US4852645A - Thermal transfer layer - Google Patents

Thermal transfer layer Download PDF

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Publication number
US4852645A
US4852645A US07/163,115 US16311588A US4852645A US 4852645 A US4852645 A US 4852645A US 16311588 A US16311588 A US 16311588A US 4852645 A US4852645 A US 4852645A
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
tube
graphite
expanded graphite
flexible
tubes
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US07/163,115
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English (en)
Inventor
Michel Coulon
Robert Faron
Daniel Besson
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
URANIUM PECHINEY TOUR MANHATTAN - A CORP OF FRANCE
Novatome SA
Uranium Pechiney
Areva NP SAS
Mersen SA
Original Assignee
Carbone Lorraine SA
Uranium Pechiney
Navatome
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from FR8608981A external-priority patent/FR2600073B1/fr
Priority claimed from FR8701213A external-priority patent/FR2610088B1/fr
Application filed by Carbone Lorraine SA, Uranium Pechiney, Navatome filed Critical Carbone Lorraine SA
Assigned to LE CARBONE LORRAINE, TOUR MANHATTAN, A CORP. OF FRANCE, NOVATOME, A CORP. OF FRANCE, URANIUM PECHINEY, TOUR MANHATTAN - A CORP. OF FRANCE reassignment LE CARBONE LORRAINE, TOUR MANHATTAN, A CORP. OF FRANCE ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: FARON, ROBERT, COULON, MICHEL, BESSON, DANIEL
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US4852645A publication Critical patent/US4852645A/en
Assigned to FRAMATOME reassignment FRAMATOME ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: NAVATOME, A CORP. OF FRANCE
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F13/00—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F13/00—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing
    • F28F2013/005—Thermal joints
    • F28F2013/006—Heat conductive materials
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F2265/00—Safety or protection arrangements; Arrangements for preventing malfunction
    • F28F2265/26—Safety or protection arrangements; Arrangements for preventing malfunction for allowing differential expansion between elements
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
    • Y02E30/10—Nuclear fusion reactors
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S165/00—Heat exchange
    • Y10S165/905—Materials of manufacture
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/4935—Heat exchanger or boiler making
    • Y10T29/49377—Tube with heat transfer means
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/30—Self-sustaining carbon mass or layer with impregnant or other layer

