US5157725A - Method and apparatus for preventing external detection of signal information - Google Patents

Method and apparatus for preventing external detection of signal information Download PDF

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Publication number
US5157725A
US5157725A US07/721,632 US72163290A US5157725A US 5157725 A US5157725 A US 5157725A US 72163290 A US72163290 A US 72163290A US 5157725 A US5157725 A US 5157725A
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pseudo
random bit
bit signal
video
signal
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Per Lindholm
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Cominvest Res AB
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Cominvest Res AB
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04K—SECRET COMMUNICATION; JAMMING OF COMMUNICATION
    • H04K3/00—Jamming of communication; Counter-measures
    • H04K3/40—Jamming having variable characteristics
    • H04K3/42—Jamming having variable characteristics characterized by the control of the jamming frequency or wavelength
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04K—SECRET COMMUNICATION; JAMMING OF COMMUNICATION
    • H04K3/00—Jamming of communication; Counter-measures
    • H04K3/80—Jamming or countermeasure characterized by its function
    • H04K3/82—Jamming or countermeasure characterized by its function related to preventing surveillance, interception or detection
    • H04K3/825—Jamming or countermeasure characterized by its function related to preventing surveillance, interception or detection by jamming
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04K—SECRET COMMUNICATION; JAMMING OF COMMUNICATION
    • H04K2203/00—Jamming of communication; Countermeasures
    • H04K2203/10—Jamming or countermeasure used for a particular application
    • H04K2203/14—Jamming or countermeasure used for a particular application for the transfer of light or images, e.g. for video-surveillance, for television or from a computer screen
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04K—SECRET COMMUNICATION; JAMMING OF COMMUNICATION
    • H04K2203/00—Jamming of communication; Countermeasures
    • H04K2203/30—Jamming or countermeasure characterized by the infrastructure components
    • H04K2203/32—Jamming or countermeasure characterized by the infrastructure components including a particular configuration of antennas

