US6963189B2 - Attenuation control for digital power converters - Google Patents

Attenuation control for digital power converters Download PDF

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Publication number
US6963189B2
US6963189B2 US10/498,565 US49856505A US6963189B2 US 6963189 B2 US6963189 B2 US 6963189B2 US 49856505 A US49856505 A US 49856505A US 6963189 B2 US6963189 B2 US 6963189B2
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Prior art keywords
control system
attenuation
digital
gain
power stage
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Expired - Lifetime
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US10/498,565
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US20050168204A1 (en
Inventor
Karsten Nielsen
Kennet Skov Andersen
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ICEPower AS
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ICEPower AS
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Assigned to BANG & OLUFSEN ICEPOWER A/S reassignment BANG & OLUFSEN ICEPOWER A/S ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: NIELSEN, KARSTEN, ANDERSEN, KENNET SKOV
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/44—Circuits or arrangements for compensating for electromagnetic interference in converters or inverters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03F—AMPLIFIERS
    • H03F3/00—Amplifiers with only discharge tubes or only semiconductor devices as amplifying elements
    • H03F3/20—Power amplifiers, e.g. Class B amplifiers, Class C amplifiers
    • H03F3/21—Power amplifiers, e.g. Class B amplifiers, Class C amplifiers with semiconductor devices only
    • H03F3/217—Class D power amplifiers; Switching amplifiers
    • H03F3/2175—Class D power amplifiers; Switching amplifiers using analogue-digital or digital-analogue conversion
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03F—AMPLIFIERS
    • H03F3/00—Amplifiers with only discharge tubes or only semiconductor devices as amplifying elements
    • H03F3/20—Power amplifiers, e.g. Class B amplifiers, Class C amplifiers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03F—AMPLIFIERS
    • H03F3/00—Amplifiers with only discharge tubes or only semiconductor devices as amplifying elements
    • H03F3/20—Power amplifiers, e.g. Class B amplifiers, Class C amplifiers
    • H03F3/21—Power amplifiers, e.g. Class B amplifiers, Class C amplifiers with semiconductor devices only
    • H03F3/217—Class D power amplifiers; Switching amplifiers

