US6589451B1 - Optical shutter - Google Patents
Optical shutter Download PDFInfo
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- US6589451B1 US6589451B1 US09/705,118 US70511800A US6589451B1 US 6589451 B1 US6589451 B1 US 6589451B1 US 70511800 A US70511800 A US 70511800A US 6589451 B1 US6589451 B1 US 6589451B1
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- optical shutter
- absorption
- free radical
- change
- compound
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B26/00—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements
- G02B26/02—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements for controlling the intensity of light
- G02B26/04—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements for controlling the intensity of light by periodically varying the intensity of light, e.g. using choppers
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B26/00—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements
- G02B26/02—Optical devices or arrangements for the control of light using movable or deformable optical elements for controlling the intensity of light
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/0126—Opto-optical modulation, i.e. control of one light beam by another light beam, not otherwise provided for in this subclass
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/061—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on electro-optical organic material
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/29—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the position or the direction of light beams, i.e. deflection
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F2203/00—Function characteristic
- G02F2203/11—Function characteristic involving infrared radiation
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the field of optical shutters and, particularly, pertains to optical shutters which operate in the near-infrared and/or visible wavelength regions. More specifically, this invention pertains to optical shutters comprising an organic free radical compound, wherein the organic free radical compound forms an oxidized or a reduced product having a change in absorption in a near-infrared or a visible wavelength region as a result of a photo-induced electron transfer reaction of the free radical compound.
- An all-optical switch typically switches an optical signal from one output port to another. This is typically accomplished by applying an input pump signal from a pump laser source to cause the optical signal to be selectively switched.
- the switch is responsive to the laser pump signal to selectively switch the light of the optical signal to one or the other of the output ports.
- one basic configuration for an all-optical switch is a Mach-Zehnder interferometer which includes a first fiber optic input arm for receiving an input optical signal and a second fiber optic input arm for receiving a switching pump signal. The input arms are fused together to form a first coupler which subsequently branches out into two intermediate arms.
- the first coupler splits the input light signal into equal portions which then enter the two intermediate arms.
- the two intermediate arms are once again fused to form a second coupler which branches into two output arms.
- the two signals are recombined by the second coupler. If the two signals are in phase at the second coupler, then all the light is coupled into a first one of the two output ports. If the two signals are completely out of phase, then the light is coupled into the other of the two output ports.
- the reliability of the Mach-Zehnder interferometer for optical switching is typically sensitive to temperature-dependent effects.
- the need for improved optical switches is increased by the use of wavelength add/drop multiplexing (WADM) which converts the optical signal in the optical fiber into, for example, 16 signals at 16 different wavelengths in a near-infrared range of about 1540 to 1560 nm, as, for example, described in Bell Labs Technical Journal , January-March 1999, pages 207 to 229, and references therein, by Giles et al.; and in U.S. Pat. No. 5,959,749 to Danagher et al. There is about 1 nm between the wavelength channels.
- the primary function of the optical switch is to add and/or drop optical signals from the multiple wavelengths traveling through the optical fiber.
- optical switches It would be highly desirable to have arrays of optical switches to handle the optical signals from multiple wavelengths per optical fiber and from multiple optical fibers, such as up to 100 ⁇ 100 or greater optical switch arrays. Also, it would be highly desirable if the response time for the optical switch is ultrafast, such as I nanosecond or less.
- An organic free radical compound where the excited state is an excited state from the free radical ground state may have a rapid internal conversion from this excited state back to the ground state with a concomitant production of heat in a time scale of as low as 1 picosecond or less.
- an organic radical cation compound absorbs photons in the presence of a thermochromic compound, converts the absorbed photons to heat in less than 1 nanosecond, and causes a change in absorption due to heat-induced changes in the thermochromic compound, as described in PCT International Publication No. WO 98/54615, titled “Optical Shutter Device” and published Dec. 3, 1998, to Carlson.
- the present invention utilizes an organic free radical compound which undergoes a photo-induced electron transfer reaction which causes changes in absorption due to the oxidation or the reduction of the free radical compound.
- This photo-induced electron transfer reaction may occur faster and with higher efficiency than internal conversion of the absorbed photons to heat or, alternatively, may have a similar or slightly lower speed and efficiency than this internal conversion to heat so that both electron transfer and heat formation processes occur.
