Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
  • A61K8/02—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K8/04—Dispersions; Emulsions
  • A61K8/044—Suspensions
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
  • A61K8/02—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by special physical form
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
  • A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
  • A61K8/30—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds
  • A61K8/33—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds containing oxygen
  • A61K8/34—Alcohols
  • A61K8/345—Alcohols containing more than one hydroxy group
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
  • A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
  • A61K8/30—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds
  • A61K8/33—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds containing oxygen
  • A61K8/39—Derivatives containing from 2 to 10 oxyalkylene groups
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
  • A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
  • A61K8/30—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds
  • A61K8/55—Phosphorus compounds
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
  • A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
  • A61K8/72—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic macromolecular compounds
  • A61K8/81—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • A61K8/8105—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
  • A61K8/8111—Homopolymers or copolymers of aliphatic olefines, e.g. polyethylene, polyisobutene; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
  • A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
  • A61K8/72—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic macromolecular compounds
  • A61K8/81—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • A61K8/8135—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an acyloxy radical of a saturated carboxylic acid, of carbonic acid or of a haloformic acid; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers, e.g. vinyl esters (polyvinylacetate)
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
  • A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
  • A61K8/72—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic macromolecular compounds
  • A61K8/84—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions otherwise than those involving only carbon-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • A61K8/88—Polyamides
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
  • A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
  • A61K8/72—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic macromolecular compounds
  • A61K8/84—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions otherwise than those involving only carbon-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • A61K8/89—Polysiloxanes
  • A61K8/891—Polysiloxanes saturated, e.g. dimethicone, phenyl trimethicone, C24-C28 methicone or stearyl dimethicone
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
  • A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
  • A61K8/92—Oils, fats or waxes; Derivatives thereof, e.g. hydrogenation products thereof
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
  • A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
  • A61K8/92—Oils, fats or waxes; Derivatives thereof, e.g. hydrogenation products thereof
  • A61K8/922—Oils, fats or waxes; Derivatives thereof, e.g. hydrogenation products thereof of vegetable origin
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
  • A61Q1/00—Make-up preparations; Body powders; Preparations for removing make-up
  • A61Q1/02—Preparations containing skin colorants, e.g. pigments
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
  • A61Q1/00—Make-up preparations; Body powders; Preparations for removing make-up
  • A61Q1/02—Preparations containing skin colorants, e.g. pigments
  • A61Q1/04—Preparations containing skin colorants, e.g. pigments for lips
  • A61Q1/06—Lipsticks
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
  • A61Q1/00—Make-up preparations; Body powders; Preparations for removing make-up
  • A61Q1/02—Preparations containing skin colorants, e.g. pigments
  • A61Q1/10—Preparations containing skin colorants, e.g. pigments for eyes, e.g. eyeliner, mascara
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
  • B01F23/00—Mixing according to the phases to be mixed, e.g. dispersing or emulsifying
  • B01F23/50—Mixing liquids with solids
  • B01F23/51—Methods thereof
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K2800/00—Properties of cosmetic compositions or active ingredients thereof or formulation aids used therein and process related aspects
  • A61K2800/20—Chemical, physico-chemical or functional or structural properties of the composition as a whole
  • A61K2800/30—Characterized by the absence of a particular group of ingredients
  • A61K2800/31—Anhydrous
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10S516/00—Colloid systems and wetting agents; subcombinations thereof; processes of
  • Y10S516/01—Wetting, emulsifying, dispersing, or stabilizing agents
  • Y10S516/02—Organic and inorganic agents containing, except water
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10S516/00—Colloid systems and wetting agents; subcombinations thereof; processes of
  • Y10S516/924—Significant dispersive or manipulative operation or step in making or stabilizing colloid system
  • Y10S516/928—Mixing combined with non-mixing operation or step, successively or simultaneously, e.g. heating, cooling, ph change, ageing, milling

