US7341107B2 - Viscoelastic acid - Google Patents

Viscoelastic acid Download PDF

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Publication number
US7341107B2
US7341107B2 US11/006,004 US600404A US7341107B2 US 7341107 B2 US7341107 B2 US 7341107B2 US 600404 A US600404 A US 600404A US 7341107 B2 US7341107 B2 US 7341107B2
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acid
fluid
viscosity
surfactant
salt
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Expired - Fee Related, expires
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US20050126786A1 (en
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Diankui Fu
Marieliz Garcia-Lopez de Victoria
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Schlumberger Technology Corp
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Schlumberger Technology Corp
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Priority to US11/006,004 priority Critical patent/US7341107B2/en
Application filed by Schlumberger Technology Corp filed Critical Schlumberger Technology Corp
Priority to ARP040104586A priority patent/AR047276A1/es
Priority to EA200600943A priority patent/EA009195B1/ru
Priority to MXPA06006494A priority patent/MXPA06006494A/es
Priority to EP04801526A priority patent/EP1692242B1/de
Priority to PCT/IB2004/052743 priority patent/WO2005059059A1/en
Priority to CN2004800368821A priority patent/CN1942550B/zh
Priority to DE602004006644T priority patent/DE602004006644T2/de
Priority to CA002547522A priority patent/CA2547522C/en
Priority to AT04801526T priority patent/ATE362966T1/de
Priority to DK04801526T priority patent/DK1692242T3/da
Assigned to SCHLUMBERGER TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION reassignment SCHLUMBERGER TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: FU, DIANKUI, GARCIA-LOPEZ DE VICTORIA, MARIELIZ
Publication of US20050126786A1 publication Critical patent/US20050126786A1/en
Priority to NO20062470A priority patent/NO338479B1/no
Priority to US12/038,866 priority patent/US20080146465A1/en
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
    • C09K8/60—Compositions for stimulating production by acting on the underground formation
    • C09K8/62—Compositions for forming crevices or fractures
    • C09K8/72—Eroding chemicals, e.g. acids
    • C09K8/74—Eroding chemicals, e.g. acids combined with additives added for specific purposes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K2208/00—Aspects relating to compositions of drilling or well treatment fluids
    • C09K2208/30—Viscoelastic surfactants [VES]

Definitions

  • This invention relates to an acidic viscoelastic surfactant fluid based on a cationic surfactant. More particularly it relates to such a fluid that has low viscosity as formulated, undergoes an increase in viscosity as the acid is consumed, and returns to approximately the initial viscosity as the last of the acid is consumed. Most particularly it relates to the use of this fluid as a diverting fluid or as the main treatment fluid in oilfield treatments such as matrix acidizing and acid fracturing.
  • VDA viscoelastic diverting acid
  • the current VDA system has a low viscosity at low pH (strong acid) and undergoes an in-situ increase in viscosity when the acid is being spent by reaction with calcium carbonate (or other reactive minerals) in the formation.
  • strong acid strong acid
  • calcium carbonate or other reactive minerals
  • the chemical mechanism is believed to be the transformation from spherical or short worm-like surfactant micelles to highly elongated surfactant micelles.
  • the spent fluid is chemically stable up to about 300° F. (149° C.); breaking of the viscous fluid after the treatment (reduction of viscosity rather than chemical destruction of the surfactant) is caused by contact with crude oil or condensates in the reservoir or by dilution by formation water.
  • the use of mutual solvents as pre and/or post flushes has also been applied to assist in the breaking, but it is difficult to achieve effective contact of the VDA with the mutual solvent within a formation.