- One aspect of the present invention pertains to an optical shutter comprising an organic free radical compound in which the free radical compound is characterized by forming an oxidized or reduced product having a change in absorption in a near-infrared wavelength region as a result of a photo-induced electron transfer reaction of the free radical compound.
- the free radical compound is a radical cation, preferably an aminium radical cation, and most preferably, the radical cation is tris (p-dibutylaminophenyl) aminium hexafluoroantimonate.
- the free radical compound is a radical anion, preferably an anthrasemiquinone radical anion.
- the free radical compound is a radical cation, and the optical shutter further comprises a radical anion.
- the free radical compound is a radical anion, and the optical shutter further comprises a radical cation.
- the free radical compound comprises one or more radical cations and one or more radical anions, and the change in absorption results from a photo-induced electron transfer reaction of at least one of the one or more radical cations and of at least one of the one or more radical anions.
- the free radical compound comprises a salt of a radical cation and a radical anion.
- the change in absorption is greater than 0.1, preferably greater than 0.5, and more preferably greater than 1.5.
- the near-infrared wavelength region of the change in absorption is from 700 to 1000 nm.
- the near-infrared wavelength region of the change in absorption is from 1000 to 1400 nm, preferably from 1400 to 1600 nm, more preferably from 1520 to 1580 nm, and most preferably from 1500 nm to 1700 nm.
- the photo-induced electron transfer reaction occurs in less than 1 nanosecond after absorption of photons by the free radical compound, preferably occurs in less than 0.1 nanoseconds, more preferably occurs in less than 0.01 nanoseconds, and most preferably occurs in less than 0.001 nanoseconds or less than 1 picosecond after absorption of photons by the free radical compound.
- the photo-induced electron transfer reaction is an oxidation of the free radical compound.
- Suitable electron transfer reactions include, but are not limited to, an one-electron oxidation of the free radical compound, a two-electron oxidation of the free radical compound, an one-electron reduction of the free radical compound, and a two-electron reduction of the free radical compound.
- the change in absorption is reversible.
- the reversible change in absorption is induced by heat.
- the reversible change in absorption is induced by radiation selected from the group consisting of: ultraviolet radiation, visible radiation, and infrared radiation; and, preferably, the reversible change in absorption is further induced by the presence of oxygen.
- the reversible change in absorption occurs at less than 50° C. in the absence of radiation.
- the reversible change in absorption occurs in less than 1 second, preferably occurs in less than 10 milliseconds, more preferably occurs in less than 1 millisecond, and most preferably occurs in less than 0.1 milliseconds.
- the photo-induced electron transfer reaction is induced by ultraviolet radiation.
- the photo-induced electron transfer reaction is induced by visible radiation, and preferably is induced by near-infrared radiation.
- the photo-induced electron transfer reaction is induced by absorption of photons by a free radical ground state of the free radical compound.
- the optical shutter further comprises a metallized layer on at least one side of a layer comprising the free radical compound of the optical shutter.
- the metallized layer comprises aluminum.
- One aspect of the present invention pertains to an optical shutter comprising an organic radical cation compound in which the radical cation compound is characterized by forming an oxidized or a reduced product having a change in absorption in a near-infrared wavelength region as a result of a photo-induced electron transfer reaction of the radical cation compound.
- the optical shutter further comprises a radical anion.
- Another aspect of this invention pertains to an optical shutter comprising an organic radical anion compound in which the radical anion compound is characterized by forming an oxidized or a reduced product having a change in absorption in a near-infrared wavelength region as a result of a photo-induced electron transfer reaction of the radical anion compound.
- the optical shutter further comprises a radical cation.
- Still another aspect of the present invention pertains to an optical shutter comprising one or more radical cations and one or more radical anions, wherein at least one of the radical cations and at least one of the radical anions is characterized by forming an oxidized or a reduced product having a change in absorption in a near-infrared wavelength region as a result of a photo-induced electron transfer reaction of at least one of the one or more radical cations and at least one of the one or more radical anions.
- an optical shutter comprising an organic free radical compound, preferably a radical cation compound or a radical anion compound, in which the free radical compound is characterized by forming an oxidized or a reduced product having a change in absorption in a visible and/or a near-infrared region as a result of a photo-induced electron transfer reaction of the free radical compound, wherein the change in absorption is reversible.
- the optical shutter is utilized in an optical switch for a fiber optics communications channel.