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method and an apparatus for preventing external detection of signal information in video signals occurring in, and being emitted from, a display unit, or a similar unit, and comprising substantially consecutive frame or field signals each consisting of substantially consecutive line signals.
  • Display units are widely used as components in, for example, data processing systems in which confidential information is processed and stored, and also in similar units, such as matrix printers.
  • the video signals occurring in these units and containing components of radio frequency, are emitted therefrom and can be intercepted distantly from the display unit itself. By such detection, the information can comparatively easily be displayed on another display unit. Since it is important, both from commercial and legal standpoints, that such information does not leak, efforts have been made to either reduce the emission or alter it in such a manner that detection of the information is rendered more difficult or even impossible.
  • Apparatuses for carrying out these methods comprise a generator for generating the phantom signal, and an aerial for emitting the phantom signal from the generator.
  • a first object of the present invention is to further improve the methods and the apparatuses of the type mentioned by way of the introduction to prevent, in actual practice, any type of external detection of the signal information in the video signals.
  • external detection of the signal information in the video signals may be rendered even more difficult if the phantom signal is also supplied on an external power supply line to the unit containing the video signal circuits.
  • the video signal circuits are, conventionally, separated from the power supply line by means of a low-pass filter, the video signals can nevertheless by transmitted to the power supply line, e.g. a mains connection, and the signal information in the video signals may thus be detected on, for example, external lines connected to the power supply line.
  • the power supply line may also serve as a part of the emitting construction if the power supply filtration of the display unit is insufficient, which is extremely common in commercial data terminal equipment.
  • the video signals may be emitted from the power supply line.
  • An apparatus suitable for carrying out the method according to the invention may be characterised in that the generator for generating the phantom signal is also connected to the external power supply line to the unit containing the video signal circuits, for outputting the phantom signal on this line.
  • a second object of the invention is to produce a phantom signal which, compared with prior art techniques, renders detection of the information in the video signals even more difficult.
  • a third object of the invention is, therefore, to produce a phantom signal which makes synchronisation and decoding of the video signals more difficult.
  • this is achieved in a method of the type described by way of the introduction in that the bit frequencies of the pseudo-random bit signal sequence/sequences are varied.
  • a control unit is used for varying the bit frequency of the pseudo-random bit signal sequence/sequences.
  • bit frequency/frequencies are varied with a frequency of at least about the same order of magnitude as the line frequency of the video signals.
  • bit frequency or frequencies should differ from, but be of the same order of magnitude as the pixel frequency of the video signals.
  • the pseudo-random bit signal sequence/sequences may be advantageously formed of a number of part signal sequences, the duration of which varies from one frame or field period to another.
  • the pseudo-random generator in the apparatus according to the invention may be a maximum recurrence length shift register with adjustable maximum length.
  • the phantom signal should be emitted with substantially the same intensity in all directions, so as to avoid making it easier to detect the information in the video signals in any particular direction.
  • this can more easily be achieved with one aerial than with a number of aerials located at a distance from one another because a circuit combining the pseudo-random bit signal sequences may, according to the invention, be advantageously connected between the generator and the aerial.
  • the aerial advantageously comprises two aerial members, one of which has the form of a broadening fin outwardly projecting from one side of a ground plane and having surfaces perpendicular to one another and to said ground plane, while the other member is a dipole arranged circularly around the fin in a plane parallel to the ground plane.
  • the apparatus according to the invention may, however, also form part of the display unit or another unit containing the video signal circuits, in which case the aerial may comprise a conductor in a line conducting the video signals to the display unit; or one or more conductors preferably disposed along the line through which the video signals pass to, for example, the display unit; or a balanced transmission line preferably disposed along said video signal-conducting line; or a coaxial line also preferably disposed along said video signal-conducting line and emitting the phantom signal.
  • the aerial may comprise a conductor in a line conducting the video signals to the display unit; or one or more conductors preferably disposed along the line through which the video signals pass to, for example, the display unit; or a balanced transmission line preferably disposed along said video signal-conducting line; or a coaxial line also preferably disposed along said video signal-conducting line and emitting the phantom signal.
  • FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a conventional display unit with associated circuits.
  • FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating the frequency spectrum of signals emitted from a conventional display unit.
  • FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing an embodiment of the apparatus according to the invention.
  • FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing a second embodiment of the apparatus according to the invention.
  • FIG. 5 is a circuit diagram showing an oscillator and a modulator forming part of the apparatus in FIG. 4.
  • FIG. 6 illustrates schematically the connection of a number of output signals from an apparatus according to the invention.
  • FIGS. 7-9 show a preferred aerial arrangement according to the invention.
  • FIG. 10 shows an alternative aerial
  • FIG. 11 shows a further aerial arrangement.
  • the conventional display unit shown in FIG. 1 comprises a cathode ray tube 10 with deflection yokes 11, 12 and a sweep generator 13.
