US6137887A - Directional microphone system - Google Patents

Directional microphone system Download PDF

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US6137887A
US6137887A US08/931,032 US93103297A US6137887A US 6137887 A US6137887 A US 6137887A US 93103297 A US93103297 A US 93103297A US 6137887 A US6137887 A US 6137887A
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microphone
signal
audio
sensitive
sound system
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Matthew G. Anderson
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Shure Inc
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Shure Inc
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Assigned to SHURE BROTHERS INCORPORATED reassignment SHURE BROTHERS INCORPORATED ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: ANDERSON, MATTHEW G.
Priority to EP98946063A priority patent/EP0938830A4/fr
Priority to PCT/US1998/019107 priority patent/WO1999014984A1/fr
Priority to AU93159/98A priority patent/AU9315998A/en
Priority to JP51804099A priority patent/JP2001505396A/ja
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04R—LOUDSPEAKERS, MICROPHONES, GRAMOPHONE PICK-UPS OR LIKE ACOUSTIC ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSDUCERS; DEAF-AID SETS; PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS
    • H04R3/00—Circuits for transducers, loudspeakers or microphones
    • H04R3/005—Circuits for transducers, loudspeakers or microphones for combining the signals of two or more microphones

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  • the present invention relates to automatic microphone control systems and, more particularly, to an enhancement of the invention disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,489,442, issued to Carl R. Anderson, et al. entitled “Sound Actuated Microphone System” and 4,658,425, issued to Stephen D. Julstrom, entitled “Microphone Actuation Control System Suitable for Teleconference Systems.”
  • U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,489,442 and 4,658,425 are both owned by the same entity as the present application.
  • Multiple microphones are used to insure that each person's voice can be picked up by at least one microphone at a relatively close distance to his mouth thereby helping to insure that the audio quality, including intelligibility, is sufficient for each person.
  • using only one microphone invariably means that some talkers will be farther away from the microphone than others. The talkers who are far from the microphone might not have their voices heard well above the rooms background noise.
  • Using multiple microphones results in a higher ratio of direct sound from the talker's voice to room noise and reverberation at each microphone.
  • the use of multiple microphones that all pick up the unwanted ambient noise and reverberation as well as the desired talker's voice creates several other problems.
  • the Anderson patent teaches a method and apparatus for determining if a given microphone should be turned ON or OFF by using two, back-to-back cardioid microphone elements. If a talker's voice originates from in front of the microphone, then the signal heard by the front-oriented microphone will be louder than the rear-oriented microphone, and the microphone should then be turned ON.
  • the output signal from a cardioid microphone element can be plotted in polar coordinates which will produce the heart-shaped graph shown in FIG. 3 of the Anderson patent.
  • a sound wave incident upon a cardioid microphone element at an angle theta will have an output level represented by the vector "S".
  • FIG. 3 is a polar coordinate plot of the cardioid element as a function of the angle of incidence of an acoustic wave.
  • a wave that impinges upon the element at 0 degrees will produce the highest possible output; a wave that impinges upon the rear of the element, i.e. at 180 degrees, in theory, produces no output.
  • the combination of the polar responses of the elements with the circuitry described in the Anderson patent yields a direction-sensitive microphone which will turn ON if a sound originates within a predetermined angle in front of the microphone; it is spatially selective.
  • the invention disclosed in the Anderson patent is effective in providing spatial selection of microphones, such spatial selection is often insufficient to avoid unwanted detection of an audio source.
  • the spatial selectivity of the microphones is inadequate to avoid turning ON several of the microphones if a sound source originates within the sound-sensitive space of more than one of the microphones.
  • the Julstrom patent disclosed a circuit for comparing the outputs of several microphones in an audio sound system and for turning ON only one microphone per talker, the Julstrom patent does not provide any means for spatial selection of microphones; a talker can turn ON a microphone if he is not in front of it.
  • An object of the present invention is to provide an audio system that identifies if a talker is within some predetermined location with respect to the microphone and identifies the microphone that best hears the talker.
  • an improved multiple-microphone audio system that identifies which microphone of a plurality of microphones best detects an audio source.