- Yet another aspect of this invention pertains to an optical shutter comprising an organic free radical compound in which the free radical compound is characterized by forming an oxidized or a reduced product having a change in absorption in a visible wavelength region as a result of a photo-induced electron transfer reaction of the free radical compound.
- the change in absorption is reversible.
- the change in absorption is reversible, and the optical shutter is utilized in a viewing lens of an eyewear device.
- an optical shutter comprising an organic free radical compound in which the free radical compound is characterized by forming an oxidized or a reduced product having a change in absorption in a visible or a near-infrared wavelength region as a result of a photo-induced electron transfer reaction of the free radical compound.
- the optical shutter is utilized in a laser protection device for protection of eyes or sensors from a source of laser radiation.
- the optical shutter is utilized in a security protection system based on detecting the change in absorption upon exposure of the optical shutter in the security protection system to high intensity radiation selected from the group consisting of: ultraviolet radiation, visible radiation, and infrared radiation.
- optical shutters of the present invention provide superior speed of response, such as a response time of 1000 picoseconds or less, to the incident radiation, and are particularly useful in systems where an all-optical shutter mechanism is desirable.
- organic free radical compounds pertains to organic compounds which comprise at least one free unpaired electron on a neutral atom, such as, for example, a carbon atom, a nitrogen atom, or an oxygen atom, in the ground state of the organic compound.
- Suitable organic free radical compounds for the optical shutters of the present invention include neutral organic free radicals, organic free radical cations, and organic free radical anions.
- organic free radical cation refers to a positively charged atom in a molecule, such as, for example, a positively charged nitrogen atom.
- organic free radical anion refers to a negatively charged atom in a molecule, such as, for example, a negatively charged oxygen atom. It should be noted that the free unpaired electron and the positive and negative charges of the organic free radical compounds may be localized on a single atom or shared among more than one atom.
- Suitable organic free radical cations for the optical shutters of this invention include, but are not limited to, aminium radical cations, such as, for example, tris (p-dibutylaminophenyl) aminium hexafluoroantimonate, which is commercially available as IR-165, a trademark for a dye available from Glendale Technologies, Inc., Lakeland, Fla.
- IR-165 is known to be a stable material that may exist in a layer of material, such as in a polymeric coating, under normal room conditions for an extended period of time.
- suitable organic free radical anions for the optical shutters of the present invention include, but are not limited to, anthrasemiquinone radical anions, such as, for example, described in Photochemistry and Photobiology , Vol. 17, pages 123-131 (1973) by Carlson and Hercules.
- organic free radical compounds Due to the presence of the free radical moiety, organic free radical compounds have unique longer wavelength absorptions and unique photothermal and photochemical transformations, particularly when compared to the corresponding non-free radical compounds.
- absorption spectra of IR-165, a radical cation, and its extremely rapid internal conversion of absorbed photons to heat is described in various publications, such as in PCT International Publication No. WO 98/54615, and refernces therein, to Carlson.
- the absorption spectra of 9,10-anthrasemiquinone radical anion and its photochemistry are described in the above-referenced publication by Carlson and Hercules and in The Photochemistry of Anthraquinone and Related Compounds , Ph.D. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1969, by Carlson.
- An organic free radical compound where the excited state is an excited state from the free radical ground state may have a rapid internal conversion from this excited state back to the ground state with an accompanying production of heat by this photothermal process in a time scale of as low as 1 picosecond or less, as, for example, observed with coatings of IR-165 upon high intensity laser irradiation at 1065 nm where the absorption is from a free radical ground state.
- the sub-picosecond speed of this photon-to-heat conversion is described, for example, in PCT International Publication No. WO 98/54615, and references therein, to Carlson.
- the present invention is directed at utilizing organic free radical compounds that undergo a photo-induced electron transfer reaction that competes with and, preferably, exceeds the speed of these photothermal processes for use in an optical shutter where the desired change in absorption upon optical excitation is a result of the formation of an oxidized or a reduced product of the organic free radical compound due to the photo-induced electron transfer reaction.
- a light yellow-green layer comprising IR-165 upon laser exposure at 1065 nm may undergo photo-induced electron transfer reactions which compete efficiently with the ultrafast photothermal processes of IR-165 to produce an oxidized product having a change in absorption in both the visible and the near-infrared wavelength regions or, alternatively, to produce a reduced product having a change in absorption in both the visible and the near-infrared wavelength regions.
