US4524543A - Vibratory abrasive contour-finishing method and apparatus - Google Patents

Vibratory abrasive contour-finishing method and apparatus Download PDF

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Publication number
US4524543A
US4524543A US06/541,667 US54166783A US4524543A US 4524543 A US4524543 A US 4524543A US 54166783 A US54166783 A US 54166783A US 4524543 A US4524543 A US 4524543A
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Prior art keywords
tool
workpiece
reciprocatingly
load
abrasive
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US06/541,667
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English (en)
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Kiyoshi Inoue
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Inoue Japax Research Inc
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Inoue Japax Research Inc
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Assigned to INOUE-JAPAX RESEARCH INCORPORATED, A CORP. OF JAPAN reassignment INOUE-JAPAX RESEARCH INCORPORATED, A CORP. OF JAPAN ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: INOUE, KYOSHI
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
    • B24B—MACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
    • B24B49/00—Measuring or gauging equipment for controlling the feed movement of the grinding tool or work; Arrangements of indicating or measuring equipment, e.g. for indicating the start of the grinding operation
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23Q—DETAILS, COMPONENTS, OR ACCESSORIES FOR MACHINE TOOLS, e.g. ARRANGEMENTS FOR COPYING OR CONTROLLING; MACHINE TOOLS IN GENERAL CHARACTERISED BY THE CONSTRUCTION OF PARTICULAR DETAILS OR COMPONENTS; COMBINATIONS OR ASSOCIATIONS OF METAL-WORKING MACHINES, NOT DIRECTED TO A PARTICULAR RESULT
    • B23Q15/00—Automatic control or regulation of feed movement, cutting velocity or position of tool or work
    • B23Q15/007—Automatic control or regulation of feed movement, cutting velocity or position of tool or work while the tool acts upon the workpiece
    • B23Q15/12—Adaptive control, i.e. adjusting itself to have a performance which is optimum according to a preassigned criterion
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
    • B24B—MACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
    • B24B1/00—Processes of grinding or polishing; Use of auxiliary equipment in connection with such processes
    • B24B1/04—Processes of grinding or polishing; Use of auxiliary equipment in connection with such processes subjecting the grinding or polishing tools, the abrading or polishing medium or work to vibration, e.g. grinding with ultrasonic frequency
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
    • B24B—MACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
    • B24B35/00—Machines or devices designed for superfinishing surfaces on work, i.e. by means of abrading blocks reciprocating with high frequency

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to abrasive finishing and, more particularly, to an improved method of and apparatus for abrasively finishing a shaped workpiece surface with an axially vibrating tool by means of abrasive grits.
  • abrasive process in which an axial vibratory tool is brought into pressure contact with a workpiece surface in the presence of abrasive grits.
  • the grits may be a part of the tool by being secured thereto, or otherwise supplied in a fluid suspension into the polishing interface.
  • the axial tool is longitudinally vibrated at a frequency typically in an ultrasonic range to produce highly accelerating forces which drive the abrasive grits to impact upon the workpiece surface and cause an accelerated abrading action thereover.
  • This technique has hitherto been employed primarily for shaping purposes where a substantial amount of stock is to be removed roughly from blank materials such as carbides, ceramics and glass which are commonly brittle.
  • numerical path control or template copying control may be employed to advance the tool along a programmed path and at a rate of advance necessary to maintain the required polishing tool and workpiece interface interposed by the abrasive grits.
  • rate of advance inasmuch as the roughly shaped contour for finishing is characterized by a surface irregularity and hence the slight amount of stock to be finish-removed varies from one position to another on the contour it is necessary to set the rate at a minimum value in consideration of a portion requiring the maximum amount of stock removal.
  • the operation is unavoidably time-consuming.
  • the tool wear insofar as unavoidable, must be taken into account in determining the actual path of the tool advance. Without determination of the precise information of the tool wear, finishing would never be achieved with a due precision because a tool shift from a given contour cannot be obtained so as to compensate for the tool wear.
  • the tool wear in the process described, however, the tool wears unavoidably as biased or with unevenness over its peripheral surface, and yet in a highly complicated format which it is indeed impossible to determine insofar as the precise details of the surface irregularity of the shaped workpiece surface and hence the precise amounts of localized stock removal as required are practically undefinable which are further complicated when taken with the precise details of intricacy of the shaped contour to be finished.