  • One embodiment is a fluid composition containing an amount of a surfactant effective to increase the viscosity of the fluid, in which the surfactant contains a) a quaternary ammonium salt of an amine corresponding to the formula: R 1 N + (R 2 )(R 3 )(R 4 ) X ⁇ in which R 1 is a group that has from about 14 to about 26 carbon atoms and may be branched or straight chained, aromatic, saturated or unsaturated, and may include a carbonyl, an amide, a retroamide, an imide, a urea, or an amine; R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are each independently hydrogen or a C 1 to about C 6 aliphatic group which may be the same or different, branched or straight chained, saturated or unsaturated and one or more than one of which may be substituted with a group that renders the R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 group more hydrophilic; the R 2 , R 3 and R 4 groups
  • the viscosity of the fluid composition decreases, as the acid content of the fluid composition decreases by reaction with an acid-reactive material to less than 2 percent, by a percentage greater at a shear rate of 1 sec ⁇ 1 than at a shear rate of from about 100 sec ⁇ 1 to about 170 sec ⁇ 1 .
  • the composition may be one in which R 1 contains from about 18 to about 22 carbon atoms and may contain a carbonyl, an amide, or an amine; R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 contain from 1 to about 3 carbon atoms, and X ⁇ is a halide.
  • R 1 contains from about 18 to about 22 carbon atoms and may contain a carbonyl, an amide, or an amine
  • R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are the same as one another and contain from 1 to about 3 carbon atoms.
  • the composition optionally further contains an amine that may have the structure: R 1 N(R 2 )(R 3 ) in which R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 are as defined above.
  • the amine may be present at a concentration of between about 0.01 and about 1 percent.
  • the fluid composition may also contain a polysulfonic acid.
  • R 1 contains from about 18 to about 22 carbon atoms, and may contain a carbonyl, an amide, or an amine
  • R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 contain from 1 to about 3 carbon atoms and may be substituted with a group that renders the R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 group more hydrophilic
  • a specific example of the surfactant is erucyl bis-(2-hydroxyethyl) methyl ammonium chloride (EMHAC).
  • the acid is selected from hydrochloric acid, a mixture of hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids, fluoroboric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, maleic acid, citric acid, acetic acid, formic acid, and mixtures of those acids.
  • the salt is selected from lithium, sodium, ammonium, and potassium chlorides and nitrates and mixtures of those salts.
  • the salt is present in an amount of from about 4 to about 5 weight percent.
  • the surfactant is present in an amount of from about 1 to about 4 weight percent active material.
  • Another embodiment is a method of treating a subterranean formation involving contacting a formation with the fluid composition described above, comprising a surfactant, an acid, and a salt.
  • the surfactant is EMHAC
  • the acid is selected from hydrochloric acid, a mixture of hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids, fluoroboric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, maleic acid, citric acid, acetic acid, formic acid, and mixtures of those acids
  • the salt is selected from lithium, sodium, ammonium, and potassium chlorides and nitrates and mixtures of those salts.
  • the salt is present in an amount of from about 4 to about 5 weight percent.
  • the surfactant is present in an amount of from about 1 to about 4 weight percent active material.
  • FIG. 1 shows the viscosity of 3% EMHAC as a function of HCl concentration with no added salt.
  • FIG. 2 shows the viscosity of 3% EMHAC as a function of molar concentration of chloride.
  • FIG. 3 shows the viscosity of 3% EMHAC as a function of percentage HCl being spent (with CaCl 2 added to simulate HCl spending).
  • FIG. 4 shows the spending curve of 3% EMHAC at low shear rate (1 sec ⁇ 1 ) with CaCl 2 added to simulate HCl spending.
  • FIG. 5 shows the viscosity as a function of % HCl spent with 5% NH 4 Cl (in addition to the CaCl 2 added to simulate acid spending).
  • FIG. 6 shows the spending curve with 5% NH 4 Cl (in addition to the CaCl 2 added to simulate acid spending) at low shear rate (1 sec ⁇ 1 ).
  • FIG. 7 shows simulated HCl spending tests of Surfactant A without NH 4 Cl at a shear rate of 100 sec ⁇ 1 .
  • FIG. 8 shows simulated HCl spending tests of Surfactant A with 5% NH 4 Cl at a shear rate of 100 sec ⁇ 1 .