Definitions

  • the present invention concerns a thermal transfer layer with high transfer coefficient between two materials which can have different expansion coefficients, and its application to the cooling of a structure subjected to intense heat flux.
  • the materials of the invention are selected from among carbonaceous material, ceramics and metals or metal alloys.
  • Carbonaceous materials in this sense include essentially industrial carbons graphites, and carbon-carbon composites.
  • heat flux can be of external or internal origin in relation to the structure, which can be either a metal structure or a carbonaceous or ceramic material.
  • the heat flux according to circumstances, can be continuous, intermittent or pulsating.
  • the traditional solution consists of placing assemblies of tubes in which a coolant fluid circulates inside the structure to be cooled.
  • the problem then is to obtain very good thermal transfer, in the course of the thermal cycles to which the structure is being subjected, between the passages in the structure and the external walls of the metal cooling tubes, despite the irregularities of the contacting surfaces which are often very rough (for instance in fusion thermonuclear reactors) and especially the different expansion coefficients of the tubes and the structure to be cooled.
  • brazing This solution, which is very effective with some materials, is costly and requires a temperature below the fusion temperature of the brazing process. Moreover, for the materials having very different expansion coefficients, it is possible in some cases to braze them by insertion of a metal sheet which accommodates the stresses. Then is it necessary to use costly and delicate metals such as molybdenum, zirconium, etc.... Finally, ceramics such as silicon carbide and nitride are extremely difficult to braze, especially if they are calcined to a density near theoretical.
  • the main purpose of the invention is to provide a thermal transfer which is simpler to utilize, more economical and which can be used at high temperature (above 2000 degrees C if the materials to be joined allow it).
  • a first object of the invention is a thermal transfer layer with high transfer coefficient between two materials which can have different expansion coefficients, characterized in that it is constituted of expanded and recompressed graphite, inserted between the materials to be joined.
  • the materials to be joined thermally are selected from among:
  • carbonaceous materials artificial carbons and graphites such as vitreous carbon, polycrystalline graphites, etc. ..., carbon-carbon composites.
  • ceramics such as silicone carbide, silicon nitride, boron carbide, tantalum carbide,
  • the thermal transfer layer for instance, can be inserted between two different carbonaceous materials, or a carbonaceous material and a metal, or a ceramic and a metal.
  • a second object of the invention is an arrangement for cooling a structure subjected to intense, continuous, intermittent or pulsating heat flux, by means of tubes for the circulation of fluid, placed in passages in the structure, characterized in that a flexible material which is a good heat conductor in compressed state, and can be charged with a metal or a carbonaceous powder, is inserted between each tube and the structure to be cooled.
  • This flexible material can advantageously be constituted of expanded graphite, which is more or less recompressed or rolled. It can also be constituted of other forms of flexible carbonaceous materials, such as woven materials and felts of carbon or graphite fiber which may be charged with metal powder.
  • a third object of the invention is a process for cooling a structure subjected to intense, continuous, intermittent or pulsating heat flux, by means of fluid circulation tubes, placed in passages in the structure, characterized in that each tube is surrounded beforehand with a layer of flexible material as defined in the preceding, then each tube is inserted into the passages, and the tubes are subjected to expansion under pressure so as to ensure the compression of the flexible material between the tube and the passages to at least 10 kPa.
