -catenin-LEF-1/TCF transcriptional activity (Eastman, Grosschedl, Curr. Opin. Cell Biol., 1999, 11, 233). Studies have also suggested that GSK-3 inhibitors may also be of value in treatment of schizophrenia (Cotter D., et al.
• GSK-3 inhibitors could have further therapeutic utility in the treatment of diabetes, dermatological disorders, inflammatory diseases and central nervous system disorders.
• Embodiments of the method of the present invention include a method for treating or ameliorating a kinase or dual-kinase mediated disorder in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of an instant compound or pharmaceutical composition thereof.
• the therapeutically effective amount of the compounds of Formula (I) exemplified in such a method is from about 0.001 mg/kg/day to about 300 mg/kg/day.
• Embodiments of the present invention include the use of a compound of Formula (I) for the preparation of a medicament for treating or ameliorating a kinase or dual-kinase mediated disorder in a subject in need thereof.
• an individual compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutical composition thereof can be administered separately at different times during the course of therapy or concurrently in divided or single combination forms.
• the instant invention is therefore to be understood as embracing all such regimes of simultaneous or alternating treatment and the term “administering” is to be interpreted accordingly.
• Embodiments of the present method include a compound or pharmaceutical composition thereof advantageously co-administered in combination with other agents for treating or ameliorating a kinase or dual-kinase mediated disorder.
• a compound of Formula (I) or pharmaceutical composition thereof may be used in combination with other agents, especially insulin or antidiabetic agents including, but not limited to, insulin secretagogues (such as sulphonylureas), insulin sensitizers including, but not limited to, glitazone insulin sensitizers (such as thiazolidinediones) or biguanides or ⁇ glucosidase inhibitors.
• the combination product comprises co-administration of a compound of Formula (I) or pharmaceutical composition thereof and an additional agent for treating or ameliorating a kinase or dual-kinase mediated disorder, the sequential administration of a compound of Formula (I) or pharmaceutical composition thereof and an additional agent for treating or ameliorating a kinase or dual-kinase mediated disorder, administration of a pharmaceutical composition containing a compound of Formula (I) or pharmaceutical composition thereof and an additional agent for treating or ameliorating a kinase or dual-kinase mediated disorder or the essentially simultaneous administration of a separate pharmaceutical composition containing a compound of Formula (I) or pharmaceutical composition thereof and a separate pharmaceutical composition containing an additional agent for treating or ameliorating a kinase or dual-kinase mediated disorder.
• subject refers to an animal, preferably a mammal, most preferably a human, who has been the object of treatment, observation or experiment.
• terapéuticaally effective amount means that amount of active compound or pharmaceutical agent that elicits the biological or medicinal response in a tissue system, animal or human, that is being sought by a researcher, veterinarian, medical doctor, or other clinician, which includes alleviation of the symptoms of the disease or disorder being treated.
• a compound of Formula (I) is therapeutically effective for certain kinase or dual-kinase mediated disorders based on the modulation of the disorder by selective kinase or dual-kinase inhibition.
• the usefulness of a compound of Formula (I) as a selective kinase or dual-kinase inhibitor can be determined according to the methods disclosed herein and the scope of such use includes use in one or more kinase or dual-kinase mediated disorders.
• kinase or dual-kinase mediated disorders includes, and is not limited to, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, diabetes-associated disorders, inflammatory diseases, immunological disorders, dermatological disorders, oncological disorders and CNS disorders.
• Cardiovascular diseases include, and are not limited to, acute stroke, heart failure, cardiovascular ischemia, thrombosis, atherosclerosis, hypertension, restenosis, retinopathy of prematurity or age-related macular degeneration.
• Diabetes includes insulin dependent diabetes or Type II non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus.
• Diabetes-associated disorders include, and are not limited to, impaired glucose tolerance, diabetic retinopathy, proliferative retinopathy, retinal vein occlusion, macular edema, cardiomyopathy, nephropathy or neuropathy.