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a switching power conversion system such as DC-AC, DC-DC or AC-AC conversion systems or any combination of the above mentioned. More specifically, the invention relates to attenuation control of a digital signal.
  • the invention may advantageously be used for improved power conversion in any digital input system, in particular high precision DC-AC power conversion systems such as high efficiency audio amplification.
  • the attenuation control system (i.e. volume control in an audio amplification system) can be a central element of a digital power conversion system.
  • PCM pulse code modulated signals
  • E.G pulse width modulated signals
  • D/A converter digital PWM modulator
  • the output signal of the digital modulator is fed to a power stage where it is amplified.
  • a typical power converter includes a switching power conversion stage, a filter and a control system.
  • the digital input of the modulator i.e. the digital source
  • An attenuation in the digital domain as shown in FIG. 1 , will compromise the dynamic range of the attenuated digital signal, since the effective bit frame length will be reduced in order to reduce the signal amplitude.
  • Attenuation in the power stage on the other hand, will not compromise the digital dynamic range.
  • Noise and distortion contributions in a digital PMA can be caused by inaccuracy of the rising and trailing edges of the pulses in the power stage.
  • An attenuation of the power stage output PWM signal amplitude will retain the dynamic range of the modulated signal, since the noise in the output pulse signals will be equally attenuated.
  • a general problem in a switching output power stage is the Electro Magnetic Compatibility (EMC), caused by the generally high amplitude of the power stage output PWM signal.
  • EMC Electro Magnetic Compatibility
  • the modulation depth is lower at attenuated levels of the digital signal, so that the amplitude of the demodulated signal (i.e. the low pass filtered amplifier output) will be low compared to the amplitude of the power stage output PWM signal.
  • a higher modulation depth combined with lower amplitude of the PWM signal can result in the same modulated signal, but would reduce the EMC problems.
  • the efficiency of a power stage generally declines when the modulation depth is lowered. This effect is a result of a decreasing ratio between the amplitude of the demodulated, low pass filtered output signal and the amplitude of the power stage output PWM signal.
  • a higher modulation depth combined with lower amplitude of the PWM signal can retain the same modulated signal, but will increase the efficiency and dynamic range.
  • a digital amplifier system including attenuation control is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,898,340.
  • this system includes a complex power stage voltage supply, with an output voltage variable in a wide range.
  • a system with a power supply that can change the output voltage continuously within a wide voltage range is very complex and thereby expensive.
  • the mentioned system also includes A/D conversion means in the feedback path from the analog output. This will increase the complexity of the system further.
  • a primary object of the invention has been to provide an attenuation control technique in a digital controlled power conversion system that overcomes fundamental problems related to prior art techniques.
  • a further object is to retain the dynamic range of attenuated signals within a certain range.
  • Yet another object of the invention is to attenuate noise due to inaccuracy in the rising and trailing edges of the pulse waveforms in the PWM signal.
  • Still another object is to reduce the EMC problems at attenuated levels.
  • a further object of the invention is to increase the efficiency of said power conversion system at attenuated levels of the power stage PWM signal.
  • an attenuation control system of the kind mentioned by way of introduction, comprising means for digitally attenuating the demodulated output signal, first gain shifting means for shifting a supply voltage input of said power stage PWM output between a plurality of predefined voltage levels, said first gain shifting means being arranged to decrease the power stage gain when the attenuation of the digital signal exceeds a predefined level.
  • the attenuation control system can obtain a power stage step gain shift by shifting the supply voltage between predefined levels, thereby causing the amplitude of the output stage PWM signal to change. When these gain shifts occur, the digital modulator will shift the modulation depth of the PWM signal.
  • the digital modulator will attenuate the modulator PCM and/or PWM signal.
  • the dynamic range for attenuated signal levels can be retained at a higher level compared to conventional systems, where the attenuation of the analog or digital-signal will imply a decreasing dynamic range.
  • the dynamic range can be retained at a high level through all attenuation levels since a large attenuation in the digital domain is not necessary due to the change in power stage amplification (power stage supply voltage).
  • the amplitude of the PWM signal can be highly reduced at high attenuation levels.
  • the complexity of the power supply is low since the amplitude of the supply voltage only can obtain few values.
  • the EMC problems are reduced when the PMA operates with a lowered supply voltage and the output power stage PWM signal amplitudes are reduced.
  • the efficiency of the power stage is increased when the power stage supply voltage is lowered, since the energy consumed by the capacitive components in the power stage elements is reduced. Furthermore the ripple-currents are reduced contributing to lower AC-losses in the magnetic components.
  • the attenuation control system includes second gain shifting means for shifting a gain in the feedback path, in accordance with the power stage gain shift.
  • This second gain shifting means will cause a gain shift in the feedback path of the power stage control system, thereby compensating effects caused by different levels in the output power tage PWM signal.
  • the demodulated amplifier output will not change amplitude.
  • the supply voltage input can be delivered by a power supply being capable of delivering a single step-variable voltage.
  • the supply voltage input is delivered by a power supply being capable of delivering a plurality of predefined voltage.
  • the power supply can be capable of retaining predefined voltages over a plurality of output charging capacitors. It can also comprise a plurality of power stages, each of which can be turned off when not needed.
  • the digital modulator is a digital PCM(Pulse Code Modulation)-PWM(Pulse Width Modulation) modulator, producing a PWM control signal from a digital pulse code modulated input.
  • the digital modulator can comprise a D/A converter and an analog modulator, such as a self-oscillating modulator.
  • the means for digitally attenuating the modulated signal can be implemented in the modulator hardware.
  • the first and/or second gain shifting means can preferably but not necessarily be controlled by the digital modulator. This results in a compact and efficient system architecture.
  • the noise/distortion suppressing control system comprises means for delaying the modulated PWM signal and providing a delayed modulated PWM signal to the power stage noise/distortion suppressing control system. This improves the loop shaping of the noise/distortion suppressing control system.
  • the power stage control system is a PEDEC (Pulse Edge Delay Error Correction) control system
  • the second gain shifting means is arranged in a feedback path of this PEDEC control system.
  • the PEDEC control system does not compensate for the gain shift in the power stage.
  • a possible gain shift can for example correspond to a value of 8 times attenuation of the maximum output power.
  • the above objects are achieved by a method of for attenuation in a digital power converter of the previously mentioned type, comprising the steps of