  • the system employs multiple unidirectional microphones per channel and associated circuitry to turn OFF a microphone channel for audio signals originating from sources outside a predetermined geometric angle formed by a normal to the microphone's sensing element. Additional signal processing evaluates output signal amplitudes from the other microphones and detects which microphone instantaneously has the largest output signal. The largest-signal determination is logically "AND"ed with the front-of-microphone signal amplitude test to identify the microphone that best "hears" a talker.
  • FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of a multiple-microphone audio system.
  • FIG. 2A shows a simplified cross-sectional diagram of a unidirectional microphone employed in the preferred embodiment herein.
  • FIG. 2B shows a simplified plot of the relative output level of the cardioid microphone elements used in the microphone shown in FIG. 2A as a function of an audio signal's angle of incidence upon the included microphone elements.
  • FIG. 2C shows the two plots shown in FIG. 2B overlaid to show the difference in output signal level from the front cardioid element versus the rear cardioid element.
  • FIG. 3A shows a functional block diagram of the preferred embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 3B shows an alternate implementation of the invention and the functional elements of a digital signal processor implementation thereof.
  • FIG. 3C shows an alternate implementation of the invention and the functional elements of a microprocessor implementation thereof.
  • FIG. 1 shows a multiple-microphone sound system (10) contemplated by the embodiment described herein.
  • a talker (12) whose voice is to be amplified or broadcast for other distribution, is generally in front of and within the acoustic detection range of three microphones (14, 16 and 18). As would occur in real experiences, the talker (12) is preferably proximate to at least one of the microphones (14, 16, and 18) but in reality all three microphones "hear" the talker's voice.
  • Outputs from the microphones (14, 16 and 18) are input (20, 22, and 24) to microphone mixer (26), which sums the inputs (20, 22 and 24).
  • the mixer's output (27) feeds an amplifier (29) which drives a loudspeaker (30). While each of the microphones (14, 16, and 18) hear the talker (12), one of the microphones will always hear the talker better than the others.
  • the microphone that is best located or positioned to detect the talker's voice is preferably the only microphone that should be enabled; its output should be the only signal heard from the loudspeaker (30).
  • the invention contemplated herein uses "direction-sensitive" microphones and audio signal amplitude discrimination circuitry to selectively amplify a talker's voice detected from the microphone that best "hears" the talker.
  • FIG. 2A shows a simplified block diagram of a direction-sensitive microphone (50) and is prior art.
  • a housing (51) which in the preferred embodiment is an elongated tube, has mounted within it a first cardioid directional microphone element (54) and a second cardioid directional microphone element (52).
  • the elongated tube (51) is constructed such that audio waves can readily pass through it.
  • a wire or plastic mesh or screen might support the two microphone elements.
  • the tube (51) is constructed from columnar frame members that hold the two microphone elements with the orientations shown in FIG. 2A.
  • the top and bottom outlines of the tube (51) shown in FIG. 2A depict placement of the columnar frame members that hold the directional microphone elements in place.
  • the microphone elements might also be supported by a plurality of rigid or semi-rigid wires maintaining the orientation of the microphone elements inputs as shown.
  • the front, or first, cardioid directional microphone elements (54) has a front audio, or acoustic, input port (54A) and a rear audio input port (54B).
  • the rear, or second, directional microphone element (52) also has a front audio, or acoustic, input port (52A) and a rear input acoustic port (52B).
  • FIG. 3 therein shows a polar coordinates plot of the relative output signal level from a cardioid microphone element as a function of an acoustic signal's angle of incidence upon the microphone.
  • the plot of the relative output amplitude of the first cardioid element (54) is identified by reference numeral 64; the plot of the relative output amplitude of the second cardioid element (52) is identified by reference numeral 66.
  • the cardioid elements (52 and 54) can be considered as directional elements in that their output signals are greatest when an audio wave is incident upon the front audio input port at an angle that is substantially normal to the plane of the front audio input port.
  • the response of cardioid elements is well known and the polar coordinate plot shown in FIG. 2B is also prior art.
