US4404000A - Middle and/or heavy distillate composition having good flow property and filterability - Google Patents
Middle and/or heavy distillate composition having good flow property and filterability Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US4404000A US4404000A US06/411,807 US41180782A US4404000A US 4404000 A US4404000 A US 4404000A US 41180782 A US41180782 A US 41180782A US 4404000 A US4404000 A US 4404000A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- copolymer
- ethylene
- heavy distillate
- filterability
- weight
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C10L1/192—Macromolecular compounds
- C10L1/195—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C10L1/192—Macromolecular compounds
- C10L1/195—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C10L1/196—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derived from monomers containing a carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond and a carboxyl group or salts, anhydrides or esters thereof homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals each having one carbon bond to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a carboxyl radical or of salts, anhydrides or esters thereof
- C10L1/1963—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derived from monomers containing a carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond and a carboxyl group or salts, anhydrides or esters thereof homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals each having one carbon bond to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a carboxyl radical or of salts, anhydrides or esters thereof mono-carboxylic
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
- C10L1/14—Organic compounds
- C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
- C10L1/192—Macromolecular compounds
- C10L1/195—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C10L1/197—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derived from monomers containing a carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond and an acyloxy group of a saturated carboxylic or carbonic acid
- C10L1/1973—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derived from monomers containing a carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond and an acyloxy group of a saturated carboxylic or carbonic acid mono-carboxylic
Definitions
- This invention relates to middle or heavy distillate compositions of petroleum having a good flow property and filterability.
- Light and heavy oils thereof can cause serious troubles under low temperature conditions in winter or in other cold circumstances, on account of a marked decrease in fluidity due to deposition of wax fractions contained in these oils.
- a strainer set up in a light oil feed line for a diesel engine is blinded by deposition of wax fractions in the light oil under a cold condition in winter and thereby the supply of the oil is stopped or further at a lower temperature the operation of diesel engine becomes impossible on account of a complete loss of fluidity of the oil.
- lighter distillates of oil such as kerosene are more expensive than light or heavy oil, so that this method cannot be said to be economical. It also cannot be regarded as a desirable method, from the viewpoint of effective utilization of oil source under the present conditions that there is a worldwide trend of increasing proportion of heavier crude oil supply while demands for lighter fractions of oil are increasing.
- Another method for this purpose is to add a fluidity improver, for which chemical synthetic products are used in almost all the cases.
- the role of these fluidity improvers is to stabilize the wax deposit in microcrystalline form, thereby preventing its crystal growth.
- Various fluidity improvers have been proposed and actually are added to fuel oils, exhibiting a great effect.
- the following compounds are well known as typical fluidity improvers for fuel oils: Copolymers of ethylene with alkyl esters of unsaturated carboxylic acids or vinyl esters of saturated carboxylic acids, polyacrylates, alkylnaphthalenes, and alkenyl succinates and derivative of the succinates.
- this invention provides a middle and/or heavy distillate composition having a good flow property and filterability, comprising a fuel oil of varying proportions of middle and/or heavy distillate of petroleum and 10-2000 ppm, based on the fuel oil, of a mixture of 1-99% by weight of (A) a copolymer of ethylene with an alkoxyalkyl acrylate or methacrylate represented by the formula, ##STR2## wherein R 1 represents hydrogen or C 1 -C 2 alkyl and R 2 is -C m H 2m -O-C n H 2n+1 , m and n each being an integer of 1-4, and 99-1% by weight of (B) a copolymer of ethylene with a vinyl ester of saturated carboxylic acid and/or an alkyl ester of ethylenic unsaturated carboxylic acid (hereinafter, the former copolymer is referred to briefly as ethylene copolymer (A) and the latter copolymer as ethylene copolymer
- the middle and/or heavy distillate of petroleum in this invention means fractions of b.p. approximately 130°-450° C. obtained by atmospheric or vacuum distillation of crude oil, which generally include light oil and so-called A-heavy oil (corresponding to first class heavy oil according to JIS).
- the ethylene copolymers (A) and (B) used in this invention can be prepared by known processes, for example, free radical types of bulk polymerization, emulsion polymerization, and solution polymerization.
