Classifications

• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
  • B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
  • B01J23/76—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
  • B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
  • B01J23/72—Copper
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
  • B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
  • B01J23/76—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
  • B01J23/84—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36 with arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
  • B01J23/85—Chromium, molybdenum or tungsten
  • B01J23/86—Chromium
  • B01J23/868—Chromium copper and chromium

Definitions

• The-presentinvention relates to a process for hydrating a nitrile. to the corresponding amide. More particularly, the present invention relates to a process for. catalytically hydrating a nitrile to the corresponding amide in the presenceof an improved copper catalyst.
• Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a novelprocess for preparing a copper catalyst forthe hydration of a nitrile to an amide.
• Still further-object of the present invention is to a nitrile to the provide a useful catalyst for hydrating corresponding'amide.
• the activity of the catalyst may be further enhanced if thed'ecomp'osition is caused to occur in the presence of a catalyst promoter.
• the reactant used for preparing the copper hydride may be any of a variety of copper compounds, such as copper oxide, copper hydroxide, inorganic acid salts such as copper chloride, copper bromide, copper iodide, copper nitrate, copper sulfate, or copper organic acid salts suchas copper formate, copper acetate, copper oxalate, copper naphthoate, copper phenyl acetate, a copper benzoate, or the like.
• the reaction of the copper compound and the reducing agent is commonly carried out in an aqueous mediumalthough it can be-effected in an organic solvent such as a lower alkanol, pyridine, ether, or the like.
• the copper compound is preferably dissolved in the liquid medium' and reacted with the reducing agent, although, if the copper compound is insoluble, it is sufficient to merely disperse a powder of the copper compoundin the medium.
• the amount of copper compound used is preferably about 0.01 to 5 moles per liter of water or other medium, and the amount of reducing agent is preferably an amount that is sufficient to substantially completely reduce the copper compound to copper hydride. The specific amount will obviously depend upon I the specific copper compound and specific reducing agent used.
• the reaction when using hypophosphorous acid or hypophosphite as a reducing agent, the reaction is preferably carried out under acidic conditions whereby more than about 1 mole of acid, such as sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, formic acid, or the like is used per moles of copper compound, since the formation of copper'hydride is promoted by the presence of acid. If the copper compound is insoluble the reaction may be run in a slurry state.
• acid such as sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, formic acid, or the like
• the copper compound may be treated with the reducing agent in the same manner as described above in the presence of a carrier, in a suspended state, or the copper compound may be impregnated into a powdery or granular carrier and then treated with the reducing agent as described above.
• a carrier such as activated carbon, carbon black, graphite, alumina, silica gel, or the like
• the copper compound may be impregnated into a powdery or granular carrier and then treated with the reducing agent as described above.
• the reaction temperature is generally within the ,range of from 0C to the boiling point of the medium employed, although the specific temperature will depend upon-the particular reducing agent employed. For example, when using K B H (OH) as the reducing agent, the reaction may be run at 0C, when NaH PO is used the reaction is run at a temperature of above 20C, and in the case of LiAlH at room temperature.
• reaction is preferably carried out in an inert atmosphere, although it can be carried out under ordinar'y atmosphere.
• the reaction pressure is ordinarily normal pressure but it may be reduced pressure or superatmospheric pressure.
• the precipitate obtained from the reaction comprises predominantly copper hydride and will occassionally contain some copper metal.
• This copper metal is assumed to be produced by the reduction of copper ion existing in the -reaction system with copper hydride formed by the reduction.
• Thecopper hydride thus obtained is generally employed for preparation of the copper catalyst as such, although it may be isolated from the reduction medium.
• the decomposition of the copper hydride can be carried out by a dry or a wet method.
• copper hydride is heated at its decomposition temperature.
• the decomposition can be carried out under atmospheric pressure, superatmospheric pressure or reduced pressure and preferably in a nonoxidizing atmosphere. Generally, the decomposition is performed at from room temperature to 300C, preferably from 40 to 200C.
• any medium can be employed, although water is ordinarily used as the medium.
• Organic solvents such as alcohols, pyridines or ethers may also be used as the reaction medium.
• the decomposition takes place in an aqueous medium, it is advantageous to decompose the copper hydride in the presence ofa high concentration of OH ion which is produced by adding a basic material such as a hydroxide of an alkali metal, for example caustic soda, since the resulting copper catalyst will have a higher activity.
• the decomposition temperature will ordinarily be from room temperature to 100C.
• the copper hydride obtained by the reduction of the copper compound can be added directly to the nitrile hydration reaction system without any prior solution, so that the decomposition of the copper hydride and hydration of the nitrile can take place simultaneously in the reaction system.
• the activity and life of the catalyst can be further improved by incorporating any of a variety of promoter ingredients into the copper metal by having these ingredients present at the time of the decomposition of the copper hydride.