  • a path of the tool advance is adequately defined according to the finishable surface contour of a shaped workpiece, it would be almost impossible to provide a properly modified path for the actual advance of the tool relative to the workpiece which precisely compensates for the tool wear.
  • the abrading action would unavoidably change due to the large or irregular change in the effective abrading contact area so that the accuracy and finish quality of the polished surface contour would be far less than satisfactory.
  • the present invention seeks to provide a new and improved method of abrasively polishing a shaped workpiece surface with an axial tool by means of abrasive grits with a view to overcoming the foregoing difficulties and to seek to provide a new and improved apparatus for carrying out the method described.
  • a method of abrasively finishing a shaped workpiece surface with a vibratory axial tool by means of abrasive grits comprises the steps of: (a) rotating the axial tool about a longitudinal axis thereof while vibrating it in the direction of that axis to provide a reciprocatingly revolving active tool surface; (b) bringing the reciprocatingly revolving active tool surface into pressure engagement with a portion of the shaped surface of the workpiece in the presence of the abrasive grits therebetween; (c) relatively displacing the tool and the workpiece generally translationally and transverse to the said longitudinal axis so that the reciprocatingly revolving active tool surface sweeps starting with the said portion and successively over an entire area of the said shaped surface while maintaining the abrasive pressure engagement therewith; (d) instantaneously sensing a load encountered by the reciprocatingly revolving active tool surface in the a
  • the load is a reciprocatingly revolving resistance imposed on the active tool surface from the shaped surface in abrasive pressure engagement therewith, and in step (e) the rate of relative displacement is controlled in accordance with the output signal representing an instantaneous change in the said resistance.
  • step (d) a programmed path corresponding to a final finished contour of the shaped surface is established for displacement of the said axis of the tool relative to the workpiece.
  • step (d) there is derived from the said output signal a further instantaneous signal representing a wear of the said active tool surface, and in step (e) the programmed path is modified in accordance with the further output signal so as to maintain the reciprocatingly revolving resistance encountered by the active tool surface substantially constant.
  • the invention also provides, in a second aspect thereof, an apparatus for abrasively finishing a shaped workpiece surface with an axial tool by means of abrasive grits in which the axial tool is vibrated in the direction of a longitudinal axis thereof by first drive means, which apparatus further comprises: second drive means for rotating the vibrating tool about the said axis to produce a reciprocatingly revolving active tool surface; means for positioning the tool and the workpiece relative to each other to bring the reciprocatingly revolving active tool surface into pressure engagement with a portion of the shaped surface of the workpiece in the presence of the abrasive grits therebetween and to relatively displace the tool and the workpiece generally translationally and transverse to the said longitudinal axis so that the reciprocatingly revolving active tool surface sweeps starting with that portion and successively over an entire area of the shaped surface while maintaining the abrasive pressure engagement therewith; means for instantaneously sensing a load encountered by the reciprocatingly revolving active tool
  • FIG. 1 is a plan view diagrammatically illustrating an axial tool in the process of abrasively finishing a rough-shaped contour in a workpiece;
  • FIG. 2 is a side or front elevational view, partly in section, diagrammatically illustrating a portion of an abrasive finishing apparatus embodying the present invention.
  • FIG. 3 is a side or front view diagrammatically illustrating an apparatus similar to that shown in FIG. 2 and in the process of finishing a different contour rough-shaped in the workpiece.
  • FIG. 1 there is shown a surface contour S roughly shaped in a workpiece W. It is desired that the contour S be abrasively finished with a vibratory cylindrical tool T to give rise to a desired finish contour So. To this end it is seen that a slight volume of stock V remaining at the hatched portion need be removed with precision.
  • the tool T is vibrated in the direction of its longitudinal axis O and as shown perpendicular to the sheet of drawing.
  • Abrasive grits are disposed in the region of the interface between the workpiece W and the vibrating tool T laterally held in pressure contact therewith while the tool T and the workpiece W are relatively displaced translationally along a path L which is spaced by the distance D or the radius of the tool T from the final contour So.
  • the path L thus corresponds basically to the final contour So, but, for its determination, the progressive abrasive wear of the tool T must be taken into account. Yet, in the arrangement shown and described, the tool T wears as biased on the right-hand side so that its profile becomes non-circular. Furthermore, due to the inherent irregularity of a rough-shaped contour S, the tool T must encounter a varying area A and hence a varying load from one position to a next to remove stock V left to be removed. As a result, it would practically be impossible to precisely predict the instantaneous distance or shift D and hence the path L. When the contact area A increases, there drops the effective pressure for abrading and the effective amount of abrasive grits becomes deficient. If the tool T is then allowed to advance, it is possible that there occurs an unpredictable sudden change in the load and unavoidably a serious finishing error develops.