  • the display unit comprises a data register 14, a character type memory 15, and a parallel-to-serial converter 16.
  • a pixel clock generator 17 is connected, via a divider 18, to the data register 14, as well as to the converter 16, and is, furthermore, directly connected to the latter.
  • a display control unit 19 is also directly connected to the output of the generator 17, as well as to the sweep generator 13 for control thereof.
  • the data register 14 receives data concerning the characters to be shown on the display unit and transfers these data to the character type memory 15 which, for every character line to be shown on the display unit, generates a consecutive sequence of parallel bit signals which, one by one, are fed to the parallel-to-serial converter 16.
  • the parallel-to-serial converter 16 emits a bit signal sequence with a bit configuration corresponding to the parts in question of the characters of the character line. This output signal from the parallel-to-serial converter 16 is fed, via an amplifier, to the cathode ray tube 10 for intensity modulation of its electron beam.
  • the line 20 connecting the parallel-to-serial converter 16 to the cathode ray tube 10 serves as an aerial, thus emitting the radio frequency video signals fed therethrough.
  • the pixel clock signal is further divided into suitable frequencies for controlling the sweep generator 13.
  • the video signal on the line 20 contains all the information shown on the screen of the display unit, and this information is repeated every time the electron beam sweeps over the display unit, typically 50-70 times per second. Since the video information is based on characters, it contains more information than is required for the identification of the character at issue. Thus, it is comparatively easy to detect, also at a distance from the display unit, the information contents of the radio frequent signals emitted from, for example, the line 20. These signals may have a frequency spectrum of the type shown in FIG. 2.
  • a phantom signal in the form of at least one pseudo-random bit signal sequence with properties similar to those of the video signals may be emitted from the display unit.
  • a second character type memory 15' and a second parallel-to-serial converter 16' can be arranged in per se known manner, said memory and converter being controlled by the same signals as the units 15 and 16 and forming a generator for generating the phantom signal.
  • a line 20' serving as aerial may be connected to the output of the converter 16'.
  • FIG. 2 shows the relative amplitude at different frequencies of an emitted video signal.
  • the harmonic contents of this spectrum originates from the rapid transitions between the bit levels of the video signal, said transitions being timed by the pixel clock generator 17 which usually is a crystal-controlled oscillator operating in the range of 10-30 MHz.
  • the oscillation frequency of the generator 17 is designated f in FIG. 2, from which it is apparent that the harmonics of this frequency are strong because of the steep flanks between the bits in the video signal.
  • Signal frequencies between the different harmonic frequencies of the frequency f are, inter alia, caused by the modulation occurring in the character frequency.
  • the phantom signal generated by the generator 15', 16' is given properties similar to those of the video signals.
  • the above generator is utilised for generating the phantom signal, it has been proven possible to externally detect the information in the video signals occurring in a display unit. According to a first aspect of the invention, such detection can be rendered even more difficult when the phantom signal is also supplied on an external power supply line to the unit containing the video signal circuits, as shown in, for instance, FIG. 3.
  • FIG. 3 shows the case in which the apparatus according to the invention forms a separate unit connectible to an existing display unit, as well as the case in which the apparatus according to the invention forms part of the display unit, i.e. is incorporated therein as early as at the time of manufacture.
  • the display unit is designated A and in the second case it is designated A'.
  • the apparatus according to the invention is designated B.
  • a generator for generating the phantom signal is designated C
  • a mains filter of low-pass type is designated D
  • an aerial connected to the generator C is designated E
  • a power feed connection for the display unit is designated F.
  • the phantom signal generator C is adapted to feed the phantom signal not only to the aerial E, but also to the power feed connection F via the mains filter D.
  • the phantom signal can be given a much higher effect than the leaking video signals, via the apparatus B according to the invention, from the video signal circuits to the power supply line F.
  • the total output to the power supply line F can be rendered smaller or, at the most, about as large as the previous output to this line without the use of the invention.
  • the display unit A normally, when the apparatus B constitutes a separate unit, has its own mains filter which naturally also serves to attenuate the video signals.
  • FIG. 4 of the apparatus according to the invention is advantageously combined with the embodiment of FIG. 3 and generates three pseudo-random bit signal sequences with properties similar to those of the video signals.
  • Three random number generators 21-23 each for example consisting of a maximum recurrence length shift register, generate these three pseudo-random bit signal sequences with the bit frequencies f1, f2 and f3, respectively, which are determined by oscillators 24-26 connected to their respective random number generator 21-23 via frequency modulators 27-29.
  • These modulators modulate the output signal from the oscillators 24-26 with a frequency, preferably the line frequency of the display unit, in that they are connected to a synchronisation circuit 30 whose output signal has said line frequency.
  • a sensing loop 31 sensing the signals in the deflection yokes of the cathode ray tube and applying a corresponding voltage to the synchronisation circuit. From this voltage, the synchronisation circuit 30 derives the line frequency and thus feeds a signal of this frequency to the modulation inputs of the modulators 27-29 but also to a divider 32 whose output is connected to the reset outputs of the random number generators 21-23.
  • the outputs of the random number generators 21-23 are connected to one aerial 45-47 each.