- the free radical type of bulk polymerization is industrially advantageous, which does not need solvent or some other materials.
- ethylene and a comonomer shown below can be polymerized by using a continuous type of high pressure polymerization apparatus at a pressure of 500-4000 kg/cm 2 and a temperature of 100°-300° C.
- a free radical initiator and a polymerization regulator for example, as the initiator, an azo group catalyst such as ⁇ , ⁇ '-azobisisobutyronitrile or a peroxide type catalyst such as di-t-butyl peroxide, hydrogen peroxide, diethyl peroxide, persuccinic acid, alkali metal persulfate, alkaline earth metal persulfate, or ammonium persulfate, and as the polymerization regulator, propane, butane, propylene, butene, propionaldehyde, methyl ethyl ketone, tetrahydrofuran, n-butyraldehyde, acetone, or cyclohexanone.
- an azo group catalyst such as ⁇ , ⁇ '-azobisisobutyronitrile or a peroxide type catalyst such as di-t-butyl peroxide, hydrogen peroxide, diethyl peroxide, persuccinic acid, al
- the number average molecular weight and copolymer composition of the ethylene copolymer can be readily controlled to desired values by proper selection of polymerization conditions, for instance, reaction pressure, temperature, catalyst concentration, concentration of chain transfer agent (polymerization regulator), comonomer concentration, etc.
- alkoxyalkyl acrylates or methacrylates represented by the formula, ##STR3## (R 1 and R 2 are as defined above) include ethoxymethyl acrylate, 2-methoxyethyl acrylate, 2-ethoxyethyl acrylate, 2-ethoxypropyl acrylate, 2-methoxyethyl methacrylate, 2-ethoxyethyl methacrylate, 2-propoxyethyl methacrylate, and 2-butoxyethyl methacrylate, of which 2-methoxyethyl acrylate and 2-ethoxyethyl methacrylate are preferable.
- the ethylene copolymer (A) has a number average molecular weight of desirably 700-5000, preferably 1000 to 4000 and an acrylate or methacrylate monomer unit content of desirably 5-40%, preferably 10-30%, by weight.
- the comonomers to be copolymerized with ethylene into the ethylene copolymers (B) are alkyl esters of ethylenic unsaturated carboxylic acids or vinyl esters of saturated carboxylic acids including fatty acid esters such as vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, vinyl butyrate, vinyl octanoate and vinyl stearate and acrylates or methacrylates such as methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethyl acrylate, ethyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, butyl methacrylate, octyl acrylate, octyl methacrylate, dodecyl acrylate, dodecyl methacrylate, stearyl acrylate, and stearyl methacrylate, of which vinyl acetate is most suited.
- the ethylene copolymer (B) has a number average molecular weight of desirably 700-5000, preferably 1000-4000, and a comonomer unit content of desirably 5-50%, preferably 10-40%, by weight.
- the mixtures of ethylene copolymers (A) and (B) consist of 1-99%, preferably 10-90% by weight of the ethylene copolymer (A) and 99-1%, preferably 90-10%, by weight of the ethylene copolymer (B). If proportion of the ethylene copolymer (A) or (B) is less than 1% by weight or more than 99% by weight, the synergistic effect of the combined use is as little as within the range of error and it becomes therefore meaningless to have trouble to mix the two copolymers.
- Suitable amounts of the mixture added to the fuel oil are 10-2000 ppm, preferably 30-1000 ppm, based on the oil, by weight. With the amount less than 10 ppm, almost no effect of the addition can be expected. The amount exceeding 2000 ppm results in worse economy relative to the effect obtained.
- the two copolymers may be added either after being mixed or separately without the previous mixing. They may be added also in the form of concentrated solution in a suitable solvent selected from aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, etc.
- ethylene copolymers may be used some usual additives for petroleum distillate fuel oils, such as rust inhibitors, antioxidants, antistatic agents, and anticorrosives, and if necessary, a pour point depressant of other types.
- Fuel oil compositions shown in Table 4 were prepared by adding different ethylene copolymers singly or in mixture to the fuel oil (1) or (2) shown in Table 3, and the fluidity and filterability thereof were evaluated.