• the compound added as a promoter ingredient is a compound of an element selected from the group consisting of the lb group elements of atomic numbers 47 to 79, [la andIIb group elements of atomic numbers 4 to 80, Illa and lllb group elements of atomic numbers 13 to 92, lVa and lVb group elements of atomic numbers 14 to 82, Va and Vb group elements of atomic numbers 15 to 83, Via group elements of atomic numbers 24 to 74, Vlla group elements of atomic numbers 25 and 75, and VIII group elements of atomic numbers 26 to 78.
• the groups referred to are those of the Periodic Table, among these compounds, representative examples are compounds of an element selected from Ag, Au, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Zn, Cd, Hg, Al, Sc, Y, La, U, Ga, ln, Tl, Si, Ti, Zr, Hf, Ge, Sn, Pb, P, V, Nb, Ta, As, Sb, Bi, Cr. Mo, W, Mn, Re, Fe, Co, Ni, Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir and Pt, and preferably compounds containing an element selected from Cr, Mo, W, V. Si, Fe, Co, Ni, Ru, Rh, Pd, Pt, Ti, and Zr.
• These compounds are not limited in the manner of their use but may be used in the form of an oxide, hydroxide, halide such as chloride, bromide and iodide, inorganic acid salts such as sulfate, nitrate, oxyacid salts, and phosphates, organic acid salts such as formate, acetate and oxalate as well as organometallic compounds and coordinate compounds.
• halide such as chloride, bromide and iodide
• inorganic acid salts such as sulfate, nitrate, oxyacid salts, and phosphates
• organic acid salts such as formate, acetate and oxalate as well as organometallic compounds and coordinate compounds.
• these compounds are usually used in an amount such that the ratio of element contained in the copper metal after decomposing the copper hydride according to the process of the present invention is in the atomic ratio (element/Cu) of from 0.05 to 50%.
• compounds of Cr, V. Fe, Ti, Zr may be used in an amount so that the atomic ratio of element to copper is from 0.05 -3% and when a Si compound is used, the ratio may be from 0.05 -30%.
• the dry method When the dry method is used to decompose copper hydride, it is sufficient to heat the copper hydride to its decomposition temperature in the presence of the above described compound, and in this instance, the decomposition can be carried out under atmospheric pressure, superatmospheric pressure or reduced pressure and preferably in an nonoxidizing atmosphere.
• the wet method any medium can be selected, although, an aqueous medium is commonly used. Alternatively, an organic solvent can be employed as the reaction medium.
• the above described compounds to be added to the copper hydride may be dissolved or suspended in the medium.
• the method of addition is not particularly critical since it is only necessary to contact the compound with the copper hydride. If an organic acid amide is present when the copper hydride is decomposed in the presence or absence of these promoter ingredients, the activity of the resulting catalyst will be improved.
• Suitable organic acid amide used for this purpose include the saturated fatty acid amides having 1 to 12 carbon atoms such as formamide, acetamide, propionamide, butyramide heptanamide, lauramide, valeramide urea, etc., unsaturated fatty acid amides such as acrylamide, methacrylamide etc., aromatic acid amides such as benzamide, cinnamamide, phthalamide etc., polyacrylamide, or the like. These amides can be used alone or in admixture.
• the amount of organic acid amide used will depend on the decomposition conditions of the copper hydride. When the decomposition reaction occurs in a reaction medium in the so-called wet method, the amount used is from 0.005 to 5%, preferably from 0.01 to 2% based on the weight of medium. When the dry method is used which does not use a medium, the amount is generally from 0.005 to 5%, preferably 0.01 to 2% based on the weight of copper hydride. The use of the organic acid amide in higher concentrations then defined results in a copper catalyst which has an insufficient activity.
• the copper hydride When decomposing the copper hydride by the dry method, it is sufficient to merely heat the copper hydride to its decomposition temperature in the presence of the above described organic acid amide, and if desired, also in the presence of the above described promoter ingredient.
• the organic acid amide When the wet method is used, the organic acid amide may be dissolved or suspended in the medium. The method of addition is not critical and it is only necessary to obtain contact with the copper hydride.
• nitriles may be used as a reactant for preparing the amide using the present catalyst
• aliphatic or aromatic nitriles having less than 20 carbon atoms.
• saturated aliphatic nitriles such as acetonitrile, propionitrile, butyronitrile, pentanonitrile, succinonitrile, adiponitrile, etc.
• unsaturated aliphatic nitriles such as acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, croton-nitrile, 2-cyano-2-butene, l-cyano-l-octene, lO-undecenonitrile, maleonitrile, furmaronitrile, or the like
• aromatic nitriles such as benzonitrile, p-toluonitrile, a-naphthonitrile, phthalonitrile, or the like.
• the olefinic unsaturated such as benzonitrile, p
• the hydration of the nitrile according to the present process is commonly performed at from room temperature to 300C using the above described catalyst.