- the oxidized product of IR-165 may be a blue compound from a two-electron photo-induced electron transfer reaction, particularly when the layer of IR-165 comprises a polymer, such as nitrocellulose, which promotes oxidation of IR-165 upon exposure to radiation.
- the reduced product of IR-165 may be an intense green compound from an one-electron photo-induced electron transfer reaction, particularly when the layer of IR-165 comprises a polymer which does not promote oxidation of IR-165 upon exposure to radiation.
- the green, reduced product of IR-165 has new intense absorption peaks at 950 nm and 1480 nm, in comparison to the absorption of IR-165.
- these blue oxidized or green reduced compounds may be transient compounds and may revert to the starting IR-165 material at various speeds from less than 0.1 milliseconds to many seconds.
- a photo-induced reaction may be utilized to accelerate the reversion back to the starting IR-165 material.
- layers comprising anthrasemiquinone radical anions may undergo photo-induced electron transfer reactions which occur very rapidly and compete efficiently with the photothermal processes of these radical anions, to produce a reduced product having a change in absorption in both the visible and the near-infrared wavelength regions.
- This change in absorption typically includes a loss in absorption in the near-infrared wavelength region due to the conversion of the radical anion to a non-free radical compound, such as, for example, a dianion.
- One aspect of the present invention pertains to an optical shutter comprising an organic free radical compound in which the free radical compound is characterized by forming an oxidized or a reduced product having a change in absorption in a visible and/or a near-infrared wavelength region as a result of a photo-induced electron transfer reaction of the free radical compound.
- the term “near-infrared wavelength region,” as used herein, pertains to wavelengths from 700 nm to 2000 nm.
- the term “visible wavelength region,” as used herein, pertains to wavelengths from 400 to 700 nm.
- the free radical compound is a radical cation, preferably an aminium radical cation, and most preferably, the radical cation is tris (p-dibutylaminophenyl) aminium hexafluoroantimonate (TAH).
- the free radical compound is a radical anion, preferably an anthrasemiquinone (ASQ) radical anion.
- the free radical compound is a radical cation
- the optical shutter further comprises a radical anion.
- the absorption change occurs as a result of the radical cation forming an oxidized or a reduced product, but the radical anion increases the efficiency of the photo-induced electron transfer reaction.
- the free radical compound is a radical anion
- the optical shutter further comprises a radical cation.
- the absorption change occurs as a result of the radical anion forming an oxidized or a reduced product, but the radical cation increases the efficiency of the photo-induced electron transfer reaction.
- the free radical compound comprises one or more radical cations and one or more radical anions
- the change in absorption results from a photo-induced electron transfer reaction of at least one of the one or more radical cations and of at least one of the one or more radical anions.
- the photo-induced electron transfer reaction may involve a joint photooxidation-photoreduction of a radical cation and a radical anion, including, for example, photosensitization of the electron transfer reaction of the radical cation, such as IR-165, by the radical anion, such as ASQ radical anion, or, alternatively, photosensitization of the electron transfer reaction of the radical anion by the radical cation.
- the free radical compound comprises a salt of a radical cation and a radical anion.
- This association of the radical cation molecules and the radical anion molecules in close proximity to each other, such as, for example, using the ASQ radical anion as the anion for some or all of the IR-165 radical cation, may enhance the speed and efficiency of the photo-induced electron transfer reaction and also of the reverse electron transfer reaction to reform the original free radical compounds.
- the change in absorption is greater than 0.1, preferably greater than 0.5, and more preferably greater than 1.5.
- These absorption changes are measured in optical density units, as known in the art, where an optical density of 1.0 corresponds to 90% absorption and 10% transmission of the incident wavelength or wavelengths of radiation.
- an initial absorption or optical density of the optical shutter of 0.1 at 1546 nm that changes to an absorption or optical density in the optical shutter of 1.6 at 1546 nm would have a change in absorption of 1.6 minus 0.1 or 1.5.
- the near-infrared wavelength region of the change in absorption is from 700 to 1000 nm.
- the near-infrared wavelength region of the change in absorption is from 1000 to 1400 nm, preferably from 1400 to 1600 nm, more preferably from 1520 to 1580 nm, and most preferably from 1500 to 1700 mn.
- the photo-induced electron transfer reaction occurs in less than 1 nanosecond after absorption of photons by the free radical compound, preferably occurs in less than 0.1 nanoseconds, more preferably occurs in less than 0.01 nanoseconds, and most preferably occurs in less than 0.001 nanoseconds.
