US5485520A - Automatic real-time highway toll collection from moving vehicles - Google Patents

Automatic real-time highway toll collection from moving vehicles Download PDF

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Publication number
US5485520A
US5485520A US08/132,984 US13298493A US5485520A US 5485520 A US5485520 A US 5485520A US 13298493 A US13298493 A US 13298493A US 5485520 A US5485520 A US 5485520A
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Prior art keywords
data
collection station
toll
roadside
vehicle unit
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David Chaum
Peter L. Hendrick
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TC Bermuda Finance Ltd
Transcore LP
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Amtech Corp
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Priority to AU79316/94A priority patent/AU7931694A/en
Priority to JP7511046A priority patent/JP2739693B2/ja
Priority to DE69424997T priority patent/DE69424997T2/de
Priority to KR1019960701740A priority patent/KR100292647B1/ko
Priority to PCT/US1994/011453 priority patent/WO1995010147A1/en
Priority to EP94930084A priority patent/EP0722639B1/en
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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
    • G07B—TICKET-ISSUING APPARATUS; FARE-REGISTERING APPARATUS; FRANKING APPARATUS
    • G07B15/00—Arrangements or apparatus for collecting fares, tolls or entrance fees at one or more control points
    • G07B15/06—Arrangements for road pricing or congestion charging of vehicles or vehicle users, e.g. automatic toll systems
    • G07B15/063—Arrangements for road pricing or congestion charging of vehicles or vehicle users, e.g. automatic toll systems using wireless information transmission between the vehicle and a fixed station
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06K—GRAPHICAL DATA READING; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
    • G06K7/00—Methods or arrangements for sensing record carriers, e.g. for reading patterns
    • G06K7/0008—General problems related to the reading of electronic memory record carriers, independent of its reading method, e.g. power transfer
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G06Q20/00—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols
    • G06Q20/08—Payment architectures
    • G06Q20/085—Payment architectures involving remote charge determination or related payment systems
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G06Q20/00—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols
    • G06Q20/30—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols characterised by the use of specific devices or networks
    • G06Q20/36—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols characterised by the use of specific devices or networks using electronic wallets or electronic money safes
    • G06Q20/367—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols characterised by the use of specific devices or networks using electronic wallets or electronic money safes involving electronic purses or money safes
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G06Q20/00—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols
    • G06Q20/38—Payment protocols; Details thereof
    • G06Q20/383—Anonymous user system
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S13/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of radio waves, e.g. radar systems; Analogous systems using reflection or reradiation of waves whose nature or wavelength is irrelevant or unspecified
    • G01S13/74—Systems using reradiation of radio waves, e.g. secondary radar systems; Analogous systems
    • G01S13/75—Systems using reradiation of radio waves, e.g. secondary radar systems; Analogous systems using transponders powered from received waves, e.g. using passive transponders, or using passive reflectors
    • G01S13/751—Systems using reradiation of radio waves, e.g. secondary radar systems; Analogous systems using transponders powered from received waves, e.g. using passive transponders, or using passive reflectors wherein the responder or reflector radiates a coded signal
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S13/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of radio waves, e.g. radar systems; Analogous systems using reflection or reradiation of waves whose nature or wavelength is irrelevant or unspecified
    • G01S13/74—Systems using reradiation of radio waves, e.g. secondary radar systems; Analogous systems
    • G01S13/76—Systems using reradiation of radio waves, e.g. secondary radar systems; Analogous systems wherein pulse-type signals are transmitted
    • G01S13/765—Systems using reradiation of radio waves, e.g. secondary radar systems; Analogous systems wherein pulse-type signals are transmitted with exchange of information between interrogator and responder

Definitions

  • This invention relates generally to automatic real-time highway toll collection from moving vehicles. It is especially adapted to the use of an untraceable electronic check debited from a smart card and communicated in a cryptographically sealed envelope with opener.
  • the invention relates directly to an in-vehicle unit (IVU) and a roadside collection station (RCS) and to an overall system incorporating a plurality of RCS's and IVU's
  • the invention may also find use for parking collections and other types of road pricing applications.
  • microwave communication and cryptographic processing components of this invention are related to the following prior issued U.S. Patents which are hereby incorporated herein by reference:
  • toll charge is based, in part, upon the identity of the entry plaza at which the vehicle entered the system.
  • identity of the entry plaza at which the vehicle entered the system.
  • both of these alternatives complicate the system, necessite a higher bandwidth, and may prove expensive to implement.
  • Chasek is perhaps typical in prior art approaches to automatic toll collection which propose the use of prepaid tolls inserted electronically in the memory of a microwave transponder-data-processor, normally kept in the vehicle.
  • a toll plaza microwave transponder receives billing information from the vehicle transponder, calculates the toll, transmits it back to the vehicle transponder where the toll is electronically subtracted from a stored balance. If the resulting balance is not negative, a pass signal is then flashed.
  • Typical information to be stored hi the vehicle transponder permanent memory and communicated to the toll collection facility would include a vehicle-owner identity code, a collection agent code and a vehicle-class code. The availability of this information permits calculation of the toll.
  • a procedure for increasing the pre-paid balance makes possible a computerized and automated double entry bookkeeping and funds transfer system. Security is said to be achieved by "crypto-insertion codes".
  • the stored current electronic money balance in the vehicle transponder is to be indicated by a liquid crystal display.
  • Such automatic toll systems may offer some improvement over other prior art techniques employing only automatic vehicle identification (e.g. one-way data communication rather than bi-directional data communication) and involving intricate centralized computer facilities for storing and extracting billing information from potentially tens of millions of possible users for each toll transaction.
  • automatic toll paying For example, in the Chasek system the toll transaction inherently reveals the identity of the vehicle--and therefore inherently reveals the identity of the vehicle owner/driver. This may provide a significant intrusion into the expected privacy of individuals in a society which is presently accustomed to anonymous highway toll payment transactions using untraceable cash/coins or the like.
  • the Chasek approach requires an initial interrogation by a microwave transponder located at the toll plaza.
  • This implies at least four phases of required bi-directional communication e.g. the initial interrogating downlink communication, a first uplink communication of vehicle identification, etc., a second downlink communication of the computed toll amount and a second uplink communication indicating a lack of a negative balance in the vehicle transponder.
  • the described four-phase communication inherently require a considerable time and loss of anonymity to the transaction, it also fails to effectively provide for real-time cryptographically verified debit of the prepaid electronic money balance. Accordingly, such systems are more susceptible to erroneous and/or fraudulent transactions.
  • a presently preferred exemplary embodiment of this invention achieves especially efficient bi-directional automatic toll payment communications utilizing anonymous untraceable electronic checks communicated in cryptographically sealed envelopes with openers while utilizing, if desired, as few as three phases of actual data communication for each complete toll transaction (including a fully cryptographically verified debiting of smart card electronic money).
  • Such efficient communication minimizes the time required to complete each toll transaction and thus facilitates use at high vehicle speeds.
  • each IVU prepares an initial "commit" data package which already includes a portion of an anonymous cryptographically untraceable electronic check. Due to the very nature of the data in such package, it is extremely likely to be unique insofar all other toll transactions are concerned. Thus it conveniently also serves as a transaction identity code for authenticating and linking subsequent phases of the toll collection transaction.
  • an IVU comes within the communication "footprint" of an RCS (i.e., the highway area in which reliable communication with an IVU is possible, or in otherwards, the microwave communication zone)
  • this pre-configured "commit" data package is immediately and repetitively transmitted in an up-link mode to the nearest RCS at a toll plaza.
  • an RCS When an RCS detects successful receipt of a valid up-link "commit" data package, then it computes a return down-link “challenge” data package (typically including a computed toll amount based, at least in part, upon vehicle classification, highway entrance point, and perhaps other data included in the first up-link data package).