- Cold filter plugging point Measured according to the method reported in "Cold Filter Plugging Point of Distillate Fuels", IP-309, 1976, England, by using a 44-micron stainless steel screen.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Emergency Medicine (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP56139290A JPS5840391A (ja) | 1981-09-03 | 1981-09-03 | 燃料油の低温流動性改良方法 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US4404000A true US4404000A (en) | 1983-09-13 |
Family
ID=15241833
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US06/411,807 Expired - Lifetime US4404000A (en) | 1981-09-03 | 1982-08-26 | Middle and/or heavy distillate composition having good flow property and filterability |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US4404000A (fr) |
EP (1) | EP0074208B1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JPS5840391A (fr) |
AU (1) | AU548967B2 (fr) |
CA (1) | CA1180894A (fr) |
DE (1) | DE3267303D1 (fr) |
SU (1) | SU1217262A3 (fr) |
Cited By (12)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4509954A (en) * | 1983-02-16 | 1985-04-09 | Nippon Oil And Fats Company, Ltd. | Method for improving cold flow of fuel oils |
DE3613247A1 (de) * | 1986-04-19 | 1987-10-22 | Roehm Gmbh | Konzentrierte emulsionen aus ethylen-vinylester-copolymeren |
US4746327A (en) * | 1985-03-25 | 1988-05-24 | Standard Oil Company (Indiana) | Ethylene-unsaturated, ester-substituted olefin terpolymer flow improvers |
US4802892A (en) * | 1985-09-24 | 1989-02-07 | Mitsubishi Petrochemical Co., Ltd. | Fuel oil additive and fuel oil having improved flowability |
US5718734A (en) * | 1992-06-30 | 1998-02-17 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. | Oil additives and compositions |
US5743923A (en) * | 1992-10-26 | 1998-04-28 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. | Oil additives and compositions |
US6638325B1 (en) * | 1992-06-30 | 2003-10-28 | Infineum International Ltd. | Oil additives and compositions |
WO2004106471A1 (fr) * | 2003-05-27 | 2004-12-09 | Basf Aktiengesellschaft | Compositions de combustibles presentant de meilleures proprietes d'ecoulement a froid |
US20060252608A1 (en) * | 2005-03-14 | 2006-11-09 | Kang Brian J | Response measurement device |
EP0648257B2 (fr) † | 1992-06-30 | 2007-05-23 | ExxonMobil Chemical Patents Inc. | Compositions et additifs pour le mazout |
US20110118159A1 (en) * | 2003-12-04 | 2011-05-19 | Basf Aktiengesellschaft | Fuel oil compositions with improved cold flow properties |
US20120005951A1 (en) * | 2010-07-06 | 2012-01-12 | Basf Se | Copolymer with high chemical homogeneity and use thereof for improving the cold flow properties of fuel oils |
Families Citing this family (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE3537769A1 (de) * | 1985-10-24 | 1987-04-30 | Basf Ag | Verwendung von estern von 1-alken-acrylsaeure-copolymerisaten bzw. von 1-alken-methacrylsaeure-copolymerisaten zur verbesserung der fliesseigenschaften von erdoelen |
JPS62242229A (ja) * | 1986-04-14 | 1987-10-22 | Nec Corp | ドツトインパクト・シリアルプリンタ |
US5814110A (en) * | 1986-09-24 | 1998-09-29 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. | Chemical compositions and use as fuel additives |
JPH0254329A (ja) * | 1988-08-18 | 1990-02-23 | Matsushita Graphic Commun Syst Inc | 出力装置 |
JP2538355B2 (ja) * | 1989-11-17 | 1996-09-25 | 三洋化成工業株式会社 | 燃料油用流動性向上剤および燃料油組成物 |
GB9213904D0 (en) * | 1992-06-30 | 1992-08-12 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc | Oil additives and compositions |
DE19757830C2 (de) | 1997-12-24 | 2003-06-18 | Clariant Gmbh | Brennstofföle mit verbesserter Schmierwirkung |
