US6127372A - Sulfonamide inhibitors of aspartyl protease - Google Patents

Sulfonamide inhibitors of aspartyl protease Download PDF

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Publication number
US6127372A
US6127372A US08/424,372 US42437296A US6127372A US 6127372 A US6127372 A US 6127372A US 42437296 A US42437296 A US 42437296A US 6127372 A US6127372 A US 6127372A
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group
independently selected
optionally substituted
formula
compound
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Roger Dennis Tung
Francesco Gerald Salituro
David D. Deininger
Mark Andrew Murcko
Perry Michael Novak
Govinda Rao Bhisetti
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Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc
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Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D213/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
    • C07D213/24—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D213/28—Radicals substituted by singly-bound oxygen or sulphur atoms
    • C07D213/30—Oxygen atoms
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/12—Antivirals
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
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    • C07C311/00—Amides of sulfonic acids, i.e. compounds having singly-bound oxygen atoms of sulfo groups replaced by nitrogen atoms, not being part of nitro or nitroso groups
    • C07C311/22—Sulfonamides, the carbon skeleton of the acid part being further substituted by singly-bound oxygen atoms
    • C07C311/29—Sulfonamides, the carbon skeleton of the acid part being further substituted by singly-bound oxygen atoms having the sulfur atom of at least one of the sulfonamide groups bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring
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    • C07C311/30—Sulfonamides, the carbon skeleton of the acid part being further substituted by singly-bound nitrogen atoms, not being part of nitro or nitroso groups
    • C07C311/37—Sulfonamides, the carbon skeleton of the acid part being further substituted by singly-bound nitrogen atoms, not being part of nitro or nitroso groups having the sulfur atom of at least one of the sulfonamide groups bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring
    • C07C311/38—Sulfonamides, the carbon skeleton of the acid part being further substituted by singly-bound nitrogen atoms, not being part of nitro or nitroso groups having the sulfur atom of at least one of the sulfonamide groups bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring having sulfur atoms of sulfonamide groups and amino groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered rings of the same carbon skeleton
    • C07C311/39—Sulfonamides, the carbon skeleton of the acid part being further substituted by singly-bound nitrogen atoms, not being part of nitro or nitroso groups having the sulfur atom of at least one of the sulfonamide groups bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring having sulfur atoms of sulfonamide groups and amino groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered rings of the same carbon skeleton having the nitrogen atom of at least one of the sulfonamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to an acyclic carbon atom
    • C07C311/41—Sulfonamides, the carbon skeleton of the acid part being further substituted by singly-bound nitrogen atoms, not being part of nitro or nitroso groups having the sulfur atom of at least one of the sulfonamide groups bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring having sulfur atoms of sulfonamide groups and amino groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered rings of the same carbon skeleton having the nitrogen atom of at least one of the sulfonamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to an acyclic carbon atom to an acyclic carbon atom of a hydrocarbon radical substituted by nitrogen atoms, not being part of nitro or nitroso groups
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    • C07D213/60—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
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    • C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
    • C07D213/60—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
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    • C07D231/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D231/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
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    • C07D233/72—Two oxygen atoms, e.g. hydantoin
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Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a novel class of sulfonamides which are aspartyl protease inhibitors.
  • this invention relates to a novel class of HIV aspartyl protease inhibitors characterized by specific structural and physicochemical features.
  • This invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising these compounds.
  • the compounds and pharmaceutical compositions of this invention are particularly well suited for inhibiting HIV-1 and HIV-2 protease activity and consequently, may be advantageously used as anti-viral agents against the HIV-1 and HIV-2 viruses.
  • This invention also relates to methods for inhibiting. aspartyl protease activity and methods for treating viral infections using the compounds and compositions of this invention.
  • HIV human immunodeficiency virus
  • AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
  • ARC AIDS-related complex
  • HIV encodes the production of a protease which carries out post-translational cleavage of precursor polypeptides in a process necessary for the formation of infectious virions (S. Crawford et al., "A Deletion Mutation in the 5' Part of the pol Gene of Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus Blocks Proteolytic Processing of the gag and pol Polyproteins", J. Virol., 53, p. 899 (1985)).
  • gene products include pol, which encodes the virion RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase), an endonuclease, HIV protease, and gag, which encodes the core-proteins of the virion (H.
  • a number of synthetic anti-viral agents have been designed to target various stages in the replication cycle of HIV. These agents include compounds which block viral binding to CD4 + T-lymphocytes (for example, soluble CD4), and compounds which interfere with viral replication by inhibiting viral reverse transcriptase (for example, didanosine and zidovudine (AZT)) and inhibit integration of viral DNA into cellular DNA (M. S. Hirsh and R. T. D'Aqulia, "Therapy for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection", N. Eng. J. Med., 328, p. 1686 (1993)).
  • viral reverse transcriptase for example, didanosine and zidovudine (AZT)
  • ZT didanosine and zidovudine
  • M. S. Hirsh and R. T. D'Aqulia "Therapy for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection", N. Eng. J. Med., 328, p. 1686 (1993)
  • the present invention provides a novel class of compounds, and pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof, that are useful as inhibitors of aspartyl proteases, and in particular, HIV aspartyl protease. These compounds can be used alone or in combination with other therapeutic or prophylactic agents, such as anti-virals, antibiotics, immunomodulators or vaccines, for the treatment or prophylaxis of viral infection.
  • the compounds of this invention are capable of inhibiting HIV viral replication in human CD 4 + cells including T-cells, monocytic lines including macrophages and dendrocytes and other permissive cells. These compounds are useful as therapeutic and prophylactic agents to treat or prevent infection by HIV-1 and related viruses which may result in asymptomatic infection, AIDS-related complex ("ARC"), acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (“AIDS”), or similar disease of the immune system.
  • ARC AIDS-related complex
  • AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
  • This novel class of sulfonamides is represented by formulas I and II: ##STR2## wherein:
  • each Z is selected from the group consisting of --N(D)SO 2 E; --N(H)A; --N(D)A; --N(H)E; --N(H)C(O)N(D)(E); N(HTHt; --Ht and --N(D)--Ht;
  • each A is independently selected from the group consisting of H; Ht; R 1 --Ht; --R 1 --C 1 -C 6 alkyl, which may be optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, Ht, --O--Ht, --NR 2 --CO--N(R 2 ) (R 2 ), --NR 2 --CO--OR 2 and --CO--N(R 2 ) (R 2 ); and --R 1 --C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, which may be optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, Ht, --D--Ht, --NR 2 --CO--N(R 2 ) (R 2 ) and --CO--N(R 2 ) (R 2 );
  • each Ht is independently selected from the group consisting of C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl; C 5 -C 7 cycloalkenyl; C 6 -C 10 aryl; phenyl fused with heterocycle; and heterocycle; wherein any member of said Ht may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of oxo, --OR 2 , --R 2 , --N(R 2 ) (R 2 ), --NHOH, --R 2 --OH, --CN, --CO 2 R 2 , --C(O)--N(R 2 )(R 2 ), --S(O) 2 --N(R 2 ) (R 2 ), --N(R 2 )--C(O)--R 2 , --C(O)--R 2 , --S(O) n --R 2 , --OCF 3 , --S(O) n --D, --N(R 2 )--S(O) 2 (R 2 ), halo
  • each D and D' is independently selected from the group consisting of R 6 ; --N(R 2 ) (R 2 ); C 1 -C 6 alkyl, which may be optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, --OR 2 , --R 3 , --O--R 6 --S--R 6 and R 6 ; C 2 -C 4 alkenyl, which may be optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from the group consisting of C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, --OR 2 , --R 3 , --O--R 6 and R 6 ; C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, which may be optionally substituted with or fused with R 6 ; and C 5 -C 6 cycloalkenyl, which may be optionally substituted with or fused with R 6 ;
  • each E and E' is independently selected from the group consisting of Ht; --O--Ht; Ht--Ht; --O--R 3 ; --NR 2 R 3 ; C 1 -C 6 alkyl, which may be optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from the group consisting of R 4 and Ht; and C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, which may be optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from the group consisting of R 4 and Ht;
  • each R 1 is independently selected from the group consisting of --C(O)--, --S(O) 2 --, --C(O)--C(O)--, --O--C(O)--, --O--S(O) 2 , --NR 2 --S(O) 2 --, --NR 2 --C(O)-- and --NR 2 --C(O)--C(O)--;
  • each R 2 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, --R 6 , and C 1 -C 4 alkyl optionally substituted with R 6 ;
  • each R 3 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, Ht, C 1 -C 6 alkyl and C 2 -C 6 alkenyl wherein any member of said R 3 , except H, may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of --OR 2 , --C(O)--NH--R 2 , --S(O) n --N(R 2 ) (R 2 ), Ht, --CN, --SR 2 , --CO 2 R 2 , NR 2 --C(O)--R 2 ;
  • each R 4 is independently selected from the group consisting of --OR 2 , --C(O)--NHR 2 , --S(O) 2 --NHR 2 , halo, --NR 2 --C(O)--R 2 , --CN, --N(R 2 )(R 2 ), --NO 2 , --C(O)N(D)(D) and --C(O)N(H)D;
  • each R 5 is independently selected from the group consisting of H and C 1 -C 3 alkyl
  • each R 6 is independently selected from the group consisting of aryl, carbocycle and heterocycle, wherein said carbocycle or heterocycle may be optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from the group consisting of oxo, --OR 5 , --R 5 , --N(R 5 )(R 5 ), --N(R 5 )--C(O)--R 5 , --R 5 --OH, --CN, --CO 2 R 5 , --C(O)--N(R 5 )(R 5 ), halo and --CF 3 ;
  • each n is independently 1 or 2;
  • n is an integer selected from 1, 2 and 3;
  • p is an integer selected from 0 and 1;
  • each G and G' is independently selected from the group consisting of H 2 and O;
  • each X and X' is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; --OH; --NH 2 ; --SH; D; halogen and, if X and X' are taken together, oxygen; and
  • each Y is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and D.
  • compositions comprising the sulfonamides of formulas I and II, methods for preparing those sulfonamides, and methods for their use as inhibitors of aspartyl protease, and particularly, HIV aspartyl protease.
  • alkoxy refers to an alkyl ether radical, wherein the term “alkyl” is as defined above.
  • suitable alkyl ether radicals include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, isobutoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy and the like.
  • alkyl refers to a straight-chain or branch-chain saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon radical containing the specified number of carbon atoms, or where no number is specified, preferably from 1-10 and more preferably from 1-5 carbon atoms.
  • alkyl radicals include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, isoamyl, n-hexyl and the like.
  • alkenyl refers to a straight-chain or branched-chain mono- or poly-unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon radical containing the specified number of carbon atoms, or where no number is specified, preferably from 2-10 carbon atoms and more preferably, from 2-6 carbon atoms.
  • alkenyl radicals include, but are not limited to, ethenyl, E- and Z-propenyl, isopropenyl, E- and Z-butenyl, E- and Z-isobutenyl, E- and Z-pentenyl, E- and Z-hexenyl, E,E-, E,Z-, Z,E- and Z,Z-hexadienyl and the like.
  • anti-viral agent refers to a compound or drug which possesses viral inhibitory activity.
  • agents include reverse transcriptase inhibitors (including nucleoside and non-nucleoside analogs) and protease inhibitors.
  • the protease inhibitor is an HIV protease inhibitor.
  • nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors include, but are not limited to, zidovudine (AZT), dideoxycytidine (ddC), didanosine (ddI), stavudine (d4T), 3TC, 935U83, i592U89 and 524W91.
  • non-nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors include, but are not limited to TIBO, delavirdine (U90) and nevirapine.
  • HIV protease inhibitors include, but are not limited to, saquinavir (Ro 31-8959), L-735,524, ABT 538 (A80538), AG 1341, XM 412, XM 450, BMS 186318 and CPG 53,437.
  • aryl refers to a carbocyclic aromatic radical (such as phenyl or naphthyl) containing the specified number of carbon atoms, preferably from 6-14 carbon atoms, and more preferably from 6-10 carbon atoms.
  • aryl radicals include, but are not limited to phenyl, naphthyl, indenyl, indanyl, azulenyl, fluorenyl, anthracenyl and the like.