- the photoinduced electron transfer reaction is an oxidation of the free radical compound.
- Suitable electron transfer reactions include, but are not limited to, an one-electron oxidation of the free radical compound, a two-electron oxidation of the free radical compound, an one-electron reduction of the free radical compound, and a two-electron reduction of the free radical compound.
- the oxidation product of a radical cation may be a diradical which may readily undergo reverse electron transfer to regenerate the radical cation.
- the reduction product of a radical anion may be a dianion which may readily undergo reverse electron transfer to regenerate the radical anion and, in the case of ASQ radical anion and the corresponding dianion, this could involve the controlled presence of oxygen during the reverse electron transfer process.
- the change in absorption is reversible.
- the reversible change in absorption is induced by heat.
- the reversible change in absorption is induced by radiation selected from the group consisting of: ultraviolet radiation, visible radiation, and infrared radiation; and, preferably, the reversible change in absorption is further induced by the presence of oxygen.
- the ASQ radical anion and the corresponding dianion are both unstable in the presence of oxygen and, in the presence of oxygen, may be oxidized to the corresponding anthraquinone compound, which anthraquinone compound may subsequently be photoreduced or otherwise reduced by known methods to form the corresponding ASQ radical anion.
- the reversible change in absorption occurs at less than 50° C. in the absence of radiation. In one embodiment, the reversible change in absorption occurs in less than 1 second, preferably occurs in less than 10 milliseconds, more preferably occurs in less than 1 millisecond, and most preferably occurs in less than 0.1 milliseconds.
- the photoinduced electron transfer reaction is induced by ultraviolet radiation.
- the photo-induced electron transfer is induced by visible radiation, and preferably is induced by near-infrared radiation.
- the photo-induced electron transfer reaction is induced by absorption of photons by a free radical ground state of the free radical compound. This is particularly important where the excited states of the free radical moiety ground state of the free radical compound can not be efficiently populated by absorption by a non-free radical ground state, such as, for example, by an aromatic moiety ground state, and by its subsequent internal conversion to a lower excited state related to the free radical moiety ground state.
- the optical shutter further comprises a metallized layer on at least one side of a layer comprising the free radical compound of the optical shutter.
- the metallized layer comprises aluminum. This metallized layer may serve a variety of functions, such as, for example, reflecting more incident radiation back through the optical shutter layer, enhancing heat development in the optical shutter layer, and acting as an enhanced or a reduced reflective element in an optical switch comprising the optical shutter of this invention.
- One aspect of the present invention pertains to an optical shutter comprising an organic radical cation compound in which the radical cation compound is characterized by forming an oxidized or a reduced product having a change in absorption in a visible and/or near-infrared wavelength region as a result of a photo-induced electron transfer reaction of the radical cation compound.
- the optical shutter further comprises a radical anion.
- Another aspect of this invention pertains to an optical shutter comprising an organic radical anion compound in which the radical anion compound is characterized by forming an oxidized or a reduced product having a change in absorption in a visible and/or near-infrared region as a result of a photo-induced electron transfer reaction of the radical anion compound.
- the optical shutter further comprises a radical cation.
- Still another aspect of the present invention pertains to an optical shutter comprising one or more radical cations and one or more radical anions, wherein at least one of the radical cations and at least one of the radical anions is characterized by forming an oxidized or a reduced product having a change in absorption in a visible and/or near-infrared wavelength region as a result of a photo-induced electron transfer reaction of at least one of the one or more radical cations and at least one of the one or more radical anions.
- an optical shutter comprising an organic free radical compound, preferably a radical cation compound or a radical anion compound, in which the free radical compound is characterized by forming an oxidized or a reduced product having a change in absorption in a visible and/or near-infrared region as a result of a photo-induced electron transfer reaction of the free radical compound, wherein the change in absorption is reversible.
- the optical shutter is utilized in an optical switch for a fiber optics communications channel.
- an initial optical density of less than 0.1 or greater than 80% transmission in the 1525 to 1575 nm region of interest for the optical switch may be switched to an optical density of greater than 1.6 or less than 2.5% transmission in less than 1 nanosecond and then reversibly switched back to the initial optical density in less than 1 second.
- Yet another aspect of this invention pertains to an optical shutter comprising an organic free radical compound in which the free radical compound is characterized by forming an oxidized or a reduced product having a change in absorption in a visible wavelength region as a result of a photo-induced electron transfer reaction of the free radical compound, wherein in one embodiment, the change in absorption is reversible.