  • FIG. 1 illustrates a prior art digital attenuation system where the dynamic range is decreased when the modulated signal is attenuated.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates a prior art system with continuously amplitude attenuation of the PWM signal.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates a first embodiment of the invention as a general block diagram.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates a block diagram of a second embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates a block diagram of a third embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 6 illustrates an example of an attenuation scheme according to the invention in the range of 0 dB–C dB, with gain shifts at A dB and B dB.
  • FIG. 7 illustrates a further preferred embodiment of the invention implemented as an attenuation control system.
  • FIG. 8 illustrates an attenuation scheme implemented in the system in FIG. 7 .
  • FIG. 9 illustrates a simulation of a 20 dB gain shift applied to the system in FIG. 7 .
  • the first embodiment of the invention as a general block diagram is shown in FIG. 3 , showing a digital modulator 0 and a power stage 1 with supply means that can shift output voltages, a control system 2 and attenuation control 3 in order to control the gain shifts.
  • the input to the digitally controlled power stage requires a digital signal, such as the signal from a CD-player or the like.
  • the digital modulator 0 converts the digital PCM input signal to a PWM signal.
  • the digital modulator 0 also receives an attenuation signal, e.g. from the volume knob of the amplifier.
  • the modulator is arranged to serve as a digital attenuator, and is capable of making digital gain shifts, in way more closely described below.
  • the power stage control block 2 compensates for errors in the power stage 1 and has a step variable feedback gain.
  • the feedback gain is changed at gain shifts.
  • the power stage block 1 includes a switching power conversion stage a demodulation filter and a control system for obtaining a step-variable amplitude of the PWM signal.
  • the attenuation control block 3 handles the general control of the digital attenuator, the gain shifts within the attenuator and gain shifts in the feedback path, in a way more closely described below.
  • FIG. 4 A second preferred embodiment of the invention is shown in FIG. 4 .
  • the block diagram includes a digital PCM to PWM modulator 4 for converting the digital input signal to a pulse width modulated signal, a power stage 6 , and a PEDEC (Pulse Edge Delay Error Correction) control system 5 for compensating errors in the power stage 6 .
  • PEDEC Pulse Edge Delay Error Correction
  • PCT/DK98/00133 hereby incorporated by reference.
  • the power stage 6 can be a single half-bridge or a plurality of half-bridges.
  • the power supply 7 must be capable of shifting between a plurality of predefined supply voltages, obtaining different gain levels in the power stage.
  • the power supply 7 can preferably comprise a single power stage. Another possible solution to the engineer skilled in the art is a power supply comprising a plurality of power stages that each can be turned off when not needed in order to increase efficiency.
  • the digital modulator 4 is capable of making digital attenuation by means of an attenuation control 9 .
  • the attenuation control 9 handles the general control of the digital attenuator 4 and controls the gain shifts in the power supply 7 and feedback 8 .
  • FIG. 5 A third preferred embodiment of the invention is shown in FIG. 5 , comprising a digital PCM-PWM modulator 12 , attenuation control 14 , a power stage 10 connected to several power supply 11 voltage nodes, an internal switch between the supplies, including a PEDEC control system 13 and a gain switch in the feedback path 15 .
  • the power supply 11 does not shift between different voltages, instead it delivers multiple voltages for the attenuation control system 14 to choose from.
  • the PMA power stage 10 makes the gain shift by shifting between these different power supply voltages.
  • FIG. 6 is a visual illustration of an attenuation scheme, possible to realize with the embodiments of the invention described above.
  • the attenuation range can be chosen freely but in this example it comprises two gain shifts at attenuation level A dB and B dB.
  • Attenuation down to A dB is achieved by digital attenuation.
  • a dB attenuation level the supply voltage to the power stage shifts from X to Y, corresponding to A dB attenuation, while the digital modulator shifts from A dB to 0 dB digital attenuation.
  • Attenuation down to B dB is achieved by digital attenuation in the range 0 to B-A dB.
  • At B dB attenuation level the supply voltage shifts from Y to corresponding to B dB attenuation, while the digital modulator shifts from B–A to 0 dB digital attenuation.
  • Attenuation down to C dB is achieved by digital attenuation in the range 0 to C-B dB.
  • FIG. 7 illustrates a complete attenuation control system, implemented on a PMA comprising a digital modulator 25 , a power stage 16 , an output filter 18 , a VFC2 PEDEC control system 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , gain switches for the feedback gain 19 , power supplies 17 and a gain switch 24 for switching between the different supply voltages.
  • the digital modulator 25 comprises an attenuation control system including generation of control signals 28 , 29 for shifting the feedback gain 19 and for shifting between the power supplies 24 . Furthermore the digital modulator 25 comprises a delay 27 of the PWM reference signal 26 .
  • the input to the digital modulator is a digital PCM signal 30 that is modulated into two similar PWM signals, where one is delayed compared to the other.
  • the delayed PWM signal 27 is made to improve loop shaping of said PEDEC control system 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 .
  • An appropriate delay will minimize the high frequency ripple on the correction signal V e .
  • the digital modulator 25 comprises means to switch between different power supply voltages 24 and a gain switch to control the feedback gain 19 .
  • the modulator can be analog comprising a D/A converter in order to convert the PCM signal to analog signals.
  • the attenuation control can be implemented as an analog solution by switching the gain in an analog attenuation block instead of using a digital.
  • FIG. 9 shows a simulation of a gain shift example of 20 dB by the system illustrated in FIG. 7 .
  • the PWM signal just after the PCM to PWM modulator is shown at the top.
  • the modulated signal is a 20 kHz sinus.
  • FIG. 8 shows the attenuation scheme.
  • the 0 dB–20 dB attenuation level is made by the digital attenuator.
  • a gain shift will occur and the digital attenuator will shift from 20 dB attenuation to 0 dB attenuation.
  • the supply voltage to the PMA power stage will shift from 50V to 5V and the feedback gain will change +20 dB.
  • the digital dynamic range is 115 dB.
  • the supply voltage can preferably be lowered to a value corresponding to 8 times attenuation of the output power in order to overcome EMC demands.
  • Simulation 2 from the top of FIG. 9 shows the power stage output PWM signal, it is seen that there is a 10 times (20 dB) difference in the amplitude before and after the gain shift, also notice the difference in modulation depth before and after the gain shift.
  • the output signal of the amplifier is shown, the amplitude of the modulated signal is not changed at the gain shift except for the high frequency signal component.
  • the high frequency signal component is attenuated 20 dB.
  • the attenuation control system can be implemented separately or in the modulator hardware that is preferably implemented in a DSP, a FPGA or on silicon substrates.
  • Attenuation control system can be implemented in any given power conversion system such as AC-AC, DC-DC, DC-AC, AC-DC or any combination of the above mentioned, preferably DC-AC high precision audio power conversion systems, where the power stage elements operates in either “on” or “off” state.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Amplifiers (AREA)
  • Amplitude Modulation (AREA)
  • Control Of Amplification And Gain Control (AREA)
  • Analogue/Digital Conversion (AREA)
  • Golf Clubs (AREA)
US10/498,565 2001-12-21 2002-12-05 Attenuation control for digital power converters Expired - Lifetime US6963189B2 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
SE01044031 2001-12-21
SE0104403A SE0104403D0 (sv) 2001-12-21 2001-12-21 Attenuation control for digital power converters
PCT/IB2002/005254 WO2003055059A1 (en) 2001-12-21 2002-12-05 Attenuation control for digital power converters