  • the first and second microphone elements (52 and 54) are mounted within the elongated tube (51) and are positioned such that the front audio input port (54A) of the first cardioid directional microphone element (54) faces or is oriented to one end of the tube (51) that can be considered to be the front (56) of the microphone (50).
  • the opposite end of the tube (51) is considered the rear (58) of the direction-sensitive microphone (50).
  • audio signals incident upon the front 56 end of the microphone (50) produce an output signal from the first microphone element (54) at its output terminals (62) that will be substantially greater than the amplitude of the signal output from the second microphone element (52) from its output terminals (60).
  • FIG. 2B shows a polar plot of the output levels (64 and 66) produced by the front or first microphone element (54) and the rear or second microphone element (52) for a given angle of acoustic incidence, theta.
  • Vector (65) has a length L front that represents the output level from the front microphone element (54).
  • Vector (67) has a length L rear that represents the output level from the rear microphone element (52).
  • FIG. 2C shows the superposition of the plots (64 and 66) and illustrates that for a sound source positioned at the angle theta, vector (65) L front is substantially greater than vector (67) L rear .
  • FIG. 2C is also disclosed in the aforementioned Anderson patent and is also prior art.
  • the output level of the front microphone element (54) would be approximately 9.5 decibels greater than the output level of the rear microphone element (52).
  • the first microphone element (54) and the second microphone element (52) are both directional microphone elements mounted within the substantially elongated housing (51) which, of course, has a center axis.
  • the angle of incidence of audio signals is measured with respect to the center axis of the microphone elements, which in FIG. 2A is substantially the center axis of the tube (51).
  • the directional microphone elements (52 and 54) can be mounted in housings other than tubes, such as cubes, cones, or other geometrically shaped housings.
  • the directional microphone elements are preferably collinear and kept proximate to each other so as to be able to accurately measure differences in audio signal amplitudes incident upon (heard by) both elements wherever they are placed in a room.
  • the rear audio input ports of the two microphone elements (54 and 52) are oriented such that they face each other in the elongated tube (51).
  • the front audio input ports of both microphone elements (54 and 52) face the opposite ends of the tube (51) or other housing containing the elements.
  • the unidirectional microphone apparatus shown in FIG. 2A is commercially available from Shure Brothers Incorporated in their AMS line of microphones.
  • both microphone elements have output terminals (60 and 62) from which electrical signals are produced, the amplitudes of which represent the relative amplitude of an audio wave impinging upon and thereby detected by the microphone element (52 and 54).
  • the first microphone element (54) has output terminals identified by reference numeral (62).
  • Reference numeral (60) identifies the output terminals of the second microphone element (52).
  • these two sets of electrical output terminals share a common ground and have a signal level from each microphone element available on their own output line. Accordingly, there are three wires connected to the microphone (50).
  • the salient feature of the microphone contemplated by the invention herein is that when audio signals impinge upon the input port (56) of the front direction sensitive microphone element at an angle substantially greater than 60 degrees, the output from the front microphone is less than 9.5 decibels greater than the output from the rear (52) directional microphone element.
  • This 9.5 dB signal differential is determined by subsequent audio signal processing circuitry to be the ratio at which the microphone's output is turned OFF.
  • front-to-back microphone signal differences of less than 9.5 dB result in the audio signal not being amplified by the system.
  • the 60 degree directional sensitivity is a design choice that is determined by the signal processing of the audio output signals from the first and second microphone elements (54 and 52) respectively.
  • the 60-degree cutoff is a predetermined amount of front-to-back signal differential.
  • the output signals from the directional microphone elements (54 and 52) appear at what can be considered front and rear output terminals (62 and 60) of the microphone (50). Signals from these output terminals are subsequently processed by circuitry to determine the difference in amplitude detected by the front and rear microphone elements (54 and 52).
  • FIG. 3A shows a functional block diagram of an audio signal processor that receives the front and rear output signals from the direction-sensitive microphone shown in FIG. 1 and depicted in FIG. 2A.
  • This audio signal processor produces, as an output, audio signals detected by the microphone (50) when the audio signal level from the first or front directional microphone element exceeds the audio signal level detected by the rear, or second, microphone element by approximately 9.5 decibels.