  • a fourth object of the same invention is a process for cooling a structure subjected to intense, continuous or pulsating heat flux, by means of fluid circulation tubes, this structure constituted of a plurality of discrete elements, characterized in that at least one semi-circular passage is formed in each element of the structure, each element is placed on at least one cooling tube, with insertion of a layer of flexible material as defined in the preceding and the elements and the tubes are interlocked, so as to apply to the flexible material a degree of compression equal at least to 10 kPa.
  • a last object of the invention is its application to the cooling of the first wall of a fusion thermonuclear reactor, particularly of the "TOKAMAK" type.
  • FIGS. 1 through 5 are cross-sectional views illustrating the thermal transfer layer of the invention.
  • expanded graphite is obtained by abrupt heating of foliated graphite, even to as high as 1000 degrees C, thus giving an exfoliated graphite having a density on the order of 0.002.
  • This graphite can then be more or less recompressed in blocks which are of density from 0.02 to 2 or rolled in sheets of 0.1 to 2 mm thickness, of density on the order of 1.
  • the expanded recompressed graphite possesses an excellent heat conductivity in the compression plane and a heat conductivity which is much lower in the perpendicular direction. But it also presents good flexibility and good elasticity. Because of this, it allows for a conductive contact even for great thermal strains or deformations of the materials.
  • This expanded graphite can also comprise a charge such as a metal powder, which improves its thermal conductivity.
  • the expanded graphite according to the invention can be inserted in compressed state in the form of compressed or rolled sheet.
  • Graphite can also be inserted in a non-compressed form and subsequently compressed in situ during application of the materials. This last variation is used advantageously when the surfaces of the materials are not flat and/or are very rough.
  • the term "expanded graphite” generally designates exfoliated graphite, more or less recompressed or rolled.
  • a cylindrical disc of graphite of 50 mm diameter is applied to a metal surface by central support.
  • the graphite (grade 1346 of "LE CARBONNE-LORRAINE") has an expansion coefficient of 5.5 to 6 ⁇ 10 -6 .K -1 .
  • the metal is of stainless steel 316L which has an expansion coefficient of 16 ⁇ 10 -6 .K -1 .
  • Comparative tests are carried out to determine the heat transfer coefficient between the graphite and the metal surface using a power application of 75 watts.
  • the graphite directly contacts the stainless steel, while in other examples, a thermal transfer layer according to the invention is located therebetween.
  • This thermal transfer layer is a sheet of expanded graphite having a density 1 and thickness 0.2 mm which is placed under various application pressures, as noted.
  • A Heat transfer coefficient without expanded graphite thermal transfer layer.
  • Example 2 is identical to Example 1, with the sole difference that the expanded graphite is replaced by another graphite (grade 5890 of Le Carbonne Lorraine having an expansion coefficient of 4.5 . 10 -10 .K -1 .
  • Table 2 in a similar manner shows the results of the tests carried out in the same conditions as those in Example 1.
  • A' Heat transfer coefficient without expanded graphite thermal transfer layer.
  • B' Heat transfer coefficient with thermal transfer layer according to the invention.
  • the heat transfer coefficients with a contact according to the invention are on the order of or are greater than 10 4 W.m -2 .K -1 . With other pairings of materials and/or different conditions, they reach values of 6 ⁇ 10 4 W.m -2 . K -1 .
  • FIGS. 1 to 5 illustrate application of the invention to the cooling of a structure subjected to intense, continuous, intermittent or pulsating heat flux.
  • the thickness of the walls of the metal tubes and layers of flexible material is greatly exaggerated.
  • the structure 1 to be cooled comprises a plurality of passages 2 into which are inserted metal tubes 3, which allow the circulation of a cooling fluid (liquid or gas).
  • the thermal transfer layer between structure 1 (which, for example, may be a block of graphite), and metal tube 3 is ensured by the use of a thin layer 4 of flexible material which is a good conductor, which may be expanded graphite, more or less recompressed or rolled.