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EP (1) EP1456943B8 (zh)
JP (1) JP4188838B2 (zh)
KR (1) KR101006044B1 (zh)
CN (1) CN100424994C (zh)
AT (1) ATE403266T1 (zh)
AU (1) AU2002366885A1 (zh)
DE (1) DE60227990D1 (zh)
SE (1) SE0104403D0 (zh)
WO (1) WO2003055059A1 (zh)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20080024210A1 (en) * 2006-07-28 2008-01-31 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Method and apparatus to correct an error in a switching power amplifier
WO2009019460A1 (en) * 2007-08-03 2009-02-12 Wolfson Microelectronics Plc Amplifier circuit and method of amplifying a signal in an amplifier circuit
US8995691B2 (en) 2008-07-14 2015-03-31 Audera Acoustics Inc. Audio amplifier

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JP3928728B2 (ja) 2003-09-19 2007-06-13 ソニー株式会社 デジタルアンプ
SE0302681D0 (sv) 2003-10-09 2003-10-09 Bang & Olufsen Icepower As Method for pulse area modulation
JP2005192067A (ja) * 2003-12-26 2005-07-14 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd オーディオ増幅器
KR100710509B1 (ko) * 2006-04-11 2007-04-25 남상욱 펄스면적변조를 이용한 고효율 선형 전력증폭기 시스템
FR2932624B1 (fr) * 2008-06-16 2010-08-20 Univ D Aix Marseille I Amplificateur numerique classe d comprenant un reducteur de bruit.
EP2308171A2 (fr) * 2008-06-16 2011-04-13 Universite Aix-Marseille I Amplificateur numerique classe d configure pour mettre en forme des non-idealites d'un signal de sortie
KR20100008749A (ko) * 2008-07-16 2010-01-26 삼성전자주식회사 스위칭 파워 증폭 장치 및 그 제어 방법
WO2011161911A1 (ja) 2010-06-25 2011-12-29 パナソニック株式会社 増幅装置
EP2575309B1 (en) * 2011-09-22 2014-11-05 Alcatel Lucent A method for pulse width modulation, and a transmitter therefor