- the change in absorption is reversible, and the optical shutter is utilized in a viewing lens of an eyewear device, such as, for example, in sunglasses.
- an optical shutter comprising an organic free radical compound in which the free radical compound is characterized by forming an oxidized or a reduced product having a change in absorption in a visible or a near-infrared wavelength region as a result of a photo-induced electron transfer reaction of the free radical compound.
- the optical shutter is utilized in a laser protection device for protection of eyes or sensors from a source of laser radiation.
- the optical shutter is utilized in a security protection system based on detecting the change in absorption upon exposure of the optical shutter in the security protection system to high intensity radiation selected from the group consisting of: ultraviolet radiation, visible radiation, and infrared radiation.
- the high intensity radiation may be produced by a pulsed laser which provides a unique light intensity to trigger the optical shutter, which is not activated under ambient room light and other conventional conditions.
- organic nature of the organic free radical compounds and the optical shutter of the present invention are advantageous for ease of fabrication, such as by conventional methods of coating or plastic molding, in comparison to inorganic glass materials typically used in all-optical or hybrid optical shutters and switches.
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Nonlinear Science (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Optical Modulation, Optical Deflection, Nonlinear Optics, Optical Demodulation, Optical Logic Elements (AREA)
- Eyeglasses (AREA)
Priority Applications (1)
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US09/705,118 US6589451B1 (en) | 1999-11-03 | 2000-11-02 | Optical shutter |
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US16334999P | 1999-11-03 | 1999-11-03 | |
US09/705,118 US6589451B1 (en) | 1999-11-03 | 2000-11-02 | Optical shutter |
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US6589451B1 true US6589451B1 (en) | 2003-07-08 |
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US09/706,166 Expired - Lifetime US6381059B1 (en) | 1999-11-03 | 2000-11-03 | Optical shutter |
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US09/706,166 Expired - Lifetime US6381059B1 (en) | 1999-11-03 | 2000-11-03 | Optical shutter |
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US (2) | US6589451B1 (ja) |
EP (2) | EP1248961A2 (ja) |
JP (2) | JP2003515188A (ja) |
AU (2) | AU772671B2 (ja) |
CA (2) | CA2389729A1 (ja) |
WO (2) | WO2001037034A2 (ja) |
Cited By (1)
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US9266373B2 (en) | 2009-07-15 | 2016-02-23 | Optodot Corporation | Dual vesicular and infrared imaging media |
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US6589451B1 (en) * | 1999-11-03 | 2003-07-08 | Optodot Corporation | Optical shutter |
US6583916B2 (en) * | 1999-11-03 | 2003-06-24 | Optodot Corporation | Optical shutter assembly |
US20040165246A1 (en) * | 1999-11-03 | 2004-08-26 | Carlson Steven Allen | Electro-optic modulators |
US6525859B2 (en) * | 2000-04-18 | 2003-02-25 | Optodot Corporation | Optical shutter |
US6577441B2 (en) * | 2000-09-01 | 2003-06-10 | Optodot Corporation | Optical amplifier |
US7330659B2 (en) * | 2001-03-02 | 2008-02-12 | Lucent Technologies Inc. | Wavelength filter that operates on sets of wavelength channels |
US20040175174A1 (en) * | 2003-01-21 | 2004-09-09 | Avraham Suhami | Method and apparatus for ultrafast serial-to-parallel conversion and analog sampling |
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Cited By (1)
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US9266373B2 (en) | 2009-07-15 | 2016-02-23 | Optodot Corporation | Dual vesicular and infrared imaging media |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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CA2389467A1 (en) | 2001-05-10 |
JP2003513336A (ja) | 2003-04-08 |
AU772621B2 (en) | 2004-05-06 |
WO2001037034A3 (en) | 2002-07-18 |
WO2001033286A1 (en) | 2001-05-10 |
EP1248961A2 (en) | 2002-10-16 |
WO2001037034A2 (en) | 2001-05-25 |
AU772671B2 (en) | 2004-05-06 |
JP2003515188A (ja) | 2003-04-22 |
CA2389729A1 (en) | 2001-05-25 |
AU1461001A (en) | 2001-05-14 |
US6381059B1 (en) | 2002-04-30 |
EP1230577A1 (en) | 2002-08-14 |
AU3642801A (en) | 2001-05-30 |
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