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a process for preparing a solid dispersion containing, in the dispersed state, a significant amount of polyhydric alcohol ("polyol”) in a fatty body, the resulting dispersion being intended for cosmetic or pharmaceutical use.
• polyol polyhydric alcohol
• Cosmetic or pharmaceutical solid fatty products conventionally employed principally in the form of sticks, for example, lip sticks, exhibit the disadvantage of not having hydrating characteristics.
• composition described in this patent application also contains from 1 to 10 percent of a polyhydroxylated compound in order to obtain a uniform distribution of the dye substances in the water-in-oil emulsion.
• compositions thus modified can also contain small amounts of polyols as additional humectants.
• One goal of the present invention is to reduce the difficulties described above.
• the present invention relates then to a process for the preparation of a stable andanhydrous solid dispersion comprising from 20 to 95 percent and, preferably, from 40 to 85 percent of a fatty body, constituted by 10 to 50 percent of at least one wax having a melting point greater than 55° C., and from 4 to 50 percent of a dispersed polyhydric alcohol, preferably from 6 to 40 percent, and more particularly from 8 to 25 percent, characterized in that the said fatty body and the polyhydric alcohol are heated to a temperature between 65° and 95° C. and that a turbine operated at a rotation speed of at least 1500 rpm and preferably, between 2500 and 3500 rpm is employed to mix these heated components.
• solid dispersion is meant a composition which is solid at a temperature between 0° and 50° C., which temperature corresponds to that of storage temperature and the temperature at which the cosmetic compositions is employed.
• the present invention also relates a stable and anhydrous solid dispersion comprising from 20 to 95 percent of a fatty body, constituting the continuous phase, and from 4 to 50 percent, preferably, from 6 to 40 percent and more particularly from 8 to 25 percent, of a dispersed polyhydric alcohol characterized in that the average size of the polyhydric alcohol particles is less than or equal to 1 ⁇ m and preferably between 0.01 and 0.8 ⁇ m and in that the fatty body is constituted by 10 to 50 percent by weight of at least one wax having a melting point greater than 55° C.
• the dispersion according to the present invention provides cosmetic products having excellent emollient properties on application to the skin.
• the solid dispersions according to the invention are employed in molded fatty products such as lip rouge, complexion foundations, eye shadow formulations, cheek rouge and principally in products in the form of sticks.
• the solid dispersion, according to the invention can also contain up to 10 percent of a mineral or organic charge or filler such as talc, starch and the like.
• the dispersion may contain up to about 30 percent (preferably from 0.1 to 20 percent ) of a pigment and from 0.01 to 20 percent (preferably from 0.5 to 10 percent) of a hydrocarbon surfactant.
• a hydrocarbon surfactant provides a finer dispersion and thus a more satisfactory stick.
• Such polymers must be liposoluble and have a low amount of hydrophilic units.
• polyalkylenes principally polyethylenes and polybutenes
• polyacrylates and silicone polymers compatible with fatty bodies.
• polybutene principally that sold by Amoco under the trade name INDOPOL.
• the weight ratio of the polymer to the polyhydric alcohol is generally less than 4 and is,preferably, between 0.25 and 2.
• the polyhydric alcohol can be a compound having 2-8 carbon atoms and from 2 to 6 hydroxy functions.
• these compounds mention can be made of ethylene glycol, glycerine, 1,2-propanediol, diglycerine, erythritol, arabitol, adonitol, sorbitol and dulcitol.
• the polyhydric alcohol can also be a polyether alcohol having an average molecular weight between 150 and 600 and among these mention can be made of polyethylene glycol 300 and polyglycerine 500.
• the polyhydric alcohol can optionally be enriched with hydrosoluble active agents such as amino acids (for example arginine, lysine, proline and serine), vitamins such as D,L Panthenol and sunscreen agents. These can be present in an amount of from 0.05 to 5 percent.
• hydrosoluble active agents such as amino acids (for example arginine, lysine, proline and serine), vitamins such as D,L Panthenol and sunscreen agents.
• the fatty body in accordance with the invention is constituted of 10 to 50 weight percent of at least one wax whose melting point is greater that 55° C., the remainder being either a wax having a melting point lower than 55° C. or an oil or a mixture thereof.
• the final melting point of the entire mixture must be lower than 110° C. which does not preclude the use of certain constituents of the mixture having a higher melting point.
• waxes having a melting point greater than 55° C. capable of being employed in accordance with the invention, mention can be made of animal, vegetable, mineral and synthetic waxes and various fractions of natural waxes, all these waxes having, as a general rule, a melting point between 55° and 110° C., and a needle penetration value, at 25° C., between about 3 and 40, as measured in accordance with the American standard, ASTM D5 or the French standard, NFT 004.
• the principle of the needle penetration measurement according to these two standards consists in measuring the depth, expressed in tenths of millimeters, at which penetrates a standardized needle (weighing 2.5 g, placed in a needle holder weighing 47.5 g, or a total of 50 g), placed on the wax for 5 minutes.
• animal waxes that can be employed, mention can be made, among others, of beeswax, lanolin wax, china insect wax and lanolin derivatives.
• Representative vegetable waxes include, among others, Carnauba wax, Candelilla wax, Ouricurry wax, cork fiber wax, sugar cane wax and Japan wax.
• Representative mineral waxes include, in particular, paraffins, microcrystalline waxes, lignite waxes (Montan wax) and ozokerites.
• Representative synthetic waxes include, in particular, polyethylene waxes, waxes obtained by Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, and waxy polymers as well as their esters. All these waxes are well known to those skilled in the art.