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US5049841A (en) * 1990-07-11 1991-09-17 General Electric Company Electronically reconfigurable digital pad attenuator using segmented field effect transistors
US5831418A (en) 1996-12-03 1998-11-03 Fujitsu Ltd. Step-up/down DC-to-DC converter
US6127885A (en) 1998-08-31 2000-10-03 Cello, Limited Class D amplifiers including transition zone modulation
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US6700518B2 (en) * 2000-05-22 2004-03-02 Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha Digital switching amplifier

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US5049841A (en) * 1990-07-11 1991-09-17 General Electric Company Electronically reconfigurable digital pad attenuator using segmented field effect transistors
US6229288B1 (en) 1995-01-11 2001-05-08 Microplanet Ltd. Method and apparatus for electronic power control
US5831418A (en) 1996-12-03 1998-11-03 Fujitsu Ltd. Step-up/down DC-to-DC converter
US6556631B1 (en) * 1998-03-02 2003-04-29 Pioneer Electronic Corporation RDS data demodulator capable of precisely attenuating ARI signal
US6127885A (en) 1998-08-31 2000-10-03 Cello, Limited Class D amplifiers including transition zone modulation
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US20080024210A1 (en) * 2006-07-28 2008-01-31 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Method and apparatus to correct an error in a switching power amplifier
US7795962B2 (en) 2006-07-28 2010-09-14 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Method and apparatus to correct an error in a switching power amplifier
WO2009019460A1 (en) * 2007-08-03 2009-02-12 Wolfson Microelectronics Plc Amplifier circuit and method of amplifying a signal in an amplifier circuit
US20110221533A1 (en) * 2007-08-03 2011-09-15 John Paul Lesso Amplifier circuit and method of amplifying a signal in an amplifier circuit
US8198941B2 (en) 2007-08-03 2012-06-12 Wolfson Microelectronics Plc Amplifier circuit and method of amplifying a signal in an amplifier circuit
US8514025B2 (en) 2007-08-03 2013-08-20 Wolfson Microelectronics Plc Amplifier circuit and method of amplifying a signal in an amplifier circuit
US8988149B2 (en) 2007-08-03 2015-03-24 Cirrus Logic International (Uk) Limited Amplifier circuit and method of amplifying a signal in an amplifier circuit
US9252729B2 (en) 2007-08-03 2016-02-02 Cirrus Logic International Semiconductor Ltd. Amplifier circuit and method of amplifying a signal in an amplifier circuit
US8995691B2 (en) 2008-07-14 2015-03-31 Audera Acoustics Inc. Audio amplifier

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AU2002366885A1 (en) 2003-07-09
KR20040081436A (ko) 2004-09-21
KR101006044B1 (ko) 2011-01-06
JP2005513901A (ja) 2005-05-12
CN100424994C (zh) 2008-10-08
SE0104403D0 (sv) 2001-12-21
JP4188838B2 (ja) 2008-12-03
WO2003055059A1 (en) 2003-07-03
CN1608343A (zh) 2005-04-20
EP1456943A1 (en) 2004-09-15
EP1456943B1 (en) 2008-07-30
US20050168204A1 (en) 2005-08-04
ATE403266T1 (de) 2008-08-15
EP1456943B8 (en) 2009-01-07
DE60227990D1 (de) 2008-09-11

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