US5114713A - P. falciparum cs-peptides as universal t-cell epitope - Google Patents

P. falciparum cs-peptides as universal t-cell epitope Download PDF

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US5114713A
US5114713A US07/353,427 US35342789A US5114713A US 5114713 A US5114713 A US 5114713A US 35342789 A US35342789 A US 35342789A US 5114713 A US5114713 A US 5114713A
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peptide
cell epitope
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Francesco Sinigaglia
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Hoffmann La Roche Inc
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/44—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from protozoa
    • C07K14/445—Plasmodium
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B75/00—Other engines
    • F02B75/02—Engines characterised by their cycles, e.g. six-stroke
    • F02B2075/022—Engines characterised by their cycles, e.g. six-stroke having less than six strokes per cycle
    • F02B2075/027—Engines characterised by their cycles, e.g. six-stroke having less than six strokes per cycle four
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
    • Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S530/00—Chemistry: natural resins or derivatives; peptides or proteins; lignins or reaction products thereof
    • Y10S530/806—Antigenic peptides or proteins

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the use of a peptide from the circumsporozoite (CS) protein of Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) and the derivatives thereof as a universally recognized T-cell epitope, i.e. an epitope which is recognized in association with many different human and mouse major histocompatibility complex (MHC) haplotypes, e.g. in the context of the human MHC class II molecules such as DR1, DR2, DR4, DR5, DRw6, DR7 or DR9.
  • MHC major histocompatibility complex
  • the present invention relates to the above-mentioned peptides per se and to immunogenic compositions comprising such a peptide or a derivative thereof. These immunogenic compositions can be used as vaccines to elicit a durable immune response against a pathogenic agent in humans and animals irrespective of the MHC haplotype of the host.
  • B-cell epitopes can induce antibodies which bind to the native molecules (Arnon et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 68, 1450-1455 [1971]).
  • Such peptides may be injected into a host whereby a protective antibody response is induced (for a review see Shinnick et al., Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 37, 425-446 [1983]).
  • An example of an epitope which does not always elicit an immune response in a host is the repeated sequence Asn-Ala-Asn-Pro (NANP) in the CS protein of the malaria parasite P. falciparum (Enea et al., Science, 225, 628-630 [1984]; Dame et al., Science 225, 593-599 [1984]).
  • the repetitive peptide was found to induce a parasite-specific immune response only in those mice carrying the H-2 b haplotype. (Good et al., J. Exp. Med. 164, 655-660 [1986]; del Guidice et al., J. Immunol. 137, 2952-2955 [1986]).
  • NANP non-immunogenic B-cell epitope of the CS protein
  • a peptide comprising an amino acid sequence corresponding to this T-cell epitope was covalently linked to a peptide comprising the repeat sequence (NANP) 5 .
  • the combined peptides elicited high titers of antibodies in BlOBR and BlO.A(4R) mice.
  • the CS.T3 peptide having the amino acid sequence ##STR1## can be used as a universally recognized T-cell epitope. This means it is recognized in association with many different human and mouse MHC haplotypes e.g. in the context of the human MHC molecules DR1, DR2, DR4, DR5, DRw6, DR7 or DR9.
  • the CS.T3 peptide corresponds to the residues 378 to 398 of the CS protein from P. falciparum (Dame et al., supra), but contains two alanine residues in place of the native protein's cysteine residues at Position 384 and 389.
  • the CS.T3 peptide can therefore also be called [Ala 384 ,389 ]P.falciparum CS(378-398).
  • derivatives of the CS.T3 peptide having minor modifications in the amino acid sequence of the peptide CS.T3 may still be used as universally recognized T-cell epitopes.
  • one or two amino acids may be deleted at either end of the peptide without impairing its use as a universally recognized T-cell epitope.
  • the peptide may still be recognized by almost all MHC haplotypes although it has been observed that the more amino acids are deleted the more the peptide loses its capability to be recognized by different MHC haplotypes.
  • more than about eight amino acids are deleted at either end of the peptide it is no longer recognized as T-cell epitope by any MHC haplotype (see below).
  • CS.T3 peptide modifications in the amino acid sequence of the CS.T3 peptide which may have no effect on its use as a universally recognized T-cell epitope are amino acid substitutions and additions at the C-terminus and/or the N-terminus.
  • the said CS.T3 peptide or the derivatives thereof may be part of a larger polypeptide e.g. the natural CS protein or fragments thereof or a fusion protein containing foreign peptide sequences preferably peptide sequences from another polypeptide of a malaria parasite.
  • the C-terminus of the CS.T3 peptide or the derivatives thereof may be amidated.
  • modifications within the amino acid sequence of the CS.T3 peptide or its derivatives may be possible which modifications still enable the peptide or its derivatives to be used as a universally recognized T-cell epitope.
  • modifications may be deletions, insertions and/or amino acid substitutions.