  • This second "challenge” data package also preferably includes a shortened encrypted version of at least some of the first commit data package (e.g., the transaction identity code) so as to authenticate the RCS (i.e. before the IVU effects a cash disbursement to the RCS).
  • the "challenge" data is communicated on a down-link to the appropriate IVU.
  • an IVU When an IVU successfully receives an authentic "challenge” data package (i.e., one carrying transaction identity data associated with its own earlier “ commit” data package), then an appropriate toll amount is debited from an associated smart card and suitable completion of the untraceable electronic check in that amount (together with the cryptographic opener, linkage data and cryptographically secured verification of a smart card debit) is collected in a third "payment" data package that is communicated on an up-link from the IVU to the RCS, thus completing one entire toll transaction.
  • an authentic "challenge” data package i.e., one carrying transaction identity data associated with its own earlier “ commit” data package
  • transaction identity data communicated in the first "commit" phase of the bi-directional communication process.
  • a shortened encrypted version of this transaction identity data (e.g. encrypted with a secret Data Encryption Standard or "DES" key shared by the IVU and RCS) may then be returned in the "challenge” data so as to authenticate the RCS to the IVU before a toll debit is effected.
  • transaction sequence and/or transaction lane data may be generated so as to be unique within a given plaza environment over a time duration longer than any expected toll transaction.
  • This additional transaction identification data may be included in the "challenge" and "payment" phases of each transaction so that a given RCS may appropriately associate different data packets involved in a given transaction and thus simultaneously process toll transactions with a plurality of IVU's.
  • a higher level local area network is also preferably provided between RCS's at a multi-lane facility so that cross-lane data may be redirected at the higher LAN level to the appropriate RCS.
  • Such cryptographically secure transaction linkage data (e.g., the transaction identity data, the transaction sequence data and/or the transaction lane data) is also preferably utilized to provide undeniable proof of toll payment in case the smart card is actually debited by the toll amount but, for some reason, such debiting is not properly recorded by the RCS and, as a consequence, enforcement provisions are subsequently taken against the vehicle in question (e.g. by triggering a photograph of the vehicle license plate).
  • the preferred exemplary embodiment also utilizes a down-link timing controller so as to coordinate downlink communication on adjacent lanes and avoid potential cross-lane down-link interference by preventing simultaneous downlink communication on adjacent lanes (and/or nearby lanes) of a multilane toll plaza.
  • the system may be designed with an ability to handle both "open” and "closed” toll highway configurations.
  • an open toll highway a fixed toll may be charged for each vehicle (or vehicle class) at each toll plaza.
  • a particular toll is typically computed as a function of the highway entrance point for a particular vehicle.
  • Such entrance point identity would be communicated through the IVU by an RCS located at the entrance point and then stored so as to become part of the first "commit" phase of communication by the IVU when it next encounters an RCS at some toll plaza along the highway (e.g., possibly at an exit ramp).
  • the exemplary embodiment of this invention is particularly designed primarily for use in a pre-payment environment (e.g. where there is sufficient pre-paid electronic money in the IVU-associated smart card to pay the requested toll).
  • the same system may also be arranged to handle post-payment scenarios. For example, if a drive realizes that his or her smart card may not contain sufficient remaining electronic money to pay the upcoming toll, then the WU may be conditioned (e.g. via suitable keyboard entry) to revert to an optional post-payment mode wherein vehicle/person identity is transmitted to the RCS.
  • a PIN code may be required before post-payment is permitted to minimize the chance of a smart card revealing the identity of its owner without the owner's consent.
  • all real time data processing and data communication is done within and between the IVU and RCS.
  • art IVU begins the data dialog when it self-triggers itself into an up-link mode of operation as a result of detecting a predetermined threshold of ambient rf level from an RCS.
  • modulated backscatter of a continuous wave (CW) microwave signal is used to transmit data in the up-link data direction.
  • each RCS normally operates in a passive uplink mode so as to provide the requisite CW microwave carrier signal enabling an up-link data transmission as soon as an IVU comes within its communication footprint.
  • CW continuous wave
  • the smart card utilized in the exemplary embodiment is preferably configured to process data and to communicate in a high speed mode when interfaced with an IVU.
  • the stone smart card may revert to standard slower speed processing and data communication at other times such that the electronic money contained in the smart card may be used for other purposes in addition to automatic toll collection.
  • a bidirectional microwave communication link employing modulated backscatter for short range high speed data communications suitable for use with this invention is known in the prior art.
  • a blind signature system utilizing public key cryptography may be used for generating cryptographically secured anonymous untraceable electronic checks which may be communicated, for example, in a cryptographically sealed envelope with opener.
  • public key cryptography e.g. the Rivest Shamir-Adleman or "RSA" cryptosystem
  • RSA Rivest Shamir-Adleman
  • the use of such public key cryptographic blind signature systems also provides enhanced cryptographic security while yet relaxing the requirements for tamper resistant or tamper proof enclosures for various system components.
  • a public key cryptosystem only one key (e.g., the private key) of a public key cryptosystem pair needs to be treated in tamper resistant or tamper proof manner.
  • a high speed version may use a secret key shared between a tamper-resistant IVU (SC) and a tamper-resistant RCS.
  • SC tamper-resistant IVU
  • the IVU may itself permanently incorporate a smart card chip (i.e., to be used in lieu of a removable smart card).
  • a smart card chip i.e., to be used in lieu of a removable smart card.
  • Such an IVU could be more easily sealed for exterior mounting such as might be required on motorcycles and the like.
  • Such an IVU could also be produced at less cost and in a smaller size. All attributes regarding privacy and security would be preserved.
  • This invention provides a particularly secure and efficient way to organize and operate such an automatic real time highway toll collection system.
  • FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic perspective view of a multi-lane toll plaza incorporating an exemplary automatic real time highway toll collection system in accordance with this invention
  • FIG. 2 is a block diagram of some major toll collection system components in the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 1;
  • FIGS. 2A, 2B and 2C depict exemplary operation of a downlink timing controller so as to prevent interference between adjacent lanes in the multi-lane environment of FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 2D is a simplified block diagram of a possible violation enforcement subsystem for use with the embodiment of FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an exemplary in-vehicle (IVU) for use in the embodiment of FIG. 1;
  • FIGS. 3A and 3B depict an exemplary housing and a possible keyboard/screen user interface for the IVU of FIG. 3;
  • FIG. 3C is a logic sequence human interface diagram showing an exemplary human interface with the IVU of FIGS. 3, 3A and 3B;
  • FIG. 3D is a schematic depiction of the link ASIC (application specific integrated circuit) utilized in the FIG. 3 IVU;
  • FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an exemplary roadside collection station (RCS) used in the embodiment of FIG. 1;
  • RCS roadside collection station
  • FIG. 4A is a logic block diagram of an exemplary uplink control process for use in she RCS of FIG. 4;
  • FIGS. 5, 5A and 5B depict data package flows in the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 1 for both uplink and downlink communication;
  • FIGS. 5C and 5D depict exemplary WRITE and SELECT command signalling sequences.
  • FIG. 1 schematically depicts a typical multi-lane toll plaza environment having four lanes (0-3) respectively associated with roadside collection stations (RCS) 20a (not shown), 20b, 20c, 20d.
  • RCS roadside collection stations
  • Each RCS communicates over a high speed short range microwave or rf communication link 22 with in-vehicle units (IVU) 34 located in either a single vehicle in its respective lane (e.g. see lane 1 in FIG. 1) or plural vehicles in its respective lane (e.g. see the pair of motorcycles in lane 2 of FIG. 1) while the vehicle passes through an RCS communication footprint 24.
  • IOU in-vehicle units
  • the microwave and/or rf are used to refer to any portion of the 4adio frequency spectrum suitable for a short-range communication between an IVU and RCS.
  • the dimensions of the footprint are a combined function of the radiation pattern of the rf antennae associated with both the RCS and the IVU.