• Inflammatory diseases include, and are not limited to, vascular permeability, inflammation, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis.
• Immunological disorders include, and are not limited to; transplant tissue rejection, HIV-1 or immunological disorders treated or ameliorated by PKC modulation. Dermatological disorders include, and are not limited to, psoriasis, hair loss or baldness. Oncological disorders include, and are not limited to, cancers or tumor growth (such as breast, brain, kidney, bladder, ovarian or colon cancer or leukemia), proliferative angiopathy and angiogenesis; and, includes use for compounds of Formula (I) as an adjunct to chemotherapy and radiation therapy.
• CNS disorders include, and are not limited to, chronic pain, neuropathic pain, epilepsy, chronic neurodegenerative conditions (such as dementia or Alzheimer's disease), mood disorders (such as schizophrenia), manic depression or neurotraumatic, cognitive decline and ischemia-related diseases ⁇ as a result of head trauma (from acute ischemic stroke, injury or surgery) or transient ischemic stroke (from coronary bypass surgery or other transient ischemic conditions) ⁇ .
• a compound may be administered to a subject in need of treatment by any conventional route of administration including, but not limited to oral, nasal, sublingual, ocular, transdermal, rectal, vaginal and parenteral (i.e. subcutaneous, intramuscular, intradermal, intravenous etc.).
• one or more compounds of Formula (I) or salt thereof as the active ingredient is intimately admixed with a pharmaceutical carrier according to conventional pharmaceutical compounding techniques, which carrier may take a wide variety of forms depending of the form of preparation desired for administration (e.g. oral or parenteral).
• a pharmaceutical carrier may take a wide variety of forms depending of the form of preparation desired for administration (e.g. oral or parenteral).
• Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are well known in the art. Descriptions of some of these pharmaceutically acceptable carriers may be found in The Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients, published by the American Pharmaceutical Association and the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain.
• any of the usual pharmaceutical media or excipients may be employed.
• suitable carriers and additives include but are not limited to pharmaceutically acceptable wetting agents, dispersants, flocculation agents, thickeners, pH control agents (i.e. buffers), osmotic agents, coloring agents, flavors, fragrances, preservatives (i.e. to control microbial growth, etc.) and a liquid vehicle may be employed. Not all of the components listed above will be required for each liquid dosage form.
• suitable carriers and additives include but are not limited to diluents, granulating agents, lubricants, binders, glidants, disintegrating agents and the like. Because of their ease of administration, tablets and capsules represent the most advantageous oral dosage unit form, in which case solid pharmaceutical carriers are obviously employed. If desired, tablets may be sugar coated, gelatin coated, film coated or enteric coated by standard techniques.
• the pharmaceutical compositions herein will contain, per dosage unit, e.g., tablet, capsule, powder, injection, teaspoonful and the like, an amount of the active ingredient necessary to deliver an effective dose as described above.
• the pharmaceutical compositions herein will contain, per unit dosage unit, e.g., tablet, capsule, powder, injection, suppository, teaspoonful and the like, of from about 0.01 mg to about 300 mg (preferably, from about 0.1 mg to about 100 mg; and, more preferably, from about 0.1 mg to about 30 mg) and may be given at a dosage of from about 0.01 mg/kg/day to about 300 mg/kg/day (preferably, from about 0.1 mg/kg/day to about 100 mg/kg/day; and, more preferably, from about 0.1 mg/kg/day to about 30 mg/kg/day).
• the dosage form will contain a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier containing between about 0.01 mg and 100 mg; and, more preferably, between about 5 mg and 50 mg of the compound; and, may be constituted into any form suitable for the mode of administration selected.
• the dosages may be varied depending upon the requirement of the subjects, the severity of the condition being treated and the compound being employed. The use of either daily administration or post-periodic dosing may be employed.
• compositions are in unit dosage forms such as tablets, pills, capsules, powders, granules, lozenges, sterile parenteral solutions or suspensions, metered aerosol or liquid sprays, drops, ampoules, autoinjector devices or suppositories for administration by oral, intranasal, sublingual, intraocular, transdermal, parenteral, rectal, vaginal, inhalation or insufflation means.