  • Examples of such derivatives are peptides comprising residues 378 to 398 of the CS-protein having cysteine residues at position 384 and 389 as in the native CS-protein.
  • the general features of the modifications are that they do practically not alter the secondary or tertiary structure of the peptide (Doolittle, R. F., in "The Proteins", Vol. IV, Neurath, H. and Hill R.
  • the present invention relates to the use of a polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence ##STR2## wherein R 1 is H-AsP-Ile-, H-Ile- or H- and R 2 is -Val-Asn-Ser--OH, -Val-Asn--OH, -Val--OH or - --OH
  • the present invention relates also to immunogenic compositions comprising such a polypeptide and a polypeptide having an antigenic structure representing a B-cell epitope.
  • the derivatives of the polypeptides mentioned above are polypeptides having modifications in the amino acid sequence (I) such as those mentioned above which modifications do not alter the secondary or tertiary structure of the polypeptide so that these polypeptides still bind to several MHC class II molecules and thus can still be used as a universally recognized T-cell epitope.
  • polypeptides used in the present invention as universally recognized T-cell epitopes are the polypeptides having the following amino acid sequences ##STR3## or derivatives of the polypeptides comprising the amino acid sequences (II) to (XIII).
  • polypeptide used in the present invention as a universally recognized T-cell epitope is the polypeptide having the amino acid sequence XIII which polypeptide is identical with the CS.T3 peptide mentioned above.
  • the combination of a T-cell epitope and a B-cell epitope is the functional unit which is capable of inducing a T-helper cell dependent immune response. Therefore the T-cell epitope mentioned above has to be associated with a B-cell epitope in order to elicit an immune response in a host.
  • the B-cell epitope may be any peptide, hapten or carbohydrate representing a selected region of an antigenic structure.
  • Such an antigenic structure may be part of a polypeptide which polypeptide may be glycosylated or not.
  • the said polypeptide may be a surface protein of a pathogenic agent e.g. a disease-causing bacterium, virus, fungus or parasite. Examples of such pathogenic agents are described in Davis et al., "Microbiology", 3rd ed., Harper International Edition.
  • the peptide used as a universally recognized T-cell epitope of the present invention can be covalently coupled to any peptide, hapten or carbohydrate representing a B-cell epitope.
  • the coupling may be either directly by the formation of a peptide or an ester bond between free carboxyl, amino or hydroxyl groups on the peptide used as a universally recognized T-cell epitope and corresponding groups on the peptide, hapten or carbohydrate representing a B-cell epitope or indirectly via a conventional bifunctional linking group.
  • linking groups examples include sulfosuccinimidyl 4-(p-maleimidophenyl)butyrate (sulfo-SMPB), sulfosuccinimidyl(4-iodoacetyl)aminobenzoate (sulfo-SIAB).
  • sulfo-SMPB sulfosuccinimidyl 4-(p-maleimidophenyl)butyrate
  • sulfo-SIAB sulfosuccinimidyl(4-iodoacetyl)aminobenzoate
  • N-succinimidyl(4-iodoacetyl)aminobenzoate (SIAB), 2-iminothiolane.HCl (Traut's reagent), dimethyl pimelimidate.2HCl (DMP), succinimidyl 4-(p-maleimidophenyl)butyrate (SMPB), N-succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate (SPDP), bismaleimidohexane (BMH) and m-maleimidobenzoyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (MBS).
  • SMP succinimidyl 4-(p-maleimidophenyl)butyrate
  • SPDP N-succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate
  • BMH bismaleimidohexane
  • MBS m-maleimidobenzoyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester
  • the B-cell and the T-cell epitope may be part of a multiple antigenic peptide (MAP).
  • MAP multiple antigenic peptide
  • Such MAP's may be prepared as described by Posnett et al., J. Biol. Chem. 263, 1719-1725 [1988].
  • An example of a MAP is the multiple antigenic peptide system (MAPS) B-cell epitope [(NANP) 3 ] 8 -Lys 7 -Aca-Cys-NH 2 comprising multimers of the repeat sequence (NANP) present in the CS protein of Plasmodium falciparum (International Patent Application No. PCT/US85/01416, Publication No. WO 86/00911).
  • This MAPS can be synthesized by a solid phase procedure.
  • MAPS B-cell epitope approach may overcome the problems associated with the peptide vaccines conjugated to protein carriers which include (a) microheterogeneity of peptide-protein conjugation and (b) antibody response to tetanus toxoid itself which may interfere with the immune response to the synthetic peptide portion of the conjugate (Herrington et al., supra).
  • the polypeptides having the amino acid sequence I or derivatives thereof may be combined with the above-mentioned MAPS B-cell epitope.