DE19823565A1 (de) * | 1998-05-27 | 1999-12-02 | Clariant Gmbh | Mischungen von Copolymeren mit verbesserter Schmierwirkung |
DE19927561C1 (de) | 1999-06-17 | 2000-12-14 | Clariant Gmbh | Verwendung hydroxylgruppenhaltiger Copolymere zur Herstellung von Brennstoffölen mit verbesserter Schmierwirkung |
DE19927560C2 (de) | 1999-06-17 | 2002-03-14 | Clariant Gmbh | Brennstoffölzusammensetzung |
WO2023076401A1 (fr) * | 2021-10-29 | 2023-05-04 | Ecolab Usa Inc. | Mélanges de copolymère d'éthylène-acétate de vinyle et d'un copolymère contenant un (méth)acrylate en tant que dépresseurs du point d'écoulement |
Citations (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3048479A (en) * | 1959-08-03 | 1962-08-07 | Exxon Research Engineering Co | Ethylene-vinyl ester pour depressant for middle distillates |
US3773478A (en) * | 1969-03-17 | 1973-11-20 | Exxon Co | Middle distillate fuel containing additive combination to increase low temperature flowability |
US3792983A (en) * | 1968-04-01 | 1974-02-19 | Exxon Research Engineering Co | Ethylene and acrylate esters, their preparation and their use as wax crystal modifiers |
US3961916A (en) * | 1972-02-08 | 1976-06-08 | Exxon Research And Engineering Company | Middle distillate compositions with improved filterability and process therefor |
US4087255A (en) * | 1968-04-01 | 1978-05-02 | Exxon Research & Engineering Co. | Copolymers of ethylene and ethylenically unsaturated monomers, process for their preparation and distillate oil containing said copolymers |
US4108612A (en) * | 1977-04-04 | 1978-08-22 | Exxon Research & Engineering Co. | Derivatized ethylene/polar monomer polymers of improved performance |
US4108613A (en) * | 1977-09-29 | 1978-08-22 | Chevron Research Company | Pour point depressants |
US4153424A (en) * | 1975-03-28 | 1979-05-08 | Exxon Research & Engineering Co. | Polymer combinations useful in distillate hydrocarbon oils to improve cold flow properties |
Family Cites Families (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3454378A (en) * | 1966-02-04 | 1969-07-08 | Union Carbide Canada Ltd | Pour point depressant for middle distillates |
GB1112808A (en) * | 1966-06-20 | 1968-05-08 | Exxon Research Engineering Co | Improved middle distillate fuel composition |
DE2407158B2 (de) * | 1974-02-15 | 1976-01-15 | Basf Ag, 6700 Ludwigshafen | Erdoeldestillat-brenn- oder -treibstoffe |
-
1981
- 1981-09-03 JP JP56139290A patent/JPS5840391A/ja active Granted
-
1982
- 1982-08-23 EP EP82304444A patent/EP0074208B1/fr not_active Expired
- 1982-08-23 AU AU87518/82A patent/AU548967B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1982-08-23 DE DE8282304444T patent/DE3267303D1/de not_active Expired
- 1982-08-24 CA CA000409982A patent/CA1180894A/fr not_active Expired
- 1982-08-26 US US06/411,807 patent/US4404000A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1982-09-01 SU SU823490998A patent/SU1217262A3/ru active
Patent Citations (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3048479A (en) * | 1959-08-03 | 1962-08-07 | Exxon Research Engineering Co | Ethylene-vinyl ester pour depressant for middle distillates |
US3792983A (en) * | 1968-04-01 | 1974-02-19 | Exxon Research Engineering Co | Ethylene and acrylate esters, their preparation and their use as wax crystal modifiers |
US4087255A (en) * | 1968-04-01 | 1978-05-02 | Exxon Research & Engineering Co. | Copolymers of ethylene and ethylenically unsaturated monomers, process for their preparation and distillate oil containing said copolymers |
US3773478A (en) * | 1969-03-17 | 1973-11-20 | Exxon Co | Middle distillate fuel containing additive combination to increase low temperature flowability |