• the composition may be presented in a form suitable for once-weekly or once-monthly administration; for example, an insoluble salt of the active compound, such as the decanoate salt, may be adapted to provide a depot preparation for intramuscular injection.
• the principal active ingredient is mixed with a pharmaceutical carrier, e.g. conventional tableting ingredients such as diluents, binders, adhesives, disintegrants, lubricants, antiadherents and glidants.
• a pharmaceutical carrier e.g. conventional tableting ingredients such as diluents, binders, adhesives, disintegrants, lubricants, antiadherents and glidants.
• Suitable diluents include, but are not limited to, starch (i.e.
• corn, wheat, or potato starch which may be hydrolized), lactose (granulated, spray dried or anhydrous), sucrose, sucrose-based diluents (confectioner's sugar; sucrose plus about 7 to 10 weight percent invert sugar; sucrose plus about 3 weight percent modified dextrins; sucrose plus invert sugar, about 4 weight percent invert sugar, about 0.1 to 0.2 weight percent cornstarch and magnesium stearate), dextrose, inositol, mannitol, sorbitol, microcrystalline cellulose (i.e. AVICELTM microcrystalline cellulose available from FMC Corp.), dicalcium phosphate, calcium sulfate dihydrate, calcium lactate trihydrate and the like.
• sucrose sucrose-based diluents (confectioner's sugar; sucrose plus about 7 to 10 weight percent invert sugar; sucrose plus about 3 weight percent modified dextrins; sucrose plus invert sugar, about 4 weight percent invert sugar, about 0.1 to
• Suitable binders and adhesives include, but are not limited to acacia gum, guar gum, tragacanth gum, sucrose, gelatin, glucose, starch, and cellulosics (i.e. methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, ethylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, and the like), water soluble or dispersible binders (i.e. alginic acid and salts thereof, magnesium aluminum silicate, hydroxyethylcellulose [i.e. TYLOSETM available from Hoechst Celanese], polyethylene glycol, polysaccharide acids, bentonites, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polymethacrylates and pregelatinized starch) and the like.
• cellulosics i.e. methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, ethylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, and the like
• water soluble or dispersible binders i
• Suitable disintegrants include, but are not limited to, starches (corn, potato, etc.), sodium starch glycolates, pregelatinized starches, clays (magnesium aluminum silicate), celluloses (such as crosslinked sodium carboxymethylcellulose and microcrystalline cellulose), alginates, pregelatinized starches (i.e. corn starch, etc.), gums (i.e. agar, guar, locust bean, karaya, pectin, and tragacanth gum), cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone and the like.
• Suitable lubricants and antiadherents include, but are not limited to, stearates (magnesium, calcium and sodium), stearic acid, talc waxes, stearowet, boric acid, sodium chloride, DL-leucine, carbowax 4000, carbowax 6000, sodium oleate, sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, sodium lauryl sulfate, magnesium lauryl sulfate and the like.
• Suitable glidants include, but are not limited to, talc, cornstarch, silica (i.e. CAB-O-SILTM silica available from Cabot, SYLOIDTM silica available from W.R.
• these carriers are mixed with the pharmaceutical active to form a solid preformulation composition containing a homogeneous mixture of the pharmaceutical active of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• the preformulation will be formed by one of three common methods: (a) wet granulation, (b) dry granulation and (c) dry blending.
• wet granulation dry granulation
• dry blending dry blending.
• the active ingredient is dispersed evenly throughout the composition so that the composition may be readily subdivided into equally effective dosage forms such as tablets, pills and capsules.
• This solid preformulation composition is then subdivided into unit dosage forms of the type described above containing from about 0.1 mg to about 500 mg of the active ingredient of the present invention.
• the tablets or pills containing the novel compositions may also be formulated in multilayer tablets or pills to provide a sustained or provide dual-release products.