  • backbone refers to the structural representation of a compound of this invention, as set forth in the figures drawn in this application.
  • carbocycle refers to a non-aromatic stable 3- to 8-membered carbon ring which may be saturated, mono-unsaturated or poly-unsaturated.
  • the carbocycle may be attached at any endocyclic carbon atom which results in a stable structure.
  • Preferred carbocycles have 5-6 carbons.
  • heterocycle refers to a stable 3-7 membered monocyclic heterocyclic ring or 8-11 membered bicyclic heterocyclic ring which is either saturated or unsaturated, and which may be optionally benzofused if monocyclic.
  • Each heterocycle consists of one or more carbon atoms and from one to four heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur.
  • nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms include any oxidized form of nitrogen and sulfur, and the quaternized form of any basic nitrogen.
  • any ring nitrogen or carbon may be optionally substituted with a substituent R 2 , as defined herein for compounds of formula I or II.
  • a heterocycle may be attached at any endocyclic carbon or heteroatom which results in the creation of a stable structure.
  • Preferred heterocycles include 5-7 membered monocyclic heterocycles and 8-10 membered bicyclic heterocycles.
  • Preferred heterocycles defined above include, for example, benzimidazolyl, imidazolyl, imidazolinoyl, imidazolidinyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, indolyl, indazolyl, indazolinolyl, perhydropyridazyl, pyridazyl, pyridazyl, pyridyl, pyrrolyl, pyrrolinyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolyl, pyrazinyl, quinoxolyl, piperidinyl, pyranyl, pyrazolinyl, piperazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, morpholiny
  • halo refers to a radical of fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine.
  • HIV protease and “HIV aspartyl protease” are used interchangeably and refer to the aspartyl protease encoded by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 or 2. In a preferred embodiment of this invention, these terms refer to the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 aspartyl protease.
  • substituted refers to the replacement of one or more hydrogen radicals in a given structure with the radical of a specified substituent.
  • substituents may be either the same or different at every position (for example, the moiety --N(R 2 ) (R 2 ) or -phenyl-R 7 ).
  • 0-3 substitutions are preferred, and 0-1 substitutions is more preferred.
  • substituents are those which enhance protease inhibitory activity or intracellular antiviral activity in permissive mammalian cells or immortalized mammalian cell lines, or which enhance deliverability by enhancing solubility characteristics or enhancing pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic profiles as compared to the unsubstituted compound.
  • substituents include those used in the compounds shown in Tables 1-8 and the most preferred substituents include those used in the compounds in Tables 1, 5, 6, and 7.
  • R 2 when used as a linker between two radicals excludes R 2 as H.
  • -phenyl-R 7 refers to a phenyl radical having R 7 , the same or different, at each free position and expressly envisions polycyclic ring systems formed by joining multiple R 7 substituents on the phenyl ring.
  • R 7 Preferably, 0-3 R 7 in a particular phenyl radical are not H.
  • --OH, --OCH 3 , --NH 2 , --NO 2 and CN are preferred R 7 .
  • Such ring systems are preferably mono- or bi-cyclic. These ring systems may be carbocyclic or may optionally contain one or more heteroatoms, such as N, O or S.
  • Preferred ring systems include benzimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benztriazolyl, imidazolyl, indolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxazolyl, thianaphthenyl, thiazolyl, and triazolyl.
  • pharmaceutically effective amount refers to an amount effective in treating HIV infection in a patient either as monotherapy or in combination with other agents.
  • treating refers to the alleviation of symptoms of a particular disorder in a patient or the improvement of an ascertainable measurement associated with a particular disorder. Specifically, with respect to HIV, effective treatment using the compounds and compositions of this invention would result in an improvement in an HIV associated ascertainable measurement.
  • prophylactically effective amount refers to an amount effective in preventing HIV infection in a patient.
  • patient refers to a mammal, including a human.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or adjuvant refers to a carrier or adjuvant that may be administered to a patient, together with a compound of this invention, and which does not destroy the pharmacological activity thereof and is nontoxic when administered in doses sufficient to deliver a therapeutic amount of the antiretroviral agent.
  • the compounds of this invention including the compounds of formula I and II are defined to include pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives or prodrugs thereof.
  • a "pharmaceutically acceptable derivative or prodrug” means any pharmaceutically acceptable salt, ester, salt of an ester, or other derivative of a compound of this invention which, upon administration to a recipient, is capable of providing (directly or indirectly) a compound of this invention or an inhibitorily active metabolite or residue thereof.
  • Particularly favored derivatives and prodrugs are those that increase the bioavailability of the compounds of this invention when such compounds are administered to a mammal (e.g., by allowing an orally administered compound to be more readily absorbed into the blood) or which enhance delivery of the parent compound to a biological compartment (e.g., the brain or lymphatic system) relative to the parent species.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of this invention include those derived from pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic and organic acids and bases.
  • suitable acids include hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, nitric, perchloric, fumaric, maleic, phosphoric, glycollic, lactic, salicylic, succinic, toluene-p-sulfonic, tartaric, acetic, citric, methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, formic, benzoic, malonic, naphthalene-2-sulfonic and benzenesulfonic acids.
  • Other acids, such as oxalic while not in themselves pharmaceutically acceptable, may be employed in the preparation of salts useful as intermediates in obtaining the compounds of the invention and their pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts.
  • Salts derived from appropriate bases include alkali metal (e.g., sodium), alkaline earth metal (e.g., magnesium), ammonium and N-(C 1-4 alkyl) 4 + salts.
  • thiocarbamates refers to compounds containing the functional group N--SO 2 --O.
  • oxygen refers to a carbonyl formed on the carbon that bears that X and X'.
  • oxygen refers to a carbonyl formed on the carbon that bears that X and X'.
  • the compounds of this invention contain one or more asymmetric carbon atoms and thus occur as racemates and racemic mixtures, single enantiomers, diastereomeric mixtures and individual diastereomers. All such isomeric forms of these compounds are expressly included in the present invention.
  • Each stereogenic carbon may be of the R or S configuration.
  • stable refers to compounds which possess stability sufficient to allow manufacture and which maintains the integrity of the compound for a sufficient period of time to be useful for the purposes detailed herein (e.g., therapeutic or prophylactic administration to a mammal or for use in affinity chromatography applications). Typically, such compounds are stable at a temperature of 40° C. or less, in the absence of moisture or other chemically reactive conditions, for at least a week.
  • the compounds of the present invention may be used in the form of salts derived from inorganic or organic acids. Included among such acid salts, for example, are the following: acetate, adipate, alginate, aspartate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate, bisulfate, butyrate, citrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, fumarate, glucoheptanoate, glycerophosphate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonate, lactate, maleate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, oxalate, pamoate, pectinate, persulfate,
  • This invention also envisions the quaternization of any basic nitrogen-containing groups of the compounds disclosed herein.
  • the basic nitrogen can be quaternized with any agents known to those of ordinary skill in the art including, for example, lower alkyl halides, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl and butyl chloride, bromides and iodides; dialkyl sulfates including dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl and diamyl sulfates; long chain halides such as decyl, lauryl, myristyl and stearyl chlorides, bromides and iodides; and aralkyl halides including benzyl and phenethyl bromides. Water or oil-soluble or dispersible products may be obtained by such quaternization.
  • sulfonamides of this invention are those of formulas I and II: ##STR3## wherein:
  • each Z is selected from the group consisting of --N(D)SO 2 E; --N(H)A; --N(D)A; --N(H)E; --N(H)C(O)N(D)(E); --N(H)--Ht; --Ht and --N(D)--Ht;
  • each A is independently selected from the group consisting of H; Ht; --R 1 --Ht; --R 1 --C 1 -C 6 alkyl, which may be optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, Ht, --O--Ht, --NR 2 --CO--N(R 2 ) (R 2 ), --NR 2 --CO--OR 2 and --CO--N(R 2 ) (R 2 ) ; and --R 1 --C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, which may be optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, Ht, --O--Ht, --NR 2 --CO--N(R 2 ) (R 2 ) and --CO--N(R 2 ) (R 2 );
  • each Ht is independently selected from the group consisting of C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl; C 5 -C 7 cycloalkenyl; C 6 -C 10 aryl; phenyl fused with heterocycle; and heterocycle; wherein any member of said Ht may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of oxo, --OR 2 , --R 2 , --N(R 2 ) (R 2 ), --NHOH, --R 2 --OH, --CN, --CO 2 R 2 , --C(O)--N(R 2 ) (R 2 ), --S(O) 2 --N(R 2 ) (R 2 ), --N(R 2 )--C(O)--R 2 , --C(O)--R 2 , --S(O) n --R 2 , --OCF 3 , --S(O) n --D, --N(R 2 )--S(O) 2 (R 2 ), halo
  • each D and D' is independently selected from the group consisting of R 6 ; --N(R 2 ) (R 2 ); C 1 -C 6 alkyl, which may be optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, --OR 2 , --R 3 , --O--R 6 , --S--R 6 and R 6 ; C 2 -C 4 alkenyl, which may be optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from the group consisting of C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, --OR 2 , --R 3 , --O--R 6 and R 6 ; C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, which may be optionally substituted with or fused with R 6 ; and C 5 -C 6 cycloalkenyl, which may be optionally substituted with or fused with R 6 ;
  • each E and E' is independently selected from the group consisting of Ht; --O--Ht; Ht--Ht; --O--R 3 ; --NR 2 R 3 ; C 1 -C 6 alkyl, which may be optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from the group consisting of R 4 and Ht; and C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, which may be optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from the group consisting of R 4 and Ht;
  • each R 1 is independently selected from the group consisting of --C(O)--, --S(O) 2 --, --C(O)--C(O)--, --O--C(O)--, --O--S(O) 2 , --NR 2 --S(O) 2 --, --NR 2 --C(O)-- and --NR 2 --C(O)--C(O)--;
  • each R 2 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, R 6 , and C 1 -C 4 alkyl optionally substituted with R 6 ;
  • each R 3 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, Ht, C 1 -C 6 alkyl and C 2 -C 6 alkenyl wherein any member of said R 3 , except H, may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of --OR 2 , --C(O)--NH--R 2 , --S(O) n --N(R 2 ) (R 2 ) , Ht, --CN, --SR 2 , --CO 2 R 2 , NR 2 --C(O)--R 2 ;
  • each R 4 is independently selected from the group consisting of --OR 2 , --C(O)--NHR 2 , --S(O) 2 --NHR 2 , halo, --NR 2 --C(O)--R 2 , --CN, --N(R 2 ) (R 2 ), --NO 2 , --C(O)N(D)(D) and --C(O)N(H)D;
  • each R 5 is independently selected from the group consisting of H and C 1 -C 3 alkyl
  • each R 6 is independently selected from the group consisting of aryl, carbocycle and heterocycle, wherein said carbocycle or heterocycle may be optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from the group consisting of oxo, --OR 5 , --R 5 , --N(R 5 ) (R 5 ), --N(R 5 )--C(O)--R 5 , --R 5 --OH, --CN, --CO 2 R 5 , --C(O)--N(R 5 )(R 5 ), halo and --CF 3 ;
  • each n is independently 1 or 2;
  • n is an integer selected from 1, 2 and 3;
  • p is an integer selected from 0 and 1;
  • each G and G' is independently selected from the group consisting of H 2 and 0;
  • each X and X' is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; --OH; --NH 2 ; --SH; D; halogen and, if X and X' are taken together, oxygen;
  • each Y is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and D.
  • Preferred compounds of formula I include those compounds wherein G or G' or both are oxygen. More preferably, when G or G' or both are oxygen (i.e, form a carbonyl with the carbon to which they are attached), the X and X' on the carbon adjacent to the carbonyl are independently selected from the group consisting of H, OH, F, or taken together, oxygen.
  • the compounds of formula I contain from 1 to 4 carbonyls, and more preferably 1 to 3 carbonyls, in the backbone of the structures.