• waxes having a melting point lower than 55° C. mention can be made of mineral waxes, such as petrolatum; hydrogenated oils solid at 25° C., such as hydrogenated ricin oil, hydrogenated palm oil, hydrogenated tallow and hydrogenated coconut oil; fatty esters solid at 25° C., such as propylene glycol myristate and myristyl myristate, mono-, di- and triglycerides solid at 25° C., rosin and its derivatives, cetyl alcohol, calcium, magnesium, zinc and aluminum oleates, myristates, lanolates, stearates and dihydroxy stearates.
• mineral waxes such as petrolatum
• hydrogenated oils solid at 25° C. such as hydrogenated ricin oil, hydrogenated palm oil, hydrogenated tallow and hydrogenated coconut oil
• fatty esters solid at 25° C. such as propylene glycol myristate and myristyl myristate, mono-, di- and
• oils capable of being employed in admixture with the waxes, include, particularly,
• mineral oils such as paraffin oil, petrolatum oil and mineral oils having a boiling point between 310° and 410° C.
• oils of animal origin such as perhydrosqualene
• vegetable oils such as sweet almond oil, calophyllum oil, palm oil, avocado oil, jojoba oil, olive oil, ricin oil and cereal germ oils such as wheat germ oil;
• silicone oils such as dimethylpolysiloxane
• perfluorinated oils such as the "FOMBLINS” sold by Montefluos;
• esters such as Purcellin oil, butyl myristate, isopropyl myristate, cetyl myristate, isopropyl palmitate, butyl stearate, hexadecyl stearate, isopropyl stearate, octyl stearate, isocetyl stearate, decyl oleate, hexyl laurate, propylene glycol dicaprylate and di-isopropyl adipate;
• organic alcohols such as oleic alcohol, linoleic alcohol, linolenic alcohol, isostearyl alcohol and octyl dodecanol and
• esters derived from lanolic acid such as isopropyl lanolate and isocetyl lanolate
• oils mention can also be made of the acetylglycerides, octanoates and decanoates of alcohols and polyalcohols, such as those of glycol and glycerol, the ricinoleates of alcohols and poly alcohols, such as that of cetyl.
• the fatty bodies can optionally contain pigments.
• colored pigments mention can be made of carbon black or black iron oxide, chromium oxides, yellow and red iron oxides, the ultramarines (aluminosilicate polysulfides), manganese pyrophosphate, ferric blue, titanium dioxide and finally certain metallic powders such as those of silver and aluminum.
• the pigments are most often employed in admixture with nacreous agents such as bismuth oxychloride, mica-titanium, guanine crystals and certain organic dyes, such as cochineal carmine and organic lakes.
• lakes which currently are employed to impart to the lips and skin a make-up effect, are salts of calcium, barium, aluminum and zirconium, acid dyes such as halogen acid dyes, azo dyes, anthraquinone dyes and the like.
• the dispersions When the dispersions are provided in the form of makeup products they can also contain antioxidant agents in an amount of 0 to 3%, preferably, 0.05 to 0.5%, such as propyl, octyl and dodecyl esters of gallic acid, butylhydroxytoluene, butylhydroxyanisole, as well as perfumes, preservatives such as methyl or propyl parahydroxybenzoate. These additives are present, in accordance with their solubility, either in the fatty phase or in the polyhydric alcohol dispersed phase.
• antioxidant agents in an amount of 0 to 3%, preferably, 0.05 to 0.5%, such as propyl, octyl and dodecyl esters of gallic acid, butylhydroxytoluene, butylhydroxyanisole, as well as perfumes, preservatives such as methyl or propyl parahydroxybenzoate.
• the fatty body can carry one or several liposoluble active ingredients commonly employed in cosmetic or pharmaceutical products in an amount ranging from 0.05 to 5 percent and preferably from 0.5 to 3 percent.
• vitamin derivatives such as tocopherol acetate and vitamin A palmitate, essential fatty acids, sphingocerils and soluble sunscreen agents.
• Representative surfactants conventionally employed in lip rouges, include anionic or nonionic surfactants, having an HLB lower than 10 (preferably lower than 5) with the exception of silicone surfactants.
• Representative nonionic surfactants include the lecithins, succinyl glycerides and alkylphosphates.
• anionic surfactants include magnesium lanolate, zinc lanolate, copper lanolate, arginine lanolate and magnesium octadecanoate.
• the process according to the invention comprises the following steps:
• the two heated components are mixed using a turbine operated at a rotation speed between 1500 and 3500 rpm and preferably between 2500 and 3500 rpm so as to produce the dispersion which is then molded in an appropriate mold.
• the turbine employed in the process of the invention can be any commercial model for the preparation of cosmetic or pharmaceutical compositions.
• the turbine can be a Moritz turbine.
• any appropriate technique such as cryofracture or optic microscopy can be used.
• a solid dispersion in the form of a lipstick having the following composition is prepared.
• the lipstick is prepared in the following manner:
• the fatty phase constituted of the ricin oil, petrolatum oil, lanolin, butylhydroxytoluene (BHT), beeswax, ozokerite, soy lecithin and polybutene is heated; the dyes are ground in the fatty phase and then the talc is added.
• the mixture constituted of the glycerine and polyethylene glycol 300, to which one adds the perfume is heated; a Moritz turbine operated at a rotation speed of 3000 rpm is employed to mix the fatty phase and the alcohol phase until a composition having a consistency suitable for molding, all while cooling, is obtained.
• the average size of the dispersed particles is between 0.03 and 0.5 ⁇ m.
• the stick is prepared as in Example 1.
• the average size of the particles is between 0.03 and 0.5 ⁇ m.
• the stick is prepared as in Example 1.
• the average size of the particles is between 0.03 and 0.5 ⁇ m.
• the stick is prepared as in Example 1.
• the average size of the particles is between 0.03 and 0.5 ⁇ m.
• the molded complexion foundation is prepared as in Example 1.
• the average size of the particles is between 0.03 and 0.5 ⁇ m.
• a solid dispersion, molded as a complexion foundation, having the following composition is prepared.
• the complexion foundation is prepared as in Example 1.
• the average size of the particles is between 0.03 and 0.5 ⁇ m.