  • the present invention seeks to overcome these problems.
  • a workpiece designated at 1 is shown as being abrasively finished with a vibratory axial tool 2.
  • the tool 2 is cylindrical and laterally urged against an internal contour 1a roughly shaped in the workpiece 1.
  • the tool 2 has an active portion of a cup-shaped profile which is in engagement with a three-dimensional contour 1a again roughly shaped in a workpiece 1. It is essential that the tool profile by symmetrical about its axis as will be apparent.
  • Abrasive grits 3 as shown in FIG. 2 may be continuously introduced into the tool and workpiece interface in a fluid suspension 3', which is delivered from a suitable nozzle 4. Alternatively, the abrasive grits 3 may be a part of the tool 2 by being prebonded thereto.
  • the tool 2 is longitudinally vibrated by means of an electromechanical transducer 5 which is secured thereto via an amplifier horn adapter 6 (FIG. 2). Energized by a high-frequency power supply 7 (FIG. 3), a coil 8 is wound around the transducer 5 to impart thereto a mechanical oscillation of a frequency, e.g. from 10 to 100 kHz, preferably 20 to 50 kHz, which upon amplification by the horn adapter 6 is transmitted to vertically vibrate the tool 2. As shown in FIG. 2, the transducer 5 is journaled by means of bearings 9 and 10 so that it, the horn adapter 6 and the tool 2 secured together may as a unitary body be freely vibrated in the vertical direction.
  • a frequency e.g. from 10 to 100 kHz, preferably 20 to 50 kHz
  • the lower bearings 10 are a part of a lower housing 11 accommodating the horn adapter 6 therein and having a bored block 12 secured thereto through which the tool 2 is arranged to project.
  • the upper bearings 9 are a part of a housing 13 provided at an end portion of a horizontally extending arm 14 which is vertically displaceably mounted on a machine column (not shown) standing upright on a machine base (not shown).
  • the columnar transducer 5 has at its upper end portion a fitting comprising a flange 15 and a spindle 16 both of which may be considered unitary with the transducer 5.
  • the flange 15 is seated on the upper bearing part 9 via ball bearings 17 and the spindle 16 has a pulley 18 securely fitted thereon which is connected via a transmission belt 19 with a pulley 20, the latter being securely fitted on the output shaft 21 of an electric motor 22 securely seated on the arm 14 and energizable by a motor drive circuit 23.
  • a compression spring 24 is disposed between a pressure plate 25 and the pulley 18 on the spindle 16 to bias downwards the flange 15, the transducer 5, the horn adapter 6 and the tool 2 secured together while permitting them to be unitarily rotated by the output of the motor 22. All the elements 15-25 are accommodated within a cover 26 seated across the housing 13 and the arm 14, and a pressure adjustment screw 27 is adjustably threaded through the cover 26 to adjust the downward biasing pressure exerted by the spring 24 against the flange 15.
  • the axial tool 2 axially vibrated by the vibratory drive 5-8 is rapidly rotated, e.g. at a rate of 500 to 5000 rpm, by the rotary drive 18-23 to produce a reciprocatingly revolving active tool surface 2a in pressure engagement with the shaped surface 1a of the workpiece 1 to permit the abrasive wear of the tool 2 to be not localized but distributed uniformly over its periphery.
  • a load i.e. a reciprocatingly revolving resistance, encountered by the active tool surface 2a in abrasive pressure engagement with the shaped surface 1a of the workpiece 1 is instantaneously sensed.
  • the workpiece 1 is securely mounted on a worktable 28 which is designed in a cross-feed arrangement and driven by a pair of motors 29 and 30 to displace the workpiece 1 in an X-Y plane.
  • the X-axis motor 29 and the Y-axis motor 30 are fed with control drive pulses furnished from an NC (numerical control) unit 31 having a clock pulse generator 32 associated therewith.
  • the generator 32 provides a train of clock pulses which are distributed in the unit 31 into X-axis component drive pulses and Y-axis component drive pulses in accordance with prestored data for a path of displacement of the workpiece 1 relative to the tool 2.