• a polymerizable amide such as acrylamide or methacrylamide
• the hydration reaction is carried out at a lower temperature such as, for example, from 50 to 150C since these amides readily undergo undesirable side reactions. In general, however, the higher temperature, the higher will be the reaction velocity.
• the reaction may be carried out using water in amount below the stoichiometric quantity required for the nitrile, although, in general, several to several tens of times the theoretical amount of water is preferably used.
• the reaction is ordinarily carried out in the liquid phase, although it may be carried out in the gaseous phase or the gaseous and liquid phase.
• an aqueous solution having a high concentration of nitrile is desirably used.
• the concentration should be as high as possible so that the resulting amide solution will also have a high concentration.
• a nitrile solution which is too high in concentration can not be used to carry out the reaction in a homogeneous liquid phase, since the solubility of a nitrile in water is too low.
• a highly concentrated amide solution can be obtained by replacing part of the water used with a solvent in which the amide is more soluble, such as dimethylformamide, or the like.
• the reaction can then take place in a homogeneous liquid phase and the solvent can later be removed from the reaction product liquid.
• the reaction can be carried out in any ordinary catalytic reaction system such as fixed bed, suspension bed, etc.
• a polymerization inhibitor may be added to the reaction system, for example hydroquinone, tertiary butylcatechol or metallic salts, etc.
• Example 1 A solution of g of cupric sulfate pentahydrate dissolved in 150 ml of water was placed into a 500 ml four-necked flask provided with a thermometer, a stirrer and a dropping funnel and 5 g of sulfuric acid was added thereto and heated to 90C. A solution of l6 g of sodium hypophosphite dissolved in 50 ml of water was added thereto dropwise over 15 minutes. A brown precipitate was produced from the blue solution with the dropping of the sodium hypophosphite solution. As the result of X ray diffraction and measurement of the amount of hydrogen produced by decomposition, this precipitate was estimated to be mostly copper hydride (above 80%).
• Example 2 A catalyst was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 with the exception that 53 g of sodium hypophosphite was used and no sulfuric acid was added.
• Example 3 A catalyst was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that 20 g of hypophosphorous acid was used in' place of sodium hypophosphite, the amount of sulfuric acid used was 2.5 g and dropping time of the hypophosphorous acid solution was 45 minutes.
• Example 4 A solution of 25 g of cupric sulfate pentahydrate dissolved in 150 ml of water was placed in the same flask as used in Example 1 and heated to C. A solution of 10.6 g of sodium hypophosphite dissolved in 50 ml of water was added dropwise to this solution over a period of 10 minutes. After the dropping was completed, stirring was continued at the same temperature for 5 minutes.-
• the precipitate so obtained was mostly copper hydride. After this precipitate was washed with degassed water several times, 300 ml of a 3% NaOH aqueous solution heatedto 90C was added thereto and was stirred for 30 minutes. After alkali was added a large amount of hydrogen was generated. Fine granular copper metal tinged with black was obtained from the above described precipitate.
• the copper metal so obtained was washed with degassed water several times to obtain the desired catalyst.
• Example 5 Using the same apparatus as in Example 1, a solution of 25 g of cupric sulfate pentahydrate dissolved in 150 ml of water was placed in a flask and heated to 50C.
• a solution of 10.6 g of sodium hypophosphite dissolved in 50 ml of water was added dropwise thereto for 15 minutes. After the dropping was completed, stirring was continued at the same temperature for 2.5 hours. Thereafter a solution of 25 g of NaOH dissolved in ml of water was added thereto and was stirred at the same temperature for 30 minutes.
• the precipitate so obtained was washed with degassed water several times to obtain the desired catalyst.
• Example 6 A catalyst was-prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 with the exception of using 15 g of sodium hypophosphite and not adding sulfuric acid.
• Example 7 A catalyst was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 with the exception of using 32 g of sodium hypophosphite and not adding sulfuric acid.
• Example 8 A solution of 25 g of cupric sulfate pentahydrate and 5.7 g of sodium metasilicate monohydrate dissolved in ml of water was placed into the same flask as used in Example I and heated to 90C. A solution of 32 g of sodium hypophosphite dissolved in 50 ml of water was added dropwise thereto over 15 minutes. With the dropping of sodium hypophosphite a brown precipitate was produced from the blue solution. As the result of X-ray diffraction and measurement of the amount of hydrogen produced by the decomposition of the precipitate, the precipitate was estimated to be mostly (above 80%) copper hydride.
• the precipitate so obtained was washed with degassed water several times to obtain the desired catalyst.
• the preparation of the catalyst was carried out in a nitrogen atmosphere.
• Example 9 A catalyst was prepared in the same manner as in Example 8 with the exception of using 0.117 g of ammonium metavanadate for the sodium metasilicate monohydrate.