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• Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
• General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• Public Health (AREA)
• Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
• Birds (AREA)
• Epidemiology (AREA)
• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
• Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
• Emergency Medicine (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• Cosmetics (AREA)
• Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
• Medicinal Preparation (AREA)
• Colloid Chemistry (AREA)
• Saccharide Compounds (AREA)
• Acyclic And Carbocyclic Compounds In Medicinal Compositions (AREA)

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Cited By (17)

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Citations (4)

Family Cites Families (4)

• 1991
  • 1991-07-26 FR FR9109514A patent/FR2679467B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
• 1992
  • 1992-07-24 DE DE69201536T patent/DE69201536T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 1992-07-24 DK DK92402151.2T patent/DK0524892T3/da active
  • 1992-07-24 AT AT92402151T patent/ATE119029T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
  • 1992-07-24 CA CA002074630A patent/CA2074630C/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 1992-07-24 EP EP92402151A patent/EP0524892B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 1992-07-24 ES ES92402151T patent/ES2070608T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 1992-07-24 US US07/917,897 patent/US5437859A/en not_active Ceased
  • 1992-07-24 JP JP4198274A patent/JP2752855B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
• 1995
  • 1995-05-04 US US08/434,769 patent/US5580546A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
• 1997
  • 1997-07-31 US US08/904,102 patent/USRE37198E1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime

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