  • FIG. 9 shows simulated HCl spending tests of Surfactant A without NH 4 Cl at a shear rate of 1 sec ⁇ 1 .
  • FIG. 10 shows simulated HCl spending tests of Surfactant A with 5% NH 4 Cl at a shear rate of 1 sec ⁇ 1 .
  • One embodiment is a self-diverting acid fluid system based on cationic surfactants.
  • the preferred acid is HCl, but others may be used.
  • the increase in viscosity when acid is being spent provides the self-diverting mechanism.
  • At 100% spending the fluid undergoes a dramatic reduction in viscosity when from about 1 to about 10 percent, preferably from about 2 to about 8 percent, most preferably from about 4 to about 5 percent NH 4 Cl is incorporated into the system.
  • This component a “break-enabling” salt.
  • the preferred salt is NH 4 Cl but others may be used, for example lithium, sodium, ammonium, and potassium chlorides and nitrates and mixtures of these salts.
  • the fluid system can still be used as a VDA but it is not self-breaking.
  • the system is used primarily in stimulation treatments, especially as the main treatment fluid in acid fracturing and matrix stimulation of carbonates, but it may also be used as a diverter for other acids or for fracturing, as a kill pill, or as a preflush before sandstone acidizing. It may be used with HF and is compatible with some chelating agents.
  • the current commercial VDA technology is based on betaines, especially erucylamidopropyl betaine, a zwitterionic surfactant system.
  • the system is highly stable upon acid spending due to its high tolerance to high salt concentrations. It does not break until it is contacted by hydrocarbons, formation water, or an added breaker.
  • the VDA system disclosed in the present application is based on cationic surfactants; when the system includes appropriate concentrations of certain salts, such as ammonium chloride, it is a self-breaking system. If it does not contain the break-enabling salt, it can be broken in any of the same ways as the current VDA.
  • the acid that is part of the formulation of the fluid system of the present invention is selected from the group consisting of hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, a mixture of hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids, fluoroboric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, maleic acid, citric acid, acetic acid, formic acid, and mixtures thereof.
  • the acid is hydrochloric acid and is added at a concentration of between about 3% and about 28% by weight, most typically at a concentration of between about 15% and about 28%.
  • the viscoelastic surfactant is added at a concentration effective to bring about thickening, that is a concentration of between about 1 and about 4%, by weight active material (the surfactant is typically delivered in solution). Most preferably, the surfactant is added at active concentration between about 2 and about 3% by weight. Higher concentrations may be used depending on the formation permeability range and contrast.
  • Suitable cationic surfactants form strong gels over a wide acid concentration range, as shown in FIG. 1 .
  • the behavior of the surfactant used in FIG. 1 erucyl bis-(2-hydroxyethyl) methyl ammonium chloride (“EMHAC”), also known as (Z)-13 docosenyl-N—N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl) methyl ammonium chloride, is typical of suitable cationic surfactants.
  • EMHAC is commonly obtained from manufacturers as a concentrate, a mixture containing about 60 weight percent surfactant in a mixture of isopropanol, ethylene glycol and water. In this document, and in the Figures, when we refer to “EMHAC” we mean such a concentrate.
  • FIG. 1 shows the viscosity of 3% EMHAC vs. HCl concentration at 70° F. (21° C.) in the absence of an added break-enabling salt.
  • Suitable cationic surfactants are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,258,137, 5,551,516, and 5,964,295, all of which are hereby incorporated in their entirety.
  • a preferred surfactant thickener is erucyl bis(2-hydroxyethyl) methyl ammonium chloride
  • other cationic viscoelastic surfactant thickeners may be employed, either alone or in combination, in accordance with the invention, including, but not limited to, erucyl trimethyl ammonium chloride; N-methyl-N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl) rapeseed ammonium chloride; oleyl methyl bis(hydroxyethyl) ammonium chloride; octadecyl methyl bis(hydroxyethyl) ammonium bromide; octadecyl tris(hydroxyethyl) ammonium bromide; octadecyl dimethyl hydroxyethyl ammonium
  • R 1 contains from about 18 to about 22 carbon atoms and may contain a carbonyl, an amide, or an amine
  • R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are the same as one another and have from 1 to about 3 carbon atoms.