  • the front cardioid element will have an output signal that is approximately 9.5 decibels greater than the output level of the rear cardioid microphone element.
  • the discrimination of the front microphone element against the rear microphone element is performed by the audio signal processing circuit (70A) shown in FIG. 3A.
  • Signal output from the cardioid microphones, front microphone element (54) and rear microphone element (52) are coupled into the audio signal processor (70A) at two inputs thereof (72A and 74A).
  • input (72A) receives signals from the front directional microphone (54) through its output terminals (62) (not shown in FIG. 3A).
  • Audio signals from the rear directional microphone element (52) from its output terminals (60) are coupled into input (74A) of the audio signal processing circuit (70A).
  • Signals received at both inputs (72A and 74A) are pre-amplified (76 and 78) by equal amounts to increase the levels of the signals received from the microphone's front and rear cardioid elements to levels suitable for the subsequent circuitry.
  • Output from pre-amplifier (76) is coupled to a gain fader stage (80) for additional signal processing as described further below.
  • Outputs from preamplifier stages (76 and 78) are then coupled into gain/bandpass equalization stages (82 and 84) which emphasize the speech-band frequencies from the microphone elements and further amplify the signals for subsequent circuitry. These equalized signals are fed to matching half-wave-logarithmic-rectifier and filter stages (86 and 88).
  • the output of the half-wave-logarithmic-rectifier and filter stages (86 and 88) are substantially DC-level signals which do vary but which fairly represent the signal level amplitude output from the front and rear (54 and 52) cardioid microphone elements within microphone (50).
  • the outputs of the half-wave-logarithmic-rectifier and filter stages (86 and 88), are compared (90) to determine whether or not the signal at the front cardioid element (54) exceeds audio detected at the rear cardioid element (52) by some predetermined amount, i.e. 9.5 dB in the preferred embodiment and to produce a direction-sensitive microphone control signal (92).
  • the half-wave-logarithmic-rectifier and filter stages, (86 and 88), have one of their gain values adjusted.
  • the comparator 90 is designed such that its output goes true or active when the signal level input at input (72) exceeds that to input (74) by approximately 9.5 decibels.
  • the 9.5 dB differential is a design choice and reflects the signal level detected by the cardioid elements when an audio source is equal to 60 degrees divergence from a normal to the front microphone element (54). As set forth in the Anderson patent, this 9.5 dB differential is a function of the response of the cardioid microphone element and the trigger points selected by design of the audio signal processing circuitry (70A).
  • the audio signal processing circuit (70A) produces as an output, a signal (92) that goes true, or active, when the amplitude of the output from the first or front cardioid microphone element (54) exceeds the output from the rear or second cardioid element by a predetermined amount.
  • this predetermined amount was determined to be 9.5 decibels. Alternate embodiments could, of course, contemplate a greater or smaller differential to render the output of the comparator (90) true.
  • FIG. 3A also shows a second audio signal processing circuit (70B) with inputs (72B and 74B).
  • each microphone (14, 16 and 18) would, of necessity, be connected to its own audio signal processing circuit.
  • a second audio signal processing circuit (70B) would be connected to a second direction-sensitive microphone.
  • the functional elements shown within the broken line of FIG. 3A and identified by reference numeral 70A are repeated within the signal processing circuit identified by reference numeral (70B).
  • the output of the first preamplifier stage (76) is also processed and is coupled to a gain fader stage (80A) which is a simple gain stage, the output level of which can be varied by the user to adjust the relative gain applied to the different microphones used in the sound system shown in FIG. 1.
  • the gain stage (80A) is a variable gain stage and simply provides a familiar fader level control for each microphone.
  • the output of the gain fader stage (80A) is subsequently processed by a bandpass equalization stage (94) to emphasize speech-band frequency signals such that the circuitry responds to speech and not extraneous room noises.
  • the bandpass equalization stage (94) output is rectified and filtered to produce a near-DC signal.
  • This near-DC signal is then fed to hysteresis gain stage (101A).
  • This stage adds 6 dB of gain to this signal to give a 6-dB advantage to any microphone which is ON. This eliminates any indecision of selecting between two microphones with similar levels.