  • the limited time duration over which a given IVU is present within the RCS communication footprint 24 places a very severe limitation on the time that is available to complete a bi-directional toll payment transaction. For typical speeds and antenna radiation patterns, it is presently anticipated that only a relatively few milliseconds may ultimately be available to complete such a transaction. Given the vagaries of microwave communication over short ranges between relatively moving antennae and the need to communicate reliably a considerable quantity of data requires highly efficient data protocols and formats.
  • the multi-lane toll plaza environment of is quite possible for an IVU in one of the lanes to successfully pass uplink data to an RCS other than the RCS that is nominally associated with that vehicle's actual highway lane. Unless constrained in some manner, it is also possible that a vehicle may be changing lanes during passage through the toll plaza.
  • the RCS units 20 are interconnected with a plaza computer local area network (LAN) and a downlink plaza timing controller via cabling 26.
  • LAN local area network
  • toll plaza 1 is schematically shown to include four lanes, each of which is respectively associated with an RCS 20, the RCS's 20a-20d being interconnected with plaza 1 computer 30 (e.g., a 486-based 33 MHz 8 MByte RAM 40 MByte hard disk PC with special application software running under Windows V3.1) and downlink plaza 1 controller 32 via a LAN and other wiring within cabling 26.
  • plaza 1 computer 30 e.g., a 486-based 33 MHz 8 MByte RAM 40 MByte hard disk PC with special application software running under Windows V3.1
  • the high speed short range bi-directional microwave communication links 22 are also depicted with the in-vehicle unit (IVU) 34 of an associated vehicle travelling along that respective highway lane.
  • IVU in-vehicle unit
  • each IVU 34 is interconnected to a respectively associated removable smart card (SC) 36a-36d.
  • plaza 1 computer 30 is interconnected with other plaza computers at other toll plazas and to a bank reload computer 40 (e.g. via a dial-up link, exchange of floppy disk or tapes) typically positioned in a secure (i.e., tamper resistant or tamper proof) bank facility 42.
  • Reload stations 44 may then be remotely connected to the bank reload computer 40 via another LAN (e.g. wireload stations being located at a gas station 46 or the like as illustrated in FIG. 2).
  • a smart card 36 may then be removably interconnected with a reload station 44 and reloaded with electronic money in a cryptographically secure way via the bank reload computer 40 (which may be located in a tamper resistant or tamper proof bank environment if the private key of a public key cryptosystem pair is required as part of the reloading process).
  • the Reload Computer may be installed with an internal Kryptor (a high speed RSA/DES encryption device) mounted in an ISA expansion slot.
  • the Kryptor (a high speed RSA/DES encryption device) generates blank electronic checks and balance data tier transmission to a remote Reload Station.
  • the Reload Station 44 is the physical device into which the smart card is inserted for receiving blank checks and a balance.
  • the Reload Station can be physically the same as a DigiCash PayStation (available from DigiCash b.v., 419 Kruislaan, 1098 VA Amsterdam, The Netherlands), but with firmware suitably adapted to the toll application.
  • the Reload Station may be linked to the Reload Computer over a twisted-pair LAN operating at 38 KBaud.
  • the plaza area network (LAN) that links the Plaza Computer with one or more RCS's, Reload Computers and Reload Stations may be a multi-access, twisted-pair, asynchronous network using RS485 signal levels capable of data rates up to 38 KBaud and distances up to 1 Km.
  • the general type of short range microwave communications link employed in the exemplary embodiment has already been successfully applied within the European rail network.
  • modulated backscatter has been used to provide automatic vehicle identification (AVI) with backscatter data modulator "tags" being located on the underside of rail vehicles and an active microwave CW source RCS link controller being located on the ground between the rails.
  • AVI automatic vehicle identification
  • ATC automatic train control
  • Existing interrogators and tags using such communication technology are commercially available as part of the Dynicom system (a short range microwave communication system) from Amtech Corporation, 17301 Preston Road, Building E100, Dallas, Tex. 75252.
  • each road pricing transaction requires a sequence of at least three (i.e., uplink, downlink, and uplink) me;sages.
  • additional data messages may also be necessary or desirable as will be appreciated by those in the art.
  • the RCS and IVU of this invention support a bi-directional short range microwave communication link.
  • the link may operate in a half duplex mode (i.e. where transmission occurs in only one direction at a time).
  • initial data communication occurs from the IVU to the RCS (which is defined as the "uplink" direction of data transmission).
  • the RCS may switch the direction of data communication by transmitting a special primitive listen command to the IVU. Once the IVU switches from a transmit to a listen mode, then data transmission from the RCS to the IVU may be initiated (and this is defined as the downlink direction of data transmission). Once the RCS completes a downlink message, it automatically reverts to the passive, uplink mode in anticipation of receiving uplink data packages.
  • a downlink timing plaza controller 32 is employed to ensure against simultaneous downlink communications from RCS's in adjacent lanes.
  • FIG. 2A One possible arrangement is depicted at FIG. 2A where downlinks are permitted only simultaneously in even numbered lanes for a first time period and then in odd numbered links for a second time period--followed by a time slot during which CW microwave power is provided so that uplink communications are permitted to occur (from all lanes simultaneously).
  • FIG. 2A a relatively longer time period is provided for uplinks where a more complicated and secure public key cryptosystem form of cryptography is utilized (thus requiring the transmission of relatively greater amounts of data in the uplink direction while also permitting greater use of relatively cheaper non-tamperproof equipment disseminated throughout the system).
  • FIG. 2B is similar to that of FIG. 2A except that a relatively shorter time is provided for uplinks (as would be the case, for example, where less sophisticated cryptosystems are utilized with the attendant need to provide more secure tamper-proof components disseminated at critical points throughout the system).
  • the downlink plaza timing controller 32 may comprise a programmed microprocessor operated in accordance with an optimizing programmed process similar to that depicted in block diagram form at FIG. 2C.
  • the downlink controller 32 would most commonly be found operating in a tight loop around the downlink request query 50 (e.g. testing for the presence of any downlink communication request from any one of the RCS's at this particular plaza).
  • control would pass to block 52 to determine whether the request has emanated from an odd or even numbered lane. If an even numbered lane is requesting a downlink, then that request may be immediately satisfied by beginning the grant of an even-numbered lane request at 54 and thereafter continuing to test for more possible incoming requests at 56 (e.g. during the ongoing already granted downlink for even lanes). If not, then control may be immediately be passed to block 58 where the granted even lane downlink request may be extended if feasible (e.g. to more assuredly permit a successful downlink communication and/or to permit possibly additional downlink communications to occur on even numbered lanes provided that there is still sufficient RCS communication footprint time available to complete a transaction).
  • control could have passed to block 54a and subsequent blocks 56a, 58a, 60a and 62a which are all directly analogous to blocks 54-62 except for the interchange of odd and even-numbered lane associations as should now be apparent from FIG. 2C.
  • More sophisticated downlink timing control could provide individual grants as requested--for as long as necessary to successfully conclude the downlink phase or until a predetermined time-out--so long as no downlink requests are simultaneously granted for adjacent lane RCS's.
  • an optimization downlink control process such as that depicted in FIG. 2C may ultimately tend toward fixed time allocations such as depicted in FIGS. 2A or 2B. It is possible, in this example, to provide three or four downlink grants during the 10 to 20 milliseconds duration of an RCS communication footprint with an IVU--thus helping to ensure a successful completed toll transaction at some point.
  • Multi-lane operations may involve IVU-equipped vehicles travelling freely in two or more adjacent lanes.
  • there may be the opportunity for interference between adjacent RCS's and there may also be the opportunity to confuse IVU's between closely spaced adjacent vehicles (e.g. motorcycles).
  • it is also possible to have interference between a downlink and an uplink in adjacent lanes. This latter problem arises when a particular RCS is trying to receive an uplink message while any other RCS is transmitting a downlink message.