US3961916A (en) * | 1972-02-08 | 1976-06-08 | Exxon Research And Engineering Company | Middle distillate compositions with improved filterability and process therefor |
US4153424A (en) * | 1975-03-28 | 1979-05-08 | Exxon Research & Engineering Co. | Polymer combinations useful in distillate hydrocarbon oils to improve cold flow properties |
US4108612A (en) * | 1977-04-04 | 1978-08-22 | Exxon Research & Engineering Co. | Derivatized ethylene/polar monomer polymers of improved performance |
US4108613A (en) * | 1977-09-29 | 1978-08-22 | Chevron Research Company | Pour point depressants |
Cited By (19)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4509954A (en) * | 1983-02-16 | 1985-04-09 | Nippon Oil And Fats Company, Ltd. | Method for improving cold flow of fuel oils |
US4746327A (en) * | 1985-03-25 | 1988-05-24 | Standard Oil Company (Indiana) | Ethylene-unsaturated, ester-substituted olefin terpolymer flow improvers |
US4802892A (en) * | 1985-09-24 | 1989-02-07 | Mitsubishi Petrochemical Co., Ltd. | Fuel oil additive and fuel oil having improved flowability |
DE3613247A1 (de) * | 1986-04-19 | 1987-10-22 | Roehm Gmbh | Konzentrierte emulsionen aus ethylen-vinylester-copolymeren |
US4906682A (en) * | 1986-04-19 | 1990-03-06 | Rohm Gmbh | Ethylene-vinyl ester copolymer emulsions |
EP0648257B2 (fr) † | 1992-06-30 | 2007-05-23 | ExxonMobil Chemical Patents Inc. | Compositions et additifs pour le mazout |
US5718734A (en) * | 1992-06-30 | 1998-02-17 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. | Oil additives and compositions |
US6638325B1 (en) * | 1992-06-30 | 2003-10-28 | Infineum International Ltd. | Oil additives and compositions |
US5743923A (en) * | 1992-10-26 | 1998-04-28 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. | Oil additives and compositions |
WO2004106471A1 (fr) * | 2003-05-27 | 2004-12-09 | Basf Aktiengesellschaft | Compositions de combustibles presentant de meilleures proprietes d'ecoulement a froid |
US20110118159A1 (en) * | 2003-12-04 | 2011-05-19 | Basf Aktiengesellschaft | Fuel oil compositions with improved cold flow properties |
US8642521B2 (en) | 2003-12-04 | 2014-02-04 | Basf Se | Fuel oil compositions with improved cold flow properties |
US9605227B2 (en) | 2003-12-04 | 2017-03-28 | Basf Se | Fuel oil compositions with improved cold flow properties |
US10047314B2 (en) | 2003-12-04 | 2018-08-14 | Basf Se | Fuel oil compositions with improved cold flow properties |
US10526558B2 (en) | 2003-12-04 | 2020-01-07 | Basf Se | Fuel oil compositions with improved cold flow properties |
US20060252608A1 (en) * | 2005-03-14 | 2006-11-09 | Kang Brian J | Response measurement device |
US20120005951A1 (en) * | 2010-07-06 | 2012-01-12 | Basf Se | Copolymer with high chemical homogeneity and use thereof for improving the cold flow properties of fuel oils |
US8721744B2 (en) * | 2010-07-06 | 2014-05-13 | Basf Se | Copolymer with high chemical homogeneity and use thereof for improving the cold flow properties of fuel oils |
US9908955B2 (en) | 2010-07-06 | 2018-03-06 | Basf Se | Copolymer with high chemical homogeneity and use thereof for improving the cold flow properties of fuel oils |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
AU548967B2 (en) | 1986-01-09 |
DE3267303D1 (en) | 1985-12-12 |
EP0074208B1 (fr) | 1985-11-06 |
JPS5840391A (ja) | 1983-03-09 |
AU8751882A (en) | 1983-03-10 |
EP0074208A2 (fr) | 1983-03-16 |
SU1217262A3 (ru) | 1986-03-07 |
CA1180894A (fr) | 1985-01-15 |
EP0074208A3 (en) | 1983-07-27 |
JPS6241558B2 (fr) | 1987-09-03 |
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