  • This circuit is also described in the Julstrom patent.
  • This scaled near-DC signal is fed to a sensing diode circuit (98).
  • Output signals from the rectification and filter stages (96A and 96B) and the hysteresis gain stage (101A and 101B) that appear on line (99A and 99B), are a processed version of the audio input signals detected at the front, or first, cardioid microphone element (54).
  • audio signal processing circuit (70B) With respect to audio signal processing circuit (70B), it is receiving signals from another microphone, processing them identically, and producing corresponding signals on its output line (99B) which signals are coupled to another sensing diode circuit (100).
  • Sensing diode circuits are precision rectifier circuits, to greatly reduce the 0.3 to 0.7 volt drop associated with a simple diode.
  • the “anodes” of these circuits are coupled to ground (104) through a resistance (106). At all times, at least one of the sensing diode circuits will be conducting. At any given instant, the channel with the highest input level, as represented by the scaled DC levels (99A, 99B) will conduct.
  • sensing diode circuit (98 or 100) will turn on when scaled signals on output lines (99A and 99B) are greater than the other
  • the circuitry implemented with sensing diode circuit (98) and comparator (102) and sensing diode circuit (104) and comparator (104) act as a comparison circuit that produces an output that identifies which of the microphone signals is greatest or maximum at any instant.
  • sensing diode circuit (98) With respect to the output of the differential amplifier or comparator 102, its output will go “true” on output line (106) if sensing diode circuit (98) is forward biased. Sensing diode circuit (98) will become forward biased only if the voltage on bus 110 is less than the voltage from the audio signal processing circuit 70A on line 97A.
  • the signal on bus 110 can be considered a max signal corresponding to the greater amplitude signal of the front electrical signals output from each direction-sensitive microphone. Conversely, sensing diode circuit (100) will become forward biased only if the signal on line (97B) is greater than the voltage level on the bus 110, hereafter the "max bus.”
  • Outputs from the comparators (102 and 104) are used to gate audio switches (112 and 114) via the AND gates (122A and 122B) and the hold-up circuits (123A and 123B).
  • the audio signals from the audio signal processing circuit (70A) and the max bus (110) and its associated circuitry (80A, 94A, 96A, 98 and 102) effectively act to gate audio signals to an output (120) only if two conditions are satisfied: the audio must originate from in front of the microphone, as indicated by a ratio of front-element level to rear-element level, and determined by the audio signal processing circuitry (70A) AND the signal from the same microphone must be the largest audio signal detected by all of the microphones, as determined by the amplitude processing circuitry (80A, 94A, 96A and 98 and 102).
  • Audio signals on line (77A and 77B), which are output from the channel fader stages (80A and 80B) are substantially the audio signals detected at the front cardioid microphone element of microphone (50).
  • the switches (112 and 114) are prevented from going to an ON state unless the outputs from the audio signal processing circuits (70A and 70B) are themselves true.
  • Output signals (92A and 92B) are logically "AND"ed (122A and 122B) with the outputs from the comparative circuits (102 and 104) to provide the gate or enable signal for the switches (112 and 114) through the hold-up circuits (123A and 123B).
  • hold-up circuits extend the signals at lines (122A and 122B) to approximately 0.5 seconds, for two reasons: First, the hold-up circuit bridges gaps in speech so that the microphone stays ON, and second, the hold-up circuit allows several microphones to turn ON simultaneously for several talkers. This is discussed in the Julstrom patent.
  • FIG. 3B there is shown a functional block diagram of digital signal processor implementing the aforementioned processes, albeit in a digital domain.
  • FIG. 3B could be implemented using a digital signal processor, a microcontroller, a microprocessor, or other digital technology.
  • A/D converter stages 76 and 78
  • DSP digital signal processor
  • the digital representations of the signals from the front microphone element (54) and the rear element (52) are then both bandpass equalized (82 and 84), rectified, converted to logarithmic signals, and then digitally filtered (86 and 88) to produce two numbers in two registers (301 and 302), each representing the envelope of the signals picked up from each cardioid microphone element at any point in time. These two numbers are compared (90) to each other on a sample-by-sample, or on a sub-sampled basis if the amplitude from the front element (54) exceeds that from the rear element (52) by some predetermined amount.