  • the polypeptide having the amino acid sequence XIII (see Example, compound 5a) or the polypeptide having the amino acid sequence X (see Example, compound 7a) may be combined with the MAPS B-cell epitope [(NANP) 3 ] 8 -Lys 7 -Aca-Cys-NH 2 .
  • a schematic representation of the latter peptide/peptide vaccine is shown in FIG. 1.
  • the peptide representing the T-cell epitope is covalently linked to the peptide representing the B-cell epitope.
  • the peptide representing the T-cell epitope is covalently linked to the peptide representing the B-cell epitope, only that the peptides be associated in such a way as to lead to joint presentation to cells of the immune system.
  • the peptides representing the B-cell and/or the T-cell epitope can be prepared by conventional peptide synthetic methods, either in solution or, preferably by the solid phase method of Merrifield (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 85, 2149-2154 [1963]) or any other equivalent methods known in the art.
  • Solid phase synthesis is commenced from the C-terminal end of the peptide by coupling a protected amino acid to a suitable resin.
  • a starting material can be prepared by attaching an amino-protected amino acid via a benzyl ester linkage to a chloromethylated resin or a hydroxymethyl resin or via an amide bond to a benzhydrylamine (BHA) resin, a methylbenzhydrylamine (MBHA) resin or a benzyloxybenzyl alcohol resin.
  • BHA benzhydrylamine
  • MBHA methylbenzhydrylamine
  • Protecting groups include, e.g., the 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc), tert.-butyloxycarbonyl (Boc), benzyl (Bzl), t-butyl (But), 2-chlorobenzyloxycarbonyl (2Cl-Z), dichlorobenzyl (Dcb) and 3,4-dimethylbenzyl (Dmb) groups.
  • Each protected amino acid or peptide is introduced into the solid phase reactor in excess, and the coupling may be carried out in a medium of dimethylformamide (DMF) or methylene chloride (CH 2 Cl 2 ), or a mixture thereof.
  • DMF dimethylformamide
  • CH 2 Cl 2 methylene chloride
  • the coupling procedure is repeated before removal of the N ⁇ -amino protecting group prior to the coupling of the next amino acid.
  • the success of the coupling reaction at each stage of synthesis may be monitored.
  • a preferred method of monitoring the synthesis is by the ninhydrin reaction.
  • the coupling reactions and washing steps can be performed using automated instrumentation.
  • Cleavage of the peptide from the resin can be effected using procedures well known in peptide chemistry. For example, reaction with hydrogen fluoride (HF) in the presence of p-cresol and dimethylsulfide at 0° C. for 1 hour may be followed by a second reaction with hydrogen fluoride in the presence of p-cresol for 2 hours at 0° C. or with trifluoroacetic acid/methylene chloride/anisole.
  • HF hydrogen fluoride
  • Cleavage of peptides from chloromethylated or P-benzyloxybenzyl alcohol resin supports produces finished peptides having carboxyl groups at the C-termini.
  • Cleavage of peptides from benzhydrylamine or methylbenzhydrylamine resins produces peptides having C-terminal amide groups.
  • the peptide used as a universally recognized T-cell epitope or the combined peptide containing in addition the peptide representing the B-cell epitope can be prepared using methods of the recombinant DNA technology.
  • the methods for preparing such peptides by recombinant DNA technology are well known in the art.
  • a DNA fragment coding for said peptide may be prepared according to procedures well known in the art, e.g. by the phosphotriester method (Narang et al., Meth. Enzymol. 68, 90-108 [1979]) or the phosphodiester method (Brown et al., Meth. Enzymol. 68, 109-151 [1979]and cloned into an expression vector as described by Maniatis et al. in "Molecular Cloning - A Laboratory Manual", Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory [1982].
  • the peptides used in the present invention can be purified by known methods, such as differential centrifugation, precipitation with ammonium sulfate, dialysis to remove salts (under normal or reduced pressure), preparative iso-electric focusing, preparative gel electrophoresis or various chromatographical methods, e.g., gel filtration, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), ion exchange chromatography, reverse phase chromatography or affinity chromatography.
  • HPLC high performance liquid chromatography
  • ion exchange chromatography reverse phase chromatography or affinity chromatography.
  • the immunogenic compositions comprising a peptide representing a universal T-cell epitope according to the present invention and a peptide representing a B-cell epitope may comprise additionally a pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant.
  • the said immunogenic compositions can be used as vaccines to elicit the formation of antibodies specific for a pathogenic agent expressing the B-cell epitope mentioned above.
  • the term "Pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant” can mean either the standard compositions which are suitable for human administration or the typical adjuvants and excipients (e.g. serum albumin or plasma preparations) employed in animal vaccinations. Suitable adjuvants for the vaccination of animals include but are not limited to Freund's complete or incomplete adjuvant (not suitable for human or livestock use).
  • Adjuvant 65 (containing peanut oil, mannide monooleate and aluminum monostearate), mineral gels such as aluminum hydroxide, aluminum phosphate and alum.