  • a thin layer 4 of flexible material which is a good conductor, which may be expanded graphite, more or less recompressed or rolled.
  • sufficient play is provided between metal tube 3 and passage 2, and the tube is surrounded with a layer 4 of expanded graphite.
  • the metal tube is subjected to an expansion which may be obtained by placing it under hydraulic pressure, which causes the compression of expanded graphite layer 4 and reduces its thickness to a value which can be between 0.1 to 2 mm.
  • the pressure to which strip 4 is subjected must be equal at least to 10 kPa, so as to ensure a heat transfer coefficient equal at least to 10 4 W ⁇ m -2 K -1 .
  • a transverse cross section shows an element of structure 5 which is graphite, in parallelepipedic shape, comprising two cooling tubes 3 of which the thermal contact with graphite block 5 is ensured by interposition of a layer of expanded graphite 4, having a thickness reduced by approximately 10% as a result of the expansion of tubes 2 after their installation.
  • FIG. 3 shows a variation of embodiment wherein the thermal flux is applied by an external fluid 6, which is contained by a first wall 7, which is preferably a metal wall in order to guarantee the seal; the thermal contact between this wall 7 and coolant tube 3 is ensured, as before, by interposition of a sheet 4 of expanded graphite, compressed following its installation by expansion of tube 2, the sheet of expanded graphite thus compressed having a final thickness on the order of 0.2 mm.
  • FIGS. 4 and 5 show a variation of application of the invention wherein the structure to be cooled is placed on the nest (bundle) of tubes following interposition of the layer of flexible material.
  • the structure to be cooled is constituted of an assembly by discrete elements such as bricks 8 of carbonaceous material (graphite, or carbon-carbon composite), in which semi-circular passages are preformed or worked in and the semi-circular passage are placed on tubes 3 with interposition of flexible material 4.
  • the compression of flexible material 4 is carried out by the means used for placement and immobilization of bricks 8, means can be of any known type (stirrups, threaded rods, etc).
  • Such a structure for instance can constitute the first wall of a fusion thermonuclear reactor for toric shape, which is directly subjected to the heat flux generated by thermonuclear reactions.
  • expanded compressed graphite to constitute the flexible element 4, because of its anisotropic structure, also presents the advantage of ensuring spreading of the heat flux moving perpendicular to the direction of transmission.
  • a local heat peak (hot point) on the external surface of the structure to be cooled is spread out over an extended peripheral zone of the cooling tube, on account of the high conductivity of the expanded compressed graphite in the direction parallel to the thin sheets of graphite, in other words in the direction perpendicular to the compression and the heat flux.
  • the invention can be applied to any time intense, continuous, intermittent or pulsed heat fluxes that must be evacuated by fluid circulation cooling means, and particularly in fusion or fission nuclear reactors (protective tiles, limiters and diverters), the continuous casting of metals, and targets subjected to intense fluxes of rays or particles which can be at levels, for example, of one to several hundreds of watts per square centimeter.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Ceramic Products (AREA)
  • Cooling Or The Like Of Semiconductors Or Solid State Devices (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
  • Carbon And Carbon Compounds (AREA)
  • Inert Electrodes (AREA)
  • Thermotherapy And Cooling Therapy Devices (AREA)
  • Polymers With Sulfur, Phosphorus Or Metals In The Main Chain (AREA)
US07/163,115 1986-06-16 1987-06-15 Thermal transfer layer Expired - Lifetime US4852645A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR8608981A FR2600073B1 (fr) 1986-06-16 1986-06-16 Contact thermique a fort coefficient de transfert et applications
FR8608981 1987-01-23
FR8701213 1987-01-23
FR8701213A FR2610088B1 (fr) 1987-01-23 1987-01-23 Dispositif de refroidissement d'une structure soumise a un flux thermique intense et procede de realisation de ce dispositif