  • E' is selected from Ht and --R 2 --Ht. More preferred E' are those selected from the group consisting of -phenyl-R 7 ; carbocycle; heterocycle optionally substituted with --NHAc, alkyl, alkoxy, --OH, and CF 3 ; and C 1 -C 6 alkyl optionally substituted with Ht wherein Ht may be optionally substituted with --NH-- C(O)--C 1 -C 3 alkyl, oxo, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, alkoxy, --OH, and CF 3 and wherein R 7 is selected from the group consisting of H, --OH, --OR 2 , R 2 , --N(R 2 ) (R 2 ), --N(R 2 )--C(O)--R 2 , --R 2 --OH, --CN, --CO 2 R 2 , --C(O)--N(R 2 )(R 2 ), --NO 2 ,
  • R 7 are selected from the group consisting of H, --OH, --OR 2 , --R 2 , --N(R 2 ) (R 2 ), --N(R 2 )--C(O)--R 2 , and --NO 2 . Most preferred R 7 are --NH 2 , --OH and --OCH 3 . Unless expressly noted to the contrary, the term "R 7 " refers to the definitions shown above.
  • Other preferred compounds of formula I include those compounds having the structures of formulas IV, VI, VII, C and CI: ##STR4## wherein the variables are as defined for the compounds of formula I with the exception that in formula C, Z is selected from the group consisting of --N(H)A; --N(D)A; --N(H)E; --N(H)C(O)N(D)(E); --N(H)--Ht; --Ht and --N(D)--Het.
  • the most preferred compounds of formula I are those compounds of formulas VI, VII, and C.
  • Preferred compounds of formula IV include those compounds having the following definitions for one or more of the below-specified variables:
  • each D and D' is independently selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 6 alkyl, which may be optionally substituted with R 6 ;
  • each E and E' is independently selected from C 5 -C 6 aryl, which may be optionally substituted with R 4 ;
  • each R 4 is independently selected from the group consisting of --OR 2 , --N(R 2 ) (R 2 ) and --NO 2 ;
  • each Z is independently selected from the group consisting of --N(H)Ht; --N(H)A; --N(D)A and --Ht;
  • each Ht is independently selected from the group consisting of C 6 -C 10 aryl and 5-10 membered saturated or unsaturated heterocycle, wherein any member of said Ht may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents, the same or different, selected from the group consisting of --OR 2 , R 2 , --N(R 2 ) (R 2 ), --NO 2 , --C(O)N(R 2 ) (R 2 ) and --S(O) n --R 6 ;
  • each X and X' is independently selected from the group consisting of H, --OH and, most preferably, if X and X' are taken together, oxygen;
  • each A is independently selected from the group consisting of H; --R 1 --Ht and --R 1 --C 1 -C 6 alkyl; and
  • each R 1 is independently selected from the group consisting of --C(O)-- and --O--C(O)--.
  • Preferred compounds of formula VI include those compounds having the following definitions for one or more of the below-identified variables:
  • each D and D' is independently selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 6 alkyl, which may be optionally substituted with R 6 ;
  • each X and X' is independently selected from the group consisting of H, OH, and if X and X' are taken together, oxygen;
  • each E' is independently selected from C 5 -C 6 aryl, which may be optionally substituted with R 4 ;
  • each R 1 is selected from the group consisting of --C(O)-- and --O--C(O)--;
  • each R 4 is independently selected from the group consisting of --OR 2 , --N(R 2 ) (R 2 ) and --NO 2 ;
  • each Z is selected from the group consisting of --N(H)Ht; --N(H)A; --N(D)A and --Ht;
  • each Ht is independently selected from the group consisting of C 6 -C 10 aryl and 5-10 membered saturated or unsaturated heterocycle, and wherein any member of said Ht may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents, the same or different, selected from the group consisting of --OR 2 , R 2 , --N(R 2 ) (R 2 ), --NO 2 , --C(O)N(R 2 ) (R 2 ) and --S(O) n --R 6 ; and
  • each A is selected from the group consisting of H; --R 1 --Ht and --R 1 --C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • preferred compounds of formula VI include those compounds of formula CIII: ##STR5## wherein the variables are defined as above for the compounds of formula I.
  • Preferred compounds of formula CIII include those compounds having one or more variables as defined for preferred compounds of formula VI.
  • preferred compounds of formula CIII include those compounds having the formula LVIIa: ##STR6## wherein A is selected from the group consisting of --R 1 --Ht and --R 1 --C 1 -C 6 alkyl substituted with --N(R 2 )--CO--N(R 2 ) (R 2 ) or --N(R 2 )--CO--O--R 2 ; R 1 is selected from the group consisting of --C(O)-- and --O--C(O)--; and the other variables are defined as above for the compounds of formula I.
  • preferred definitions for A include --R 1 -phenyl-R 7 , --R 1 -heterocycle and --Val--R 1 --R 2 . More preferred definitions for A include --
  • Preferred D and D' for compounds of formula LVIIa include C 1 -C 6 alkyl, which may be optionally substituted with R 6 .
  • Preferred compounds of formula CIII also include those compounds having the formula LVIIb: ##STR8## wherein Z is selected from the group consisting of: ##STR9## and wherein R 8 is selected from the group consisting of R 2 , --N--C(O)--O--R 2 and --N--C(O)--R 2 ; R 9 is selected from the group consisting of R 2 , --C(O)--O--R 2 and --C(O)--R 2 and R 2 is as defined above for compounds of formula I.
  • preferred D and D' are C 1 -C 6 alkyl which may be optionally substituted with R 6 .
  • Preferred compounds of formula VII include those compounds having the following definitions for one or more of the below-specified variables:
  • each D and D' is C 1 -C 6 alkyl, which may be optionally substituted with R 6 ;
  • G is H 2 ;
  • each X and X' is independently selected from the group consisting of H, OH, and if X and X' are taken together, oxygen;
  • each E' is independently selected from C 5 -C 6 aryl, which may be optionally substituted with R 4 ;
  • each R 1 is selected from the group consisting of --C(O)-- and --O--C(O)--;
  • each R 4 is independently selected from the group consisting of --OR 2 , --N(R 2 ) (R 2 ) and --NO 2 ;
  • each Z is selected from the group consisting of --N(H)Ht; --N(H)A; --N(D)SO 2 E; --N(D)A and --Ht; and more preferably from either --N(D)SO 2 E or --N(H)Ht;
  • each Ht is independently selected from the group consisting of C 6 -C 10 aryl and 5-10 membered saturated or unsaturated heterocycle, and wherein any member of said Ht may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents, the same or different, selected from the group consisting of --OR 2 , R 2 , --N(R 2 ) (R 2 ), --NO 2 , --C(O)N(R 2 ) (R 2 ) and --S(O) n --R 6 ; and
  • each A is selected from the group consisting of H; --R 1 --Ht and --R 1 --C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • Still other preferred compounds of formula VII are those compounds having the structure of formula LXII: ##STR11## wherein the variables are defined as above for compounds of formula I and R 7 is selected from the group consisting of H, --OH, --OR 2 , --R 2 , --N(R 2 ) (R 2 ), --N(R 2 )--C(O)--R 2 , --R 2 --OH, --CN, --CO 2 R 2 , --C(O)--N(R 2 )(R 2 ), halo and --CF 3 .
  • Preferred compounds of formula LXII include those compounds having one or more variables as defined for preferred compounds of formula VII.
  • Preferred compounds of formula C include those compounds having each Z is selected from the group consisting of --N(H)Ht; --N(H)A; --N(D)A and --Ht; and one or more variables as defined for preferred compounds of formula VI.
  • More preferred compounds of formula C include those compounds wherein G is H 2 , X is --OH or H, and X' is --OH or H.
  • Preferred compounds of formula CI include those compounds wherein X is a C 1 alkyl substituted with R 6 and D' is a C 1 -C 4 alkyl optionally substituted with R 6 . Most preferably, X is benzyl and D' is i-Bu or cyclopentylmethyl.
  • Preferred compounds of formula II include those compounds wherein X and X' on the carbon adjacent to the backbone carbon bearing Z, taken together, are oxygen.
  • Other preferred compounds of formula II are those compounds having the structure of formula VIII: ##STR12## wherein the variables are as defined above for compounds of formula II.
  • Preferred compounds of formula VIII include those compounds wherein one or more of the variables are defined as follows: on the backbone carbon bearing Z, X is H and X' is D; on the backbone carbon adjacent to N--Y, X and X' are independently selected from D, and preferably from C 1 -C 6 alkyl and H, and most preferably both are H; Y is selected from D, preferably from C 1 -C 6 alkyl and H; and E is a C 6 -C 10 aryl optionally substituted with one or two substituents, the same or different, selected from --OH, --OCH 3 and --NH 2 and Z is selected from (3S)--THF--OC(O)NH-- or 5-(1,3-dioxanyl)--OC(O)NH--.
  • Preferred compounds of formula VIII are those compounds having the structure of formula CV: ##STR13## wherein the variables are as defined above for compounds of formula II.
  • Preferred compounds of formula CV include those compounds where X and Y are independently selected from the group consisting of H or C 1 -C 6 alkyl, which may be optionally substituted with R 6 ; and Z is selected from the group consisting of --N(H)(A) or --N(D)(A).
  • Preferred sulfonamides of this invention of formulas I and II include the specific compounds contained in Tables 1 through 8. Preferred compounds are those which appear in Tables 1, 5, 6, and 7. Although particular --phenyl-R 7 variables are specified in these tables, this invention expressly encompasses the specific compounds shown having any -phenyl-R 7 , as defined above. In such compounds, preferably, at least three, and more preferably four, of the R 7 substituents are H.
  • More preferred sulfonamides of this invention include the following compounds: XLIVa, XLV, LII, LVa, 1000, 1001, 1005, 1007, 1008, 1009, 1010, 1011, 1012, 1013, 1014, 1015, 1016, 1017, 1018, 1019, 1020, 1021, 1022, 1023, 1024, 1025, 1026, 1027, 1045, and 1041.
  • the most preferred sulfonamides of this invention are compounds XLIVa, XLV, LII, LVa, 1001, 1005, 1007, 1008, 1009, 1010, 1011, 1013, 1015, 1016, 1018, 1019, 1021, 1023, 1024, 1026, 1027, 1045, and 1041.
  • each D and D' is independently selected from the group consisting of Ar; C 1 -C 6 alkyl, which may be optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, --OR 2 , --R 3 , --O--Ar and Ar; C 2 -C 4 alkenyl, which may be optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from the group consisting of C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, --OR 2 , --R 3 , --O--Ar and Ar; C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, which may be optionally substituted with or fused with Ar; and C 5 -C 6 cycloalkenyl, which may be optionally substituted with or fused with Ar;
  • each Ar is independently selected from the group consisting of phenyl; 3-6 membered carbocyclic ring and 5-10 membered heterocyclic ring containing one or more heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, N, S, S(O) n and N(R 2 ), wherein said carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring may be saturated or unsaturated and optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from the group consisting of oxo, --OR 2 , --R 2 , --N(R 2 ) (R 2 ), --N(R 2 )--C(O)--R 2 , --R 2 --OH, --CN, --CO 2 R 2 , --C(O)--N(R 2 )(R 2 ), halo and --CF 3 ;
  • each R 2 is independently selected from the group consisting of H and C 1 -C 4 alkyl optionally substituted with phenyl, 3-6 membered carbocyclic ring and 5-10 membered heterocyclic ring containing one or more heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, N, S and S(O) n , wherein said carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring may be saturated or unsaturated and optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from the group consisting of OH, NH 2 , CN, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, halogen and CF 3 ;
  • each R 3 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, Ht, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl and C 5 -C 6 cycloalkenyl, wherein any member of said R 3 , except H, may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of --OR 2 , --C(O)--NH--R 2 , --S(O) n --N(R 2 ) (R 2 ), Ht, --CN, --SR 2 , --CO 2 R 2 and NR 2 --C(O)--R 2 ;
  • each Ht is independently selected from the group consisting of C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl; C 5 -C 7 cycloalkenyl; C 6 -C 10 aryl; and 5-10 membered saturated or unsaturated heterocycle, containing one or more heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, N(R 2 ), O, S and S(O) n , wherein said heterocycle may optionally be benzofused; wherein said heterocycle may be bicyclic or monocyclic; and wherein any member of said Ht may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of oxo, --OR 2 , --R 2 , --N(R 2 ) (R 2 ), --R 2 --OH, --CN, --CO 2 R 2 , --C(O)--N(R 2 ) (R 2 ), --S(O) 2 --N(R 2 ) (R 2 ), --N(R 2 )--C(O)--R 2 ,
  • each E is independently selected from the group consisting of Ht; O--Ht; Ht--Ht; --O--R 3 ; --NR 2 R 3 ; C 1 -C 6 alkyl, which may be optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from the group consisting of R 4 and Het; C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, which may be optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from the group consisting of R 4 and Ht; C 3 -C 6 saturated monocyclic carbocycle, which be optionally benzofused, and which may optionally be substituted with one or more groups selected from the group consisting of R 4 and Ht; C 5 -C 6 unsaturated carbocycle, which may optionally be substituted with one or more groups selected from the group consisting of R 4 and Ht; C 8 -C 10 saturated bicyclic carbocycle, which may be optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from the group consisting of R 4 and Ht;
  • each R 4 is independently selected from the group consisting of --OR 2 , --C(O)--NHR 2 , --S(O) 2 --NHR 2 , halo, --NR 2 --C(O)--R 2 , --CN, --N(R 2 ) (R 2 ), --NO 2 , --C(O)N(D) (D) and --C(O)N(H)D;
  • each n is independently 1 or 2;
  • n is an integer selected from 1, 2 and 3;
  • p is an integer selected from 0 and 1;
  • G and G' are independently selected from the group consisting of H 2 and O;
  • each X and X' is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; --OH; --NH 2 ; --SH; D; halogen and, if X and X' are taken together, oxygen;
  • Z is selected from the group consisting of --N(D)SO 2 E; --N(D)SO 2 Ht; --N(H)A; --N(D)A; --N(H)E; --N(H)C(O)N(D)(E); --N(H)-Ht; --Ht and --N(D)--Ht;
  • each A is independently selected from the group consisting of H; Ht; --R 1 --Ht; --R 1 --C 1 -C 6 alkyl, which may be optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, Ht, --O--Ht, --NR 2 --CO--N(R 2 ) (R 2 ) and --CO--N(R 2 ) (R 2 ) ; and --R 1 --C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, which may be optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, Ht, --O--Ht, --NR 2 --CO--N(R 2 ) (R 2 ) and --CO--N(R 2 ) (R 2 ); and
  • each R 1 is independently selected from the group consisting of --C(O)--, --S(O) 2 --, --C(O)--C(O)--, --O--C(O)--, --O--S(O) 2 , --NR 2 --S(O) 2 --, --NR 2 --C(O)-- and --NR 2 --C(O)--C(O)--.