  • surfactants such as hexadecylamine, octadecylamine, lysolecithin, dimethyldioctyldecylammonium bromide, N,N-dioctadecyl-N',N'-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)Propanediamine, methoxyhexydecylglycerol and pluronic polyols, polyanions such as pyran, dextran sulfate, polyIC, polyacrylic acid and carbopol, peptides and amino acids such as muramyl dipeptide, dimethylglycine, tuftsin and oil emulsions.
  • polypeptide of the present invention can also be administered following incorporation into liposomes or other micro-carriers, or after conjugation to polysaccharides, other proteins or other polymers or in combination with Quil-A to form "Iscoms" (immunostimulating complexes) (Allison et al., J. Immunol. Meth. 95, 157-168 [1986]; Morein et al., Nature 308, 457-460 [1984]).
  • genetically engineered microorganisms such as vaccinia or salmonella which are capable of expressing genes encoding a polypeptide representing a universal T-cell epitope can be used as vaccine delivery systems (Mackett. Immunol. Letters 16, 243-248 [1987]).
  • the immunogenic compositions are prepared by combining a peptide representing a universal T-cell epitope according to the present invention with a peptide representing a B-cell epitope and if necessary with a pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvant.
  • the immunogenic compositions are in the form of a unit dose.
  • the amount of active compounds administered as a vaccination or as a medicament at one time, or over a period of time, will depend on the subject being treated, the manner and form of administration, and the judgement of the treating physician.
  • an effective dose may be in the range of from about 1 ng to about 1 mg of the composition of this invention, preferably about 100 ⁇ g to about 500 ⁇ g; it being recognised that lower and higher doses may also be useful.
  • the immunogenic composition may be in a variety of forms. These include, for example solid, semi-solid and liquid dosage forms.
  • the unit dose is preferably packed in 1 ml vials containing the immunogenic composition in form of a suspension in sterile 0.9%( w /v) NaCl solution.
  • the most preferred immunogenic composition comprises 0.4 mg/ml protein (T- and B-cell epitope peptides) adsorbed to 850 ⁇ g Al(OH) 3 /ml and 100 ⁇ g/ml MerthiolateTM (Eli Lilly).
  • the vial is preferably packed in a container together with written instructions informing on the correct use of the immunogenic composition.
  • the present invention relates also to such a unit dose of the immunogenic composition packed in a container, most preferably together with the appropriate instructions. Furthermore the present invention relates to a process for the preparation of said immunogenic compositions or of a unit dose thereof as well as to a method for the immunization of a human or animal using such an immunogenic composition.
  • the form and the route of administration of the immunogenic composition as well as frequency of injections are all factors which can be optimized using ordinary skill in the art.
  • the initial vaccination with an immunologically effective amount of the vaccine is followed some weeks later by one or more "booster" vaccinations, the net effect of which is the production of high titers of antibodies against the particular pathogenic agent.
  • FIG. 1 Schematic representation of the peptide/peptide vaccine comprising the MAPS B-cell epitope [(NANP) 3 ] 8 -Lys 7 -Aca-Cys--NH 2 and the T-cell epitope Ac-Cys-Aca[Ala 384 ,389 ]-P.falciparum CS(380-396)--NH 2 .
  • N,A,P,K stand for asparagine, alanine, proline and lysine, respectively.
  • FIG. 2A,B Schematic representation of the solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) of the MAPS B-cell epitope [(NANP) 3 ] 8 -Lys 7 -Aca-Cys--NH 2 .
  • SPPS solid phase peptide synthesis
  • FIG. 3 Schematic representation of the covalent linking of the MAPS B-cell epitope [(NANP) 3 ] 8 -Lys 7 -Aca -Cys--NH 2 with the universal T-cell epitope Ac-Cys -Aca-[Ala 384 ,389 ]-P.falciparum CS(378-398)--NH 2 .
  • FIG. 4 Schematic representation of the covalent linking of the MAPS B-cell epitope [(NANP) 3 ] 8 -Lys 7 -Aca-Cys--NH 2 with the universal T-cell epitope Ac -Cys-Aca-[Ala 384 ,389 ]-P.falciparum CS(380-396)--NH 2 via 2,2'-dipyridyl disulfide.
  • FIG. 5 Enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay for the presence of anti-(NANP) 50 antibody in plasma of BALB/c mice immunized with (NANP) 3 -CS.T3 or with the universal T-cell epitope Ac-Cys-Aca-[Ala 384 ,389 ]-P.falciparum CS(378-398)--NH 2 covalently linked to the MAPS B-cell epitope [(NANP) 3 ] 8 -Lys 7 -Aca-Cys--NH 2 .