  • the oscillation frequencies f1, f2 and f3 should be of the same order of magnitude as the pixel frequency of the video signals, but need not be stable. If the pixel frequency is 30 MHz, the frequencies f1, f2 and f3 may, for example, be 25, 28 and 32 MHz, respectively. Thus, the frequencies of the signals operating the random number generators 21-23 are varied by means of the modulators 27-29, not necessarily with the line frequency of the video signals, but suitably with a frequency of at least about the same order of magnitude.
  • the frequency spectrum of the signals emitted from the aerials 45-47 will no longer be a proper line spectrum, but a more or less continuous spectrum efficiently preventing external detection of the emitted video signals. Furthermore, phase locking against the phantom signal is rendered more difficult for further filtering.
  • the divider 32 By the frequency division of the line frequency signal from the synchronisation circuit 30, the divider 32 generates a signal synchronised with the frame or field synchronisation signal, whereby the phantom signal will be synchronised with the video signals and thus be repeated with the frame or field period.
  • the phantom signal can be altered from one frame or field period to the next, at the same time as the corresponding video signal is changed. This may, for instance, be achieved because the maximum recurrence length shift registers forming the random number generators 21-23 have adjustable maximum length, the adjustment being optionally controlled from the data register 14.
  • the phantom signal lacks well-defined line and frame synchronisation pulses and thus, due to its irregularity and the fact that it has greater or about the same effect as the video signal, renders considerably more difficult the synchronisation necessary for external detection of the information in the video signal.
  • FIG. 5 is a circuit diagram for a combination of, for example, the oscillator 24 and the modulator 27.
  • the circuit is a fairly conventional oscillator circuit comprising a varistor diode 48 whose capacitance in known manner is voltage-dependent and influenced by the signal from the synchronisation circuit 30.
  • the frequency of the output signal from the oscillator shown in FIG. 5 is altered due to the capacitance changes of the varistor diode 48, said output signal being used as clock signal to the random number generator 21.
  • the phantom signal be emitted with substantially the same intensity in all directions, thus avoiding making it easier to detect the information in the video signals in any one direction. If there are a number of pseudo-random bit signal sequences, this is more easily achieved with one aerial than with a number of aerials located at a distance from one another, for a circuit combining the pseudo-random bit signal sequences, e.g. a resistance network of the type shown in FIG. 6, may be advantageously connected between the generator and the aerial.
  • the aerial may advantageously be disposed along the line 20 (FIG. 1), such that the phantom signal is emitted in essentially the same fashion as are the video signals.
  • one or more conductors can serve as a phantom signal aerial which preferably is located along the video signal-conducting line and advantageously spirally wound round said line.
  • a possible alternative is to use a balanced transmission line of the type shown in FIG. 10, in which case this line is also preferably located along the video signal-conducting line.
  • a further alternative is to use an emitting coaxial line having openings in the shielding along said line.
  • FIG. 11 illustrates the most advantageous arrangement in which the output signal from the generator C is fed, e.g. via the resistance network in FIG. 6, to a line 20", such as a coaxial cable, one end of which is connected, via a current transformer, to one conductor in the line 20 at the end thereof closet to the converter 16, suitably to the shielding, when the line 20 is a coaxial cable.
  • the current transformer may consist of a ferrite core which encloses the line 20 and through which the ends of the conductors in the line 20" are connected with one another. In this way, the phantom signal uses exactly the same line as the video signal which is to be interfered with.
  • the aerial advantageously is of the type illustrated in FIGS. 7-9.
  • This aerial comprises a first aerial member 49 of copper, which has the form of a broadening fin outwardly projecting from one side of a ground plane 50 and having surfaces perpendicular to one another and to the ground plane 50.
  • the other member which is shown in FIG. 9, is a conventional dipole 51 and consists of two copper strips. As shown in FIG. 7, these copper strips are arranged circularly around the fin 49 in a plane parallel to the ground plane 50, more precisely on a cylindrical body 55, e.g. a plastic tube.
  • This tube contains the member 49 and is connected with a base plate 52, also made of plastic, on the underside of which the ground plane 50, e.g. in the form of a copper foil, is arranged. As illustrated in FIG. 7, this aerial may be combined with the sensing loop 31 which may be wound on a coil core mounted at a distance under the ground plane 50.
  • a capsule 53 may enclose the sensing loop, and a lid 54 may close the upper end of the tube 51.
  • the aerial described is advantageous in its simplicity, as well as in its giving a substantially isotropic emission of the phantom signal. Finally, it may, as described above, be combined in a simple manner with the sensing loop 31.
  • the invention is not restricted to the above embodiments and may be varied within the scope of the appended claims, as is obvious to any one skilled in the art.
  • the number of random number generators may, for example, be a different one than stated above, and the apparatus may furthermore be composed of units equivalent to those described.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Radar Systems Or Details Thereof (AREA)
  • Control Of Indicators Other Than Cathode Ray Tubes (AREA)
  • Measurement Of Velocity Or Position Using Acoustic Or Ultrasonic Waves (AREA)
  • Burglar Alarm Systems (AREA)
  • Television Systems (AREA)
  • Inspection Of Paper Currency And Valuable Securities (AREA)
  • Liquid Crystal Display Device Control (AREA)
  • Transforming Electric Information Into Light Information (AREA)
  • Testing, Inspecting, Measuring Of Stereoscopic Televisions And Televisions (AREA)
  • Controls And Circuits For Display Device (AREA)
  • Heat Sensitive Colour Forming Recording (AREA)
  • Liquid Developers In Electrophotography (AREA)
US07/721,632 1989-01-26 1990-01-24 Method and apparatus for preventing external detection of signal information Expired - Lifetime US5157725A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
SE8900288 1989-01-26
SE8900288A SE462935B (sv) 1989-01-30 1989-01-30 Saett och anordning foer hindrande av extern detektering av signalinformation