  • each E is independently selected from the group consisting of Ht; O--Ht; Ht--Ht; --O--R 3 ; --NR 2 R 3 ; C 1 -C 6 alkyl, which may be optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from the group consisting of R 4 and Ht; C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, which may be optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from the group consisting of R 4 and Ht; C 3 -C 6 saturated monocyclic carbocycle, which be optionally benzofused, and which may optionally be substituted with one or more groups selected from the group consisting of R 4 and Het; C 5 -C 6 unsaturated carbocycle, which may optionally be substituted with one or more groups selected from the group consisting of R 4 and Ht; C 8 -C 10 saturated bicyclic carbocycle, which may be optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from the group consisting of R 4 and Ht;
  • each R 4 is independently selected from the group consisting of --OR 2 , --C(O)--NHR 2 , --S(O) 2 --NHR 2 , halo, --NR 2 --C(O)--R 2 , --CN, --C(O)N(D)(D) and --C(O)N(H)D;
  • each n is independently 1 or 2;
  • p is an integer selected from 0 and 1;
  • each Y is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and D;
  • each D is independently selected from the group consisting of Ar; C 1 -C 6 alkyl, which may be optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from the group consisting of C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, --OR 2 , --R 3 , --O--Ar and Ar; C 2 -C 4 alkenyl, which may be optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from the group consisting of C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, --OR 2 , --R 3 , --O--Ar and Ar; C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, which may be optionally substituted with or fused with Ar; and C 5 -C 6 cycloalkenyl, which may be optionally substituted with or fused with Ar;
  • each Ar is independently selected from the group consisting of phenyl; 3-6 membered carbocyclic ring and 5-10 membered heterocyclic ring containing one or more heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, N, S, S(O) and N(R 2 ), wherein said carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring may be saturated or unsaturated and optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from the group consisting of oxo, --OR 2 , --R 2 , --N(R 2 ) (R 2 ), --N(R 2 )--C(O)--R 2 , --R 2 --OH, --CN, --CO 2 R 2 , --C(O)--N(R 2 ) (R 2 ), halo and --CF 3 ;
  • each R 2 is independently selected from the group consisting of H and C 1 -C 4 alkyl optionally substituted with phenyl, 3-6 membered carbocyclic ring and 5-10 membered heterocyclic ring containing one or more heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, N, S and S(O) n , wherein said carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring may be saturated or unsaturated and optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from the group consisting of OH, NH 2 , CN, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, halogen and CF 3 ;
  • each R 3 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, Ht, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl and C 5 -C 6 cycloalkenyl, wherein any member of said R 3 , except H, may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of --OR 2 , --C(O)--NH--R 2 , --S(O) n --N(R 2 ) (R 2 ), Ht, --CN, --SR 2 , --CO 2 R 2 and NR 2 --C(O)--R 2 ;
  • each Ht is independently selected from the group consisting of C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl; C 5 -C 7 cycloalkenyl; C 6 -C 10 aryl; and 5-10 membered saturated or unsaturated heterocycle, containing one or more heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, N(R 2 ), O, S and S(O) n , wherein said heterocycle may optionally be benzofused; wherein said heterocycle may be bicyclic or monocyclic; and wherein any member of said Ht may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of oxo, --OR 2 , --R 2 , --N(R 2 ) (R 2 ), --R 2 --OH, --CN, --CO 2 R 2 , --C(O)--N(R 2 ) (R 2 ), --S(O) 2 --N(R 2 ) (R 2 ), --N(R 2 )--C(O)--R 2 ,
  • each Z is independently selected from the group consisting of --N(D)SO 2 E; --N(D)SO 2 Ht; --N(H)A; --N(D)A; --N(H)E; --N(H)C(O)N(D)(E); --N(H)--Ht; --Ht and --N(D)--Ht;
  • each A is independently selected from the group consisting of H; Ht; --R 1 --Ht; --R 1 --C 1 -C 6 alkyl, which may be optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, Ht and --O--Ht, --NR 2 --CO--N(R 2 ) (R 2 ) and --CO--N(R 2 ) (R 2 ); and --R 1 --C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, which may be optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, Ht, --O--Ht--, --NR 2 --CO--N(R 2 ) (R 2 ) and --CO--N(R 2 ) (R 2 );
  • each R 1 is independently selected from the group consisting of --C(O)--, --S(O) 2 --, --C(O)--C(O)--, --O--C(O)--, --O--S(O) 2 , --NR 2 --S(O) 2 --, --NR 2 --C(O)-- and --NR 2 --C(O)--C(O)--; and
  • each X and X' is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen; --OH; --NH 2 ; --SH; D and, if X and X' are taken together, oxygen.
  • each D and D' is independently selected from the group consisting of Ar; C 1 -C 6 alkyl, which may be optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from the group consisting of C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, --OR 2 , --R 3 , --O--Ar and Ar; C 2 -C 4 alkenyl, which may be optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from the group consisting of C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, --OR 2 , --R 3 , --O--Ar and Ar; C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, which may be optionally substituted with or fused with Ar; and C 5 -C 6 cycloalkenyl, which may be optionally substituted with or fused with Ar;
  • each Ar is independently selected from the group consisting of phenyl; 3-6 membered carbocyclic ring and 5-10 membered heterocyclic ring containing one or more heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, N, S, S(O) n and N(R 2 ), wherein said carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring may be saturated or unsaturated and optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from the group consisting of oxo, --OR 2 , --R 2 , --N(R 2 ) (R 2 ), --N(R 2 )--C(O)--R 2 , --R 2 --OH, --CN, --CO 2 R 2 , --C(O)--N(R 2 ) (R 2 ), halo and --CF 3 ;
  • each R 2 is independently selected from the group consisting of H and C 1 -C 4 alkyl optionally substituted with phenyl, 3-6 membered carbocyclic ring and 5-10 membered heterocyclic ring containing one or more heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, N, S and S(O) , wherein said carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring may be saturated or unsaturated and optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from the group consisting of OH, NH 2 , CN, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, halogen and CF 3 ;
  • each R 3 is independently selected from the group consisting of H, Het, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl and C 5 -C 6 cycloalkenyl, wherein any member of said R 3 , except H, may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of --OR 2 , --C(O)--NH--R 2 , --S(O) n --N(R 2 ) (R 2 ), Ht, --CN, --SR 2 , --CO 2 R 2 and NR 2 --C(O)--R 2 ;
  • each Ht is independently selected from the group consisting of C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl; C 5 -C 7 cycloalkenyl; C 6 -C 10 aryl; and 5-10 membered saturated or unsaturated heterocycle, containing one or more heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, N(R 2 ), O, S and S(O) n , wherein said heterocycle may optionally be benzofused; wherein said heterocycle may bicyclic or monocyclic; and wherein any member of said Ht may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of oxo, --OR 2 , --R 2 , --N(R 2 ) (R 2 ), --R 2 --OH, --CN, --CO 2 R 2 , --C(O)--N(R 2 ) (R 2 ), --S(O) 2 --N(R 2 ) (R 2 ), --N (R 2 )--C(O)--R 2 , --
  • each E is independently selected from the group consisting of Ht; O--Ht; Ht--Ht; --O--R 3 ; --NR 2 R 3 ; C 1 -C 6 alkyl, which may be optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from the group consisting of R 4 and Ht; C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, which may be optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from the group consisting of R 4 and Ht; C 3 -C 6 saturated monocyclic carbocycle, which be optionally benzofused, and which may optionally be substituted with one or more groups selected from the group consisting of R 4 and Het; C 5 -C 6 unsaturated carbocycle, which may optionally be substituted with one or more groups selected from the group consisting of R 4 and Ht; C 8 -C 10 saturated bicyclic carbocycle, which may be optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from the group consisting of R 4 and Ht; and
  • each R 4 is independently selected from the group consisting of --OR 2 , --C(O)--NHR 2 , --S(O) 2 --NHR 2 , halo, --NR 2 --C(O)--R 2 , --CN, --C(O)--N(D) (D) and --C(O)--N(H)D;
  • each n is independently 1 or 2;
  • W and W' are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, D and --OH;
  • each Z is independently selected from the group consisting of --N(D)SO 2 E; --N (D)SO 2 Ht; --N (H)A; --N(D)A; --N(H)E; --N(H)C(O)N(D) (E); --N(H)--Ht; --Ht and --N(D)--Ht;
  • each A is independently selected from the group consisting of H; --Ht; --R 1 --Ht; --R 1 --C 1 -C 6 alkyl, which may be optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, Ht, --O--Ht, --NR 2 --CO--N(R 2 ) (R 2 ) and --CO--N(R 2 ) (R 2 ); and --R 1 --C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, which may be optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, Ht, --O--Ht, --NR 2 --CO--N(R 2 ) (R 2 ) and --CO--N(R 2 ) (R 2 ); and
  • each R 1 is independently selected from the group consisting of --C(O)--, --S(O) 2 --, --C(O)--C(O)--, --O--C(O)--, --O--S(O) 2 , --NR 2 --S(O) 2 --, --NR 2 --C(O)-- and --NR 2 --C(O)--C(O)--.
  • Preferred compounds of formula I' include those compounds wherein G or G' or both are oxygen. More preferably, when G or G' or both are oxygen (i.e, form a carbonyl with the carbon to which they are attached), the X and X' on the carbon adjacent to the carbonyl are independently selected from the group consisting of H, OH, F, or taken together, oxygen. Preferably, the compounds of formula I' contain from 1 to 4 carbonyls in the backbone of the structures.