• a dual release tablet or pill can comprise an inner dosage and an outer dosage component, the latter being in the form of an envelope over the former.
• the two components can be separated by an enteric layer, which serves to resist disintegration in the stomach and permits the inner component to pass intact into the duodenum or to be delayed in release.
• enteric layers or coatings such materials including a number of polymeric materials such as shellac, cellulose acetate (i.e.
• Sustained release tablets may also be made by film coating or wet granulation using slightly soluble or insoluble substances in solution (which for a wet granulation acts as the binding agents) or low melting solids a molten form (which in a wet granulation may incorporate the active ingredient).
• These materials include natural and synthetic polymers waxes, hydrogenated oils, fatty acids and alcohols (i.e.
• esters of fatty acids metallic soaps and other acceptable materials that can be used to granulate, coat, entrap or otherwise limit the solubility of an active ingredient to achieve a prolonged or sustained release product.
• liquid forms in which the novel compositions of the present invention may be incorporated for administration orally or by injection include, but are not limited to aqueous solutions, suitably flavored syrups, aqueous or oil suspensions, and flavored emulsions with edible oils such as cottonseed oil, sesame oil, coconut oil or peanut oil, as well as elixirs and similar pharmaceutical vehicles.
• Suitable suspending agents for aqueous suspensions include synthetic and natural gums such as, acacia, agar, alginate (i.e.
• cellulosics such as sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxymethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, and combinations thereof
• synthetic polymers such as polyvinyl pyrrolidone, carbo
• Suitable surfactants include but are not limited to sodium docusate, sodium lauryl sulfate, polysorbate, octoxynol-9, nonoxynol-10, polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, polysorbate 60, polysorbate 80, polyoxamer 188, polyoxamer 235 and combinations thereof.
• Suitable deflocculating or dispersing agent include pharmaceutical grade lecithins.
• Suitable flocculating agent include but are not limited to simple neutral electrolytes (i.e. sodium chloride, potassium, chloride, and the like), highly charged insoluble polymers and polyelectrolyte species, water soluble divalent or trivalent ions (i.e.
• Suitable preservatives include but are not limited to parabens (i.e. methyl, ethyl, n-propyl and n-butyl), sorbic acid, thimerosal, quaternary ammonium salts, benzyl alcohol, benzoic acid, chlorhexidine gluconate, phenylethanol and the like.
• parabens i.e. methyl, ethyl, n-propyl and n-butyl
• sorbic acid thimerosal, quaternary ammonium salts
• benzyl alcohol benzoic acid
• chlorhexidine gluconate phenylethanol and the like.
• the liquid vehicle that is used in a particular dosage form must be compatible with the suspending agent(s).
• nonpolar liquid vehicles such as fatty esters and oils liquid vehicles are best used with suspending agents such as low HLB (Hydrophile-Lipophile Balance) surfactants, stearalkonium hectorite, water insoluble resins, water insoluble film forming polymers and the like.
• suspending agents such as low HLB (Hydrophile-Lipophile Balance) surfactants, stearalkonium hectorite, water insoluble resins, water insoluble film forming polymers and the like.
• polar liquids such as water, alcohols, polyols and glycols are best used with suspending agents such as higher HLB surfactants, clays silicates, gums, water soluble cellulosics, water soluble polymers and the like.
• sterile suspensions and solutions are desired. Liquid forms useful for parenteral administration include sterile solutions, emulsions and suspensions. Isotonic preparations which generally contain suitable preservatives are employed when intrave
• compounds of the present invention can be administered in an intranasal dosage form via topical use of suitable intranasal vehicles or via transdermal skin patches, the composition of which are well known to those of ordinary skill in that art.
• suitable intranasal vehicles or via transdermal skin patches, the composition of which are well known to those of ordinary skill in that art.
• transdermal delivery system the administration of a therapeutic dose will, of course, be continuous rather than intermittent throughout the dosage regimen.
• Liposome delivery systems such as small unilamellar vesicles, large unilamellar vesicles, multilamellar vesicles and the like.