  • FIG. 6 Immunofluorescence assay (IFA) for the presence of anti-(NANP) 50 antibody in plasma of BALB/c mice immunized with (NANP) 3 -CS.T3 or with the universal T-cell epitope Ac-Cys-Aca-[Ala 384 ,389 ]-P.falciparum CS(378-398)--NH 2 covalently linked to the MAPS-B-cell epitope [(NANP) 3 ] 8 -Lys 7 -Aca-Cys--NH 2 .
  • IFA Immunofluorescence assay
  • Peptide CS.T3 was synthesized by the solid-phase technique using base-labile N-fluorenylmethoxylcarbonyl-amino acids, t-butyl based side chain protecting groups and a p-benzyloxybenzylalcohol polystyrene resin as described by Atherton et al. in "The Peptides: Analysis, Synthesis, Biology", Vol. 9, (S. Udenfriend and J. Meienhofer, Eds., Academic Press, New York [1987]). The initial synthesis was started with the Fmoc-Ser(But) --O--CH 2 C 6 H 4 O--CH 2 C 6 H 4 -resin in a manual shaker. The protocol for a typical synthetic cycle was as follows:
  • the triatriakontapeptide (NANP) 3 -CS.T3 was synthesized by a combination of the classical solution technique and solid phase peptide synthesis.
  • the protected tetrapeptide Fmoc-Asn-Ala-Asn-Pro-OH was synthesized according to the following scheme: ##STR4##
  • the peptide was homogeneous by analytical HPLC and showed the expected amino acid composition after acid hydrolysis.
  • PBMC Peripheral blood mononuclear cells
  • the cells were stimulated with peptide CS.T3 (10 ⁇ g/ml), expanded in IL-2-containing medium and cloned as previously described (Sinigaglia et al., Eur. J. Immunol. 17, 187-192 [1987]).
  • cloned T-cells (2 ⁇ 10 4 ) were cocultured in triplicate with 10 4 irradiated autologous, or DR homozygous EBV transformed B-cells (Sinigaglia et al., EMBO J.
  • the T-cell clones respond equally well to the CS.T3 antigen when presented on the autologous EBV-B cell or on the DR-homozygous EBV-B line carrying one of the donor's DR specificities. Thus at least 7 different DR molecules are able to associate with the CS.T3 peptide for presentation.
  • the anti-DR monoclonal antibody E.31 (Trucco et al., Immunol. Rev. 47, 219-242 [1979]) was added to cultures as a 1/100 dilution of ascites fluid.
  • HLA-DR homozygous presenting cells may be obtained from the European Collection for Biomedical Research (E.C.B.R.), European Collection of Human Lymphoblastoid Cell Lines, Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Immunogenetics Lab. Viale Benedetto XV,10, 16132 Genova, Italy.
  • the HLA-DR homozygous presenting cells used to generate the data in Table I namely the DR1 homozygous presenting cell EDR, the DR2 homozygous presenting cell NOL, the DR4 homozygous presenting cell BSM, the DR5 homozygous presenting cell ATH, the DRw6 homozygous presenting cell APD, the DR7 homozygous presenting cell EKR and the DR9 homozygous presenting cell DKB were obtained from the Department of Immunohaematology, University Hospital, Leiden, The Netherlands (Drs. E. Goulmy and J. van Rood).
  • the cells were maintained in RPMI 1640 medium (Gibco, Paisley, Scotland) supplemented with 2 mM L-glutamine, 1 mM sodium pyruvate, 5 ⁇ 10 -5 M ⁇ -mercaptoethanol, 1% non-essential amino acids (100% stock solution; Gibco), 50 U/ml streptomycin and 10% fetal calf serum.
  • the lines are EPstein-Barr virus-transformed B (EBV-B) cell lines, which were irradiated (5000 Rad) before being used as antigen-presenting cells.
  • EBV-B EPstein-Barr virus-transformed B
  • the DR homozygous presenting cells are not essential to perform the invention. They are used in the present Example only to show that the CS.T3 polypeptide is indeed a universally recognized T-cell epitope.
  • T-cells (2 ⁇ 10 4 ) of the clones shown in Table 1 were cultured with irradiated autologous EBV-B cells (10 4 ) in the presence of various antigen concentrations, ranging from 0.1 to 100 ⁇ g/ml. Any peptide that failed to stimulate proliferation at 100 ⁇ g/ml was considered to be non-antigenic (-).
  • the peptide 380-398 having the amino acid sequence XII, the peptide 378-395 having the amino acid sequence II and the larger peptides having the amino acid sequences XIII, VIII, IV and III were stimulatory in all the cases examined. However shorter peptides were able to distinguish different recognition patterns for CS.T3-specific clones restricted to different DR molecules. At the two extremes stand DR2- and DR5-restricted clones. Deletions from the C-terminal end until the Val at position 395 and from the N-terminal until Ala 384 were without appreciable effect for the DR2-restricted clones. Deletion of the Ala 384 decreased the recognition to ⁇ 50% at any dose tested.