  • Experience has shown that the transmission of a downlink message is likely to corrupt uplink messages across the entire plaza.
  • This particular problem also may be solved by ensuring that all stations restrict downlink message transmissions to a selected time window authorized by the downlink controller (i.e., downlink grant interval). Thus, no RCS will be required to receive uplink messages during an interval in which some other RCS is transmitting a downlink message.
  • a programmed (or hard-wired) lane controller 100 may be provided as shown in FIG. 2D for each lane of traffic at the toll plaza.
  • an RCS 20 provides vehicle classification information on line 102 (e.g. as provided by uplink data communications from the IVU involved in a current toll payment process) as well as payment status information (e.g. the toll amount actually paid, if any, as indicated by cryptographically secured uplink payment verification data) on line 104.
  • the lane controller Via other conventional vehicle classification detection systems 106, the lane controller also receives vehicle classification data in an independent manner for the same vehicle then passing through a particular lane of the toll plaza.
  • the lane controller may have conventional vehicle presence detectors 108 (located before the RCS communication footprint) and 110 (located after the RCS communication footprint). In this manner, the lane controller 100 may verify that vehicle classification information is correct and that cryptographically verified payment of the correct toll amount for that classification of vehicle has actually been received before presence detector 110 indicates that the vehicle has passed beyond the RCS communication footprint. If any monitored event fails to be satisfied at that time, then the lane controller 100 may trigger a conventional video enforcement system 112 or otherwise call attention to the possible nonpayment of a proper toll by a particular vehicle (e.g. by applying some sort of detectable marker to the vehicle, by triggering an alarm, etc.).
  • the smart card is debited just prior to the moment the IVU issues the payment message.
  • the vehicle may exit the microwave communication zone prior to the correct readout of all payment frames by the RCS.
  • the smart card would have been correctly debited, but verification of payment would not have been received by the RCS. This event will trigger the enforcement system and cause a fine to be issued to the owner of the vehicle.
  • the system architecture is designed to allow the vehicle owner to prove that he made payment and, thereby, avoid the free.
  • the IVU maintains an 8 digit alphanumeric code corresponding to each transaction correctly debited.
  • the vehicle owner may send to the toll authority the code corresponding to the transaction in question as proof of payment.
  • no payment data shall be released by the IVU and the smart card shall not be debited. In this instance, the vehicle owner shall be required to remit the toll and any associated fines.
  • the above-referenced cryptographically secured electronic money provides a smart card-based toll payment system that is advantageous in at least two ways. 1) it provides off-line pre-payments with multi-party security using a sophisticated public key cryptosystem and 2) it provides a highly efficient cryptographically secure payment system. It is believed feasible to support smart card-based road-pricing toll payment systems with transactions times of less than a few (e.g., 17) milliseconds.
  • the exemplary cryptosystem secured electronic money in smart cards is currently available from DigiCash b.v., 419 Kruislaan, 1098 VA Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and is currently in use for payments within office buildings where the smart card can be used for purchasing coffee, paying for food, making photocopies or sending facsimiles.
  • the present invention in effect, integrates, adapts and improves the prior Amtech and DigiCash technologies so as to achieve a smart card-based road pricing system complete with bi-directional microwave communication link.
  • FIG. 3 A block diagram of an exemplary IVU 34 is depicted at FIG. 3.
  • the microwave antenna 300 provides a transducer for both downlink and uplink communications with an RCS.
  • Current microwave frequency allocations for application such as here involved may typically occur within bands located at approximately 915 MHz, 2.5 GHz and 5.8 GHz.
  • the antenna may be of any acceptable conventional design providing appropriate gain (e.g., perhaps 10 dB) and directivity (not so important for the IVU).
  • a relatively small multi-element microstrip patch antenna array is probably best suited to the relatively high frequency microwave environment and relatively small acceptable size limits for the IVU.
  • the IVU may be only slightly larger than the usual credit card or smart card and may be affixed in any convenient way (e.g.
  • Velcro® fasteners in the windshield area of the vehicle) so as to provide unimpeded microwave communication with an overhead RCS. If the RCS is mounted on an overhead gantry then the top center portion of the windshield above the rear view mirror may be preferred. If a roadside RCS mounting portion is used, then a lower left hand (driver) side windshield position may be preferred.
  • the analog rf circuits 302 include a conventional downlink microwave data demodulator 304 and a conventional uplink microwave data modulator 306 so as to provide uplink/downlink logic/rf data links to/from the IVU link ASIC 308.
  • the link ASIC 308 may be any suitable custom ASIC (e.g., an existing ASIC available from amtech designed specifically for bidirectional communications across a microwave link) which provides a communication interface and buffer in both the downlink and uplink directions. It is interfaced with the IVU link controller (e.g.
  • any suitable microcomputer e.g., a Motorola® 68 HC 705
  • a smart card controller 312 another suitable microcomputer, e.g., a Motorola 68HC11.
  • the smart card controller 312 is connected to smart card 36 (e.g., a Motorola 68 HC055C21) at a conventional removable electrical contact smart card connector interface 314.
  • Human interface is provided via keypad 316 and LCD display 318, LCD's 320 and 322 (or a suitable single multi-color LED to provide, e.g., green and red signals representing acceptance or non-acceptance, of payment, or similar types of yes/no go/stop status indications) and an audible output buzzer 324 (e.g., to audibly interrupt the user's attention when urgent user control is needed or to audibly indicate success, failure or key click sounds).
  • the primary function of the buzzer is to provide audio feedback without the necessity of reading the LCD display and/or LED's.
  • the IVU 34 is pictorially represented at FIG. 3A with smart card 36 inserted therewithin.
  • the keyboard is self-evident as is a multi-color LED 320/322.
  • the LCD display 318 is depicted in more detail at FIG. 3B.
  • the LCD display 318 may include, for example, a display of the current smart card balance, the current smart card status, the time of the last transaction, the amount of the last transaction and the status of the last transaction (the two status fields providing human interface for evoking keyboard responses from a human operator so as to cause the smart card controller to index through human interface compute program (firmware) modules such as depicted in FIG. 3C).
  • the nominal quiescent state of smart card and smart card controller 312 may be as shown in block 400 where the pressing of any key causes one to transfer to block 402.
  • a status indication in the display asks an operator whether set up of the IVU is requested. If the answer is "yes", (e.g. as may be signalled via a predetermined one of the keys on the keyboard 316), then control is transferred to block 404 where the operator is requested to determine whether a change is required in the payment method. If so, then selection between post-payment and pre-payment techniques is selected at blocks 404a and 404b respectively before control is passed back to block 406 (to which control is also passed if the operator indicates that no change in payment method is requested).
  • Similar operator interface changes may be effected at blocks 406, 408 and 410 (in association with the respectively associated sub-decision blocks similarly numbered but with suffixes a and b).
  • the operator may enter a sequence of operations 412a through 412f for changing his or her personal identification number (PIN).
  • PIN personal identification number
  • Card status may be checked at block 414 (and 414a) while the prior transaction data (if any) may be checked by the operator at interface 416 (and related blocks 416a-416c) before control is returned back to the nominal quiescent state 400.
  • many different human interfaces of this type may be devised and used with the IVU 34.
  • the link ASIC depicted in more detail at FIG. 3D is similar to that used in the prior Dynicom system.
  • a frame RAM 500 is organized into two pages 0 and 1, each containing 32 frames of data, each frame containing 128 bits.
  • the smallest data package for transmission in the uplink and downlink directions is a single frame of 128 bits.
  • a scroll RAM 502 of 5 bit frame and 1 bit page RAM addresses is provided. These addresses point to particular frames and page of RAM 500 which can thereafter be repetitively and sequentially addressed and output to the uplink modulator 306 (via suitable logic circuits 504 e.g. to suitably format and time inputs to the uplink modulator 306).