  • the path is preprogrammed so as to allow the tool with a given original radius to precisely follow the shaped contour 1a three-dimensionally in the example of FIG. 3 and two-dimensionally in the example of FIG. 2.
  • the rate of relative displacement along the programmed path is determined by the output frequency of the clock generator 32 which is here variable.
  • a torque sensor 33 which may be disposed in rotation sensing relationship with the tool 2 as shown in FIG. 2, or with the adapter 6 as shown in FIG. 3.
  • the sensor 33 is here designed to sense a rotational component of the load or resistance and preferably a further sensor 34 may be provided to sense a reciprocatory component of the load or resistance encountered by the reciprocatingly revolving active tool surface 2a.
  • the latter sensor 34 may comprise a ring material 34a of a high magnetic permeability fitted to securely receive the adapter 6 in the housing 11 as shown, or the tool 2 in the block 12 and a coil 34b energizable by a power supply 34c and having output sensing terminals 34d connected to a servo-control circuit 35 as will be described.
  • a ring material 34a of a high magnetic permeability fitted to securely receive the adapter 6 in the housing 11 as shown, or the tool 2 in the block 12 and a coil 34b energizable by a power supply 34c and having output sensing terminals 34d connected to a servo-control circuit 35 as will be described.
  • the torque sensor 33 may comprise a conventional rotary encoder 33a of magnetic type attached to the tool 2 or adapter 6 and a sensing coil 33b having output terminals 33c connected to a processing circuit 33d which is in turn connected to the servo-control circuit 35.
  • the frequency of pulses developed in a train at the output terminals 33c is proportional to the rate of rotation of the tool 2 and is compared with a fixed reference frequency preset in the processing circuit 33d to provide an output signal representing a change in the rate of rotation of the tool 2, which is fed into the servo-control circuit 35.
  • the output shaft 21 may also be provided with an encoder arrangement as described to provide a reference frequency signal with which the frequency signal developed at the terminals 33c may be compared.
  • Such an encoder as provided likewise produces a train of pulses and the frequency of these pulses represents the input rate of rotation produced by the motor 22 and transmitted to the tool 2.
  • the processing circuit 33d provides an output signal representing a change in the torque or rotational resistance component of the load encountered by the reciprocatingly revolving active tool surface 2a.
  • the servo-control circuit 35 is responsive to the output provided by the torque sensor 33 and preferably also to the output provided by the reciprocatory amplitude sensor 34 to provide a control signal from its output 35a which is connected to the clock generator 32 associated with the NC unit 31.
  • the control signal thus provided is applied to the clock generator 32 to modify its output pulse frequency and thus to modify the rate of translational displacement along the given path of the workpiece relative to the vibratingly rotating tool 2 in abrasive pressure engagement therewith, so as to maintain the load or resistance encountered by the tool surface 2a substantially constant.
  • the rate of removal of the remaining stock V per unit area of the abrasive pressure contact of the active tool surface with the shaped contour is effectively maintained substantially constant in spite of changes in the area A so that a maximum or optimum finishing speed is obtained (FIG. 1). Furthermore, the rate of wear is effectively rendered substantially constant throughout the entire course of finishing along the surface contour S. This enables a highly accurate prediction of the optimum path (L) to be followed by the axis O of the tool with respect to the workpiece W, and hence a highly enhanced finishing precision.
  • a nominal path tentatively programmed on the basis of the desired finish contour So and the original radius of the tool 2 may be readily modified thereby to yield an actual path to be followed by the tool axis O relative to the workpiece W.
  • control circuit 35 may also be designed to derive from the input signals incoming through the terminals 33d and 33e, a further output signal representing the rate of wear of the active tool surface 2a and to transmit it through its second output terminal 35b to the NC unit 31 to enable the latter to instantaneously modify the preprogrammed nominal path data thereby.