  • Table 2 also shows that the minimal stimulatory region for DR4 is included between residues 383-394, the region for both DRw6 and DR7 corresponds to residues 381-393/394 while DR1-restricted clones recognize either 382-395 (not shown) or 381-392.
  • the responses of DR9 restricted T-cell clones to the truncated peptides deserve further mention.
  • deletion of Lys 381 resulted in loss of recognition, similarly 381-398 peptide was not recognized over a wide range of concentrations.
  • Further removal of Lys 382 and Ile 383 leads to reappearance of immunogenicity.
  • peptide 385-398 was totally non-stimulatory.
  • the following results show that the dominant site for human T-cells described above can function as a helper determinant for an anti-(NANP) 3 response in different mouse strains.
  • the repetitive (NANP) 3 -sequence coupled to the CS.T3 peptide was administered to 7 different inbred strains and both anti-NANP n and anti-sporozoite antibody responses were determined.
  • mice (2 per group) were immunized at the base of the tail with 50 ⁇ g of (NANP) 3 -CS.T3 in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA). Eight weeks later, they were boosted with 25 ⁇ g of the immunogen in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). Plasma were taken between 2 and 6 weeks later and were tested individually by ELISA (Rita Togna et al., J. Immunol. 137, 2956-2960 [1986]) for the presence of anti-(NANP) 50 antibody.
  • ELISA- samples are geometric means of the last dilution of plasma with OD 455> 0.1 and >2 times OD 455 , of plasma from mice injected with saline.
  • the antigen used to coat the ELISA plates was (NANP) 50 .
  • Table 3 shows that all the different strains tested mounted an antibody response against both (NANP) 50 and sporozoites. It was already known that C57BL/6 mice recognized a T-cell site comprising the repetitive region (Good et al., [1986], supra; del Guidice et al., [1986], supra). All the other strains which do not recognize the repetitive region, must have been recognizing the CS.T3 determinant. The fact that all the strains tested respond implies that the CS.T3 T-cell site is recognized in association with many different mouse Ia molecules in addition to the many human MHC gene's products tested and represents therefore a universally recognized T-cell epitope.
  • All optically active amino acids were of the L-configuration and checked for purity by thin-layer chromatography, melting point determination, nuclear magnetic resonance analysis and by determining the optical rotation.
  • N.sup. ⁇ -Boc amino were used in the synthesis and trifunctional amino acids were protectd as N.sup. ⁇ -Boc-Lys-(2-ClZ), N.sup. ⁇ -Boc-AsP(OcHex), N.sup. ⁇ -Boc-Ser(Bzl) and N.sup. ⁇ -Boc-Glu(OBzl).
  • Boc-Asn-Ala-Asn-Pro-OBzl was catalytically hydrogenated and the resultant Boc-Asn-Ala-Asn-Pro-OH was shown to be homogeneous by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Solvents and reagents used were of the highest purity. Couplings were performed by the DCC in situ or symmetrical anhydride procedures exept for asparagine which was coupled as the hydroxybenzotriazole ester. The peptides were prepared by the Merrifield solid phase procedure with sequential coupling of amino acids using the Applied Biosystems Peptide Synthesizer Model 430A (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif., U.S.A.) or by a manual procedure.
  • a suspension of benzhydrylamine resin (24 g, 0.54 meq/g, 12.96 mmol) was placed in a reaction vessel clamped to a manual shaker and successively washed with methylene chloride (CH 2 Cl 2 ; 4 ⁇ 250 ml), 10% diisopropylethylamine (DIEA; 1 ⁇ 250 ml, 10 min) and CH 2 Cl 2 (1 ⁇ 250 ml). The procedure was repeated, and the resin was then washed with methanol (MeOH; 2 ⁇ 250 ml), CH 2 Cl 2 (2 ⁇ 250 ml) and dimethylformamide (DMF; 4 ⁇ 250 ml).
  • MeOH methanol
  • DMF dimethylformamide
  • the substitution was found to be 0.23 meq/g-resin.
  • the total resin was filtered, washed with DMF (2 ⁇ 250 ml), CH 2 Cl 2 (2 ⁇ 250 ml) and recoupled with Boc-Cys(Dmb) (13.27 g, 38.9 mmol) and 1,3-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC; 8.02 g, 38.2 mmol) in CH 2 Cl 2 (250 ml) for 24 hours.
  • the Gisin test was repeated on a 100 mg resin aliquot and the loading determined to be 0.36 mmol/g-resin.
  • the resin was suspended in 150 ml of pyridine and 150 ml acetic anhydride, shaken for 1 hour, filtered and washed with CH 2 Cl 2 (2 ⁇ 250 ml), MeOH (2 ⁇ 250 ml), CH 2 Cl 2 (2 ⁇ 250 ml) and dried in vacuo.