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US (1) US5157725A (de)
EP (1) EP0455699B1 (de)
JP (1) JP3148231B2 (de)
AT (1) ATE132308T1 (de)
AU (2) AU635915B2 (de)
CA (1) CA2045619C (de)
DE (1) DE69024483T2 (de)
FI (1) FI103237B1 (de)
NO (1) NO179469C (de)
SE (1) SE462935B (de)
WO (1) WO1990009067A1 (de)

Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5216713A (en) * 1991-06-24 1993-06-01 Shield Research In Sweden Method and apparatus for preventing extraneous detection of signal information
US5351292A (en) * 1989-01-26 1994-09-27 Cominvest Research Ab Method and apparatus for preventing external detection of signal information
US20030039366A1 (en) * 2001-05-07 2003-02-27 Eid Bradley F. Sound processing system using spatial imaging techniques
US6968058B1 (en) * 1998-04-20 2005-11-22 Olympus Optical Co., Ltd. Digital evidential camera system for generating alteration detection data using built-in encryption key
US20090013205A1 (en) * 2004-05-24 2009-01-08 Masao Masugi Information Leakage Prevention Apparatus and Information Leakage Prevention Method
US7506165B2 (en) 1998-01-02 2009-03-17 Cryptography Research, Inc. Leak-resistant cryptographic payment smartcard
US7587044B2 (en) 1998-01-02 2009-09-08 Cryptography Research, Inc. Differential power analysis method and apparatus
US7668310B2 (en) 1998-06-03 2010-02-23 Cryptography Research, Inc. Cryptographic computation using masking to prevent differential power analysis and other attacks
US7941666B2 (en) 1998-07-02 2011-05-10 Cryptography Research, Inc. Payment smart cards with hierarchical session key derivation providing security against differential power analysis and other attacks
WO2013033500A1 (en) * 2011-08-31 2013-03-07 Cablecam, Llc Control system for an aerially moved payload
US9337949B2 (en) 2011-08-31 2016-05-10 Cablecam, Llc Control system for an aerially moved payload
US9477141B2 (en) 2011-08-31 2016-10-25 Cablecam, Llc Aerial movement system having multiple payloads