  • the control circuit 35 may further have additional outputs 35c and 35d to apply controls to the driver circuit 23 for the motor 22 and to the power supply 7 for the high-frequency vibration imparted to the tool 2.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Finish Polishing, Edge Sharpening, And Grinding By Specific Grinding Devices (AREA)
  • Constituent Portions Of Griding Lathes, Driving, Sensing And Control (AREA)
  • Grinding And Polishing Of Tertiary Curved Surfaces And Surfaces With Complex Shapes (AREA)
US06/541,667 1982-10-18 1983-10-13 Vibratory abrasive contour-finishing method and apparatus Expired - Fee Related US4524543A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP57181258A JPS5973272A (ja) 1982-10-18 1982-10-18 数値制御研磨装置
JP57-181258 1982-10-18

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JP (1) JPS5973272A (it)
DE (1) DE3337846A1 (it)
FR (1) FR2534512B1 (it)
GB (1) GB2134019B (it)
IT (1) IT1170523B (it)

Cited By (19)

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US4617764A (en) * 1985-05-23 1986-10-21 Experimentalny Nauchno-Issledovatelsky Institut Metallorezhuschikh Stankov NC vertical spindle jig grinder
US4630214A (en) * 1984-04-13 1986-12-16 Moore Special Tool Co., Ltd. Jig grinder with automatic reciprocation and outfeed control
US4724636A (en) * 1986-10-08 1988-02-16 Westinghouse Electric Corp. Grinding tool for use in a fuel assembly repair and reconstitution system
US4772161A (en) * 1986-03-03 1988-09-20 Takaaki Nagao Profile working machine
US5558558A (en) * 1993-01-25 1996-09-24 Erosonic Ag Apparatus for retracting a tool slide of an ultrasonic cutting machine
US5733074A (en) * 1994-12-16 1998-03-31 Hilti Aktiengesellschaft Manual tool for removing material from brittle and/or non-ductile stock
US6120356A (en) * 1998-09-02 2000-09-19 Xerox Corporation Grinding wheel with geometrical pattern
US6585462B1 (en) * 1999-11-10 2003-07-01 Skf Nova Ab Device in a tool holding assembly for moving a rotatable shaft in the axial direction
US20080041604A1 (en) * 2004-07-02 2008-02-21 Hermann Sauer Tool with an Oscillating Head
US20090185876A1 (en) * 2008-01-21 2009-07-23 Grain Electronics, Inc. Glass working apparatus and glass working method using the same
US20120184184A1 (en) * 2009-08-21 2012-07-19 Snecma Tool for machining a cmc by milling and ultrasonic abrasion
US20130040536A1 (en) * 2011-08-08 2013-02-14 Apple Inc. Force-controlled surface finishing through the use of a passive magnetic constant-force device
US20170087687A1 (en) * 2015-09-30 2017-03-30 Apple Inc. Ultrasonic polishing systems and methods of polishing brittle components for electronic devices
US20170333053A1 (en) * 2015-09-21 2017-11-23 Qingdao Technology University Bone surgery grinding experimental device capable of cooling and electrostatic atomization film formation
US20180071890A1 (en) * 2016-09-09 2018-03-15 Sauer Gmbh Method for processing a workpiece made of hard metal for producing a tool main body on a numerically controlled machine tool with tool-carrying work spindle
WO2019052724A1 (de) * 2017-09-14 2019-03-21 Microcut Ltd Verfahren und vorrichtung zur feinbearbeitung von zylindrischen werkstückflächen
US10639746B1 (en) 2014-06-20 2020-05-05 Apple Inc. Ceramic-based components having laser-etched markings
US11113494B2 (en) 2019-11-11 2021-09-07 Apple Inc. Biometric key including a textured ceramic cover
US11734942B2 (en) 2019-11-11 2023-08-22 Apple Inc. Biometric key including a textured ceramic cover

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JPH0661697B2 (ja) * 1985-04-18 1994-08-17 アマダ エンジニアリング アンド サ−ビス カンパニ− インコ−ポレ−テツド 磁性流体を用いた研磨装置
JP2626748B2 (ja) * 1987-01-16 1997-07-02 トヨタ自動車株式会社 自由曲面の創成研削方法
FR2613651B1 (fr) * 1987-04-10 1994-07-22 Onera (Off Nat Aerospatiale) Machine d'usinage par abrasion ultrasonore
DE3834279A1 (de) * 1988-10-08 1990-04-12 Bwg Bergwerk Walzwerk Verfahren und anlage zur spanabhebenden bearbeitung von brammen und bloecken
JP2682260B2 (ja) * 1991-05-09 1997-11-26 松下電器産業株式会社 微小研磨方法及び微小研磨工具