  • Preferred compounds of formula IV' include those compounds wherein:
  • each D and D' is independently selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 6 alkyl, which may be optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from the group consisting of C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl and Ar;
  • each Ar is independently selected from the group consisting of phenyl; 3-6 membered carbocyclic ring and 5-10 membered heterocyclic ring containing one or more heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, N, S, S(O) n and N(R 2 ), wherein said carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring may be saturated or unsaturated and optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from the group consisting of oxo, --OR 2 , --R 2 , --N(R 2 ) (R 2 ), --N(R 2 )--C(O)--R 2 , --R 2 --OH, --CN, --CO 2 R 2 , --C(O)--N(R 2 ) (R 2 ), halo and --CF 3 ;
  • each R 2 is independently selected from the group consisting of H and C 1 -C 4 alkyl optionally substituted with phenyl, 3-6 membered carbocyclic ring and 5-10 membered heterocyclic ring containing one or more heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, N, S and S(O) n , wherein said carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring may be saturated or unsaturated and optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from the group consisting of OH, NH 2 , CN, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, halogen and CF 3 ;
  • each E is independently selected from C 5 -C 6 unsaturated carbocycle, which may be optionally substituted with one or more R 4 ;
  • each R 4 is independently selected from the group consisting of --OR 2 , --N(R 2 ) (R 2 ) and --NO 2 ;
  • each Z is independently selected from the group consisting of --N(D)SO 2 E; --N(D)SO 2 Ht; --N(H)Ht; --N(H)A; --N(D)A and --Ht;
  • each Ht is independently selected from the group consisting of C 6 -C 10 aryl and 5-10 membered saturated or unsaturated heterocycle, containing one or more heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, N(R 2 ), O, S, and S(O) n , wherein said heterocycle may optionally be benzofused; wherein said heterocycle may be bicyclic or monocyclic; and wherein any member of said Ht may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of --OR 2 , R 2 , --N(R 2 ) (R 2 ) , --NO 2 , --C(O)N(R 2 ) (R 2 ) and --S(O) n --Ar;
  • X and X' are independently selected from the group consisting of H, --OH and, most preferably, if X and X' are taken together, oxygen;
  • each A is independently selected from the group consisting of H; --R 1 --Ht and --R 1 --C 1 -C 6 alkyl; and
  • each R 1 is independently selected from the group consisting of --C(O)--, --S(O) 2 --, --C(O)--C(O)--, --O--C(O)--, --O--S(O) 2 , --NR 2 --S(O) 2 --, --NR 2 --C(O)-- and --NR 2 --C(O)--C(O)--.
  • Other more preferred compounds of formula IV' include those compounds having the structure of formulas LX' and LXI': ##STR366## wherein D, D', Ar, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , Ht, E, R 4 , n, Z and A are defined as above for the compounds of formula IV' and R 5 is selected from the group consisting of H, --OH, --OR 2 , --R 2 , --N(R 2 )(R 2 ), --N(R 2 )--C(O)--R 2 , --R 2 --OH, --CN, --CO 2 R 2 , --C(O)--N(R 2 ) (R 2 ), halo and --CF 3 .
  • Preferred compounds of formula V' include those compounds wherein D ⁇ D' and E ⁇ E' in the backbone of the structure (i.e., a C 2 symmetric structure).
  • Other preferred compounds of formula V' include those compounds wherein X is H and X' is OH in the central carbon of the backbone.
  • Additional preferred compounds of formula V' include those compounds wherein:
  • each D and D' is C 1 -C 6 alkyl, which may be optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from the group consisting of C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl and Ar;
  • each X and X' is independently selected from the group consisting of H, --OH and, if X and X' are taken together, oxygen;
  • each E and E' is independently selected from C 5 -C 6 unsaturated carbocycle, which may be optionally substituted with one or more R 4 ;
  • each R 4 is independently selected from the group consisting of --OR 2 , --N(R 2 ) (R 2 ) and --NO 2 .
  • Preferred compounds of formula VI' include those compounds wherein:
  • each D and D' is independently selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 6 alkyl, which may be optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from the group consisting of C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl and Ar;
  • X and X' are independently selected from the group consisting of H, if X and X' are taken together, oxygen, and preferably, OH;
  • each E is independently selected from C 5 -C 6 unsaturated carbocycle, which may be optionally substituted with one or more R 4 ;
  • each R 4 is independently selected from the group consisting of --OR 2 , --N(R 2 ) (R 2 ) and --NO 2 ;
  • Z is selected from the group consisting of --N(D)SO 2 E; --N(D)SO 2 Ht; --N(H)Ht; --N(H)A; --N(D)A and --Het;
  • each Ht is independently selected from the group consisting of C 6 -C 10 aryl and 5-10 membered saturated or unsaturated heterocycle, containing one or more heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, N(R 2 ), O, S, and S(O) n , wherein said heterocycle may optionally be benzofused; wherein said heterocycle may be bicyclic or monocyclic; and wherein any member of said Het may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of --OR 2 , R 2 , --N(R 2 ) (R 2 ), --NO 2 , --C(O)N(R 2 ) (R 2 ) and --S(O) n --Ar; and
  • A is selected from the group consisting of H; --R 1 --Ht and --R 1 --C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • Other preferred compounds of formula VI' include those compounds of formula LVII': ##STR367## wherein D, D', Ar, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , Ht, E, R 4 , G, n, Z and A are defined as above for the compounds of formula VI' and R 5 is selected from the group consisting of H, --OH, --OR 2 , --R 2 , --N(R 2 ) (R 2 ), --N(R 2 )--C(O)--R 2 , --R 2 --OH, --CN, --CO 2 R 2 , --C(O)--N(R 2 ) (R 2 ), halo and --CF 3 .
  • Preferred compounds of formula VII' include those compounds wherein:
  • each D and D' is C 1 -C 6 alkyl, which may be optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from the group consisting of C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl and Ar;
  • each X and X' is independently selected from is the group consisting of H, if X and X' are taken together, oxygen, and, preferably, OH;
  • each E is independently selected from C 5 -C 6 unsaturated carbocycle, which may be optionally substituted with one or more R 4 ;
  • each R 4 is independently selected from the group consisting of --OR 2 , --N(R 2 ) (R 2 ) and --NO 2 ;
  • Z is selected from the group consisting of --N(D)SO 2 E; --N(D)SO 2 Ht; --N(H)Ht; --N(H)A; --N(D)A and --Ht;
  • each Ht is independently selected from the group consisting of C 6 -C 10 aryl and 5-10 membered saturated or unsaturated heterocycle, containing one or more heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, N(R 2 ), O, S, and S(O) n , wherein said heterocycle may optionally be benzofused; wherein said heterocycle may be bicyclic or monocyclic; and wherein any member of said Ht may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of --OR 2 , R 2 , --N(R 2 ) (R 2 ), --NO 2 , --C(O)N(R 2 ) (R 2 ) and --S(O) n --Ar; and
  • A is selected from the group consisting of H; --R 1 --Ht and --R 1 --C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • Preferred compounds of formula LXIII' include those compounds wherein G is H 2 and X' is H.
  • Preferred compounds of formula LXIV' are those compounds wherein X is a C 1 alkyl substituted with Ar, as defined above for compounds of Formula I', and D' is a C 1 -C 4 alkyl. Most preferably, X is benzyl and D' is i-Bu.
  • Preferred compounds of formula II' include those compounds wherein X and X' on the carbon adjacent to the carbon bearing Z on the backbone, taken together, are oxygen.
  • Other preferred compounds of formula II' are those compounds having the structure of formula VIII': ##STR369## wherein E, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 n, p, Y, D, Ar, Ht, Z, A, X and X' are as defined above for compounds of formula II'.
  • E, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 n, p, Y, D, Ar, Ht, Z, A, X and X' are as defined above for compounds of formula II'.
  • Preferred compounds of formula VIII' include those compounds wherein on the carbon bearing Z, X is H and more preferably, X is H and X' is D.
  • Preferred compounds of formula VIII' also include those compounds wherein E is a C 6 -C 10 aryl optionally substituted with OCH 3 or NH 2 and Z is (S)--THF--OC(O)NH-- or 5-(1,3-dioxanyl)--OC(O)NH--.
  • Other preferred compounds of formula VIII' include those compounds wherein:
  • Y is H
  • X and X' on the carbon adjacent to N--Y are respectively D, preferably C 1 -C 6 alkyl and H.
  • Y is D, preferably C 1 -C 6 alkyl
  • X and X' on the carbon adjacent to N--Y are both hydrogen.
  • R 2 , R 3 , n, Y, D, Ar, Ht; and X are as defined above for compounds of formula VIII' and R 5 is selected from the group consisting of H, --OH, --OR 2 , --R 2 , --N(R 2 ) (R 2 ), --N(R 2 )--C(O)--R 2 , --R 2 --OH, --CN, --CO 2 R 2 , --C(O)--N(R 2 ) (R 2 ), halo and --CF 3 .
  • Preferred compounds of formula III' are those compounds having the structure of formula IX': ##STR371## wherein D, D', Ar, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , Ht, E, R 4 , n, Z and A are defined as above for the compounds of formula III'.
  • Preferred sulfonamides of this invention of formulas I', II' and III' include compounds having the general formulas contained in Tables 9 through 17.
  • R 5 may be selected from the group consisting of H, --OH, --OR 2 , --R 2 , --N(R 2 ) (R 2 ), --N(R 2 )--C(O)--R 2 , --R 2 --OH, --CN, --CO 2 R 2 , --C(O)--N(R 2 )(R 2 ), halo and --CF 3 ; and
  • R 2 is defined as above for compounds of formula I'.
  • At least three, and more preferably four or five, of the R 5 substituents are H.
  • the sulfonamides of this invention may be synthesized using conventional techniques.
  • these compounds are conveniently synthesized from readily available starting materials.
  • the compounds of this invention are among the most readily synthesized HIV protease inhibitors known. Previously described HIV protease inhibitors often contain four or more chiral centers and numerous peptide linkages. The relative ease with which the compounds of this invention can be synthesized represents an enormous advantage in the large scale production of these compounds. Although the syntheses of the sulfonamides of this invention are known to those of skill in the art, the following general schemes are set forth to illustrate these methods. These schemes should not be viewed as limiting the scope of this invention in any way.
  • Primary amine IVb wherein D' is defined as above for the compounds of formula I, may be converted to the N-acylsulfonamide of formula IVc, first by sulfonylating with a sulfonyl halide having the general formula Hal--SO 2 E, wherein Hal is any halogen and E is defined as above for the compounds of formula I, and then by N-acylating with a haloacetyl halide having the general formula Hal--CH 2 --C(O)Hal, wherein Hal is defined above.
  • Preferred sulfonylating agents have the general structure Cl--SO 2 E, wherein E is defined as above for the compounds of formula I.
  • the sulfonylation reaction may optionally take place in the presence of a base to scavenge the hydrohalic acid product as a reaction byproduct.
  • bases include, but are not limited to triethylamine, pyridine, 4-dimethylaminopyridine, sodium bicarbonate and potassium carbonate. We prefer using sodium bicarbonate.
  • the resulting sulfonamide is then N-acylated with a haloacetyl halide having the general formula Hal--CH 2 --C(O)Hal, wherein Hal is defined as above, to give the N-acylsulfonamide of formula IVc.
  • Haloacetyl halides include bromoacetyl bromide, chloroacetyl chloride and preferably, bromoacetyl chloride.
  • the acylation reaction is preferably run in the presence of a base strong enough to deprotonate the sulfonamide nitrogen prior to N-acylation.
  • Preferred bases include lithium diisopropyl amide and potassium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide. We especially prefer lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide.
  • N-acylsulfonamide of formula IVc is then converted to its ylide derivative of formula IVd, wherein D' and E are defined as for the compounds of formula I, first by treating the compound of formula IVc with triphenylphosphine to form the phosphonium halide salt, and then by deprotonating the phosphonium halide salt with a strong base to form the ylide of formula IVd.
  • strong bases include, but are not limited to lithium diisopropyl amide, potassium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide and lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide.
  • Ylide IVd is then converted to tricarbonyl IVa by a two-step acylation/oxidation process.
  • the procedure for carrying out such a process is described in Wasserman et al., J. Org. Chem., 58, pp. 4785-87 (1993) and references cited therein.
  • Ylide IVd is first acylated with Z--(CHD) p C(O)--LG, wherein Z, D and p are defined above as for compounds of formula I and LG is any conventional leaving group.
  • Suitable leaving groups include, but are not limited to, hydroxyl, carboxylates and halides.