• Liposomes can be formed from a variety of phospholipids, such as cholesterol, stearylamine, phosphatidylcholines and the like.
• Compounds of the present invention may also be delivered by the use of monoclonal antibodies as individual carriers to which the compound molecules are coupled.
• the compounds of the present invention may also be coupled with soluble polymers as targetable drug carriers.
• Such polymers can include, but are not limited to polyvinylpyrrolidone, pyran copolymer, polyhydroxypropylmethacrylamidephenol, polyhydroxy-ethylaspartamidephenol, or polyethyl eneoxidepolylysine substituted with palmitoyl residue.
• the compounds of the present invention may be coupled to a class of biodegradable polymers useful in achieving controlled release of a drug, for example, to homopolymers and copolymers (which means polymers containing two or more chemically distinguishable repeating units) of lactide (which includes lactic acid d-, l- and meso lactide), glycolide (including glycolic acid), ⁇ -caprolactone, p-dioxanone (1,4-dioxan-2-one), trimethylene carbonate (1,3-dioxan-2-one), alkyl derivatives of trimethylene carbonate, ⁇ -valerolactone, ⁇ -butyrolactone, ⁇ -butyrolactone, ⁇ -decalactone, hydroxybutyrate, hydroxyvalerate, 1,4-dioxepan-2-one (including its dimer 1,5,8,12-tetraoxacyclotetradecane-7,14-dione), 1,5-dioxepan-2
• Compounds of this invention may be administered in any of the foregoing compositions and dosage regimens or by means of those compositions and dosage regimens established in the art whenever treatment of kinase mediated disorders, particularly protein kinase or glycogen synthase kinase mediated disorders, is required for a subject in need thereof.
• the daily dose of a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may be varied over a wide range from about 0.7 mg to about 21,000 mg per 70 kilogram (kg) adult human per day; preferably in the range of from about 7 mg to about 7,000 mg per adult human per day; and, more preferably, in the range of from about 7 mg to about 2,100 mg per adult human per day.
• the compositions are preferably provided in the form of tablets containing, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 15.0, 25.0, 50.0, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 500 milligrams of the active ingredient for the symptomatic adjustment of the dosage to the subject to be treated.
• a therapeutically effective amount of the drug is ordinarily supplied at a dosage level of from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 300 mg/kg of body weight per day.
• the range is from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg of body weight per day; and, most preferably, from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 30 mg/kg of body weight per day.
• compounds of the present invention may be administered in a single daily dose or the total daily dosage may be administered in divided doses of two, three or four times daily.
• Optimal dosages to be administered may be readily determined by those skilled in the art, and will vary with the particular compound used, the mode of administration, the strength of the preparation, and the advancement of the disease condition. In addition, factors associated with the particular subject being treated, including subject age, weight, diet and time of administration, will result in the need to adjust the dose to an appropriate therapeutic level.
• ATP adenosinetriphosphate
• BSA bovine serum albumin
• DCM dichloromethane
• DMF N,N-dimethylformamide
• DMSO dimethylsulfoxide
• EDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
• EGTA ethylenebis(oxyethylenenitrilo)tetraacetic acid
• h hour
• TAF tert-butylammonium fluoride
• TCA trichloroacetic acid
• THF tetrahydrofuran
• TFA trifluoroacetic acid
• SEM 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxymethyl
• Representative compounds of the present invention can be synthesized in accordance with the general synthetic methods described below and are illustrated more particularly in the schemes that follow. Since the schemes are an illustration, the invention should not be construed as being limited by the chemical reactions and conditions expressed. The preparation of the various starting materials used in the schemes is well within the skill of persons versed in the art.
• Compound AA5 was treated with an appropriate alkylating agent under basic conditions (wherein R 1 was a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group), or an appropriate aryl or heteroaryl halide in the presence of a base such as cesium or potassium carbonate and copper oxide in a dipolar aprotic solvent such as DMF (wherein R 1 was a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl group) to give Compound AB3.