  • Boc-Cys(Dmb)-benzhydrylamine-resin, 1, (20 g. 7.2 mmol) was washed with CH 2 Cl 2 (250 ml), deprotected with 250 ml of 50% TFA-CH 2 Cl 2 for 1 min. washed with CH 2 Cl 2 (250 ml) and deprotected again with 250 ml of 50% TFA-CH 2 Cl 2 for 20 min. The resin was then washed with CH 2 Cl 2 (3 ⁇ 250 ml), MeOH (2 ⁇ 250 ml) and CH 2 Cl 2 (2 ⁇ 250 ml).
  • Boc-Aca-Cys(Dmb)-benzhydrylamine-resin, 2 (20 g, 0.08 meq/g, 1.6 mmol) was subjected to the washings, deprotection and neutralization procedure specified for compound 1.
  • Boc-Lys(Boc)-OH (1.99 g, 5.76 mmol, 3.6 eq) was dissolved in CH 2 Cl 2 (250 ml) and added to the H-Aca-Cys(Dmb)-BHA-resin, 2 and subjected to a cycle of solid phase synthesis (2 hours) using DCC (1.18 g, 5.76 mmol, 3.6 eq) as the condensing reagent.
  • the crude peptide (1.3 g) was dissolved (40 ml of 0.025% TFA/H 2 O), filtered (0.45 ⁇ Millex-HV filter) and loaded onto a Nucleosil C-18 column (1 ⁇ 50 cm).
  • the column was eluted (7 ml/min) with a solvent system consisting of A: H 2 O (containing 0.025% TFA) and B: CH 3 CN (containing 0.025% TFA) in a linear gradient mode from 10% (B) to 25% (B) in 2 h.
  • the compound was shown to be homogeneous by analytical HPLC and gave the expected amino acid composition after acid hydrolysis (6N HCl; 150° C.; 1 hour): AsP, 45.5 (48); Pro, 23.8 (24); Ala, 23.6 (24); Lys, 7.0 (7); Cys, 1.12 (Ellman test; see Ellman, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 82 70-77 [1959]). Further confirmation of structure was provided by microsequence analysis and FAB mass spectroscopy: Calculated (M+2H) 2 ; 10,644,5; Found: 10,642.
  • Boc-Ser(Dmb)-BHA-resin (3.4 g, 0.35 meq/g-resin. 1.19 mmol) was charged into a 100 ml reaction vessel clamped on a manual shaker and peptide synthesis performed for a total ot 4 cycles to give P.falcioarum CS(394-398)-BHA-resin (3.5 g).
  • a 1.5 g (0.5 mmol) portion was removed and subjected to the additional cycles of solid phase synthesis using the Applied Biosystems 430A synthesizer to yield 2.2 g of protected [Ala 384 ,389 ]-P.falciparum CS(378-398)-BHA-resin.
  • the column was eluted (8 ml/min) with a solvent system consisting of (A) water (containing 0.025% TFA) and (B) CH 3 CN (containing 0.025% TFA) in a linear gradient mode from 10% (B)-35% (B) in 120 minutes. Fractions were collected (every minute) and aliquots analyzed by analytical HPLC (Column: Lichrosorb RP-8 (10 ⁇ ); Eluant: (A) 0.1M HClO 4 (pH 2.5) (B) CH 3 CN; Gradient: 20% B to 40% B in 20 min; Flow rate: 1.5 ml/min; Retention time: 16 minutes).
  • the residue was dissolved in 2 ml of 0.025% TFA/H 2 O, filtered and applied onto a Nucleosil C-18 column (0.4 ⁇ 25 cm).
  • the column was eluted (1.5 ml/minute) with a solvent system consisting of (A) water (containing 0.025% TFA) and (B) CH 3 CN (containing 0.025% TFA) in a linear gradient mode from 10% (B)-40% (B) in 120 minutes.
  • the product was shown to be homogeneous by analytical HPLC and gave the expected amino acid composition after acid hydrolysis (6N HCl; 110° C.; 24 hours): Asp, 52.0 (51); Ser, 3.4 (3); Glu, 2.5 (2); Ala, 24.7 (26); Val, 2.5 (3); Met, 1.0 (1); Ile, 2.2 (2); Phe, 1.1 (1); Lys, 11.5 (11).
  • Boc-Val-benzhydrylamine-resin (1.5 g, 0.2 meq/g; 0.3 mmol) was subjected to 16 cycles of solid phase peptide synthesis using the Applied Biosystems 430A synthesizer to yield 2.1 g of protected [Ala 384 ,389 ]-P.falciparum CS(380-396)-BHA-resin.
  • a 0.4 g portion of the protected peptide resin was cleaved with anhydrous HF (as for compound 4) and 121 mg of crude [Ala 384 ,389 ]-P.falciparum CS(380-396)--NH 2 , was obtained.