• Example 10 A solution of 25 g of cupric sulfate pentahydrate and 0.2 g of chromium nitrate monohydrate dissolved in 150 ml of water was placed in the same flask as used in Example 1 and heated to 70C. Then, a solution of 10.6 g of sodium hypophosphite dissolved in 50 ml of water was added to this solution dropwise.
• Example 1 1 A catalyst was prepared in the same manner as in Example 10 with the exception of using 0.15 g of sodium bichromate dissolved in an aqueous solution of caustic soda and chromium nitrate was not used.
• Example 12 A catalyst was prepared in the same manner as in Example 10 with the exception of using 0.117 g of ammonium metavanadate for the chromium nitrate.
• Example 13 A catalyst was prepared in the same manner as in Example 10 with the exception of using 0.28 g of ferric sulfate [Fe-, ,(SO.,) .9H O] for the chromium nitrate.
• Example 14 A catalyst was prepared in the same manner as in Example 10 with the exception of using 0.67 g of a 36% aqueous solution of titanium sulfate [Ti(SO,,) for the chromium nitrate.
• Example 15 A catalyst was prepared in the same manner as in Example 10 with the exception of using 0.13 g of zirconium oxynitrate [ZrO(NO .2H O] for the chromium nitrate.
• Example 16 A solution of 25 g of cupric sulfate pentahydrate and 0.15 g of acrylamide dissolved in 150 ml of water was placed in the same flask as used in Example 1 and heated to 90C. A solution of 31.8 g of sodium hypophosphite dissolved in 50 ml of water was added dropwise thereto over a period of 15 minutes. With the dropping of the sodium hypophosphate solution a brown precipitate was produced from the blue solution. As the result of X-ray diffraction and measurement of the amount of hydrogen produced by the decomposition of the precipitate, this precipitate was estimated to be mostly (above copper hydride.
• the precipitate obtained was washed with degassed water to obtain the desired catalyst.
• the preparation of catalyst was carried out in a nitrogen atmosphere.
• Example 17 A solution of 25 g of cupric sulfate pentahydrate and 0.15 g of benzamide dissolved in 150 ml of water was placed in the same flask as used in Example 1 and heated to 70C. A solution of 16 g of sodium hypophosphate dissolved in 50 ml of water was added thereto. Thereafter, a brown precipitate was produced from the blue solution immediately when 3.7 g of sulfuric acid was added thereto. As the result of X-ray diffraction and measurement of the amount of hydrogen produced by decomposition, the precipitate was estimated to be mostly (above 8%) copper hydride.
• the copper metal so obtained was washed with degassed water several times to obtain the desired catalyst.
• said copper hydride is obtained by treating a copper compound selected from the group consisting of oxides, hydroxides, inorganic acid salts and organic acid salts of copper, with a reducing agent selected from the group consisting of hypophosphorous acid, alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, ammonium, aluminum, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, zinc, cerium, and lead, hypophosphite, lithium aluminum hydride, potassium dioxyboran, magnesium boride, dithionous acid and alkali metal and alkaline earth metal dithionites.
• a copper compound selected from the group consisting of oxides, hydroxides, inorganic acid salts and organic acid salts of copper
• a reducing agent selected from the group consisting of hypophosphorous acid, alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, ammonium, aluminum, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, zinc, cerium, and lead, hypophosphite, lithium aluminum hydride, potassium dioxyboran, magnesium boride,
• a process of preparing an amide which comprises: hydrating acrylonitrile or methacrylonitrile to the corresponding amide in the presence of a copper metal catalyst which is obtained by decomposing copper hydride by heating at a temperature from room temperature to about 100C in a solvent.
• said copper hydride is obtained by treating a copper compound selected from the group consisting of oxides, hydroxides, inorganic acid salts and organic acid salts of copper, with a reducing agent selected from the group consisting of hypophosphorous acid, alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, ammonium, aluminum, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, zinc, cerium and lead hypophosphite, lithium aluminum hydride, potassium dioxyboran, magnesium boride, dithionous acid, and alkali metal and alkaline earth metal dithionites.
• a process for preparing an amide which comprises: hydrating acrylonitrile or methacrylonitrile to the corresponding amide in the presence of a copper metal catalyst obtained by decomposing copper hydride by heating in a non-oxidizing atmosphere at a temperature from room temperature to 300C in the presence of' a promoter compound of an element selected from the group consisting of Si, V, Fe, Ti, or Zr.
• a process for preparing an amide which comprises:
• a copper metal catalyst obtained by decomposing copper hydride by heating at a temperature from room temperature to about l00C in a solvent in the presence of a promoter compound of an element selected from the group consisting of Si, V, Fe, Ti, or Zr.
• acid amide is acrylamide

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• 1973
  • 1973-08-20 GB GB3918773A patent/GB1404532A/en not_active Expired
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