  • One such suitable surfactant, designated “Surfactant A”, is used in some of the examples below.
  • the viscoelastic cationic quaternary amine surfactant system further may contain an amine, for example having the structure: R 1 N(R 2 )(R 3 ) in which R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 are as defined above.
  • the amine may be present at a concentration of between about 0.01 and about 1 percent of the final fluid.
  • R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 may be identical in the cationic surfactant and the amine.
  • the cationic surfactant system may contain a polysulfonic acid.
  • Quaternary amine surfactants that would be suitable include those having the same general formula as above except that one or more than one of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 contains one or more ethoxy groups or one or more propoxy groups or one or more ethoxy groups and one or more propoxy groups.
  • a suitable cationic viscoelastic surfactant is one in which R 1 is a group having from about 18 to about 22 carbon atoms, that may include a carbonyl, an amide, or an amine, and in which R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 have from 1 to about 3 carbon atoms and may be substituted with a group that renders the R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 group more hydrophilic.
  • R 1 is a group having from about 18 to about 22 carbon atoms, that may include a carbonyl, an amide, or an amine
  • R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 have from 1 to about 3 carbon atoms and may be substituted with a group that renders the R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 group more hydrophilic.
  • An example of a suitable cationic viscoelastic surfactant of this structure is erucyl bis(2-hydroxyethyl) methyl ammonium chloride.
  • Surfactants that would be suitable include amines in which one of R 2 , R 3 , or R 4 in the compounds in the previous paragraphs is hydrogen. These amines are surfactants in strong acids due to protonation and they lose surface active properties as the acid is being spent. At some point, that may be during, at the end of, or after the spending process, depending upon the amine, they deprotonate and the micelles they have formed break. Thus such amines are inherently self-destructing and in some cases do not need the addition of salts to promote the self-destruction, although salts may be added to control the viscosity and self-destruction of the amines. It is within the scope of the invention to use the amines of the invention with or without addition of salts to promote micelle breaking.
  • the surfactant is added to an aqueous solution in which has been dissolved a quantity of at least one of a group of bread-enabling water soluble salts, and then the acid is added.
  • the order of addition of acid, salt and surfactant is not important. Any of the components may also be premixed in a concentrate and then added to the water. Standard mixing procedures known in the art can be employed since heating of the solution and special agitation conditions are normally not necessary. Of course, if used under conditions of extreme cold such as found in Alaska or Canada, normal heating procedures should be employed
  • the thickener may be dissolved into a lower molecular weight alcohol or diol prior to mixing it with the aqueous solution.
  • the lower molecular weight alcohol or diol for instance isopropanol or propylene glycol, may function to aid to solubilize the thickener.
  • Other similar agents may also be employed.
  • a defoaming agent such as a polyglycol may be employed to prevent undesirable foaming during the preparation of the VDA fluid if a foam is not desirable under the conditions of the treatment.
  • a gas such as air, nitrogen, carbon dioxide or the like may be employed.
  • An additional foamer is not normally required, but may be added.
  • rheology modifiers and rheology enhancers such as polymers and others known in the art, may be included.
  • additives should be tested to ensure that they are compatible with the other components of the fluid and to ensure that they do not deleteriously affect the performance the fluid.
  • a sufficient quantity of a water soluble organic salt and/or alcohol may optionally be employed to provide desired viscoelastic properties under severe conditions. Again, these should be tested; many compounds commonly used for such purposes would not be suitable for the present invention, because many such compounds form insoluble precipitates with calcium (for example salicylates under certain conditions) and others are breakers for many viscoelastic surfactant micelles (for example, C 1 to C 12 alcohols under certain conditions).