  • the first pointer in the scroll RAM 502 actually defines the number of subsequent active address pointers in the scroll RAM list 502 for scrolling at any particular time.
  • the number of immediately subsequent entries in the scroll RAM 502 then point to successive frames of the RAM 500 that are to be sequentially transmitted upon command from the link controller microprocessor 310.
  • the link controller microprocessor 310 also controls the content of the scroll RAM 502.
  • data from the downlink demodulator 304 may be selectively written into suitably addressed frames of RAM 500 via suitable processing logic 506.
  • the link ASIC 308 conveniently may also be utilized to control rf detector ram-on functions.
  • most of the IVU circuits will be turned “off” so as to conserve battery power.
  • ambient rf energy at the proper frequency and above a predetermined threshold level it is assumed that the IVU is approaching or within the communication footprint of an RCS.
  • the IVU circuits automatically are fully turned “on” and the IVU immediately assumes the "commit" mode of uplink data communication so as to repetitively scroll and send to the nearby RCS one or more predetermined and preformatted frames of data from RAM 500.
  • the rf carrier detection may be effected by a suitable comparator 508 comparing a predetermined toll plaza rf detector reference level to any detected ambient rf carrier and thus turn "on" the remainder of IVU 34.
  • the link controller 310 is suitably programmed in the exemplary embodiment so as to begin its operation in the "commit” phase by repetitively transmitting a first data package on the uplink to the presumed nearby RCS. Such operation continues until either a time-out expires following the loss of microwave signal or until the presumed nearby RCS has successfully received the first data package and, in response, has acknowledged such receipt by commanding the IVU to revert to a downlink mode of operation.
  • link ASIC link controller
  • SC controller SC controller
  • a second data package is received from the RCS and stored at suitably addressed frames of RAM 500 from which the downlink data may be passed on to the smart card controller 312 and/or smart card 36 via the IVU link controller 310 for real time processing.
  • the smart card 36 and/or smart card controller 312 then generates appropriate return data packages that are appropriately formatted in frame RAM 500 via link controller 310 for subsequent transmission back to the RCS in an uplink mode of operation.
  • antenna 600 may be of any suitable conventional design for a short range microwave communication link. Although more space may be available at the RCS to accommodate bulkier antenna designs (e.g., a Yagi antenna), in the presently preferred exemplary embodiment, antenna 600 is a multi-patch microstrip antenna array having a beam radiation pattern gain of about 10 dB aimed downwardly and into the expected oncoming vehicular traffic.
  • the RCS communication footprint may typically encompass only a few meters of vehicle travel (e.g.
  • the rf module 602 may be of conventional design and in accordance with the above-cited prior issued patents for this type of short range microwave bi-directional communication link. For example, it will include an rf oscillator 604 for generating the necessary CW microwave power that must be provided via antenna 600 to enable modulated backscatter uplink data transmission from the IVU.
  • Such backscatter is conventionally monitored and demodulated at 606 so as to provide uplink data to the RCS link controller microprocessor 608 (e.g., a Motorola® 685302).
  • the RCS link controller 608 e.g., a Motorola® 685302
  • a suitable rf modular 610 is included in the rf module 602 to accept downlink data from the RCS link controller 608 and to suitably modulate the output of oscillator 604 so as to effect downlink data communications.
  • the RCS link controller 608 will control the rf module 602 so as to generate the requisite unique (i.e., "primitive") rf on-off signalling patterns as might be required to switch the IVU between uplink and downlink modes of operation.
  • the RCS link controller 608 may be a suitable microcomputer (e.g., the Motorola® 68302) capable of high speed serial data communication with conventional cryptographic data processing circuits 612.
  • the Kryptor (a high speed RAS/DES encryption device) may typically include a suitable: digital signal processor (DSP), UART and DES chip.
  • DSP digital signal processor
  • the data processing circuits 612 may comprise high speed (e.g., 1536 Kbaud) data processing circuits capable of performing the requisite public key cryptosystem functions such as are available as a "Kryptor: i-1200 (MPR-6000)" from Crypto AG in Switzerland.
  • the Kryptor 612 is also connected as a node on the plaza computer LAN so that cross-lane read-in data not recognized by a particular RCS 20 may be passed to the higher level LAN where it may be verified offline, after receiving all necessary frames.
  • the downlink timing controller input is connected to the RCS link controller 608 as depicted in FIG. 4. Accordingly, whenever the RCS link controller 608 wishes to transmit downlink data, unless there is already present a downlink grant on line 614, a downlink request must be generated on line 616 to the downlink controller 32. Only when a downlink grant is thereafter provided by the downlink controller on line 614 may the RCS link controller 608 actually effectuate a downlink data communication session.
  • uplink control is achieved on an interrupt basis. Accordingly, it starts when an interrupt is detected at block 700. Upon such interrupt, the incoming uplink frame is mad and processed at 702. A pre-defined check sum is tested at 704 to ensure that the received check sum agrees with the locally calculated check sum. If not, then control is passed back to wait for yet another interrupt at 700 when yet a subsequent uplink data frame has been received. If the check sums do agree, then control is passed to block 706 where a check is made on the transaction identification included within the incoming uplink frame of data.
  • a plurality (e.g. 8) of the most recent incoming transaction identification data may be maintained in a rotating buffer for comparison against incoming transaction identification data. If the detected transaction identification is detected as being unique at 706, then it is entered into the buffers (which are suitably rotated so as simultaneously to chop off the oldest prior detected transaction ID and accept this new transaction ID at block 708 and 710). If the transaction ID of the incoming uplink frame of data is not unique, then the frame data is further tested at block 712 to see if the incoming uplink frame is a new frame of received data. If not, then the status (e.g., Ack or Nack) of the incoming frame is checked at 714 (e.g.
  • the handshake counter is incremented at 716 and control is returned to the wait for interrupt at 700. Otherwise, the new status of the incoming frame is stored at 718, the handshake counter is set back to a beginning content of one at 720 and the incoming frame of new data is then reported to the kryptor circuits for further processing at 722. If the frame is a negative acknowledgment (i.e. a "Nack") to a pending downlink request, then a downlink message for another retry may be suitably generated and sent at 724 before control is passed back to wait for another interrupt at 700.
  • the real time processing at blocks 700 and 702 may be most conveniently carded out in "hardware" implementation while the remaining blocks in FIG. 4A may typically be carded out in firmware/software by a suitable microcomputer.
  • FIG. 5 The general flows of data during the preparatory "precommit" phase and three actual communication phases involved in a complete toll transaction for the exemplary embodiment are graphically depicted at FIG. 5.
  • data representing the version of a suitable cryptographic key, the type of smart card, the vehicle classification, index for a cryptographically secured electronic money check and the electronic money check dc defining the anonymous untraceable electronic :money check are all preloaded into appropriate frames of the link ASIC RAM 500 within the IVU prior to any actual data communication with an RCS.
  • Such data is generated either from the smart card or smart card controller and, as indicated by arrow 800 is passed onwards to the link ASIC where it is stored in readiness for the next toll transaction.
  • the link controller 310 configures the link ASIC 308 to repetitively scroll and transmit in the uplink direction a portion of the electronic check data dc (together with the other previously accumulated data already residing at the link ASIC due to the precommit phase of operation at some prior time). As indicated by further small uplink-directed arrows in FIG. 5, this repetitively transmitted uplink data is directly passed within the RCS to the Kryptor (a high speed RAS/DES encryption device) circuits via the RCS link controller.
  • the Kryptor (a high speed RAS/DES encryption device) computes return data and passes it back in the downlink direction during a subsequent "challenge" phase of data communication as depicted by small downlink-directed arrows in FIG. 5.
  • a so-called "spoof-proof” data may be generated as a shortened encrypted version of some or all of the commit data so as to permit the IVU to authenticate the RCS before any actual toll charges are debited from the smart card.