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US4852645A true US4852645A (en) 1989-08-01

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US07/163,115 Expired - Lifetime US4852645A (en) 1986-06-16 1987-06-15 Thermal transfer layer

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US (1) US4852645A (de)
EP (1) EP0250345B1 (de)
JP (1) JPH0651871B2 (de)
AT (1) ATE61651T1 (de)
DE (1) DE3768564D1 (de)
ES (1) ES2021386B3 (de)
WO (1) WO1987007695A1 (de)

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US5100737A (en) * 1989-11-16 1992-03-31 Le Carbone Lorraine Multi-layer material comprising flexible graphite which is reinforced mechanically, electrically and thermally by a metal and a process for the production thereof
DE4438427A1 (de) * 1994-10-27 1996-05-02 Zae Bayern Bay Zentrum Fuer An Mehrstufige Kältemaschine bzw. Wärmepumpe
US5540277A (en) * 1991-10-10 1996-07-30 Societe Nationale Elf Aquitaine Method for improving heat and mass transfers toward and/or through a wall
US5542471A (en) * 1993-11-16 1996-08-06 Loral Vought System Corporation Heat transfer element having the thermally conductive fibers
US5575067A (en) * 1995-02-02 1996-11-19 Hexcel Corporation Method of making a continuous ceramic fiber reinforced heat exchanger tube
US5583895A (en) * 1991-12-31 1996-12-10 Societe Europeenne De Propulsion Method for making a sealed passage in a refractory composite part, and application to the production of a refractory composite structure cooled by fluid circulation
EP0743500A3 (de) * 1995-05-18 1997-11-26 Lbe Beheizungseinrichtungen Gmbh Rekuperatorbrenner
US5694515A (en) * 1995-01-09 1997-12-02 The University Of Florida Contact resistance-regulated storage heater for fluids
US5720339A (en) * 1995-03-27 1998-02-24 Glass; David E. Refractory-composite/heat-pipe-cooled leading edge and method for fabrication
DE19651289A1 (de) * 1996-12-10 1998-06-25 Zae Bayern Bayerisches Zentrum Fuer Angewandte Energieforschung Ev Kältemaschine bzw. Wärmepumpe mit Kompressor
US5806588A (en) * 1995-05-16 1998-09-15 Technical Research Associates, Inc. Heat transfer apparatus and method for tubes incorporated in graphite or carbon/carbon composites
US5861207A (en) * 1995-03-28 1999-01-19 Elf Aquitaine Active composite with foliated structure and its use as reaction medium
US5881775A (en) * 1994-10-24 1999-03-16 Hexcel Corporation Heat exchanger tube and method for making
EP0853226A3 (de) * 1997-01-10 1999-09-15 Trw Inc. Eingebettete Wärmerohrstruktur
US6050331A (en) * 1994-05-20 2000-04-18 International Fuel Cells L.L.C. Coolant plate assembly for a fuel cell stack
US6257011B1 (en) 1999-09-16 2001-07-10 U T Battelle Llc Personal cooling apparatus and method
US6377457B1 (en) * 2000-09-13 2002-04-23 Intel Corporation Electronic assembly and cooling thereof
US6453937B1 (en) * 1999-06-21 2002-09-24 Lockheed Martin Corporation Hot gas valve construction for reducing thermal shock effects
GB2388655A (en) * 2002-04-09 2003-11-19 Snecma Propulsion Solide A high temperature heat exchanger comprising a panel and a tubular cooling circuit covered with a textile layer of high thermal conductivity
US20040042490A1 (en) * 2002-02-04 2004-03-04 Henderson Alex E. State record processing
WO2004038317A2 (de) * 2002-10-22 2004-05-06 Refractory Intellectual Property Gmbh & Co.Kg Metallurgisches schmelzgefäss
US20040149421A1 (en) * 2003-01-30 2004-08-05 Wiacek Chris R. Soldering of saddles to low expansion alloy heat pipes
US6823135B1 (en) 2003-06-16 2004-11-23 Randolph W. Greene Waste energy recovery system, including method of recovering waste energy from fluids, and pipes having thermally interrupted sections
US20060021738A1 (en) * 2004-07-28 2006-02-02 Delgado Adon Jr Foam bumper and radiator for a lightweight heat rejection system
US20060272796A1 (en) * 2001-04-04 2006-12-07 Asmussen Erick R Flexible graphite flooring heat spreader
EP1796104A2 (de) * 2005-12-06 2007-06-13 Plansee Se Erste-Wand-Komponente mit Ringsegment
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US20090198077A1 (en) * 2007-04-02 2009-08-06 Inventure Chemical, Inc. Production of biodiesel, cellulosic sugars, and peptides from the simultaneous esterification and alcoholysis/hydrolysis of materials with oil-containing substituents including phospholipids and peptidic content
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US20100000474A1 (en) * 2004-12-29 2010-01-07 Kvaerner Power Oy Structure of a super heater
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US20120067556A1 (en) * 2010-09-22 2012-03-22 Raytheon Company Advanced heat exchanger
US20130168040A1 (en) * 2009-12-31 2013-07-04 Sgl Carbon Se Ceiling or wall element with a heating or cooling register
US20130248159A1 (en) * 2010-11-18 2013-09-26 Ngk Insulators, Ltd. Heat conduction member
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FR2669382B1 (fr) * 1990-11-16 1993-07-23 Europ Propulsion Dispositif de liaison entre deux corps susceptibles de se dilater de facon differente et procede de realisation d'un tel dispositif.
JPH05134067A (ja) * 1991-11-14 1993-05-28 Toshiba Corp 冷却構造を有する受熱板の製造方法
DE4436280A1 (de) * 1994-10-11 1996-04-18 Chemie Linz Deutschland Dauerelastisches Dichtungselement zur im Brandfall wirksamen Abdichtung von Öffnungen in Bauteilen, insbesondere von Fugen
FR2735565B1 (fr) * 1995-06-13 1997-08-22 Aerospatiale Caloduc en materiau composite notamment pour panneau de satellite et son procede de fabrication
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US3726738A (en) * 1969-08-27 1973-04-10 J Gellon Method of making a carbonized material of expanded graphite and carbon fibers
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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO1987007695A1 (fr) 1987-12-17
EP0250345A1 (de) 1987-12-23
EP0250345B1 (de) 1991-03-13
JPS63503548A (ja) 1988-12-22
ATE61651T1 (de) 1991-03-15
ES2021386B3 (es) 1991-11-01
JPH0651871B2 (ja) 1994-07-06
DE3768564D1 (de) 1991-04-18

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