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
IT1259383B (it) * 1992-04-02 1996-03-12 Dispositivo di protezione per computer e simili

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EP0240328A2 (de) * 1986-04-03 1987-10-07 Datasafe Limited Rechnersicherheitsvorrichtung

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US4225962A (en) * 1977-11-15 1980-09-30 Hasler Ag Bern Mosaic printer
US4563546A (en) * 1981-07-15 1986-01-07 Licentia Patent-Verwaltungs-Gmbh Method for preventing "compromising radiation"
EP0240328A2 (de) * 1986-04-03 1987-10-07 Datasafe Limited Rechnersicherheitsvorrichtung

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Electronic Design, vol. 25, No. 9, Apr. 1977, C. R. Smiley: "Exchange data between digital systems", pp. 96-98.
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The Computer Law and Security Report, vol. 1, No. 3, 1985, R. C. Marshall: "Radio-Frequency Emission From VDUS", pp. 4-5.
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Cited By (19)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5351292A (en) * 1989-01-26 1994-09-27 Cominvest Research Ab Method and apparatus for preventing external detection of signal information
US5321747A (en) * 1991-06-24 1994-06-14 Sheild Research In Sweden Method and apparatus for preventing extraneous detection of signal information
US5216713A (en) * 1991-06-24 1993-06-01 Shield Research In Sweden Method and apparatus for preventing extraneous detection of signal information
US7634083B2 (en) 1998-01-02 2009-12-15 Cryptography Research, Inc. Differential power analysis
US9419790B2 (en) 1998-01-02 2016-08-16 Cryptography Research, Inc. Differential power analysis—resistant cryptographic processing
US8879724B2 (en) 1998-01-02 2014-11-04 Rambus Inc. Differential power analysis—resistant cryptographic processing
US7506165B2 (en) 1998-01-02 2009-03-17 Cryptography Research, Inc. Leak-resistant cryptographic payment smartcard
US7587044B2 (en) 1998-01-02 2009-09-08 Cryptography Research, Inc. Differential power analysis method and apparatus
US6968058B1 (en) * 1998-04-20 2005-11-22 Olympus Optical Co., Ltd. Digital evidential camera system for generating alteration detection data using built-in encryption key
US7668310B2 (en) 1998-06-03 2010-02-23 Cryptography Research, Inc. Cryptographic computation using masking to prevent differential power analysis and other attacks
US7787620B2 (en) 1998-06-03 2010-08-31 Cryptography Research, Inc. Prevention of side channel attacks against block cipher implementations and other cryptographic systems
US7941666B2 (en) 1998-07-02 2011-05-10 Cryptography Research, Inc. Payment smart cards with hierarchical session key derivation providing security against differential power analysis and other attacks
US9852572B2 (en) 1998-07-02 2017-12-26 Cryptography Research, Inc. Cryptographic token with leak-resistant key derivation
US20030039366A1 (en) * 2001-05-07 2003-02-27 Eid Bradley F. Sound processing system using spatial imaging techniques
US7889866B2 (en) 2004-05-24 2011-02-15 Nippon Telegraph And Telephone Company Information leakage prevention apparatus and information leakage prevention method
US20090013205A1 (en) * 2004-05-24 2009-01-08 Masao Masugi Information Leakage Prevention Apparatus and Information Leakage Prevention Method
WO2013033500A1 (en) * 2011-08-31 2013-03-07 Cablecam, Llc Control system for an aerially moved payload
US9337949B2 (en) 2011-08-31 2016-05-10 Cablecam, Llc Control system for an aerially moved payload
US9477141B2 (en) 2011-08-31 2016-10-25 Cablecam, Llc Aerial movement system having multiple payloads

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CA2045619A1 (en) 1990-07-27
AU648455B2 (en) 1994-04-21
AU3217193A (en) 1993-03-25
SE462935B (sv) 1990-09-17
DE69024483T2 (de) 1996-07-25
NO179469B (no) 1996-07-01
JP3148231B2 (ja) 2001-03-19
NO912830L (no) 1991-09-25
JPH04504639A (ja) 1992-08-13
EP0455699A1 (de) 1991-11-13
DE69024483D1 (de) 1996-02-08
FI913577A0 (fi) 1991-07-26
NO912830D0 (no) 1991-07-19
AU635915B2 (en) 1993-04-08
EP0455699B1 (de) 1995-12-27
WO1990009067A1 (en) 1990-08-09
SE8900288L (sv) 1990-07-27
SE8900288D0 (sv) 1989-01-30
FI103237B (fi) 1999-05-14
NO179469C (no) 1996-10-09
CA2045619C (en) 2000-07-25
ATE132308T1 (de) 1996-01-15
AU4967590A (en) 1990-08-24
FI103237B1 (fi) 1999-05-14

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