  • the spoof-proof data is generated based upon uplink "commit" data, and since both the smart card inserted into the IVU and the RCS may share a traditional secret key for this purpose (e.g. in addition to cryptosystem components that may be utilized for the electronic money transfer itself), a similar shortened encryption may already have been computed during the precommit phase and stored at the link controller.
  • the "challenge" downlink data would also include digits 0[ ] representing, among other things, the amount of the computed toll charges, the charge station identity, the time of the transaction, etc. As indicated by further little downlink-directed arrows, this "challenge" data is passed to the smart card via the smart card controller and link ASIC in the IVU.
  • the IVU then generates the remainder of the transaction data via the smart card (e.g. the necessary columns of wrapped data W and a suitable cryptographic opener R) which is transmitted together with the rest of the electronic check data dc to the RCS kryptor where the transaction is completed.
  • the data generated by the smart card at this time includes cryptographically secured verification data confirming that an actual successfully completed debit to a valid smart card has already occurred such that the RCS Kryptor (a high speed RAS/DES encryption device) may with confidence know that the requisite toll has been fully paid.
  • FIG. 5A is similar to FIG. 5, but includes reference to specific frame numbers of the frame RAM 500 that might be wed for a relatively simple frame protocol (e.g. such as might be possible with an open toll road system where it is not necessary to transmit highway entry point data to the RCS).
  • frames 1 and 4-7 are preformatted and stored in RAM 500 during the precommit phase. Only frame 1 is actually transmitted during the commit phase in the uplink direction. The contents of the command frame and frame 0 are then returned during the "challenge" phase in the downlink direction while the contents of frames 8-14 are passed in the uplink direction during the payment/opener phase of communication.
  • the commit phase and other phases involve the transmission of larger numbers of data frames (e.g. so as to identify the highway entry point for toll calculation).
  • Both described frame wages are when wing a 512-bit RSA cryptosystem. This can be extended up to 768 bits for higher security. Also, the number of challenge digits can be increased, from 10 ⁇ 4 bits to 16 ⁇ 4 bits. This will cause longer payment data W. If both extensions are done, frames 15-22 would also be wed.
  • uplink transmission from an IVU to an RCS occurs by a process called backscatter modulation.
  • the RCS transmits a continuous wave (CW) microwave carrier output via its antenna.
  • the IVU antenna reflects a small portion of this energy, some of which is received by the RCS antenna.
  • the IVU is capable of switching its antenna so that it may alternatively reflect the incident microwave energy with high efficiency or with low efficiency.
  • the RCS receiver is capable of detecting the different reflected signal levels from an IVU within its read range.
  • An IVU is designed to modulate the antenna with a data pattern which can be sensed and decoded by the RCS.
  • the exemplary protocol has been defined such that all uplink data is grouped into distinct frames of 128-bits each.
  • the IVU link ASIC memory is partitioned into 32 frames of 128-bits each for a total of 4096-bits.
  • Each uplink frame of data read from the IVU in an exemplary embodiment may consist of the following fields:
  • Uplink frame numbers may be utilized and assigned as shown below:
  • the 5-bit FrNo field identifies the :frame and provides for the selection of 32 unique frames which provides an upper IVU link ASIC memory limit of 4096-bits.
  • the 1-bit Dack field indicates whether the frame is an acknowledgment of a previously received downlink message.
  • the Udata fields are generally available for unrestricted use by the application.
  • the 64-bit Txid field is part of the unique electronic check data created by the IVU prior to each transaction.
  • the cks fields permit the RCS to reject any received frame which does not contain a valid checksum. It is the responsibility of the IVU to calculate and encode the checksum into each uplink data frame transmitted to the RCS.
  • the cks field is computed on a predetermined set of bits in every uplink frame mad by the RCS. Frames received by the, RCS without the correct checksums are ignored (i.e., rejected).
  • the 1-bit val/lobat field is val in frames 1 through 31 and lobat in frame 0. Val may be efficiently set or cleared by the IVU. This feature may be used to efficiently validate or invalidate selected regions of IVU link ASIC memory without having to rewrite all of the data.
  • the Lobat field is available in frame 0 only and indicates the status of the IVU link ASIC battery (i.e., supply voltage). A Lobat equal to zero indicates that the IVU link ASIC is powered by the primary battery and all functions are active whereas a Lobat equal to one indicates that the backup battery is active and the IVU link ASIC is operating with reduced functionality.
  • the 1-bit sense field is reserved.
  • the IVU link ASIC sets the sensitivity bit TRUE whenever the detected microwave level exceeds a preset threshold. This feature can optionally be used by the RCS to determine when a downlink transaction may be reliably initiated.
  • Fack is for indicating correctly received frames, and is coded the same way.
  • the 3-bit fm field is also reserved. These bits are encoded into each frame by the IVU link ASIC and used by the RCS hardware to determine where on frame ends and the next frame begins. As previously indicated, all data is transferred in integral multiples of frames.
  • the 32-bit Ferr field is used by the IVU, as part of a negative acknowledgment (Nack) message, to inform the RCS which frames were received in error.
  • Nack negative acknowledgment
  • Each bit which is set to a one within Ferr indicates the frame number of a frame received in error. For example, a value of 80000002 would indicate that frames 1 and 31 were received in error.
  • the 4-bit Seq is assigned by the Kryptor (a high speed RAS/DES encryption device) as a transaction sequence number and is incremented by one for each new Seq.
  • the assigned Txseq is transmitted to the IVU as part of the downlink message. Once the IVU receives the downlink message correctly, the Seq value is encoded into all subsequent uplink frames i.e., Ack and Data) in order to conserve Udata bks.
  • the 4-bit Lane number is assigned by the Kryptor(a high speed RSA/DES encryption device) according to its assigned 5 lane number is transmitted to the IVU as part of the downlink message. Once the IVU receives the downlink message correctly, the Lane value is encoded into all subsequent uplink data frames in order to resolve cross lane readings. This is especially important when one considers that the Seq is only 4-bits long and, therefore, uniqueness would not, necessarily, be maintained across lanes. Of come the number of bits used by the Txseq and lane number does not need to be 4. This is simply a convenient and reasonable choice.
  • the RCS transmits downlink data to the IVU by a process called on-off key.
  • the continuous wave microwave output of the RCS is switched on and off according to the data to be transmitted to the IVU.
  • the IVU is able to detect and decode these transitions in received microwave energy at its antenna.
  • Data sent in the direction of RCS to IVU is defined as the downlink direction.
  • the data rate for sending a continuous sequence of one-bits is 384 KBaud while the data rate for sending a continuous sequence of zero-bits is 192 KBaud.
  • the worst case data rate for downlink data transfer is 192 KBaud.
  • the RCS In order to initiate a downlink transaction, the RCS sends a listen command primitive to the IVU.
  • the listen command primitive is special, insofar as the IVU is able to detect this command even while simultaneously transmitting data to the RCS. Once the listen command primitive has been properly received, the IVU stops transmitting in anticipation of receiving data. The RCS may then complete the downlink transaction.
  • a downlink transaction thus consists of a command primitive optionally followed by a command message.
  • a command message consists of a command frame optionally followed by one more data frames.
  • the IVU automatically switches into transmit mode following the receipt of a valid command message over the microwave link. This feature is important since an IVU which remains in the listen mode cannot be detected by the RCS.
  • a downlink transaction can be performed at several levels as shown below:
  • the type a) message can perform more complex operations such as the invalidation of selected frames.
  • the type b) message is required to write actual data into the IVU link ASIC memory.
  • Command primitives, command frames, and data frames are described below.
  • a command primitive is a special command used to alter the IVU operating mode or prepare the IVU to receive a subsequent command message. All command primitives consist of a command signal followed by a sequence of 16 data bits followed by a frame marker. The command signal and frame marker do not conform to the format defined by binary data. The command signal temporarily forces the IVU into the listen mode in anticipation of receiving the binary data which follows shortly thereafter. It is necessary for the IVU to enter the listen mode in order to ensure the reliable transmission of binary data to the IVU.