  • the leaving group is either hydroxyl or halide, most preferably chloride. Acylation reactions of this type may optionally be run in the presence of a base.
  • suitable bases include, but are not limited to triethylamine, pyridine, 4-dimethylaminopyridine, sodium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate and preferably, bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide.
  • dehydrating agents such as (1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide may be optionally used to facilitate acylation. We prefer to use (1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide.
  • Suitable oxidizing agents include, but are not limited to hydrogen peroxide, organic peracids such as peracetic acid and m-chloroperbenzoic acid, sodium hypochlorite and preferably, Oxone® (a commercially available mixture of potassium monopersulfate, potassium sulfate and potassium bisulfate).
  • Compounds of Formula IVa and other compounds of this invention having three adjacent carbonyls on their backbone structures may optionally be hydrated at the central carbonyl. Methods to hydrate or prevent hydration of this central carbonyl are known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • Aldehyde VIIIb is converted to difluoroacid VIIIc, wherein Z, X and X' are defined as above for compounds of formula II, first by condensing the aldehyde with methyl difluorobromoacetate in the presence of zinc, silver(I) acetate and diethylaluminum chloride to give a difluoro methyl ester (as described in T. T. Curran, J. Org. Chem., 58, pp. 6360-63 (1993)) and then hydrolyzing the methyl ester to a carboxylic acid.
  • the present invention envisions the use of either acidic or basic hydrolysis. Bases which may be employed include potassium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide. We prefer basic hydrolysis using sodium hydroxide.
  • Acid VIIIc is then converted to ketone VIIId, wherein D, X and X' are defined as above for compounds of formula II, via an N-methoxy-N-methylamide which is obtained by treating the acid with N-methoxy-N-methylamine.
  • the N-methoxy-N-methylamide is then treated with a Grignard reagent of the general formula D--Mg--Hal, wherein D is defined as above for compounds of formula II and Hal is any halogen.
  • the halogen is chloride or bromine.
  • Ketone VIIId is then converted to primary amine VIIIe, wherein Z, X, X' and D are defined as above for compounds of formula II, first by forming an imine with an ammonia equivalent and then by reducing the imine to a primary amine.
  • liquid ammonia or preferably, ammonium hydroxide may be used.
  • the reduction of the imine may be carried out using any conventional hydride, but preferably using sodium cyanoborohydride.
  • One convenient reduction scheme is the Borch reduction described in R. F. Borch et al., J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 93, pp. 2897-904 (1971).
  • the primary amine VIIIe is then sulfonylated with a sulfonyl halide having the general formula Hal--SO 2 E, wherein Hal is any halogen and E is defined as above for compounds of formula II, to give hydroxysulfonamide VIIf, wherein Z, X, X', D and E are defined as above for compounds of formula II.
  • Hal is chloride.
  • hydroxysulfonamide VIIIf is then oxidized to give compounds of the general structure VIIIa, wherein Z, X, X', D and E are defined as above for the compounds for formula II.
  • Typical oxidizing agents include, but are not limited to, pyridinium dichromate, pyridinium chlorochromate, and dimethylsulfoxide/triethylamine/oxalyl chloride (Swern oxidation conditions).
  • the oxidizing agent is sodium dichromate.
  • Carboxylic acid VIIIh wherein X and X' are defined as in formula II, is reduced to aldehyde VIIIi, wherein X and X' are defined as in formula II, first by forming an amide with N-methoxy-N-methylamine and then by reducing the amide to give aldehyde VIIi.
  • Suitable reducing agents include, but are not limited to sodium borohydride, sodium cyanoborohydride, lithium and potassium tri-sec-butylborohydride and preferably, lithium aluminum hydride.
  • Aldehyde VIIIi is then treated with a primary amine having the general formula D'--NH 2 , wherein D' is defined the same as D above for compounds of formula II (as used throughout this scheme, D' will be defined as D above for compounds of formula II), to give an imine which is reduced to give a secondary amine having the general formula VIIIj, wherein X and X' are defined as above for the compounds of formula II and D' is defined as above.
  • the reducing agent which is used can be essentially any hydride reducing agent known to those skilled in the art, preferably, sodium cyanoborohydride.
  • Secondary amine VIIIj is then sulfonylated with a sulfonylating agent having the general formula Hal--SO 2 E, wherein Hal is any halogen and E is defined above for the compounds of formula II and then oxidized to give N-Cbz ketone of the formula VIIIk, wherein X, X' and E are defined as above for compounds of formula II and D' is defined in the preceding paragraph.
  • Suitable oxidizing agents include, but are not limited to pyridinium dichromate, pyridinium chlorochromate, dimethyl sulfoxide/triethylamine/oxalyl chloride (Swern oxidation conditions) and preferably, sodium dichromate.
  • Ketone VIIIk is then reduced with hydrogen in the presence of Pd/C catalyst to remove the Cbz group, and then acylated or sulfonylated with A-LG, wherein A is defined as above for compounds of formula II and LG is a suitable leaving group.
  • Suitable leaving groups include, but are not limited to, halogen, hydroxyl, alkanoate, and preferably N-oxysuccinimidate.
  • Preferred A-LG are 3-(S)-tetrahydrofuranyl succinamidyl carbonate and 1,3 dioxane-p-nitrophenyl carbonate.
  • 1,3 dioxane-p-nitrophenyl carbonate is prepared according to Example 36 below.
  • a primary amine having the general formula D'--NH 2 wherein D' is defined as for compounds of formula I, is sulfonylated with a sulfonyl halide having the general formula Hal--SO 2 E, wherein Hal is any halogen and E is defined as above for compounds of formula I, to give a sulfonamide, which in turn is alkylated with an epihalohydrin, or if a enantiomerically pure product is desired, a chiral glycidyl derivative to give epoxide Vb.
  • Suitable epihalohydrins include, but are not limited to, epichlorohydrin, epiiodohydrin and preferably, epibromohydrin.
  • Suitable chiral glycidyl derivatives include, but are not limited to, (2S)-(+)- and (2R)-(-)-glycidyl tosylate and (2S)-(+)- and (2R)-(-)-glycidyl 3-nitrobenzenesulfonate.
  • Epoxide Vb is then selectively ring-opened with a primary amine having the general formula D--NH 2 , wherein D is defined as above for compounds of formula I, to give a diamine which is then acylated at the secondary amine position to give compound Va.
  • the acylating agent has the formula A--R 1' --LG, wherein A is as defined above for compounds of formula I, R 1' is selected from the group consisting of --C--(O)--, --O--C--(O)-- and --NR 2 --C(O)-- and LG is as defined above.
  • epoxide Vb may be ring-opened with an amino species HZ', wherein Z' is --N(D)SO 2 E, --N(H)A, --N(D)A, --N(H)E, --N(H)C(O)N(D)(E), --N(H)Ht, --N(D)Ht and --Ht', wherein D, E, Het and A are defined above as in formula I and --Ht' is a 5-10 membered nitrogen-containing heterocycle optionally substituted with any of the Ht substituents mentioned for compounds of formula I. Alkylation of Vb with HZ' gives compounds of the general formula Vc, wherein Z' is defined as above and D' and E are defined as above for compounds of formula I.
  • 1,2,4-Butanetriol is ketalized with any suitable ketone or ketone equivalent, such as a dialkylketal thereof, in the presence of a protic acid, to give a primary alcohol bearing a ketal at the 1 and 2 positions.
  • suitable ketone or ketone equivalent such as a dialkylketal thereof
  • protic acid to give a primary alcohol bearing a ketal at the 1 and 2 positions.
  • ketones, ketone equivalents, and protic acids are known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • a preferred ketone is acetone
  • a preferred ketone equivalent is 2,2-dimethyoxypropane
  • a preferred protic acid is p-toluenesulfonic acid.
  • the primary alcohol is then protected with any conventional acid-stable protecting group. Examples of such protecting groups can be found, for example, in T. W.
  • a preferred protecting group is benzyl bromide.
  • the resulting benzyl ketal is then deprotected with any conventional protic acid to give the benzyl diol of formula VIIb.
  • Diol VIIb is then activated at its primary hydroxyl site.
  • Suitable activating reagents include, but are not limited to, p-toluenesulfonyl halides, trifluoromethanesulfonyl halides, 4-bromobenzenesulfonyl halides and preferably, methanesulfonyl halides.
  • diol VIIb is treated with methanesulfonyl chloride to give a mesylate, which is alkylated with a primary amine having the general D'--NH 2 , wherein D' is defined as above for compounds of formula I.
  • the resulting secondary amine is sulfonylated with a sulfonating agent having the formula Hal--SO 2 E, wherein Hal is any halogen and E is defined as above for compounds of formula I, to give benzyl sulfonamide VIic.
  • Sulfonamide VIIc is then hydrogenated in the presence of a suitable catalyst, such as Pd/C, to remove the benzyl group from the primary hydroxyl group and further activated at its primary hydroxyl site to convert the primary hydroxyl to a better leaving group.
  • a suitable catalyst such as Pd/C
  • agents useful for this purpose include, but are not limited to p-toluenesulfonyl halides, trifluoromethanesulfonyl halides, 4-bromobenzenesulfonyl halides and preferably, methanesulfonyl halides.
  • Mesylate VIId may then be alkylated with a primary amine having the formula D--NH 2 , wherein D is defined as above for compounds of formula I, to give an aminosulfonamide.
  • the aminosulfonamide is further N-sulfonylated with a sulfonylating agent having the formula Hal--SO 2 E', wherein Hal is any halogen and E' is defined as E above for compounds of formula I, to give compounds of the general formula VIIe, wherein D, D' and E are defined as above for compounds of formula I and E' is defined as above.
  • mesylate VIId may be alkylated with an amino species HZ', wherein Z' is --N(D)SO 2 E, --N(H)A, --N(D)A, --N(H)E, --N(H)C(O)N(D)(E), --N(H)Ht, --N(D)Ht and --Ht', wherein D, E, Het and A are defined above as in formula I and --Het' is a 5-10 membered nitrogen-containing heterocycle optionally substituted with any of the Ht substituents mentioned for compounds of formula I.
  • Alkylation of VIId with HZ' gives compounds of the general formula VIIa, wherein Z' is defined as above and D' and E are defined as above for compounds of formula I.
  • the reactions described above can be utilized in an alternate order to produce compounds of formula VIIe, as shown in Scheme 4a above.
  • Sulfonamide VIIc wherein D' and E are defined above for compounds of formula I, may be protected as its tetrahydropyran ether, using 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran and p-toluenesulfonic acid.
  • the resulting tetrahydropyran ether is hydrogenated in the presence of Pd/C to remove the benzyl group and give a primary alcohol.
  • the resulting primary alcohol is then oxidized in the presence of pyridinium dichromate to give carboxylic acid VIIf.
  • Carboxylic acid VIIf may then be amidated in the presence of EDC and HOBT with an amino species HZ', wherein Z' is --N(D)SO 2 E, --N(H)A, --N(D)A, --N(H)E, --N(H)C(O)N(D)(E), --N(H)Ht, --N(D)Ht or --Ht', wherein D, E, Het and A are defined above as in formula I and --Ht' is a 5-10 membered nitrogen-containing heterocycle optionally substituted with any of the Het substituents mentioned for compounds of formula I.
  • Amidation of VIIf with HZ' gives compounds of the general formula VIIg, wherein Z' is defined as above and D' and E are defined as above for compounds of formula I.
  • the compounds of this invention may be modified by appending appropriate functionalities to enhance selective biological properties.
  • modifications are known in the art and include those which increase biological penetration into a given biological compartment (e.g., blood, lymphatic system, central nervous system), increase oral availability, increase solubility to allow administration by injection, alter metabolism and alter rate of excretion.
  • the compounds of this invention are characterized by a superior ability to inhibit protease activity and viral replication. These compounds are especially well suited for inhibiting HIV aspartyl protease. We believe that this activity is due to specific steric and electronic interactions between the protease and compounds of this invention. This belief stems from our analysis of the structural basis for the activity of compounds of this invention, in view of the known crystal structures of HIV protease and bound inhibitors, such as the structure reported in Miller et al. "Structure of Complex of Synthetic HIV-1 Protease with a Substrate-Based Inhibitor at 2.3 ⁇ Resolution", Science, vol. 246, pp. 1149-1152 (1989), which is incorporated herein by reference, as well as structures determined in our laboratories.