US5361543A (en) * 1992-10-01 1994-11-08 Michael Bory Device for ultrasonic erosion of a workpiece
JPH0970751A (ja) * 1995-09-06 1997-03-18 Ebara Corp ポリッシング装置

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Cited By (27)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4630214A (en) * 1984-04-13 1986-12-16 Moore Special Tool Co., Ltd. Jig grinder with automatic reciprocation and outfeed control
US4617764A (en) * 1985-05-23 1986-10-21 Experimentalny Nauchno-Issledovatelsky Institut Metallorezhuschikh Stankov NC vertical spindle jig grinder
US4772161A (en) * 1986-03-03 1988-09-20 Takaaki Nagao Profile working machine
US4724636A (en) * 1986-10-08 1988-02-16 Westinghouse Electric Corp. Grinding tool for use in a fuel assembly repair and reconstitution system
US5558558A (en) * 1993-01-25 1996-09-24 Erosonic Ag Apparatus for retracting a tool slide of an ultrasonic cutting machine
US5733074A (en) * 1994-12-16 1998-03-31 Hilti Aktiengesellschaft Manual tool for removing material from brittle and/or non-ductile stock
US6120356A (en) * 1998-09-02 2000-09-19 Xerox Corporation Grinding wheel with geometrical pattern
US6244937B1 (en) 1998-09-02 2001-06-12 Xerox Corporation Grinding wheel with geometrical pattern
US6585462B1 (en) * 1999-11-10 2003-07-01 Skf Nova Ab Device in a tool holding assembly for moving a rotatable shaft in the axial direction
US8240396B2 (en) * 2004-07-02 2012-08-14 Sauer Gmbh Tool with an oscillating head
US20080041604A1 (en) * 2004-07-02 2008-02-21 Hermann Sauer Tool with an Oscillating Head
US20090185876A1 (en) * 2008-01-21 2009-07-23 Grain Electronics, Inc. Glass working apparatus and glass working method using the same
US20120184184A1 (en) * 2009-08-21 2012-07-19 Snecma Tool for machining a cmc by milling and ultrasonic abrasion
US20130040536A1 (en) * 2011-08-08 2013-02-14 Apple Inc. Force-controlled surface finishing through the use of a passive magnetic constant-force device
US8550876B2 (en) * 2011-08-08 2013-10-08 Apple Inc. Force-controlled surface finishing through the use of a passive magnetic constant-force device
US10639746B1 (en) 2014-06-20 2020-05-05 Apple Inc. Ceramic-based components having laser-etched markings
US10568642B2 (en) * 2015-09-21 2020-02-25 Qingdao Technological University Bone surgery grinding experimental device capable of cooling and electrostatic atomization film formation
US20170333053A1 (en) * 2015-09-21 2017-11-23 Qingdao Technology University Bone surgery grinding experimental device capable of cooling and electrostatic atomization film formation
US20170087687A1 (en) * 2015-09-30 2017-03-30 Apple Inc. Ultrasonic polishing systems and methods of polishing brittle components for electronic devices
US10144107B2 (en) * 2015-09-30 2018-12-04 Apple Inc. Ultrasonic polishing systems and methods of polishing brittle components for electronic devices
CN107813192A (zh) * 2016-09-09 2018-03-20 萨奥有限公司 用于加工由硬质金属制成的工件以生产刀具主体的方法
US20180071890A1 (en) * 2016-09-09 2018-03-15 Sauer Gmbh Method for processing a workpiece made of hard metal for producing a tool main body on a numerically controlled machine tool with tool-carrying work spindle
WO2019052724A1 (de) * 2017-09-14 2019-03-21 Microcut Ltd Verfahren und vorrichtung zur feinbearbeitung von zylindrischen werkstückflächen
CN111093898A (zh) * 2017-09-14 2020-05-01 显微切削设备有限公司 用于精加工柱形工件面的方法和装置
US20200206864A1 (en) * 2017-09-14 2020-07-02 Microcut Ltd Method and device for fine machining cylindrical workpiece surfaces
US11113494B2 (en) 2019-11-11 2021-09-07 Apple Inc. Biometric key including a textured ceramic cover
US11734942B2 (en) 2019-11-11 2023-08-22 Apple Inc. Biometric key including a textured ceramic cover

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GB2134019A (en) 1984-08-08
JPS5973272A (ja) 1984-04-25
GB8327395D0 (en) 1983-11-16
IT8349172A0 (it) 1983-10-17
GB2134019B (en) 1986-01-22
DE3337846A1 (de) 1984-04-19
FR2534512A1 (fr) 1984-04-20
IT1170523B (it) 1987-06-03
FR2534512B1 (fr) 1989-09-22

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