  • a portion of the crude product (60 mg) was dissolved in 0.025% TFA/H 2 O, filtered and applied onto a Nucleosil C-18 column (1.0 ⁇ 50 cm).
  • the column was eluted (2.5 ml/minute) with a solvent system consisting of (A) water (containing 0.025% TFA) and (B) CH 3 CN (containing 0.025% TFA) in a linear gradient mode from 15% (B)-35% (B) in 180 minutes.
  • Boc-Val-benzhydrylamine-resin prepared as in compound 1 (20 g; 0.5 mmol/g; 10 mmol) was charged onto a 1 liter reaction vessel, clamped on a Kraft Shaker and solid phase peptide synthesis performed for a total of 19 cycles to give Ac-Cys-Aca[Ala 384 ,389 ]-P.falciparum CS(380-396)-BHA-resin (44.9 g).
  • a portion of the protected peptide resin (5 g; 1.11 mmol) was treated with anhydrous HF (as for compound 4) and 2.21 g of crude product obtained
  • a portion (1.1 g) of the crude product was dissolved in 40 ml of 0.025% TFA/H 2 O, filtered and applied onto a Nucleosil C-18 column (2.2 ⁇ 25 cm).
  • the column was eluted (9 ml/min) with a solvent system consisting of (A) H 2 O (containing 0.025% TFA) and (B) CH 3 N (containing 0.025% TFA) in a linear gradient mode from 10% (B)-35% (B) in 120 minutes.
  • 2,2'-Dipyridyl disulfide (10.8 mg, 49 ⁇ mol, 1.64 eq) was dissolved in trifluoroethanol (14 ml, containing 4% AcOH) and added to a stirring solution of Ac-Cys-Aca -[Ala 384 ,289 -P.falciparum CS(380-396)--NH 2 , 7b, (78 mg, 29.8 ⁇ mol, 1 eq) in trifluoroethanol (14 ml. containing 4% AcOH). The solution was stirred for 1 hour, evaporated and the residue triturated with anhydrous ether and dried. Yield: 73.3 mg (93.9% yield).
  • the product was shown to be essentially homogeneous by analytical HPLC (Column; Nucleosil C-18 (5 ⁇ ); Eluant: (A) H 2 O (containing 0.025% TFA), (B) CH 3 CN (containing 0.025% TFA); Gradient: 15% B to 40% B in 20 minutes and held at 40% B for 15 minutes; Flow rate: 1.4 ml/minute; Retention time: 23 minutes).
  • Amino acid analysis after acid hydrolysis (6N HCl; 110° ; 72 hours) gave the expected composition: AsP, 1.07; Ser, 2.05; Glu, 2.13; Ala, 2.03; Val. 1.87; Met, 0.94; Ile, 0.92; Phe, 0.92; Lys, 3.94; Aca, 0.98.
  • the column was eluted (9 ml/min) with a solvent system consisting of (A) H 2 O (containing 0.025% TFA) and (B) CH 3 CN (containing 0.025% TFA) in a linear gradient mode from 10% (B)-40% (B) in 100 minutes. Fractions were collected (every minute) and aliquots analyzed by HPLC (Column: Lichrosorb RP-8 (5 ⁇ ); Eluant: (A) 0.1M HClO 4 (pH 2.5) (B) CH 3 CN; Gradient: 10% B to 55% B in 30 minutes; Flow rate: 1 ml/minute; Retention time: 19.7 minutes).
  • mice (five per group) were immunized intraperitoneally with 40 ⁇ g of (NANP) 3 -CS.T3 () or the compound 6 comprising the amidated form of the polypeptide having the amino acid sequence XIII (the CS.T3 peptide) covalently linked to the MAPS B-cell epitope [(NANP) 3 ] 8 -Lys 7 -Aca-Cys--NH 2 in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA).
  • a boos injection 40 ⁇ g of the immunogen in CFA was given 4 weeks later. Plasma were taken every week as indicated in the FIGURE and tested by enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay for the presence of anti-(NANP) 50 antibody (FIG.

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US6194543B1 (en) 1997-06-11 2001-02-27 The School Of Pharmacy University Dendritic polypeptides
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NZ229146A (en) 1994-09-27
ZA893702B (en) 1990-02-28
DK250589D0 (da) 1989-05-23
EP0343460A3 (en) 1991-07-31
JP2761402B2 (ja) 1998-06-04
DK250589A (da) 1989-11-25
EP0343460B1 (en) 1997-08-13
ATE156841T1 (de) 1997-08-15
EP0343460A2 (en) 1989-11-29
GB8812214D0 (en) 1988-06-29
CA1340472C (en) 1999-03-30
DE68928251T2 (de) 1998-03-12
DE68928251D1 (de) 1997-09-18
AU627459B2 (en) 1992-08-27
AU3504689A (en) 1989-11-30
JPH0242099A (ja) 1990-02-13

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