• a base such as cesium or potassium carbonate and copper oxide
• a dipolar aprotic solvent such as DMF
• R 1 was a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl group
• the glyoxylate ester Compound AB2 was then reacted with an acetamide Compound AB4 (substituted with R(R 2 ,R 4 ); wherein the “R” group is selected from cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl and heteroaryl; and, is preferably selected from an aromatic, heteroaromatic or partially saturated heterocyclic ring system) stirred in an aprotic solvent such as THF with ice bath cooling and a base, such as potassium tert-butoxide or sodium hydride, to give a target Compound AB5.
• an aprotic solvent such as THF with ice bath cooling and a base, such as potassium tert-butoxide or sodium hydride
• Preparative TLC was performed with Analtech 1000- ⁇ m silica gel GF plates. Flash column chromatography was conducted with flash column silica gel (40-63 ⁇ m) and column chromatography was conducted with standard silica gel.
• HPLC separations were carried out on three Waters PrepPak® Cartridges (25 ⁇ 100 mm, Bondapak® C18, 15-20 ⁇ m, 125 ⁇ ) connected in series; detection was at 254 nm on a Waters 486 UV detector.
• Analytical HPLC was carried out on a Supelcosil ABZ+PLUS column (5 cm ⁇ 2.1 mm), with detection at 254 nm on a Hewlett Packard 1100 UV detector. Microanalysis was performed by Robertson Microlit Laboratories, Inc.
• Oxalyl chloride (3 mL) was added slowly to a solution of compound 1g (0.22 g, 1.14 mmol) in ether (5 mL). The mixture was heated to 48° C. in a pressure tube overnight. TLC shown that some starting materials were still present. Additional 0.5 mL of oxalyl chloride was added and stirring was continueded at 48° C. for another night. The mixture was then cooled down to rt, to which methanol (3 mL) was added. The mixture was heated to 48° C. and stirred for 2 h.
• kinases selected from glycogen synthase kinase-3 and protein kinase C were determined using the following procedures.
• test compound was added to a reaction mixture containing Protein Phosphatase Inhibitor-2 (PPI-2) (Calbiochem) (45 ng), rabbit GSK-3 ⁇ protein (New England Biolabs) (0.75 units) and 33 P-ATP (1 ⁇ Ci) in 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0), 10 mM MgCl 2 , 0.1% BSA, 1 mM DTT and 100 ⁇ M Sodium Vanadate. The mixture was reacted for 90 minutes at 30° C. to allow phosphorylation of the PPI-2 protein and then the protein in the reaction was precipitated using 10% TCA.
• PPI-2 Protein Phosphatase Inhibitor-2
• the precipitated protein was collected on filter plates (MultiScreen-DV/Millipore), which were subsequently washed. Finally, the radioactivity was quantified using a TopCount Scintillation Counter (Packard). GSK-3 inhibitory compounds resulted in less phosphorylated PPI-2 and thus a lower radioactive signal in the precipitated protein. Staurosporine or Valproate, known inhibitors of GSK-3 ⁇ , were used as a positive control for screening.
• PKC isozymes ⁇ , ⁇ -II or ⁇ were added to a reaction mixture that contained 20 mM HEPES, (pH 7.4), 940 ⁇ M CaCl 2 , 10 mM MgCl 2 , 1 mM EGTA. 100 ⁇ g/mL phosphatidylserine, 20 ⁇ g/mL diacylglycerol, 30 ⁇ M ATP, 1 pCi [ 33 P]ATP and 200 ⁇ g/mL histone III. The reaction was incubated for 10 min at 30° C. Reactions were terminated by TCA precipitation and spotting on Whatman P81 filters. Filters were washed in 75 mM phosphoric acid and the radioactivity quantified by liquid scintillation counting.
• Table 2 shows the biological activity in the GSK-3 ⁇ and PKC (histone) assays as an IC 50 value ( ⁇ M) or in % inhibition for representative compounds of the present invention.

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