  • 2 commands may be sent by the RCS link controller to the IVU.
  • the RCS After successful reception of the commit, the RCS will issue the WRITE command to write the challenge.
  • the RCS After receiving some of the payment data, the RCS may issue a SELECT command to select a different scroll range. It may also tell the IVU to be silent after a successful transaction by issuing a SELECT command with the ⁇ fsel> field set to 00000000. The IVU will not "wake up" until it has left the microwave field and entered a new microwave field.
  • command primitives are chosen in such a way that IVU's receiving a command primitive not meant for them can go back to scrolling without waiting for the command frame. This results in the following downlink scenario for a write command:
  • a command frame may be divided into the following fields:
  • the command code, ⁇ Cmd> provides the mechanism to command the IVU as required. Initially, a single command code shall be required which will cause data to be written into the selected IVU link ASIC memory. Other command codes shall be reserved for future unspecified functions.
  • the ⁇ magic> field is the exclusive orred value of the first byte of the command primitive with a constant. If the constnt is 55 (hexadecimal), it indicates the first byte should be interpreted as lane/sequence. If the constant is AA (hexadecimal), the first byte should be integrated as the first byte of the spoof.
  • the 32-bit crc is used by the IVU to verify the validity of all frames including the command frame. Command frames having an incorrect crc are ignored.
  • the fm field is reed by the IVU to identify the end of command and data frames. Both the spoof fields Spoof 1 and Spoof 2 and crc are used to ensure that a downlink me;sage is accepted by the single IVU for which it is intended.
  • command messages may optionally include one or more downlink data frame.
  • Downlink data frames include data to be written to IVU link ASIC memory. Each downlink data frame is divided into the fields as shown above.
  • the FrNo field is identical to the corresponding field within uplink frames.
  • the IVU uses the crc to verify each frame received. This technique enables the IVU to detect errors and inform the interrogator with the Nack frame which frames were received in error.
  • the fm field is appended to the end of each frame, but is exclusive of the 128-bit listed.
  • FrameN Frame other than frame 0
  • Etxid A 16-bit encrypted portion of Txid
  • Frame 0 always used as a negative acknowledgement.
  • the IVU link ASIC has a memory capacity of 4096-bits and is capable of bi-directional communications via an microwave link.
  • the wire link feature is not implemented in firmware since it is not required for road pricing applications.
  • the microwave link operates at a worst case data rate of 192 KBaud.
  • the IVU transmits uplink messages to the RCS by scrolling through selected frames of data from IVU link ASIC memory.
  • the number of frames to be scrolled from IVU link ASIC memory can be varied. Frames are continuously scrolled in the sense that the selected frames scroll repetitively. This technique allows for reliable uplink data transmissions under marginal microwave link conditions.
  • the IVU leaves a microwave field for a preset time interval, it automatically reverts to the commit data message.
  • an RCS is able to efficiently read out the commit data messages when an IVU first enters the read range.
  • the commit data messages are automatically reloaded into the IVU ASIC link memory following each transaction over the microwave link.
  • the RCS may command the IVU to scroll through selected frames of IVU link ASIC memory. The IVU will continue to scroll the selected frames until it leaves the microwave field or receives another command.
  • the RCS is capable of bi-directional communications with the IVU at a worst case data rate of 192 KBaud.
  • the RCS link controller supports a serial port which allows received uplink IVU data to be transmitted to the Kryptor (a high speed RSA/DES encryption device).
  • a Kryptor (a high speed RSA/DES encryption device) may request the RCS to transmit data downlink to the IVU.
  • the RCS is designed to read uplink data in distinct frames from the IVU. It is possible that individual frames from the same IVU may be read in either a continuous or discontinuous fashion depending upon the quality of the microwave link.
  • the RCS is designed in such a way that it will receive data from the IVU offering the strongest signal and reject data from IVU's offering weaker signals.
  • a 4-bit Lane number (Lane) and 4-bit transaction sequence (Txsec) number is assigned to that transaction.
  • the Lane number corresponds to the value given to each Kryptor (a high speed RSA/DES encryption device) by the plaza computer.
  • the Txseq is a 4-bit number which is sequentially assigned by the Kryptor (a high speed RSA/DES encryption device) for each new transaction.
  • uplink frames may be read by more than one RCS, in which case the lane number may be used by the plaza computer to resolve conflicts (e.g., cross lane readings).
  • the RCS is capable of transmitting data downlink to the IVU.
  • the command message include; a 16-bit encrypted version of Txid (Etxid) in order to ensure that only the IVU for which the message is received, accepts the data. Additionally, the crc encoded into the command message is computed over the full 64-bit Txid in addition to the command frame itself to further ensure that only the correct. IVU accepts the message. Whenever an RCS wishes to transmit a downlink message, it asserts a downlink request signal and waits for a proper downlink grant signal to be asserted.
  • the RCS program code is preferably implemented in both read only memory (ROM) and electrically erasable read only memory (EEPROM).
  • EEPROM electrically erasable read only memory
  • the EEPROM memory provides for convenient upgrades in the field over the serial communication port.
  • the RCS stores all configuration parameters in both volatile and non-volatile memory.
  • the storage in volatile memory provides for fast access during real time, operation of the RCS.
  • the storage in non-volatile memory provides for the long term reliability and security of the RCS configuration.
  • the configuration EEPROM is rated for 100,000 write cycles.
  • the RCS periodically restores the EEPROM configuration parameters to volatile memory in order to guard against the possibility of electrical noise or other interference corrupting the less secure volatile memory.
  • the Init frame includes a 64-bit transaction identification (Txid) field which is assigned by the IVU and is unique for the duration of a transaction.
  • Txid transaction identification
  • All uplink data frames and the Ack frame contain an 8-bit Txseq/Lane field which is assigned by the RCS and which is uniquely associated with both the Txid and lane number of the roadside charging station which previously wrote to the IVU.
  • the RCS preferably functions as follows with respect to uplink data reception:
  • the uplink data transfer operates according to the flow chart shown in FIG. 4A. As can be seen, uplink data frames are first checked to be sure that the encoded 4-bit cks is correct. Frames received in error are simply ignored. Frames received without error are then checked for a unique 64-bit Txid or in the case of Ack/data frames the corresponding 8-bit Txseq/Lane value.
  • the RCS maintains n uplink IVU buffers where n is optimized for the application. Each uplink IVU buffer includes the Txid and provide storage for thirty two 128-bit values corresponding to each of the individual IVU frames. The first byte of the word corresponds to the Txseq/Lane fields.
  • the second byte corresponds to the uplink frame status byte.
  • the uplink frame status byte corresponds to the first byte of an uplink frame and is comprised of FrNo and Va10 (for frame 0 only).
  • the third byte of the value contains the handshake count (i.e., number of redundant readings for the frame). Assuming that a frame having a unique Txid is received, the RCS rotates the uplink IVU buffer pointers such that the new IVU data buffer overwrites the oldest IVU data buffer. The Txid and status are then stored in the buffer, the handshake count for the corresponding frame is set to one, and the entire frame is reported to the Kryptor (a high speed RSA/DES encryption device).
  • Txid and status byte need be stored by the RCS once the entire frame is reported to the Kryptor (a high speed RSA/DES encryption device).
  • the frame status byte is stored, the corresponding frame handshake count is set to one, and the entire frame is reported.
  • the new status is saved, the corresponding handshake count (HS) is set to one, and the frame is reported.
  • the RCS preferably functions as follows with respect to downlink data transmission:
  • the process begins by the Kryptor (a high speed RSA/DES encryption device) sending a downlink message request to the RCS.
  • the RCS responds by storing the request in the downlink message buffer, setting a time-out, and transmitting a command primitive followed by a command message to the IVU during downlink grant intervals.