  • co-surfactants or other additives such as but not limited to C 1 to C 3 alcohols
  • the fluid of the invention can be pumped as a single fluid, which stimulates and diverts in one step. It can be bullheaded down tubing or, according to a preferred embodiment, placed using coiled tubing moved up while injecting the acidic formulation. According to another embodiment, the fluid is pumped in several stages, alternately with regular acid stages.
  • the fluid may also be foamed.
  • the formulation normally comprises corrosion inhibitors, most preferably based on quaternary amines. Further agents may also be typically added; non-limiting examples are non-emulsifiers, fluid loss additives, iron reducing or control agents, and chelating agents.
  • the system is used primarily in stimulation treatments, especially acid fracturing and matrix stimulation of carbonates, but it may also be used as a diverter for other acids or for fracturing or gravel packing; as a kill pill; as a base fluid for cleanout treatments, especially with coiled tubing; and as a preflush before sandstone acidizing. It may be used with HF and is compatible with some chelating agents. Without the added NH 4 Cl or other break-enabling salt, the fluid system can still be used as a self-diverting acid, but it is not self-breaking.
  • the rheology under acidic conditions is similar to that of fluids made with the current VDA technology based on erucylamidopropyl betaine, except that the rheological behavior of 3% EMHAC (no added acid) in various brines ( FIG. 2 ) shows the intolerance of typical cationic surfactants of the invention to high concentrations of brine (having anions such as Cl ⁇ , and NO 3 ⁇ ). Not to be limited by theory, but for most surfactants and most salts, there is a salt concentration above which the viscosity of a given viscoelastic fluid system decreases dramatically.
  • FIG. 3 shows a plot of viscosity as a function of % HCl being spent, (as simulated by making mixtures of HCl and CaCl 2 ) at a shear rate of from about 100 sec ⁇ 1 to about 170 sec ⁇ 1 .
  • the starting fluid (0% HCl spent) contains 3% EMHAC, 20% HCl and 0.2% of a corrosion inhibitor based on quaternary amines and formic acid; for the other data points, some of the HCl was replaced by the appropriate molar concentration of CaCl 2 . Note that this system does not contain any additional salt, such as NH 4 Cl. The data indicate that this specific fluid undergoes a rapid viscosity increase while up to 12% HCl is being spent.
  • FIG. 5 shows the viscosity at 170 sec ⁇ 1 of the fluid as a function of the HCl % spent, starting with 3% EMHAC, 20% HCl, 0.2% of a corrosion inhibitor based on quaternary amines and formic acid, and 5% NH 4 Cl as the break-enabling salt.
  • FIGS. 7-10 Results with another example of a suitable cationic surfactant (“Surfactant A”) are shown in FIGS. 7-10 .
  • This surfactant is a erucyl-based quaternary amine in which at least one of the groups on the amine contains at least an ethoxy group.
  • FIG. 7 shows the fluid system viscosity (3% by weight of the surfactant concentrate, various amounts of HCl and CaCl 2 added to simulate the components that would be left after a given amount of HCl had been spent, and 0.2% of the same corrosion inhibitor used in the earlier examples) at 100 sec ⁇ 1 in simulated HCl spending tests without added NH 4 Cl.
  • FIG. 8 shows the same system and experiments except that the fluid systems also contained 5% NH 4 Cl. It can be seen that at this shear rate the added NH 4 Cl lowered the viscosity of this system at all HCl spending levels, but the viscosity was still significant (above 50 cP) after all the HCl
  • FIGS. 9 and 10 show the results of the same experiments with the same two chemical systems except that the data are for measurements at a shear rate of 1 sec ⁇ 1 .
  • the data show that at this shear rate, too, the added NH 4 Cl lowered the viscosity of this system at all HCl spending levels, but that the viscosity was still significant (above 50 cP) after all the HCl had been spent.