  • novel compounds of the present invention are excellent ligands for aspartyl proteases, particularly HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases. Accordingly, these compounds are capable of targeting and inhibiting late stage events in HIV replication, i.e., the processing of the viral polyproteins by HIV encoded proteases. Such compounds inhibit the proteolytic processing of viral polyprotein precursors by inhibiting aspartyl protease. Because aspartyl protease is essential for the production of mature virions, inhibition of that processing effectively blocks the spread of virus by inhibiting the production of infectious virions, particularly from chronically infected cells.
  • Compounds according to this invention advantageously inhibit the ability of the HIV-1 virus to infect immortalized human T cells over a period of days, as determined by an assay of extracellular p24 antigen--a specific marker of viral replication. Other anti-viral assays have confirmed the potency of these compounds.
  • the compounds of this invention may be used in the manufacture of a medicament for treating viral infection in a mammal. It will be evident to one skilled in the art that the compounds of this invention, including the preferred compounds of formulas VI, VII, and C, may be employed in a conventional manner for the treatment of viral infections, such as HIV and HTLV, which depend on aspartyl proteases for obligatory events in their life cycle. Such methods of treatment, their dosage levels and requirements may be selected by those of ordinary skill in the art from available methods and techniques.
  • a compound of this invention may be combined with a pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant for administration to a virally-infected patient in a pharmaceutically acceptable manner and in an amount effective to lessen the severity of the viral infection or to alleviate pathological effects associated with HIV infection or immunosuppression such as opportunistic infections or various cancers.
  • the compounds of this invention may be used in used in the manufacture of a medicament for preventing viral infection in a mammal.
  • the compounds of this invention including the preferred compounds of formulas VI, VII, and C, may be used in prophylactics and methods for protecting individuals against viral infection during a specific event, such as childbirth, or over an extended period of time.
  • the compounds may be employed in such prophylactics either alone or together with other antiretroviral agents to enhance the efficacy of each agent.
  • the novel protease inhibitors of this invention can be administered as agents for treating or preventing HIV infection in a mammal.
  • the compounds of formula I or II may be readily absorbed into the bloodstream of mammals upon oral administration.
  • Compounds of formula I or II having a molecular weight of less than about 600 g/mole and aqueous solubility of greater than or equal to 0.1 mg/mL are most likely to demonstrate high and consistent oral availability. This surprisingly impressive oral availability makes such compounds excellent agents for orally-administered treatment and prevention regimens against HIV infection.
  • the compounds of this invention also have an impressively high therapeutic index (which measures toxicity versus anti-viral effect). Accordingly, the compounds of this invention are effective at lower dosage levels than many previously described conventional antiretroviral agents and avoid many of the severe toxic effects associated with those drugs. The potential of these compounds to be delivered at doses far exceeding their effective antiviral levels is advantageous in slowing or preventing the possibility of resistant variants developing.
  • the compounds of this invention may be administered to a healthy or HIV-infected patient either as a single agent or in combination with other anti-viral agents which interfere with the replication cycle of HIV.
  • the compounds of this invention may be administered with other anti-viral agents which target different events in the viral life cycle, the therapeutic effect of these compounds is potentiated.
  • the co-administered anti-viral agent can be one which targets early events in the life cycle of the virus, such as cell entry, reverse transcription and viral DNA integration into cellular DNA.
  • Anti-HIV agents targeting such early life cycle events include, didanosine (ddI), dideoxycytidine (ddC), d4T, zidovudine (AZT), 3TC, 935U83, 1592U89, 524W91, polysulfated polysaccharides, sT4 (soluble CD4), ganiclovir, trisodium phosphonoformate, eflornithine, ribavirin, acyclovir, alpha interferon and tri-menotrexate.
  • non-nucleoside inhibitors of reverse transcriptase such as TIBO, delavirdine (U90) or nevirapine
  • TIBO delavirdine
  • U90 delavirdine
  • nevirapine may be used to potentiate the effect of the compounds of this invention, as may viral uncoating inhibitors, inhibitors of trans-activating proteins such as tat or rev, or inhibitors of the viral integrase.
  • Combination therapies according to this invention exert an additive or synergistic effect in inhibiting HIV replication because each component agent of the combination acts on a different site of HIV replication.
  • the use of such combination therapies may also advantageously reduce the dosage of a given conventional anti-retroviral agent which would be required for a desired therapeutic or prophylactic effect, as compared to when that agent is administered as a monotherapy.
  • Such combinations may reduce or eliminate the side effects of conventional single anti-retroviral agent therapies, while not interfering with the anti-retroviral activity of those agents.
  • These combinations reduce potential of resistance to single agent therapies, while minimizing any associated toxicity.
  • These combinations may also increase the efficacy of the conventional agent without increasing the associated toxicity.
  • the compounds of this invention act in an additive or synergistical manner in preventing the replication of HIV in human T cells.
  • Preferred combination therapies include the administration of a compound of this invention with AZT, ddI, ddC, d4T, 3TC, 935U83, 1592U89, 524W91 or a combination thereof.
  • the compounds of this invention may also be co-administered with other HIV protease inhibitors such as saquinavir (Ro 31-8959, Roche), L-735,524 (Merck), ABT 538 (A-80538, Abbott), AG 1341 (Agouron), XM 412 (DuPont Merck), XM 450 (DuPont Merck), BMS 186318 (Bristol-Meyers Squibb) and CPG 53,437 (Ciba Geigy) or prodrugs of these or related compounds to increase the effect of therapy or prophylaxis against various viral mutants or members of HIV quasi species.
  • HIV protease inhibitors such as saquinavir (Ro 31-8959, Roche), L-735,524 (Merck), ABT 538 (A-80538, Abbott), AG 1341 (Agouron), XM 412 (DuPont Merck), XM 450 (DuPont Merck), BMS 1863
  • retroviral reverse transcriptase inhibitors such as nucleoside derivatives, or other HIV aspartyl protease inhibitors, including multiple combinations comprising from 3-5 agents.
  • retroviral reverse transcriptase inhibitors such as nucleoside derivatives, or other HIV aspartyl protease inhibitors
  • the co-administration of the compounds of this invention with retroviral reverse transcriptase inhibitors or HIV aspartyl protease inhibitors may exert a substantial additive or synergistic effect, thereby preventing, substantially reducing, or completely eliminating viral replication or infection or both, and symptoms associated therewith.
  • the compounds of this invention can also be administered in combination with immunomodulators and immunostimulators (e.g., bropirimine, anti-human alpha interferon antibody, IL-2, GM-CSF, interferon alpha, diethyldithiocarbamate, tumor necrosis factor, naltrexone, tuscarasol, and rEPO); and antibiotics (e.g., pentamidine isethiorate) to prevent or combat infection and disease associated with HIV infections, such as AIDS, ARC and HIV-associated cancers.
  • immunomodulators and immunostimulators e.g., bropirimine, anti-human alpha interferon antibody, IL-2, GM-CSF, interferon alpha, diethyldithiocarbamate, tumor necrosis factor, naltrexone, tuscarasol, and rEPO
  • antibiotics e.g., pentamidine isethiorate
  • compositions according to this invention may comprise a combination of an aspartyl protease inhibitor of this invention and one or more therapeutic or prophylactic agents.
  • the compounds of this invention can also be used as inhibitory agents for other viruses which depend on similar aspartyl proteases for obligatory events in their life cycle. These viruses include other AIDS-like diseases caused by retroviruses, such as simian immunodeficiency viruses, HTLV-I and HTLV-II.
  • viruses include other AIDS-like diseases caused by retroviruses, such as simian immunodeficiency viruses, HTLV-I and HTLV-II.
  • the compounds of this invention may also be used to inhibit other aspartyl proteases, and in particular, other human aspartyl proteases, including renin and aspartyl proteases that process endothelin precursors.
  • compositions of this invention comprise any of the compounds of the present invention, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, with any pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant or vehicle.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants and vehicles that may be used in the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention include, but are not limited to, ion exchangers, alumina, aluminum stearate, lecithin, self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) such as d ⁇ -tocopherol polyethyleneglycol 1000 succinate, serum proteins, such as human serum albumin, buffer substances such as phosphates, glycine, sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, partial glyceride mixtures of saturated vegetable fatty acids, water, salts or electrolytes, such as protamine sulfate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride, zinc salts, colloidal silica, magnesium trisilicate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, cellulose-based substances, polyethylene glycol, sodium carboxymethylcellulose
  • Cyclodextrins such as ⁇ -, ⁇ -, and ⁇ -cyclodextrin, or chemically modified derivatives such as hydroxyalkylcyclodextrins, including 2- and 3-hydroxypropyl- ⁇ -cyclodextrins, or other solublized derivatives may also be advantageously used to enhance delivery of comppunds of formula I or II.
  • compositions of this invention may be administered orally, parenterally, by inhalation spray, topically, rectally, nasally, buccally, vaginally or via an implanted reservoir. We prefer oral administration or administration by injection.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may contain any conventional non-toxic pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers, adjuvants or vehicles.
  • the pH of the formulation may be adjusted with pharmaceutically acceptable acids, bases or buffers to enhance the stability of the formulated compound or its delivery form.
  • parenteral as used herein includes subcutaneous, intracutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intraarticular, intrasynovial, intrasternal, intrathecal, intralesional and intracranial injection or infusion techniques.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions may be in the form of a sterile injectable preparation, for example, as a sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspension.
  • This suspension may be formulated according to techniques known in the art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents (such as, for example, Tween 80) and suspending agents.
  • the sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally-acceptable diluent or solvent, for example, as a solution in 1,3-butanediol.
  • suitable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are mannitol, water, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution.
  • sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium.
  • any bland fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides.
  • Fatty acids, such as oleic acid and its glyceride derivatives are useful in the preparation of injectables, as are natural pharmaceutically-acceptable oils, such as olive oil or castor oil, especially in their polyoxyethylated versions.
  • These oil solutions or suspensions may also contain a long-chain alcohol diluent or dispersant such as Ph. Helv or a similar alcohol.
  • compositions of this invention may be orally administered in any orally acceptable dosage form including, but not limited to, capsules, tablets, and aqueous suspensions and solutions.
  • carriers which are commonly used include lactose and corn starch.
  • Lubricating agents such as magnesium stearate, are also typically added.
  • useful diluents include lactose and dried corn starch.
  • aqueous suspensions are administered orally, the active ingredient is combined with emulsifying and suspending agents. If desired, certain sweetening and/or flavoring and/or coloring agents may be added.
  • compositions of this invention may also be administered in the form of suppositories for rectal administration.
  • These compositions can be prepared by mixing a compound of this invention with a suitable non-irritating excipient which is solid at room temperature but liquid at the rectal temperature and therefore will melt in the rectum to release the active components.
  • suitable non-irritating excipient include, but are not limited to, cocoa butter, beeswax and polyethylene glycols.
  • Topical administration of the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention is especially useful when the desired treatment involves areas or organs readily accessible by topical application.
  • the pharmaceutical composition should be formulated with a suitable ointment containing the active components suspended or dissolved in a carrier.
  • Carriers for topical administration of the compounds of this invention include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, liquid petroleum, white petroleum, propylene glycol, polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene compound, emulsifying wax and water.
  • the pharmaceutical composition can be formulated with a suitable lotion or cream containing the active compound suspended or dissolved in a carrier.
  • Suitable carriers include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, sorbitan monostearate, polysorbate 60, cetyl esters wax, cetearyl alcohol, 2-octyldodecanol, benzyl alcohol and water.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may also be topically applied to the lower intestinal tract by rectal suppository formulation or in a suitable enema formulation. Topically-transdermal patches are also included in this invention.
  • compositions of this invention may be administered by nasal aerosol or inhalation.
  • Such compositions are prepared according to techniques well-known in the art of pharmaceutical formulation and may be prepared as solutions in saline, employing benzyl alcohol or other suitable preservatives, absorption promoters to enhance bioavailability, fluorocarbons, and/or other solubilizing or dispersing agents known in the art.
  • Dosage levels of between about 0.01 and about 100 mg/kg body weight per day, preferably between about 0.5 and about 75 mg/kg body weight per day of the active ingredient compound are useful in the prevention and treatment of viral infection, including HIV infection.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention will be administered from about 1 to about 5 times per day or alternatively, as a continuous infusion. Such administration can be used as a chronic or acute therapy.