  • the RCS continually reserves the message and attempts to verify that all data frames have been successfully received until a preset maximum retry count has been exceeded or the downlink message request buffer has been overwritten by subsequent downlink message requests whichever happens first.
  • the maxima number of downlink message attempts may be set by the Kryptor (a high speed RSA/DES encryption device).
  • the RCS may transmit the corresponding Ack/data frames to the Kryptor (a high speed RSA/DES encryption device). If the maximum retry count is exceeded prior to verification of the downlink message, the RCS sends a failed downlink status message to the Kryptor (a high speed RSA/DES encryption device).
  • the RCS issues a downlink message to the IVU, sets a time-out, and waits for a response.
  • the downlink message is buffered internally and remains pending until one of the following occurs:
  • the pending downlink message request is overwritten by a subsequent request, or
  • the RCS assumes that the message was not received and retransmits the message (i.e., time-out expired).
  • the IVU will respond with either a Nack message or a change in its scroll frames as implicit acknowledgement upon receiving a downlink message. If the response is a Nack, then the message was received with errors and the RCS will retransmit the message with only those data frames designated by the Efsel field as having been received in error. This process continues until the entire message is received without error, the maximum retry count has been exceeded or the downlink message is overwritten by a subsequent request. In the case of the retry count being exceeded, the interrogator will issue a failed downlink status message to the Kryptor (a high speed RSA/DES encryption device). If an (implicit) acknowledgement is received, then the previous downlink message was received without error. In this case, the RCS will issue a newly received frame to the Kryptor as a matter of course.
  • the Kryptor a high speed RSA/DES encryption device
  • the IVU provides a new 64-bit transaction identification code (Txid) for each transaction. All frames associated with the commit phase are preloaded into the IVU link ASIC memory as required. Also, the scroll RAM is initialized to scroll out the required frame(s) for hue commit phase. The number of frames will depend upon the application. All of these operations are assumed to occur prior to the IVU entering hue microwave communication zone, therefore, time is non-critical.
  • Txid transaction identification code
  • the IVU automatically transmits and the RCS automatically receives all uplink commit frames and reports same to the Kryptor (a high speed RSA/DES encryption device). It is assumed that the scrolled frames correspond to all frames required for the commit phase (i.e., 1 to 3 frames). Therefore, this phase does not require any action on the part of the IVU.
  • the interrogator and Kryptor should be capable of handling several IVU's in parallel given the software linkage between frames (i.e., Txid).
  • the toll plaza will employ an approach microwave beacon communication to ensure IVU compatibility with the upcoming RCS toll plaza--e.g., thus to provide ample notice for a drive to pull off the road before passing the toll plaza (or to go to an alternate manual toll both) if not compatible.
  • the Kryptor (a high speed RSA/DES encryption device) computes the challenge message and issues the corresponding downlink message request to the RCS.
  • the RCS then transmits the challenge message to the IVU.
  • the RCS performs the necessary retries as required until the message is verified.
  • the IVU issues a Nack frame if incorrect challenge data is received in which case the RCS immediately resends the challenge message.
  • the IVU receives a correct challenge message, it will transmit data frames (i.e., payment data). This message informs the RCS that correct challenge data (i.e., correct crc) was received and there is no need to resend The challenge message.
  • the RCS then reports the payment frames to the Kryptor (a high speed RSA/DES encryption device) as received. For several reasons, the RCS maintains downlink message requests for n IVU's. The value of n may be optimized for the application. Downlink message requests are maintained within the RCS until the downlink message buffer overflows in which case the oldest request will be overwritten. The multiple buffering of downlink message requests permits:
  • the IVU issues the payment frames following successful receipt of the challenge frame.
  • the payment frames are transmitted to the Kryptor (a high speed RSA/DES encryption device) by the RCS as received.
  • the Kryptor uses the payment data to confirm that the SC has been correctly debited. Since there may be numerous payment: frames, the RCS shall be required to filter redundant frames depending, of course, upon the quality of the microwave link and possible interference from nearby IVU's and RCS's. Since the payment frames are linked in soft-ware through the Txseq/Lane fields, it is possible for the RCS to receive frames in discontinuous intervals and still allow for reassembly of the complete payment message by the Kryptor (a high speed RSA/DES encryption device).
  • the RCS and Kryptor (a high speed RSA/DES encryption device) to handle several IVU's in parallel given the software linkage between frames.
  • the RCS incorporates a high speed, full duplex synchronous serial interface with the Kryptor operating at a data rate of 1.536 MBaud. This data rate is based upon the existing 68302 microprocessor clock rate of 15.36 MHz and limitations as defined in Appendix A of the Motorola MC68302 User's Manual.
  • the RCS high performance synchronous serial communication interface is provided in order to communicate to the real time Kryptor (a high speed RSA/DES encryption device) module. Messages may be initiated by either the Kryptor (a high speed RSA/DES encryption device) or by the RCS link controller.
  • the protocol preferably supports the transfer of 8-bit binary data in order to achieve high bandwidth and is of the error correcting type in order to ensure reliable operation.
  • the RCS link controller preferably implements a priority scheme such that messages received at the serial port shall be saved pending completion of ongoing microwave communication tasks. That is to say, that microwave tasks have priority over serial communication tasks, but character input are handled in parallel with microwave task processing.
  • the Kryptor (a high speed RSA/DES encryption device) waits for completion of one request prior to issuing a second request.
  • the RCS link controller issues messages to the Kryptor (a high speed RSA/DES encryption device) in the order in which they are processed.
  • the Kryptor (a high speed RSA/DES encryption device) may issue a variety, of requests to the link controller.
  • Requests may include an information field which is comprised of a command code and optional parameters associated with the command code.
  • the format for the information field is as follows:
  • the RCS link controller may also issue messages to the Kryptor (a high speed RSA/DES encryption device).
  • Messages may typically include an information field which is comprises of a command code and optional data associated with the command code.
  • information field is as follows:
  • a presently preferred embodiment utilizes the following frame data assignments for the pre-commit phase and the following three data communication phases shown in FIG. 5.

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US08/132,984 1993-10-07 1993-10-07 Automatic real-time highway toll collection from moving vehicles Expired - Lifetime US5485520A (en)

Priority Applications (7)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US08/132,984 US5485520A (en) 1993-10-07 1993-10-07 Automatic real-time highway toll collection from moving vehicles
AU79316/94A AU7931694A (en) 1993-10-07 1994-10-07 Automatic real-time highway toll collection from moving vehicles
JP7511046A JP2739693B2 (ja) 1993-10-07 1994-10-07 自動高速道路料金収受システム及び該システムに使用する車載ユニット及び路側収受ステーション
DE69424997T DE69424997T2 (de) 1993-10-07 1994-10-07 Automatischer echtzeit-mautgebühreneinzug von sich auf autobahnen bewegenden fahrzeugen
KR1019960701740A KR100292647B1 (ko) 1993-10-07 1994-10-07 고속도로통행차량의통행료자동실시간징수시스템
PCT/US1994/011453 WO1995010147A1 (en) 1993-10-07 1994-10-07 Automatic real-time highway toll collection from moving vehicles
EP94930084A EP0722639B1 (en) 1993-10-07 1994-10-07 Automatic real-time highway toll collection from moving vehicles

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KR100292647B1 (ko) 2001-06-15
JP2739693B2 (ja) 1998-04-15
EP0722639A1 (en) 1996-07-24
DE69424997D1 (de) 2000-07-27
EP0722639B1 (en) 2000-06-21
KR960705429A (ko) 1996-10-09
AU7931694A (en) 1995-05-01
EP0722639A4 (en) 1998-02-11
DE69424997T2 (de) 2001-02-01
WO1995010147A1 (en) 1995-04-13
JPH09500998A (ja) 1997-01-28

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