  • the added NH 4 Cl caused the low shear viscosity to drop substantially when the last of the HCl was spent ( FIG. 10 ) as opposed to increasing substantially ( FIG. 9 ) without the added NH 4 Cl. It is believed that at higher temperatures the low shear viscosity of the system containing added NH 4 Cl would demonstrate self-breaking properties for the system and that with an adjustment of the concentration or nature of the added salt, this property would be observed at lower temperatures as well.

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US11/006,004 US7341107B2 (en) 2003-12-11 2004-12-07 Viscoelastic acid
DK04801526T DK1692242T3 (da) 2003-12-11 2004-12-09 Viskoelastisk syre
MXPA06006494A MXPA06006494A (es) 2003-12-11 2004-12-09 Acido viscoelastico.
EP04801526A EP1692242B1 (de) 2003-12-11 2004-12-09 Zäh-elastische säure
PCT/IB2004/052743 WO2005059059A1 (en) 2003-12-11 2004-12-09 Viscoelastic acid
CN2004800368821A CN1942550B (zh) 2003-12-11 2004-12-09 粘弹性酸
DE602004006644T DE602004006644T2 (de) 2003-12-11 2004-12-09 Zäh-elastische säure
CA002547522A CA2547522C (en) 2003-12-11 2004-12-09 Viscoelastic acid
ARP040104586A AR047276A1 (es) 2003-12-11 2004-12-09 Acido viscoelastico
EA200600943A EA009195B1 (ru) 2003-12-11 2004-12-09 Вязкоупругая кислота
AT04801526T ATE362966T1 (de) 2003-12-11 2004-12-09 Zäh-elastische säure
NO20062470A NO338479B1 (no) 2003-12-11 2006-05-30 Viskoelastisk syre
US12/038,866 US20080146465A1 (en) 2003-12-11 2008-02-28 Viscoelastic Acid

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US20070125542A1 (en) * 2005-12-07 2007-06-07 Akzo Nobel N.V. High temperature gellant in low and high density brines
US20100056405A1 (en) * 2008-08-29 2010-03-04 Syed Ali Self-diverting acid treatment with formic-acid-free corrosion inhibitor
US20110186298A1 (en) * 2006-06-28 2011-08-04 Schlumberger Technology Corporation Method And System For Treating A Subterranean Formation Using Diversion
US20110226479A1 (en) * 2008-04-15 2011-09-22 Philipp Tippel Diversion by combining dissolvable and degradable particles and fibers
US8561696B2 (en) 2008-11-18 2013-10-22 Schlumberger Technology Corporation Method of placing ball sealers for fluid diversion
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US7261160B2 (en) * 2005-09-13 2007-08-28 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Methods and compositions for controlling the viscosity of viscoelastic surfactant fluids
US20070060482A1 (en) * 2005-09-13 2007-03-15 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Methods and compositions for controlling the viscosity of viscoelastic surfactant fluids
US7753123B2 (en) 2006-12-06 2010-07-13 Schlumberger Technology Corporation Method for treating a subterranean formation
US8016041B2 (en) * 2007-03-28 2011-09-13 Kerfoot William B Treatment for recycling fracture water gas and oil recovery in shale deposits
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CN102453481B (zh) * 2011-01-21 2013-09-18 中国石油大学(北京) 一种酸性粘弹性流体及其制备方法和用途
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US9725643B2 (en) 2012-04-27 2017-08-08 Akzo Nobel Chemicals International, B.V. Foam or viscosified composition containing a chelating agent
CN103305208B (zh) * 2013-06-05 2016-03-16 中国石油集团川庆钻探工程有限公司 一种强酸基表活剂压裂液及其压裂方法
US20150034315A1 (en) * 2013-07-31 2015-02-05 Schlumberger Technology Corporation Viscosified acid fluid and method for use thereof
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CA2547522A1 (en) 2005-06-30
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US20050126786A1 (en) 2005-06-16
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US20080146465A1 (en) 2008-06-19
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CN1942550A (zh) 2007-04-04

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