  • the amount of active ingredient that may be combined with the carrier materials to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host treated and the particular mode of administration.
  • a typical preparation will contain from about 5% to about 95% active compound (w/w).
  • such preparations contain from about 20% to about 80% active compound.
  • a maintenance dose of a compound, composition or combination of this invention may be administered, if necessary. Subsequently, the dosage or frequency of administration, or both, may be reduced, as a function of the symptoms, to a level at which the improved condition is retained when the symptoms have been alleviated to the desired level, treatment should cease. Patients may, however, require intermittent treatment on a long-term basis upon any recurrence of disease symptoms.
  • the compounds of this invention are also useful as commercial reagents which effectively bind to aspartyl proteases, particularly HIV aspartyl protease.
  • the compounds of this invention, and their derivatives may be used to block proteolysis of a target peptide or may be derivatized to bind to a stable resin as a tethered substrate for affinity chromatography applications.
  • a compound of formula I or II may be tethered to an affinity column to purify recombinantly produced HIV protease.
  • Derivatization of the compounds of this invention to produce affinity chromatography resins and the methods used to purify proteases using such resins are well known and within the skill of the art.
  • Preparative HPLC was also carried out using C 18 reversed-phase media. HPLC retention times were recorded in minutes. NMR spectral data was recorded using a Bruker AMX500, equipped with either a reverse or QNP probe, at 500 MHz, and was taken in the indicated solvent.
  • DMSO dimethylsulfoxide
  • CCRM-CEM cells a strain of CD4 + human T-cell lymphoma cells, previously acutely infected with HIV IIIb using standard protocols (see Meek, T. D. et al., "Inhibition of HIV-1 protease in infected T-lymphocytes by synthetic peptide analogues", Nature, 343, p. 90 (1990).
  • Preferred compounds are those which are able to inhibit 90% of viral infectivity at a concentration of 1 ⁇ M or less. More preferred compounds are those which are able to inhibit 90% of viral infectivity at a concentration of 100 nM or less.
  • the effect of the compounds on inhibiting the replication of the virus was measured by determining the HIV extracellular p24 antigen concentration using a commercial enzyme immunoassay (obtained from Coulter Corporation, Hialeah, Fla.).
  • syncytia formation a formation of a cell type and the desired readout, syncytia formation, reverse-transcriptase (RT) activity, or cytopathic effect as assayed by a dye uptake method may also be used as readouts of antiviral activity.
  • RT reverse-transcriptase
  • cytopathic effect as assayed by a dye uptake method may also be used as readouts of antiviral activity.
  • H. Mitsuya and S. Broder "Inhibition of the in vitro infectivity and cytopathic effect of human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphoadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV) by 2',3'-dideoxynucleosides" Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, vol. 83, pp. 1911-1915 (1986).
  • PBMCs peripheral blood mononuclear cells
  • the compounds of this invention are able to inhibit the replication of the HIV virus in human T-cells and furthermore, may be delivered orally to mammals, they are of evident clinical utility for the treatment of HIV infection. These tests are predictive of the compounds ability to inhibit HIV protease in vivo.
  • Example 1D The procedure described in Example 1D was performed using the amine prepared in Example 4B (0.047 g, 0.118 mmol). Purification of the crude material by silica gel column chromatography (10-20% Et 2 O/CH 2 Cl 2 ) gave Compound 1004 (43 mg, 71%). 1 H NMR consistent with structure.
  • Example 4B The procedure described in Example 4B was performed using the 86 mg of epoxide and 2-phenethylamine (0.160 g, 1.32 mmol) to give the amine (0.097 g, 82%). 1 H NMR consistent with structure.
  • Example 4C The procedure described in Example 4C was performed using the amine prepared in Example 5A (0.024 g, 0.054 mmol) and 1,3-dioxan-4-yl-4-nitrophenyl carbonate (described in Example 29A) (0.018 g, 0.059 mmol) to give Compound 1005 (3.9 mg, 13%). 1 H NMR consistent with structure.
  • Example 1A The procedure described in Example 1A was performed using isobutylamine (0.396 g, 5.41 mmol) and 3-nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride (1.0 g, 4.5 mmol) to give N-isobutyl-3-nitrobenzenesulfonamide (0.916 g, 78%). 1 H NMR consistent with structure.
  • Example 4A The procedure described in Example 4A was performed using the sulfonamide prepared in Example 6A (0.560 g, 2.17 mmol) to give the epoxide (0.650 g, 95%). 1 H NMR consistent with structure.
  • Example 5A The procedure described in Example 5A was performed using the epoxide prepared in Example 6B (0.410 g, 1.30 mmol) to give the amine (0.244 g, 43%). 1 H NMR consistent with structure.
  • Example 1D The procedure described in Example 1D was performed using the amine prepared in Example 6C (0.064 g, 0.147 mmol) to give the nitro sulfonamide (0.061 g, 76%). 1 H NMR consistent with structure.
  • Example 1A The procedure described in Example 1A was performed using cyclopentylmethylamine (0.482 g, 4.86 mmol) and 3-nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride (1.077 g, 4.86 mmol) to give the amine (1.29 g, 93%). 1 H NMR consistent with structure.
  • Example 4A The procedure described in Example 4A was performed using the amine prepared in Example 7A (0.727 g, 2.56 mmol) to give the epoxide (1.20 g, crude material). 1 H NMR consistent with structure.
  • Example 5A The procedure described in Example 5A was performed using the epoxide prepared in Example 7B (0.216 g, 0.635 mmol) to give the amine (0.142 g, 48%). 1 H NMR consistent with structure.
  • Example 1D The procedure described in Example 1D was performed using the amine prepared in Example 7C (0.034 g, 0.074 mmol) and 4-nitrophenyl-tetrahydrofurodihydrofuran-3-yl carbonate (0.033 g, 0.110 mmol) to give the nitro sulfonamide (0.025 g, 55%).
  • 1 H NMR consistent with structure.
  • Example 6E The procedure described in Example 6E was performed using the nitro sulfonamide prepared in Example 7D (0.019 g, 0.031 mmol) to give Compound 1013 (0.011 g, 26%). 1 H NMR consistent with structure.
  • Example 5B The procedure described in Example 5B was performed using the amine prepared in Example 7C (0.039 g, 0.085 mmol) to give the nitro sulfonamide (0.025 g, 50%). 1 H NMR consistent with structure.
  • Example 6E The procedure described in Example 6E was performed using the nitro sulfonamide prepared in Example 8A (0.025 g, 0.042 mmol) to give Compound 1014 (0.020 g, 86%). 1 H NMR consistent with structure.
  • Example 4B The procedure described in Example 4B was performed using 226 mg of the epoxide and 3,4-dibenzyloxyphenethylamine hydrochloride (1.28 g, 3.47 mmol) to give the amine (0.200 g, 44%). 1 H NMR consistent with structure.
  • Example 1D The procedure described in Example 1D was performed using the amine prepared in Example 9A (0.076 g, 0.115 mmol) to give the dibenzyl protected sulfonamide (0.057 g, 64%). 1 H NMR consistent with structure.
  • Example 1A The procedure described in Example 1A was performed using N-(2(S)-hydroxy-4-phenethylamino)butyl-N-isobutyl-4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide (0.043 g, 0.099 mmol) to give Compound 1035.
  • reaction mixture was diluted with 200 mL of water, extracted into 1 L of diethyl ether, dried over magnesium sulfate, concentrated in vacuo and purified by medium pressure liquid chromatography (100% methylene chloride, followed by it MeOH/methylene chloride, then 2% MeOH/methylene chloride) to give 19.95 g of Compound 13J.
  • Example 5B The procedure described in Example 5B was performed using 30 mg (0.067 mmol) of the amine and 1,3-dioxolan-4-ylmethyl-4-nitrophenyl carbonate (0.045 g, 0.168 mmol) to give Compound 1018 (0.006 g, 14%). 1 H NMR consistent with structure.
  • Example 27K The procedure described in Example 27K was performed using 4-benzyloxycarbonyl-2(S)-N'-(t-butylcarboxamido)piperazine (0.035 g, 0.110 mmol) to give after prep. TLC (EtOAc/CH 2 Cl 2 , 1:1) purification Compound 1031 (0.050 g, 73% for 2 steps). 1 H NMR consistent with structure.
  • Example 1A The procedure described in Example 1A was performed using N-(4-cyclopentylmethylamino-2(S)-hydroxy)butyl-N-isobutyl-4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide (0.050 g, 0.121 mmol) and benzenesulfonyl chloride (0.043 g, 0.243 mmol) to give Compound 1122 (0.030 g, 45%). 1 H NMR consistent with structure.
  • Example 1A The procedure described in Example 1A was performed using N-(4-cyclopentylmethylamino-2(S)-hydroxy)butyl-N-isobutyl-4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide (0.050 g, 0.121 mmol) and 4-benzyloxybenzenesulfonyl chloride (0.069 g, 0.244 mmol) to give Compound 20A (0.047 g, 59%). 1 H NMR consistent with structure.
  • Example 6E The procedure described in Example 6E was performed using Compound 20A (0.045 g, 0.068 mmol) to give Compound 1123 (0.035 g, 90%). 1 H NMR consistent with structure.
  • Example 21A The resultant compound of Example 27G was treated with isobutylamine in a manner identical to that described in Example 30D to give Compound 21A.
  • Example 17A The procedure described in Example 17A was performed using 3-nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride (0.036 g, 0.161 mmol) and N-(4-cyclopentylmethylamino-2(S)-hydroxy)butyl-N-isobutyl-4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide (0.044 g, 0.108 mmol) to give the nitro sulfonamide in quantitative yield.
  • Example 6E The procedure described in Example 6E was performed using the nitro sulfonamide prepared in Example 23A (0.064 g, 0.108 mmol) to give Compound 1041 (0.024 g, 39%). 1 H NMR consistent with structure.
  • Example 1A The procedure described in Example 1A was performed using N-(4-cyclopentylmethylamino-2(S)-hydroxy)butyl-N-isobutyl-4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide (0.075 g, 0.182 mmol) and 4-nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride (0.081 g, 0.365 mmol) to give Compound 24A (0.074 g, 68%). 1 H NMR consistent with structure.
  • Example 6E The procedure described in Example 6E was performed using Compound 24A (0.040 g, 0.067 mmol) to give Compound 1124 (0.025 g, 66%). 1 H NMR consistent with structure.
  • Example 4A The procedure described in Example 4A was performed using N-Cbz-cyclopentylmethylamine (1.275 g, crude material) to give the epoxide (0.517 g, 40%). 1 H NMR consistent with structure.
  • Example 5A The procedure described in Example 5A was performed using the epoxide prepared in Example 29B (0.260 g, 0.899 mmol) to give the amine (0.200 g, 54%). 1 H NMR consistent with structure.
  • Example 29A The procedure described in Example 29A was performed using isonicotinoyl chloride hydrochloride (0.077 g, 0.435 mmol) and the amine prepared in Example 29C (0.119 g, 0.290 mmol) to give the Cbz-amine. 1 H NMR consistent with structure.
  • Example 6E The procedure described in Example 6E was performed using the Cbz-amine prepared in Example 29D (0.039 g, 0.071 mmol) to give the free amine (0.036 g, crude material) which was used without further purification. 1 H NMR consistent with structure.
  • Example 6E The procedure described in Example 6E was performed using the nitro sulfonamide prepared in Example 29F (0.011 g, 0.020 mmol) to give Compound 1045 (0.006 g, 59%). 1 H NMR consistent with structure.
  • Example 1C The procedure described in Example 1C was performed using the epoxide prepared in Example 30A (0.024 g, 0.102 mmol) and cyclopentylmethylamine (0.051 g, 0.515 mmol) to give the amine (0.034 g, quant.). 1 H NMR consistent with structure.
  • Example 4A The procedure described in Example 4A was performed using 4-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolinone (0.028 g, 0.143 mmol) to give the epoxide. 1 H NMR consistent with structure.
  • Example 30B The procedure described in Example 30B was performed using the epoxide prepared in Example 31A to give the amine (0.008 g). 1 H NMR consistent with structure.
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