  • the audio signal received from the front microphone element (54) is also processed by a gain setting routine (80A), which increases or decreases the effective data amplitude based on input from a user-adjustable control.
  • This scaled signal is then digitally bandpass filtered (94) as in the preferred embodiment, and then it is rectified and filtered (96), to formulate what is a near-DC representation of the audio signals detected by the front microphone element (54); this representation is stored in a register (97A). This register is then tested against all of the other channels' registers (97B) as set forth above, to compare the output of the first microphone elements, first or front directional element to that output from other microphones.
  • the channel's register that is highest for a given sampling cycle "wins" the max bus comparison, and a comparison flag (307) is set to true for that channel.
  • the comparison flag (307) and the register (92) are then logically "AND”ed (308) together. If this condition is true, then the audio data from the output of gain routine (80A) is routed to the adder stage (112) where it is added to the other channels' signals. From here, the data is sent to the digital-to-analog (D/A) converter (114) and converted back to an analog output signal (120).
  • D/A digital-to-analog
  • the aforementioned routines describe one channel (310A), and these routines can be duplicated for the second channel (310B).
  • FIG. 3C shows yet another alternate embodiment of the invention using a microprocessor (212) to make gating decisions, but using analog circuitry to pass the audio signal.
  • the comparison of microphone output levels is after the microphone preamplifiers (76 and 78) via A/D conversion (200 and 202) to the microprocessor.
  • the signal from the front microphone cartridge (54) is passed through the preamplifier (76) and to the fader stage (204).
  • the output from this fader stage is fed into a third A/D converter (206), which provides the data for the max bus routines.
  • the microprocessor sends a gating control signal to audio switch (208) which feeds the audio signal to line (210) for output to subsequent audio device in the system. All of the routines for filtering and decisions are done in similar fashion as the DSP implementation as illustrated in FIG. 33.
  • the combination of the direction-sensitive microphones are capable of capturing audio signals from sources that are not directly in front of them.
  • the talker's voice produces an increasingly weak signal, which the microphone is not able to detect and discriminate against background noise.
  • An adjacent microphone another second microphone adjacent to a talker, might pick up that talker's voice albeit with less intensity.
  • the audio signal processing circuits described herein analyze the output of the direction-sensitive microphones and amplify such outputs only if the output of the microphone front input exceeds that from the rear input by some predetermined amount. If the directional microphone front input level is substantially greater than the rear input level, the microphone is detecting audio that originating within some predetermined angle in front of the microphone.
  • Subsequent processing of the outputs of all microphones that have, or are detecting, such audio signals are compared to identify which microphone is detecting the strongest signal.
  • the microphone that is detecting the strongest audio signal, and that has an audio signal originating from in front of the direction-sensitive microphone, i.e., greater than 9.5 dB difference between the front and rear inputs, is the microphone most likely to be closest and having the loudest output of the talker.
  • the output of one microphone is identified as having the largest amplitude for a given audio source.
  • the output of the microphone that best hears a source is transmitted to other audio processing equipment, such as a loudspeaker, tapes or other audio distribution equipment.

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Otolaryngology (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
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US08/931,032 1997-09-16 1997-09-16 Directional microphone system Expired - Lifetime US6137887A (en)

Priority Applications (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US08/931,032 US6137887A (en) 1997-09-16 1997-09-16 Directional microphone system
EP98946063A EP0938830A4 (fr) 1997-09-16 1998-09-15 Systeme audio ameliore de microphone directionnel
PCT/US1998/019107 WO1999014984A1 (fr) 1997-09-16 1998-09-15 Systeme audio ameliore de microphone directionnel
AU93159/98A AU9315998A (en) 1997-09-16 1998-09-15 Improved directional microphone audio system
JP51804099A JP2001505396A (ja) 1997-09-16 1998-09-15 改良された指向性マイクロホン・オーディオ・システム

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EP0938830A4 (fr) 2001-10-17
JP2001505396A (ja) 2001-04-17

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